Soci 319 - Dr. May

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Who were the athletes and gladiators in Rome?

- condemned criminals, slaves, free-born

What are the steps in the process of producing knowledge?

- develop research questions, select appropriate theory and research methods, collect & analyze data, use findings to produce conclusions, publish results

Link early capitalism and the development of sports?

- early capitalism's ideals did not include sports or leisure time for proletariate (workers), early sports dominated by the elites

Who are the less-enthusiastic supports and what's their argument?

- educators, physicians, psychologists; say its risky and can lead to advanced serious injury

What were the Roman sports like?

- focus was on entertainment, significant military overtones, bloodlust events - gladiator games,

What is adult-organized sports?

- games dictated by rules, play fixed periods of time, consequences more significant, and trained incapacity

Define how gender ideology communicates through sports?

- ideas about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships

Define how racial ideology communicates through sports?

- ideas and benefits that people use to give meaning to skin color to evaluate people in terms of racial classifications

Define how class ideology communicates thorough sports?

- ideas people use to understand economic inequalities & make sense of their own position in an economic hierarchy; sports reaffirm the American Dream, and meritocracy (you get what you earn).

Describe the Medieval Europe (5th- 14th century)

- important social class segregation, peasants play more games, but wealthy participated in sports that required equipment and horses.

Trends of youth sports?

- increasing professionalization

What is the "performance ethic"? When is it most visible and what are the consequences?

- is a set of ideas and beliefs emphasizing that the quality of the sport experience can be measured in terms of improved skills and competitive success; visible in youth sport programs, and fun becomes improving skills

What example does the author use to illustrate the potential for controversy created by the sociology of sport?

- is illustrated by reviewing research findings on sport participation among women around the world.

What does Max Weber's ideal type refer to?

- it is what helps us identify essential concepts of a definition (basic characteristics)

Absolutist

-Right and Wrong = Black and White -All deviant, but some worse than others

cons of high profile athletic programs

-maintaining the program is expensive -sports are irrelevant to academic mission of the school -the opportunities of the student body for sports and recreation participation are restricted -destructive public relations result from a consistently mediocre/losing record

what are some biophysical differences?

-males have broader shoulder (more upper body strength) --larger lungs- more oxygen efficient --male hormones produce muscle bulk --sex organ outside body and more vulnerable to injury -females tend to perspire less- conserve body fluids --have extra layer of fat cells (energy reserve/endurance) --estrogen producing greater flexibility --wide hips for low center of gravity

Commercialization;

-managing something principally for financial gain Entertainment Media exposure Money

in chapter 5 the young men feel they must uphold male dominance, this sense of dominance is built on what 4 principles?

-men should avoid feminine behavior that could be mistaken as gay -men should pursue women as objects of sexual satisfaction -men should demonstrate courage in the face of fear -men should pursue capital and status as a means of power and dominance

In "role exit of professional athletes", what are some general things they saw?

-most athletes recognized the temporary nature of their pro career -seeking alternatives was the most critical stage for athletes -creating the ex-role was a difficult time for most -the role of pro athlete is never exited completely

1888

AAU was formed (Amateur Athletic Union)

Approaches to Deviance

Absolutist and Constructionalist

what are the 3 ways companies use sport to sell a product?

-an athlete can be paid to endorse a product -a company can purchase television/radio time to advertise -it can sponsor an event and have its name linked to the event

professional sports franchise

-generally not publicly owned corporations -not legally required to reveal the financial details of their operations

who is black?

-historically thought of as anyone with a trace of African ancestry ("one drop of black blood") -some have argued that racial classifications are mythical and obsolete. this only refers to the concept of race as biological- THERE IS NO DENYING RACES SOCIO-CULTURAL REALITY (it is a social construction)

what are the 2 theoretical explanation for stacking (psychological)

-hypothesis that blacks excel at reactive tasks -personality differences hypothesis

Structural sources of sport deviance:

-incompatible value orientations -inconsistency between values, norms, & structural constraints -role conflict & role strain -the relativity of social deviance

Participants intrinsically orientation

Internal goals, motivations, reasons (passion)

in the epilogue where did Calvin Cody go to play basketball?

a small college in Georgia

politics

a social process through which people and groups acquire, exercise, maintain, or lose power over others

What is a broader social force

a social push from something bigger than just the individual (ie. education)

functionalism

analyzes each part of society and all must function properly in order for society to function properly

prestige

and power of the socializer

personal

and social characteristics of the participant

Deviance

any though, action, or feeling that runs contrary to social standards or expectations. It is a rule breaking, behavior, althrough there is continuum of tolerable behavior. It is both positive and negative.

Deviance

any thought, action, or feeling that runs contrary to social standards or expectations. It is a rule breaking behavior, although there is a continuum of tolerable behavior. It is both positive and negative

what is deviance?

any thought, action, or feeling that runs contrary to social standards/expectations. it is a rule breaking behavior, although there is a continuum of tolerable behavior- is both positive and negative!

Manifest Function

apparent, agreed upon, anticipated, and generally recognized ex) function of college is to get a job

Values

are conceptions of what is desirable; they are underlying assumptions by which individual and social goals are chosen

Folkways

are customary behaviors that are less subject to such responses

Participant Observers

are or become personally involved in the social worlds being studied.

Norms

are social expectations

are supported by stronger sanctions

Dramatic Spectacle

a performance meant to entertain an audience.

In "role exit of professional athletes", what is role exit depicted as?

a process of disengagement, dis-identification, and re-socialization

Socialization

a process of learning and social development, which occurs as we interact with one another and become familiar with the social world in which we live.

Hegemony

a process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining the consent and approval of other groups, including those who are being led or controlled.

In chapter 2, what do the footnotes say about Coach Benson being completely selfless with the no cut policy?

it was not altruistic (selfless)- his motives may have been grounded in his need to see the young men survive

in patriotic images what is one reason that the current global economic looks the way it does?

it is constructed on hierarchical gender relations

Gender is the social meanings given to ___________ differences

biological

what are the 3 theoretical explanations of deviance?

biological: assumes that defects/weaknesses in a person's physical constitution predispose one to deviance psychological: focuses on psychological sickness manifesting itself in the form of mental illness, psychopathic disorders, personality aberrations, etc. sociological: looks beyond the individual to the broader social forces

hypothesis that blacks excel at reactive tasks

black athletes respond appropriately at the proper times to changes in the stimulus situation and whites excel at self-paced tasks, those in which athletes respond at their discretion to a relatively constant and stationary stimulus

personality differences hypothesis

black athletes vs. whites -blacks are individually rather than team oriented -blacks stress stylistic/expressive performance over success/technical performance instead of execution of play -blacks reflect a personalized power orientation associated with individual winning instead of a power orientation correlated with team winning

in chapter 4 what is the underlying theme of stories shared by coaches and players?

black men must compete, not only against white teams/individuals but also against negative historical conceptions

in "the good and bad of it all" reading, in the 1980's what was the concern?

black players were alienated from white consumers- trying to mold black players into white culture- resulted in black players being marketed as role models

in chapter 5 what does he say about blacks vs. whites attitudes toward gays?

blacks are slightly more likely to be antigay than whites but these difference disappear when religion is brought into it -those who go to church normally have more negative feelings toward gays

in stacking what are the stacked positions?

blacks- outfield positions latinos- middle infield whites- most central positions (catcher)

in patriotic images how does advertising sell a way of understanding?

by evoking associations with memories to form perceptions that produce meaning

in chapter 7 what is the irony that is discussed?

by immersing the knights in basketball, their aspirations in post-high school athletic success helped them to focus on high school graduation- Benson hoped this would help them stay out of the streets later in life

In chapter 2 what starters said that the no-cut policy was good?

byron, turo, ricky

in chapter 5 courage is best exemplified in the lifestyles of what 2 archetypes in their communities?

drug dealers- "hustlas": show courage by using violence against anyone who tries to interfere with their dealing slam dunking- "hoopas": show courage in physical confrontation on the court

In chapter 3 what were the temptations and did many boys give in to them?

drugs, alcohol, and delinquency - most of them didn't give in and used basketball as an out, they were also respected for being players -open-air drug markets, single parent families, poverty, criminal violence

in chapter 5 what does May mean when he says "given the general consensus about gays, there is little wonder that players engaged in all manner of face-work to avoid being labeled as gay"

face work includes physically fighting one's way out of their reputation

what are the 5 primary agents of sport socialization?

family: socialization begins at birth and family kinship units are important in the acquisition of any role and skill (ex:your dad wanting you to try basketball because he did it and made friends) peergroup: parental kinship influence is typically subordinate to peer group during adolescence school: physical education and intramural and interscholastic athletic programs provide sport experiences communities: sponsor sport programs for males/females- the availability of sport opportunities mass media: expose the youth to sports and sport heroes who function as role models

Ethnography

fieldwork that involves observations and interviews. It essentially means writing about people and how they live with each other.

Doug Williams

first black quarterback to win the super bowl in 1988

Athea Gibson

first black to win the US open title and Wimbledon in 1957

Concepts of GOODS Deontological

focus on ACTION/PROCESS

(Concept of Justice) Egalitarian-

focus on EQUALITY

(Concept of Justice) Libertarian-

focus on EQUALITY/MERIT (get what you earn)

what is social learning theory?

focuses on acquisition and performance of social behaviors

in chapter 5 what was the game the players said they could get girls?

forest county- was the 2nd most popular game because the schools were close so relatives/friends came, also Saturday night games at forest county were social events

what are the 2 overarching structures that can be applied to sport?

formal structure: generally bureaucracies/organizations- a special purpose group constructed deliberately to pursue specific objectives, goals, and or values such as profit, public service, entertainment, or any combo informal structure (informal organization): fulfills some of the needs that the formal organization cannot meet- takes the form of behavior patterns that develop when persistent problems are confronted

degree

frequency, intensity, and duration of involvement

Latent Function

frequently covert, unintended, unanticipated, and unrecognized ex) learning social skills and

Intercollegiate football article issue : concussions

full contact= dangerous nature of the sport football players endure 6 suspected concussions and 21 dings for every concussion they report mandates that NCAA pay for medical tests for brain damage

option clause

gave the owner the exclusive right to invoke terms of a player's contract for 1 year following its expiration

Games (Sport Pyramid)

generally accepted set of rules, but no set guidelines (ex: big football game between friends)

in the epilogue what did May realize he did for Calvin?

given him a chance- his wife said he may have been the only reason that Calvin lasted as long as he did

in chapter 7 what did most of the knights say was the main thing that separated those who achieved pro status and those who fail?

hard work and desire

in patriotic images professional sport organizations create "capital out of ______ and images out of _______"

images; commodities

in patriotic images what are the 2 analytical techniques used?

immanent critique and semiotics

in chapter 7 what is said about our American ethos and what it teaches us?

it is rooted in capitalism and teaches us to strive for success because the opportunity for us to do so is open to all -ex: little kid saying they want to be president- you encourage them because they should dream big

Deviants:

individuals who engage in rule breaking actions

what are deviants?

individuals who engage in rule breaking actions

In chapter 2 what did the footnotes say about ideoculture?

it is useful for understanding the team because it allows specification of group cultures, facilitates comparison, identifies the relationship between environment and action, and exposes diffusion of culture into societies

ubiquitous

it refers to something that is omnipresent (existing everywhere)

affluence

influenced by greater wealth

what is the interaction and discrimination hypothesis

management and players define intimate transactions between minority and majority members negatively and consequently- they make decisions to exclude the minority members from central positions, which have high interaction potential

in chapter 7 what is the troubling phenomenon that May discovered during his exit interviews?

many of them, even though they hadn't been recruited to play in college, still believed they could play in college

Communication

mass communication improved the transmission of sports info (newspaper in 1830s and TV in 1940s)

Industrialization

mass production of goods in factories that employ power-driven machinery and a specialized division of labor ex) sewing machine, vulcanization of rubber, transportation created opportunity for travel to various locations to compete

Minority groups

may be characterized by several outstading feature as follows: 1) they share common "visible" physical and /or culture characteristics. 2)They received differential treatment from the majority group. 3)They developed a "consciousness of kind" and/or self identity revolving around their uniqueness.

minority groups

may be characterized by several outstanding features- 5 of them

in chapter 7 what are the young men from northeast preoccupied with?

media representations- local paper selecting all star teams etc.

in chapter 7 even though the young men had been misled about the promise of basketball, what did that deception give them?

mobility and goals that they may have never imagined if they had remained in their communities

in chapter 7 what do we as humans do when we fail to achieve our goals?

modify our aspirations- turn inward, critique ourselves, and lower the bar -this modification of aspirations is a testament to the stability of our social system- need hope in order to be committed to our aspirations

in chapter 7 what did he say fueled some of the young men's sense that they could be successful in basketball beyond high school and against all odds?

moments like Shamar winning the game for them in overtime

what are some characteristics associated with NCAA Division III?

most athletic programs do not give scholarships, financial aid is in the form of loans, etc.

pure characteristics

most basic and essential qualifier

(Teleological) Utilitarianism-

most common; what's going to BRING THE MOST GOOD FOR MOST people

in chapter 7 what was said about education and why the coaches didnt focus the young men's aspirations on academic success?

most of their education had already done them a disservice- limited resources, lack of parental support, and apathy- young men became less and less enthusiastic about schooling- the possibility of moving up the socioeconomic ladder through athletics was nearly the last option for them -basketball was rewarding in ways that other parts of life hadn't been for them

in chapter 7 what must a player have in order to be successful at the varsity level?

must have a positive self-conception of his own ability

what does NAIA stand for?

national association of intercollegiate athletics

What does NCAA stand for?

national collegiate athletic association

in chapter 4 what did the players generally believe about one's neighborhood impacting their athletic ability? what about race?

neighborhood has some influence; race has little do with it

are social groups/societies that are divided into strata equal in power, prestige, and wealth?

in "the good and bad of it all" reading is there empirical data that supports pro athletes are role models for young men?

2. Game

non-separate; structured and serious ex) 2 kids playing with a soccer ball and boundaries and score system (there's a purpose)

what does incompatible value orientations mean?

notions of fair play and sportsmanship in sports are given homage, but the notion of winning at any cost has gained ascendancy (dominance)

what is a phenotype?

observable physical characteristics- skin color, hair texture, eye shape, etc.

nature

of the socialization relationship

in stacking what is the centrality hypothesis?

once the centrality of a position is determined, it is more likely to be inhabited by members of the racial/ethnic group who is dominant in the larger society -the centrality of a position is governed by its location, its responsibilities and the frequency of its interactions with other positions

Urbanization

refers to two different but interrelated social processes: the migration of people from rural to urban areas which resulted in a concentration of the population in metropolises the impact of urban styles/values/cultural patters on life in all areas

in chapter 7 what did Shamar remind everyone through his fire and desire to win and lead the team?

reminded them of what could be done with grit and perseverance

what did proposition 48 require? what year?

required a 2.0 GPA in core classes and a 700 SAT; 1986

what did proposition 42 require? what year?

required a minimum score on the exam and a 2.0 GPA to qualify for athletic scholarship; 1989

in chapter 5 what does being a man in the US mean?

requires that one not only establishes economic independence but also strives for economic dominance

in chapter 5 how are the knights attitudes about girls similar to those of professional players?

they think they can have their pick of the litter with more than 1 girl- they avoid exclusive relationships -see having 1 girlfriend as counterproductive--> positions young women as objects through which they can display their masculinity

Neoliberal Societies

societies in which individualism and material success are highly valued and there is a decline in publicly funded programs and services.

additive

the chemical ingredients they contain are ingested primarily to influence performance. Additive substance include amphetamines, human growth hormones, and anabolic steroids

Discourses

the combination of commentaries, images, and other representations of people, events and things that create sports and give them meaning.

T/F: deviance can be anything

true

T/F: deviance is contextual

true

T/F: deviance is postive and negative based on the context

true

in patriotic images what is licensed merchandise advertising designed to do?

turn league logos and product ads into meaningful signs that encourage consumers to purchase them but also to think of pro sports as patriotism

In "role exit of professional athletes" what is Ebaugh's role exit theory?

understands the role exit process of pro athletes- it is modified to include a new stage of original doubts that precedes becoming a pro athlete, the difference by the era in which the athlete played, the significance of the type of involuntary exit, and the withdrawal behaviors when leaving the sport

what is a genotype?

unobservable genetic features- blood type

Violence

use of excessive force, which causes, or has potential to cause harm

Aggression

verbal or physical actions intended to intimidate, control, or dominate

in patriotic images what are some of the heavy burdens that those who make licensed merchandise in the third world deal with?

wages so low that workers can't provide for basic needs, unjust and inhuman working conditions, sexual exploitation, social disruption, distorted economic development -no unions allowed -worker rights are rare -health, safety, and pollution hazards

Racial Ideology

web of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin color and evaluate people and forms of social organization in terms of racial classifications.

Class Ideology

web of ideas and beliefs that people use to understand economic inequalities and makes sense of their own positions of others in an economic hierarchy in society.

Ideologies

webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to the world and make sense of their experiences.

in "the good and bad of it all" reading what is Disneyization?

the creation of the league as an integrated spectacle with the fusion of sport, logics, practices, and products of the media entertainment platform- Michael Jordan

what are the 5 variables that determine if socialization via sport is successful?

the degree of involvement (frequency/intensity) the extent to which participation is voluntary/involuntary (free choice is valuable to the role learning) the nature of the socialization relationship (do you trust your coach/who you're connected to?) the prestige and power of the socializer the personal and social characteristics of the participant (some get angry etc.- it all depends on how you're socialized)

in the epilogue what did Calvin's life represent to May?

the difficulties faced by so many young black men whose lives end in violent deaths

Social Structure

the established patterns of relationships and social arrangements that take shape as people live, work, and play with each other.

social norms

the expectations that the larger society or subgroups within a society have the position - holders right and duties- govern social roles

what are social norms?

the expectations that the larger society/subgroups within a society have of the position-holders rights and duties- governs special roles

in stacking what is the prohibitive cost hypothesis?

the expense of training athletes for the central positions, coupled with the low socioeconomic standing of minorities, is responsible for the absence of black QB, pitchers, and catchers (minorities can't afford the training and others aren't willing to invest in them)

in chapter 4 what does he say some have attributed the influx of foreign-born players into the NBA to?

the foreign players are attending academies and learning fundamental skills, which make them more effective than players from the US

Socialization:

the general process though which humans learn their culture and become participating members of the society.

socialization

the general process through which humans learn their culture and become participating members of society

what is socialization?

the general process through which humans learn their culture and become participatory members of society- can be viewed from 2 perspectives

in chapter 6 what has most contributed to the contradictions between sportsmanship and winning?

the greater emphasis on the material rewards that we give the victor (status, wealth)

social stratification

the hierarchical arrangement of social groups (e.g racial, age, gender, or ethnic groups) or societies into strata (social classes) that are unequal in power privilege, prestige, and wealth

what is social stratification?

the hierarchical arrangement of social groups (race, age, gender, ethnic groups) or societies into strata (social classes) that are unequal in power, prestige, and wealth

social stratification

the hierarchical arrangement of social groups or societies into stata that are unequal in power, privilege, prestige, and wealth.

what is the prohibitive cost hypothesis?

the high cost of training athletes for certain positions, couples with the low socioeconomic standing of minorities is responsible for differential position occupancy

what is social organization

the interconnected rules, positions, roles, and relationships that constitute the activities of a social group, be it a sport team or society

in chapter 4, Cerico uses the term "driveway ball", what does this refer to?

the notion that suburban youths spend time shooting baskets in their own driveways- true players spend time in competitive play on the playground

in stacking what is stacking?

the position segregation by race or ethnicity in team sports

In chapter 3 what is the biggest attraction to delinquent behavior?

the sale of drugs- can put $ into their pockets and present themselves to peers as hip, compared to those who work at fast food places etc. -most chose not to do this

Culture

the shared ways of life and shared understandings that people develop as they live together.

what in 2003 was part of the new academic reform?

the slide scale

Social Capital

the social resources that link them positively to social worlds.

what is master status?

the status that is most important- varies by situation

Sociology

the study of the social worlds that people create, organize, maintain, and change through their relationships with each other.

In chapter 3 who did they play?

the trojans of tiresome high school

Discrimination

the unfavorable treatment of a person or group.

discrimination

the unfavorable treatment of a person/group- generally associated with an element of power presumed to be held by the majority group

franchise appreciation

the value of sport franchise steadily increases

in chapter 6 when Larique got knocked down and his teammates wanted to retaliate, what is this partly conditioned by?

their communities normative expectation that you retaliate when attacked

in chapter 7 what is the main critique made by those who question the viability of encouraging young black males to seek athletic success? what is may's comeback?

theres a better chance of them becoming a brain surgeon than a pro athlete comeback: consider how they begin their lives cut off from educational and financial resources needed to being a brain surgeon, consider the racial discrimination they encounter, and that they don't share social networks with brain surgeons, then it can be said that they only have a chance in two hells to becoming brain surgeons THIS DEMONSTRATES THE INEQUALITY IN OUR SOCIAL SYSTEM

in chapter 7 what does he say about media depictions of black male basketball players?

they are made more interesting to a broader audience with dramatic side stories about their off court behaviors involving sex, violence, and crime- "bad boy" athletes are entertaining--> this small population becomes the face of basketball

what are ascribed positions?

they are secured involuntarily and are based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control

in chapter 7 how are dirty tricks part of our social system?

they effectively support many of the most difficult aspirations to achieve- give them hope to aim high

in chapter 7 what did the NBA do in 2006 to prevent the influx of underprepared high school players?

they instituted an age limit of 19 years old

What have been the consequences of trends toward more privatization of youth sports programs?

they reproduce the economic & ethnic inequalities, in which low income and single parent homes often lack money to pay dues and travel; and public parks and rec depts. cease to offer programs, they just rent out to private programs

in chapter 4 what to the knights think about race vs hard work?

they see race as a factor in athletic success, but hard work is more important- they aren't swayed by conventional wisdom that grants the superior athletic ability to blacks

in chapter 7 what do professional players who come from communities similar to those of the Knights stand as for the young men?

they stand as exemplars of what can be done if the young men would focus their energy and just work harder to achieve athletic success

what is an example of observational learning?

when teaching someone a dance, you demonstrate how to do it before they try it

in chapter 5 what is the exception for a man to be in a relationship with a white girl?

when the black male is well known or a financially viable pro athlete- none of the knights fit this

Critical theory

where does power come from, HOW does it operate, and how can it shift

in chapter 4 how did Dr. May and his teammates see their white teammates compared to blacks?

whites were crafty, intelligent, and skilled shooters, but the blacks were quicker, stronger, and more aggressive

defining sport 'context' example

winning an MLB game would make you a world champ, winning a little league game wouldn't mean the same

inconsistency between values, norms, & structural constraints

winning is emphasized, normative practices undermine notions of fair play to circumvent rules governing behavior

what does inconsistency between values, norms, and structural constraints mean?

winning is emphasized- normative practices undermine notions of fair play to circumvent rules governing behavior

In chapter 2 how were the marginal players treated?

with a degree of second-class status- not given as many reps in practice, etc.

in chapter 7 how did Shamar begin each game?

with the hope that he would play and have a chance to contribute to the team- he was upbeat and this was important because his teammates listened and were inspired by him

Isaac Murphy

won 3 kentucky derbies in late 1800s

in chapter 7 what did some of the players who did not go to college do?

worked in various local service and manufacturing industries like boys and girls club of TCC manufacturers

Damon Runyan

wrote in the newspaper about sports and made it exciting. helped with the upsurge of sports

in chapter 5 do the knights reflect how gender roles are understood in the US?

yes

in chapter 4 were the knights (generally) able to accept as a possibility the idea of naturally talented white athletes? why?

yes; because they understand the relationship between hard work, social environment, and natural talent

what is a partial qualifier? what proposition is this under?

you can get a scholarship but not compete first year- if you finish degree in 4 years you can play a 5th year; proposition 42

(Teleological) Altruism-

you put OTHERS ABOVE yourself

in the epilogue what is the sad reality that May ends with?

young black men continue to be disproportionately blocked from achieving alternatives to hoop dreams

what is the role model hypothesis?

young blacks emulate/seek to play positions in which black athletes have been successful

what is an example of role conflict and role strain?

your star player violates the rules-you want to win but also know you need to show discipline

when did Tennessee sign a black defensive black?

1966

Primary agents: school

physical education & intramural & interscholastic athletic programs provide sport experiences

Brutal Body Contact

physical force within rules of sport

artistic renditions

piece of art showing a sport, like a mural or painting

in chapter 7 who are typically the starts of the NBA?

players who are represented as having come from a troubled past (who most knights identify with)

Who were tyson, cameron, and curtis in chapter 3?

players who got pulled into drugs

how is someone being a deviant and robbing a bank both positive and negative?

positive: they have money now so it's a positive for them, people who see it as deviant can also think it's a positive if they do something such as give the money to charity etc. negative: the person doing it won't see it as negative if they get away with it, the people who work at the bank and who put their money in the bank will see it as negative

history of women in sport

prior to 1896- women were excluded rom modern olympic games 1900- women were allowed to participate in olympics (golf and tennis) 1928- first track and field events were permitted for women in the olympics 1942- all American girls baseball league was organized by P.K Wrigley 1968- sex tests were given for the 1st time to women in international competition 1972- title IX passed which prohibited sex discrimination in school 1978- women's basketball league founded 1981- women's basketball league folds 1991- Judith Sweet- first female president of NCAA 1997- women national basketball association begins play

Culture

shared social structures and the way of life

Culture (Sociological Concept)

shared social structures and ways of life

what is socialization into sport?

significant others, reference groups, and primary groups contribute to the formation of one's attitude toward sport

1865

slavery ended

in chapter 4 he says "I would argue that race as a _____, rather than biological, construct has consequences that are significant as to whether individuals develop athletic ability". Fill in the blank.

social

which characteristic of social stratification systems signifies the root of social inequality?

social

Conflict theory

social groups are inherently "unequal" -Competition for Resources (time,$$)

Feminist Theories

social order is based on male values and experiences. One of the big problems in sports is that it is completely male oriented and dominated. See what happens in sports as a privilege and advantage of men. Tends to reproduce gender inequality. Problem is that it focuses on gender inequality and leaves out other problems.

Critical Theories

social order is negotiated and culture comes from those in power. They see things as fluid, things change over time. Believe in the dynamic nature of sports and ideas. Activist oriented. Problem is that people go to far and goes against dominate norms.

what are the 5 key characteristics of social stratification systems?

social: signifies the root of social inequality- social stratification can't be fully explained by the biological, psychological, or physiological differences that exist among humans ancient: stratification has existed since beginning of time (ex: ancient Egypt had ranks from Pharaoh to slaves) ubiquitous: refers to something that is omnipresent (exists everywhere) diverse: 3 types of stratification patterns have been identified- class, caste, and estate consequential: one's social position has ramifications/consequences on 2 areas- life chances and life styles

sociologists are concerned with the ________ significance of race, not the _________ nature of race

social; biological

Primary agents: family

socialization begins at birth and family kinship units are import acquisition of any role and skill

what is primary socialization?

socialization during the formative years (0-3 years old)

what are the 2 facets of sport socialization?

socialization into sport and socialization via sport

ancient

stratification has existed since the beginning of time

Max Weber

studied micro-interactions using symbolic interactionism

in patriotic images what is semiology?

study of signs- things that have meaning/communicate a message

catharsis theory

suggest that aggression defuses further aggression; thus, individuals who vent hostilities, vengeance, and frustrations are less likely to commit violent acts

Personal Theories

summaries of our ideas and explanations of social life and the contexts in which they occur.

Restorative

taken to alleviate injury, pain, hypertension, sickness, and dissipation. Drugs included in the restorative category are painkillers (aspirin, darvon), tranquilizers (paxil, valium, serax), barbituartes (seconal and quaaludes), anti-inflammatory agents, enzymes, & muscle relaxants

in chapter 6 what is the most severe example of unsportsmanlike conduct?

team fights

what is social role?

the behavior expected, required, or anticipated from the occupant of a social position

in chapter 7 the knights went into 2nd overtime and with Calvin Cody out who did they send in? what was the outcome?

Shamar- he won the game for them

Socialization:

active process of learning & social development; people learn what they observe and with whom they interact

Contested Activities

activities for which there are no timeless and universal agreements about meaning, purpose and organization.

in chapter 7 what is the initial belief that becomes part of the continued drive to play professionally?

"I can play like"

In chapter 3 what kind of behavior did most of the players get in trouble for?

"boys will be boys" behavior- it's delinquent but is considered more acceptable

what his mom says

"nothing beats a failure, but a try"

verstehen

"to understand"

o Under-conformity

- the breaking of the rules, written and unwritten; being unsportsmanlike ("it's not cheating until you get caught"- extreme behavior within the rules)

in chapter 4 what did Mr. Thompson say to the knights after losing? by saying this how did the context change?

"y'all scared of playing them white boys"- brought race into it as a factor to their poor performance- questioning not only their commitment but also their ability to face competition from whites -this is grounded in the stereotype that whites are less capable athletes than blacks

Refined Grad Rate

# entering and graduating in 6 years - #still making progress/ # entering + # transferred in - # transferred out in good standing. Always higher rates with this method.

Non-adjusted Grad Rate

# entering and graduating in 6 years/# entering as freshman

Two facets of sport socialization

(1) Primary agents of sport socialization include: family, peer group, school, communities, and mass media (2) Socialization via sport

3 theoretical explanations of deviance

(1) biological- assumes that defects or weaknesses in a person's physical constitution predispose one to deviance (2) psychological- focuses on psychological sickness manifesting itself in the form of mental illness, psychopathic disorders, personality aberrations and the like (3)sociological- look beyond the individual to broader social forces

socialization can be viewed from 2 perspectives:

(1) the transmission of non-material or ideational culture (values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms) (2) the development of self

Puritanism

(1600-1700) Began by dissenters from the church of England who desired purity and wanted to reform some of its doctrines and practices; they opposed all ceremonies and rituals that in their view, misdirected the spiritual relations between human kind and God

Bees

(1700-1800) Popular ways in Early America to raise barns, quilt, husk corn, or perform other chores; the work like bees were typically followed by recreational activities like dancing, eating, wrestling, and other contests (ex: The Amish)

social position

(or social status)- the niche one occupies in a group or society (e.g teacher, podiatrist, lawyer, professional athlete)

Three Theorical Explanations of Deviance:

*Biological- assumes that defects or weakness in a person's physical constitution predispose one to deviance. *Psychological-focuses on physical sickness manifesting itself in the form of mental illness, psychopathic disorders, personality aberrations and the life. *Sociological: look beyond the individuals to broader social forces.

The relativity of Social Deviance:

*Deviance can often be fully understood only within the sociocultural parameters in which occur. Deviance is neither absolutistic nor invariant; it is situated behavior. Deviance can be anything. *Time, place, situation, and social status influence in what is perceived as deviant ( change from one context to another).

Structural Sources of Sport Deviance:

*Incompatible value orientations- notions of fair play and sportsmanship in sports are given homage, but the notion of winning at any cost has gained ascendancy. *Inconsistency between values, norms, and structural constraint-winning is emphasized, normative practices undermine notions of fair play to circumvent rules governing behaviors. *Role conflict and Role Strain: coaches are expected to cultivate, disciplined, yet they are expected to be sensitive to individual players. This creates situations when deviance( both positive and negative) occur.

Levels of organization

*Interpersonal: refers to social relationships existing between two persons sharing some kind of role relationship with each other. *Groups: refers to the interaction between groups. *Societal: refers to the structures of social relations in society as a hole.

Two broad categories of Drugs are used in Sports:

*Restorative: taken to alleviate injury, pain, hypertension, sickness, and dissipation. Drugs included in the restorative category are painkillers( aspirins), tranquilizers,( valium, serax) barbiturates( seconal and quaoaludes) anti- flammatory agent, enzymes , and muscle relexants. *Additives: the chemical ingredients they contain are ingested primarily to influence performance. Additive substances include amphetamines, human growth hormones, and anabolic steroids.

Key Sociological Concepts for understanding the social organization of Sport:

*Social Position: the niche one occupies in a group or society( e.g teacher, pediatrist, lawyer, professional athlete). *Social Role: the behavior expected, required, or anticipated from the occupant of a social position. *Social Norms: the expectacions that the larger society or subgroups within a society have the position holders right and duties- govern social rules. *Role Set: roles are reciprocal, complementary, or relational in nature. The role set is the intersection of all these roles. -Master Status: the status most important, it varies by situation.

What is the sports continuum?

- 1)play: participation is expressive and spontaneous 2) organized sports: formal organization to benefit participants 3) corporate sports: more organized with economic and political influences

Sports is FAIR

- 1940 Cornell and Dartmouth: touchdown on 5th down won 7 to 3, but after the game, Cornell forfeited - Greg Norman: at the end of his round, he disqualified himself; even though he could have gotten away with it - Oregon and washington softball conference game: girl hit her first career homerun, hits first base and knee buckles; coaches and teammates couldn't help, so the opposing team carried her around the bases; ending up winning by the difference of that home run -Jake Porter: Ohio high school; last game of his senior year, got to take the ball in for a touchdown

Origin and Development of Youth Sport

- 1st originated in the late 1800s-early 1900s (1860s) - Help children develop physically, mentally, and socially (how and why = interactionist theory) - Pass on "masculine" values to boys - School and communities began sports programs as part of the "educational experience" - Most programs were for boys 8-14 years old

Sport is Foul:

- 50 years later to the day, Colorado and Missouri: Colorado scores on a 5th down and wins, and leaves and take the win; ended up sharing the national championship that year -Performance enhancing drug use -Overtly cheating to get an advantage -Bob Night -Extreme parents; hockey dad killed coach; charged with manslaughter -Tonya Harding and Nancy C -107 to 2 -Eating disorders/bodily harm: gymnastics & figure skating

What is the overall most influential value?

- Achievement/success

How were cultural, interactionist, and structural theories employed?

- Messner knew that human beings and social relationships were complex and must be viewed from different angles

Some Athletic Considerations

- Numerous schools require ACT or the SAT - Proposition 48 (1986) require a 2.0 - GPA in core courses and a 700 SAT - Those who don't qualify are partial qualifiers - Proposition 42 (1989) required a min score on the exam and a 2.0 GPA to qualify for an athletic scholarship

Factors for the Growth of Youth Sport in America

- Parents & peers - Social order - Neo-Liberalism($$, Prizes, Materialsim) -Valued Part of Society

Sports Divides

- Rivalries - Socio-economically -Race -Sex/Gender

What is the difference between the psychology of sports and the sociology of sports?

- Sport sociology refers to the relationship between sports and society or social groups, and Psychology involves your individual mental and behavioral adaptations to participating in sports

What was the idea of "cult of manliness"?

- T. Roosevelt--> refinement & education were stripping males of their masculinity & he wanted sports to be in colleges (led to merger of education & athletics) *1st at only elite schools

How deadly were games?

- about 10% fatality rate, because it was very expensive to train

What are greatest risks associated with youth sports?

- adult intrusion, burnout, serious injury, displacement of education, and potential for substance abuse

What is the definition of sport?

- are physical activities that involve challenges or competitive contests

What are the four elements of the sports ethic?

- athletes are dedicated to "the game" above all things; athletes strive for distinction; athletes accept all risks & play through pain; athletes accept no obstacles in pursuit of success in sport

What was the Protestant work ethic?

- believed work was Godly and good for you

Why do kids say they play?

- both girls and boys #1 reason was for fun

What are dominant values expressed in sports?

- build character, competition, discipline, mental/physical fitness, and achievement/success

Why do kids say they quit?

- burnout, greater interest in non-sport activities, too much pressure & emphasis on winning, too much time

What were the influences of sports for Ancient Greeks?

- competitions associated w/ religious festivals, Homer's Illaid 1st mention of sports. 1st pro athletes came from wealthier class

Define theory?

- logically interrelated explanations of actions and interactions derived from what we first observe as fact

Define pseudo-sports?

- looks and act like sports, but are not classified as a sport, like pro wrestling

What is Pankration

- means 'all force', is a combination of wrestling and boxing

How are sports "socially constructed" activities

- means they are given form and meaning by people as the interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions

in patriotic images what are some examples of linking professional team organizations with Americanism?

- national anthem before games - wearing flag patches during a game

What are the five important changes that led to increased participation of children in organized youth sports?

- organized programs are becoming privatized; programs increasingly emphasize the "performance ethic"; an increase in private, elite sport-training facilities; parents are concerned w/their child's success in sports; participation in alternative and action sports increased

Who are the advocates of youth sports and what is their argument?

- parents and invested laypersons; say sports develop desirable social/personal attributes, promotes healthier lifestyles

Why did youth sports originate in the 20th century?

- parents felt pressure to have their kids in activities which lead them to seek out sports, also as away to keep them out of trouble

What are the negative consequences of an overemphasis on winning/success?

- people are evaluated by accomplishment rather than other human qualities, parents/coaches may push athletes beyond healthy levels to succeed, and moral ambivalence

What are the characteristics that are apart of the sports definition?

- physical, competitive, and institutionalized activities; they are also socially-constructed, and contested activities

What is peer-play sports?

- play dictated by action, play for fun w/ self limitations, external rewards & consequences are minimum

What did cultural theories address?

- processes through which people create, maintain, and change values, norms, ideas, and beliefs as they play and watch sports

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection?

- quantitative collects info (data) about people and the social world and convert the info into numbers. While qualitative collects info about people, media content, events etc. and use identifying patterns and unique features to analyze

What is socialization?

- refers to the life-long process by which we teach and (learn) about our social worlds and how to be apart of them

What is the idea of "muscular christianity"?

- religious leaders noted that much of human misery is rooted in poor health; mix of clergy intellectuals and social reformers see sports as tool to address health (YMCA)

What did interactionist theories address?

- social interactions and relationships in the social worlds created in connection with sports

What is functionalist theory and how does it look at sports?

- society is a system made up of interrelated and interdependent parts that create the whole. Assume sports exists for a reason (function)

What is conflict theory and how does it look at sports?

- society is a system of structures & relationships shaped by conflict (competition) over scarce resources.

What is interactionist theory and how does it look at sports?

- society is created & maintained through social interaction based on shared symbols and meanings

What major changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about that changed sports?

- socio-cultural developments; urbanization and changing nature of labor, growing middle class w/ resources and time, and immigration grew bringing new sporting ideas

What were sports like in the Enlightenment era?

- sports begin to take forms similar to what we see today; philosophical introduction

What was the purposes of sports during Victorian Europe?

- sports seen as a tool for shaping the ruling class in order to manage the empire; elite schools began to use sports to communicate important values like loyalty and teamwork

What is necessary for a theory to be good?

- systematic, not anecdotal evidence, evidence is empirical, and causality leads to the conclusion/interpretation based on probability

Impacts of important tech developments in transportation, communication, and mass media

- teams were able to travel to play each other, with communication and mass media sports grabbed the attention of the working class and youth who both started to participate, and it was easier to obtain sport scores

How are sports contested activities

- that is, activities for which there are no timeless and universal agreements about what they mean, why they exist, or how they should be organized

What does research tell us about those who have the MOST difficulty facing retirement from sports?

- that its usually tied to a combination of identity, developmental, and life course issues

What was the "renaissance man"

- the first "scholar-athletes"

What is Eduction of the Knights?

- the focus is about fighting techniques

What did structural theories address?

- the social organization and patterns of relationships that influence opportunities, decisions, and actions in sports

What did Konstantinos Koukouris find out as to why former athletes in Greece ended their sports participation?

- they either needed to obtain a job and support themselves and/or realistic judgements about their sport skills and advancing to higher levels

What is the meaning of the word desporto?

- to carry away

Describe the Renaissance (14th -16th centuries)?

- upper class males mainly, peasants play more controlled, puritans crackdown on immoral activities including sports.

in chapter 4 what did Larry Bird (white former NBA and Hall of fame player) say regarding the superiority of black athletes?

-"but it is a black man's game, and it will be forever" -"I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American" -said he found it disrespectful to him and his abilities when another white was assigned to defend him

Approaches to Deviance

-Absolutist -Constructionist

Issues related to Youth Sport

-Access (resources,$) -Emotional & physical damage (burn-out rate greater as they age) -Family dynamics

In chapter 2 what constitutes the no cut policy?

-Benson saw team as a safe space to not be rejected -it avoids the sting of rejection -was well received by most players, many parents saw it as hindering to a successful team b/c limit playing time -Benson gave each one enough attention/criticism to keep them involved and was able to reconcile his winning philosophy with his desire to help -some said if they had been cut they would have been more motivated to work hard, others say it helped them stay out of trouble, others say they like the clarity of a system that eliminated those not good enough

3 Specific forms of Violence

-Brutal body contact (physical force) -Borderline violence -Criminal violence (actions on the field)

in the epilogue how was May "saved"? How did he talk about this relating to Calvin?

-Calvin's life had become intertwined with his through basketball- May's salvation came in the form of basketball which took him from a life disconnected from others to one of deep connection with the knights

Deviance is ;

-Commercialization -Masculinity

Social values in American Society and in Sport

-Competition -Success -Valued means to achieve -Progression -Materialism -Social Conformity -*** Hope*** (maybe)

Major Ethical Theories

-Concepts of Good (right/wrong) -Justice (fairness)

primary agents: mass media

expose youths to sports & sport heroes who function as role models

Reasons for the Globalization of sport

-Nationalism -Technology -Historical Reasons -Work (Migrant Workers)

Trends related to Youth Sport

-Performance ethic -Increasingly privatized -Parents' increasing extreme involvement -Alternative and action sports

Over-conformity

-Social Norms w/n an acceptable range -w/n the laws -(ex: someone going 30 in a 70)

Constructionist

-Social norms lie within an acceptable range = Gray area (Over-Conformity & Under-Conformity)

what are the 2 ways that race is traditionally classified as biological?

-a scheme based on observable physical characteristics (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, lip thickness) which are called PHENOTYPES -a scheme based on unobservable genetic features (blood type) called GENOTYPES -neither system of classification is exact

What is the most common explanation for why elite young athletes drop out of sport?

-burnout; loss interest, no longer fun, & they no longer had control over their lives and could not explore

in chapter 7 what did he say about why the coaches purposely gave the players false hope?

-coaches have a self-serving need for players to be dedicated to the sport- pressure from parents, the community, and the school administration -manipulating the players to give their best to win meant they got to keep their jobs -"Winning is the American way, and people expect us to win" -the coaches knew that basketball was key to the players' salvation

what are traditional images of gender?

-colonial men were viewed as closer to God -women were perceived as true women inside their homes, but invisible outside

relativity of social deviance

-deviance can often be fully understood only within the socioculture parameters in which it occurs. Deviance is neither absolutistic nor invariant; it is situated behavior. Deviance can be anything -time, place, situation, and social status influence what is perceived as deviant (changes from one context to another)

in chapter 7 explain the communities many of the knights come from

-few residents experience social mobility -they are isolated from populations of people are part of the mainstream, so they're separated from social resources that could help them in their quest for social mobility

what are the criticisms of biophysical explanations

-most differences are central tendency (average) differences and neglect variations within particular racial stocks as well as the overlap among members of difference races -exactly how differences such as these affect athletic performance in interaction with each other is not fully known

incompatible value orientations

-notions of fair play and sportsmanship in sports are given homage, but the notion of winning at any cost has gain ascendancy

what are some academic considerations for sport and education?

-numerous schools require ACT/SAT -proposition 48 (1986): required a 2.0 GPA in core classes and a 700 SAT -those who do not qualify are partial qualifiers -proposition 42 (1989): required a minimum score on the exam and a 2.0 GPA to qualify for an athletic scholarship

in the odds of transitioning, what was the main finding?

-opportunity for upward social mobility in sport are very restricted -pro careers last between 4 and 7 years

In chapter 2 how did Dr. May feel about the cutting policy for the Northeast knights?

-originally he didn't understand it (talks about Michael Jordan) -one of drawbacks is that with a big team the building of team cohesion can be jeopardized -admits that the policy had a tremendous positive impact on team -said that having 20-25 players meant more dissatisfied players -says it is perhaps the greatest coaching challenge at Northeast because each player needs to feel that he can positively contribute to basketball program -it encourages players to keep playing instead of risking being swallowed up by the streets

what are the 3 primary costs of ownership?

-player compensation (salaries, bonuses, deferred payments, pensions, fringe benefits) -game expenses (travel expenditures, stadium rentals) -general and administrative costs (salaries for owners)

in stacking what are the 2 hypotheses?

-players will be distributed to positions non randomly with respect to racial group membership with white in central, latino in semi-peripheral, and blacks in peripheral -physical characteristics and skills will be related to position played

the development of self (continued)

-primary socialization during the formative years (0-3) -social learning theory: focuses on the acquisition and performance of social behaviors -reinforcement: highlights the impacts of sanctions (reward and punishment) on the acquisition & performance of social role -observational learning: learning and performance of tasks resulting from merely observing another's behavior and then acting accordingly

Sports can Promote:

-promote positive values, growth, development, honor, and unity -also promote negative values, deviance, control, and division These two forces will always be fighting against each other in the world of sports

what was the 3 part test measuring compliance?

-proportionality in participation and funding for females and male athletes- ratio of female and male athletes must match ratio of men and women in student body -a history of expanding opportunities for female athletes -accommodating the sports, abilities, and interests of males and females

in stacking what were the main findings?

-race is strongly related to centrality -more than 80% of catchers are white -nearly 1/2 of outfielders are black -confirm the 3 tier system

2003 slide scaled

-ranged from 400 SAT and 3.5 GPA or higher to 1010 SAT and 2.0 GPA -core courses now up from 13 to 14 (4 years of english, 2 years of math, 2 years of science, 2 years of social science, 3 years of foreign language) -athletes must have, after 2 years, 40% of their degree requirement complete with a GPA of 1.8 -after 3 years, 60% of degree with a GPA of 1.9 -after 4 years, 80% of degree with GPA of 2.0 -partial qualifier: under proposition 42 it changed so they could get a scholarship but not compete the 1st year- if you finish your degree in 4 years you can play a 5th year

pros of high profile athletic programs

-schools compete for students and reputable sports programs help guarantee application for admission -sport is a publicity device -sport is a source of spirit and tradition

what are the 2 theoretical explanation for stacking (biological)?

-several investigators have disclosed difference between SELECT SAMPLES of white/black athletes on a variety of anthropometrics (body measurements- ex: blacks have longer arms and legs) -these physiological racial differences have occasionally been used to explain blacks' dominance (in numbers and performance) in certain sports as well as their under representation/over representation in some sports and at particular positions

Masculinity;

-society defines masculinity as being "aggressive and tough" Aggression and violence are "part of the game" 90% of injuries occur within the rules Negative social labels for boys

Socioemotional

-sport affects the social and psychological states of individuals and has 3 interrelated dimensions 1. Catharic function (release) 2. Engenders feelings of belonging 3. Ritualistic

Integrative

-sport coalesces isolated individuals into a cohesive group with a common perspective (participants as well as spectators)

what are the 4 theoretical explanations of stacking (sociological/social)

-stereotyping hypothesis -interaction and discrimination hypothesis -prohibitive cost hypothesis -role model hypothesis

"All is not well in the world of intercollegiate football" Article notes

3 threats looming: concussions attempts by players to form unions criteria for admission and academic integrity

what are 3 medical myths involving female's participation in sport?

-strenuous activity leads to birthing difficulties (the opposite is actually true) -females reproductive organs are subject to damage (female's internal organs are actually more protected than males) -females bone structure is more fragile (smaller- yes, but they're just as strong)

what are the 4 types of corporate sport and professional owners?

-subsidiaries of larger corporations -family-owned businesses -publicly owned -entrepreneur (who makes $ in another business endeavor)

in the epilogue what was the difference between coaching the knights and coaching 9 year old girls?

-teen boys respected you and responded when you spoke forcefully, little girls would be scared and think you were mean -the boys had pride and masculinity riding on the game, the girls were just wanting fun -boys pushed the rules, girls played by rules enforced by referees and coaches -boys played at a speed ten times as fast

in chapter 6 what 3 things do researchers attribute the decline in sportsmanship to?

-the competitive context of traditional sport -the professionalization of coaches and the pressure on them to win -the financial considerations of winning

in chapter 7 what are the 4 main reasons young men believe in the hoop dream?

-the media: suggests to average players the viability of athletic success as a means of mobility -the communities where they have grown up: they support success through stereotypical means for black males- they want to make it to the league without the lifestyle of fast money/drugs/crime -they compete with other average players: this gives them an unrealistic measure of their skills- they rely on their own individual drive, hard work, and performance within game contexts as a mean of distinguishing themselves from those who have tried to go big but have failed (RHETORIC OF INDIVIDUALISM!) -the coaches: encourage them to pursue hoop dreams- better players=better team

diverse

3 types of stratification patterns have been identified: class, caste, and estate

what are the 4 consequences of stacking?

-the players careers are typically abbreviated for those athletes occupying positions that require speed -shortened careers affect overall lifetime earning -shorter career players reduce player pensions -the paucity (fawness/rare) of black coaches and managers may be traced to earlier position occupancy

in chapter 4 what are the 3 reasons for the knight's alternative views against stereotypical assertions about the relationship between race and athletic ability? (what keeps them from identifying stereotypes about black and white athletic ability in their own situations)

-the players interact with white athletes who share skills and abilities comparable to their own -the players have been insulated from structural factors that raise racial distinctions to greater salience (they're at a stage in life where race shouldn't matter)- the more they're acclimated to the normative concepts of race, the more their views will be consistent with conventional views -the players have embraced a sense of meritocracy within their own athletic setting (embrace notion of = opportunity)- you failed because you couldn't make it

in chapter 7 what are the 2 key aspects of team competitive play that players seem to omit in their evaluation of their own ability?

-they focus on individual contributions instead of those of the team--> may inadequately consider the extent to which their individual success is predicated on their teammates' efforts -their limited understanding of the universe in which they compete (the region they play in doesn't represent the elite level of basketball being played across the state)

what are the 5 outstanding features of minority groups?

-they share common "visible" (skin color) physical and or cultural (language, religion) characteristics -they receive differential treatment from the majority group (ex: as revealed in the social processes of segregation, assimilation, amalgamation, annihilation, expulsion) -they develop a consciousness of kind and or self identity reviving around their uniqueness -they practice marital endogamy (ex: marry within their social group) -they have a status (i.e. minority group) that is ascribed rather than achieved

what are a franchise's 3 major sources of revenue?

-ticket sales (or game receipts) -the sale of media (TV and radio rights) -stadium revenue (concessions, venue ads, parking, suites, boxes, etc.)

in patriotic images describe the typical women worker in an Indonesian plant

-works for 19 cents an hour= $2 a day -10 1/2 hour days, 6 days a week -forced to do overtime 2-3 times per week -monthly wage is about 30% less than what is considered the minimum to meet physical needs of a married person w/ one child

in "the good and bad of it all" reading what were the findings?

-young men don't necessarily accept the "good bad" role model that's presented in media, rather they discern in their acceptance and rejection of certain role models and behaviors

in chapter 7 what is the probability to advance to the professional level?

.001

o Socialization occurs as we

1) Observe and synthesize info 2) Interact with others 3) Become familiar with our social worlds 4)Make decisions

Most Popular Sports in the World

1. Soccer 2. Cricket 3. Field Hockey

5 key characteristics of social stratification systems

1. Social 2. Ancient 3. Ubiquitous 4. Diverse 5. Consequential

Sport has 5 social functions

1. Socioemotional 2. Integrative 3. Political 4. Mobility 5. Socializing

Greek Games and Sports before 100 BC differed from modern sports in 3 ways:

1. Their grounding in mythology and religion 2. Their lack of complex administrative structures 3. Their lack of attention to measurement and records

Characteristics of Symbolic Interaction

1. There are differing definitions of the situation (ex: significance of today is different to different people) 2. Individuals, through interaction with one another, find the meaning of objects or actions (ex: using the chair as a scooter or ladder)

3 variables that help define sport

1. Types of activities involved- competition 2. The structure or context in which the activities take place 3. The participants orientation (intrinsically or extrinsically motivated)

Interactionist theory

1. focuses chiefly on how people INTERACT with their environment (in our case, sports) to give meaning to their lives. How we EXPERIENCE sport

3 part test measuring Title IX compliance

1. proportionality in participation and funding for females and male athletes (ratio of female and male athletes must match ration of men and women in the student body) 2. history of expanding opportunities for female athletes 3. accommodating the sports abilities and interests of males/females

two broad categories of drugs are used in sports

1. restorative 2. additive

Sometimes the expectations of different roles or even the same role are inconsistent. This produces:

1. role strain: when incompatible demands stem from a single status 2. role conflict: when incompatible demands stem from multiple statuses

According to Tumin there are 5 characteristics of social stratification systems

1. social 2. ancient 3. ubiquitous 4. diverse 5. consequential

Consequences of stacking

1. the playing careers are typically abbreviated for those athletes occupying positions that require speed 2. shortened careers affect overall lifetime earning 3. shorter careers reduce player pensions 4. the paucity of black coaches and managers may be traced to earlier position occupancy

Edwards Dominant American Sports Creed

1.) Character building. 2.) Discipline. 3.) Competition. 4.) Physical fitness. 5.) Mental fitness. 6.) Religiosity. 7.) Nationalism.

Models of Socialization

1.) Reinforcement. 2.) Coaching Model (Mentoring). 3.) Observational Learning/Modeling *** 4.) Symbolic Interaction Perspective.

in chapter 7 how many of the 18 players had aspirations for competitive basketball after high school?

when was tom malyneaux freed and how did he earn his freedom?

1811- winning fighting matches

in "the good and bad of it all" reading what is the sample?

19 young black men who played HS basketball

sport began to take on its present appearance in the _______

1930s (economic boom after the depression)

When did blacks break the racial barrier in the NBA?

1950

Title IX

1972 law; mandated gender equity; schools receiving federal funding were to provide equal opportunity for female athletes

Henry McDonald

1st black football player in 1911

Two facets of Sport Socialization

2) Socialization via Sport: consist of the values expoused in the dominant sport, creed, sport involvement produces desirables consequences and outcomes. - The degree of socialization via sport is successful is based on 5 variables: a) The degree( frequency, intensity, and duration) of involvement. b)The extent to which participation is voluntary or involuntary. c) Nature of the socialization relationship. d) The prestige and power structure. e) The personal and social characteristics of the participant.

in patriotic images women under the age of 25 in factories in Asia, the Caribbean, and Central American make up what percentage of the total number of workers?

2/3

in chapter 7 when did the greatest number of high school basketball players selected directly from high school in the 1st round occur?

2004

In "role exit of professional athletes", what was the sample?

27 male ex pro athletes- it was not representative of ex athletes as a whole

in patriotic images investment in foreign production sites by American transnational corporations eliminated nearly how many US manufacturing jobs?

3 million

Approximately what percentage of boys and girls play youth organized sports?

37%; 23 million

according to the slide scale after 2 years how much of their degree requirement do they need? GPA?

40%; 1.8

according to the slide scale after 3 years how much of their degree requirement do they need? GPA?

60%; 1.9

according to the slide scale after 4 years how much of their degree requirement do they need? GPA?

80%; 2.0

in chapter 7 out of the 11 players who wanted to continue playing after high school, how many tried out for college teams? what happened?

9- were all cut- but they discovered alternatives to basketball by going to college

Sex

A biological concept with the categories of male and female

Stacking

A common form of positional segregation underscoring the disproportionate concentration of ethnic/racial minorities, particularly blacks, in specific team positions (stacking has been demonstrated to exist in baseball, football, hockey, track and field, and soccer)

Gender

A cultural concept with the categories of masculine and feminine

Values in american society

Achievement & Success, Activity & work, Moral Orientation, Humanitarianism, Efficiency & Practicality, Progress, National Comfort, Equality, Freedom, Conformity, Science & Rationality, Nationalism & Patriotism, Democracy, and Individualism

Criminal Violence

Actions on the field of play that would be considered criminal acts

1868

Admission fees were charged for baseball games

Categories of Violence in Sport

Aggression, Violence: Brutal Body Contact, Borderline Violence, Criminal Violence

1942

All-American girl's baseball league organized by P.K. Wrigley

in chapter 7 who is the all-star guard for the Denver Nuggets who many knights selected as their favorite athlete? why?

Allen Iverson- his relatively small stature and his notoriety for off the court incidents makes him an attractive icon -represents a gifted athlete who has attained wealth but maintained his street identity -success of players like him is what fuels the aspirations of young men who believe they have the bare essentials for athletic success

1957

Althea Gibson was the first black to win the US open title at Wimbledon

Crime and the athlete -some have speculated that causes of criminal behavior (especially domestic violence) by athletes can be explained by two opposing theories

Catharsis Theory: suggest that aggresion defuses further aggresion, thus individuals who vent hostiles, vengeances, and frustations are less likely to commit violent acts. Social learning: if violence is rewarded it may become manifest outside the initial setting in which it was reinforced. Athletes who are conditioned to behave aggresively on the field may be prone to aggresive behavior off the field (Cultural spillover theory).

Stages of Role Socialization

Anticipatory, "Formal" Period, "Informal" Period, "Personal" Stage

Historical definition of blackness: Who is Black?

Anyone with any trace of African ancestry ("one drop of black blood"); race as biology = mythical, obsolete Race is socially constructed

3500 BC Historical sport

Archeologists have produced evidence of physical play dating back to prehistoric societies including Artistic renditions of sports and games in Mesopotamia Sporting arenas from the early civilizations existing Egypt, India, China, and Greek and Roman societies later on.

in chapter 5 why does he speculate that the knights held more antigay attitudes?

Christianity- significance of it for blacks in the south

1861-1865

Civil War

Interactionist Theory

Asks how people get involved in (INTERACT with), and experience sport. Pertaining to participants and spectators. Sees how people create identity and meaning from sport. Pertains to how s someone personally may get involved with a sport

Functionalist Theory

Asks questions of what is Sports Role (FUNCTION) in society. Views what sports contribute to society, and what role sport plays in promoting societal values.

1919 - Present

Athletes emerged as national heroes (ex: Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, and Mildred "Babe" Didrikson)

Sports that stacking is in

Baseball, football, hockey, track and field, soccer

Town Ball

Basically baseball but with a few different rules. Different main cities played different versions. Philadelphia town ball, is a bat-and-ball, safe haven game played in North America in the 18th and 19th centuries, which was similar to rounders and was a precursor to modern baseball.

In chapter 2 what was the ideoculture of the group?

Benson's desire to be inclusive= an ideoculture that provided beliefs/behaviors that helped manage the no-cut policy -Benson knew the difficulties many players faced in community, and players knew of limitations so they were mainly supportive of no-cuts

Deontological (Ethical Approach)

Focus on ACTION, PROCESS o Kantianism, Golden Rule Kantianism: Doing what you should no matter what Golden Rule: Treat others how you want to be treated

Egalitarian (Ethical Approach)

Focus on EQUALITY

Expressive roles

Capable of emotions and feelings, associated with women

Instrumental roles

Capable of getting things done, associated with men

Ideal Types

Carries no connotation of importance or values, rather, it refers to a concept constructed from the pure characteristics of the phenomenon under construction (ex: the ideal type of shoe that has a sole and strap)

Libertarian (Ethical Approach)

Focus on EQUITY, and MERIT

Personality differences hypothesis (black compared to whites)

Black athletes 1. are individually rather than team-oriented 2. stress stylistic of expressive performance over success of technical performance 3. reflect a personalized power orientation associated with individual winning instead of a power orientation correlated with team winning

1950s

Blacks broke the racial barrier in NBA

end of the 1800s

Blacks, once members of professional baseball, were forced out

1781

Blue Laws were laws printed on blue paper that made engaging in sports, recreation, and other secular activities on Sunday taboo

Biophysical differences of men

Broader shoulders more upper body strength Larger lungs (more Oxygen efficient) hormones producing muscle bulk sex organs outside body (more vulnerable to injury)

Concepts of GOODS Teleological

Focus on OUTCOME

Traditional images of gender

Colonial men = closer to God women = true women inside the home and invisible outside industrialization made traditional gender roles more pronounced women's reproductive organs were seen as debilitating males perceived to have instrumental roles and women expressive roles

Reasons for deviance and violence in American Sport

Commercialization, Masculinity

Social Values in American Society and Sport

Competition, Success, Hard Work, Materialism, Progression, Social Conformity, Hope

Values

Conceptions of what is desirable; are underlying assumptions by which individual and social goals are chosen

1919 - 1930

Considered the Golden Age of Sport

Folkways

Customary behaviors that are less subject to such responses

Teleological (Ethical Approach)

Focus on OUTCOME o Altruism, Egoism, Utilitarianism Altruism: selfless, putting others in front of yourself Egoism: selfishness, putting yourself before others Utilitarianism: making a decision based on what will bring the most good for the most amount of people

Results from Intercollegiate football article

Derek Bok (former president at Harvard) reminds us that academic leaders have been unwilling to do much more than punish violations of existing rules and try to present the current situation from getting worse.

Commercialization

Deviance provides entertainment, Media Exposure, and sometimes money. People enjoy big hits and sports and violent acts

Organic Solidarity

Differentiation develops and interdependence involves specialists; the more complex a society is, the greater the need for specialization of labor (ex: the IT department in a company)

Conflict Theory

Focuses on the social processes producing instability, disruption disorganization, disharmony, tension and conflict; the concepts of power and conflict are the critical analytical tools

(Deontological) Kantianism-

Doing what you SHOULD do regardless who's watching

1988

Doug Williams was the first black quarterback to win the superbowl

Drugs in Sport:

Drugs: chemical substances that affect our body's psychological functioning ( the so-called " head trip" or psychological functioning) ( the so-called " body trip")

Concepts of JUSTICE

Egalitarian Libertarian

Sport Unites

Ex.) Little league world series; 8 American and 8 international Ex.) N. Korea and S. Korea walking out together at 2018 winter olympics (They Combined their womens hockey team)

Participants extrinsically orientation

External motivation or goals. (crowd)

1859

First collegiate football game between Rutgers and Princeton (both in NJ)

1876

First continuous baseball league (National League) (and TAMU

1897

First modern intercollegiate basketball game played between Yale and Penn

Youth Sport Origin and development

First organized in late 1800's to early 1900's. Originally used to help children develop, mentally and physically- meant to pass on masculine attributes for boys. Many schools and communities soon took them in as part of educational experience.

1852

First rowing crew competition between Harvard and Yale (Harvard- Massachusetts; Yale; Connecticut)

1928

First track and field events were permitted for women in the Olympics (Amsterdam)

in chapter 5 who was the "cross town rival"? did everyone treat it differently?

Ford heights panthers; yes

in the epilogue what happened in the huddle with 4 minutes left in the game?

Fred said vinny needs to pass the ball to the open man, vinny got mad and threw a water bottle at Fred's face

Most common used sociological theories

Functionalist Theory Interactionist Theory

Types of Sociological Theories (4)

Functionalist Theory Interactionist Theory Conflict Theory Critical Theory

Sociological Theories

Functionalist Theory, Interactionist Theory, Conflict Theory, Critical Theory

Prejudice

Literally means prejudging without knowledge; an unfavorable feeling or thought toward a person or group

Mechanical Solidarity

Group members are held together by their likenesses from which they derive mutual support; over time mechanical solidarity is suspended by organic solidarity (ex: primitive societies)

Factors for growth of Youth Sport

Growth through Parents and peers, Social Order, Neo-Liberalism (Materialism), and they are a valued part of society.

1634

Harvard was founded

1911

Henry McDonald became the first black football player

Social planes, differentially

In our society, men and women are placed on different ___ ____ and are rewarded ___ (pay, work, opportunities, etc)

Deviants

Individuals who engage in rule breaking actions

Reasons for development of modern sport during 1850-1918

Industrialization and loosening of religious restrictions; was seen positively and as a safety valve; return of civil war vets hastened the expansion of baseball

Adult or Peer Centered (Child/Peer)

Informal Sport (having fun)

Interaction and discrimination hypothesis

Is premised on the notion that management and players define intimate transactions between minority and majority members negatively, and consequently, make decisions to exclude the minority members from central positions, which have high interaction potential

late 1800s

Isaac Murphy won 3 Kentucky derbies

1984

John Thompson, Georgetown became the first black coach to win the NCAA title

1991

Judith Sweet first female president of the NCAA

June 19, 1867

Juneteenth; the day black people in the south found out they were free

in chapter 7 what are some players who have actually made the leap from high school to professional ranks with success?

Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James

Cooperative Games

Large movement in the 80's/90's; recognized that our world was becoming too competitive; teachers began having kids work together in groups

Gender socialization

Learning how to be a socially acceptable male or female

Play (Sport Pyramid)

Lowest level of sport pyramid (ex: throwing football in back yard)

Masculinity

Masculinity makes someone aggressive in tough in society. Aggression and violence are part of the game people love.

De facto segregation

May be characterized by the following features: 1) share common 'visible' physical and cultural characteristics 2) receive differential treatment from the majority group 3) develop a consciousness of kind and/or self-identity revolving around the uniqueness 4) practice marital endogamy (marry within their social groups) 5) have a status (minority) that is ascribed rather than achieved

Consequential characteristic of stratification

One's social position has ramifications of two areas 1) life chances 2) life styles

Who had a case against them because of the Sherman antitrust law?

Microsoft- their new computers required you to buy their software- it cased word perfect to go out of business

Class statification

Mobility

Modern Games

Modern western sports developed from games played by feudal aristocracy The upper classes of feudal times tended to ignore play, games and sports of the peasantry because they saw the activities as performing a cathartic function The Protestant Reformation directly challenged the legitimacy of sports

what is an example of market area?

NBA decides which area the Houston Rockets can cover (for TV rights etc.)

High Profile Sport

NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) Division 1A Schools provide full and partial scholarship for Athletes (Georgia, Auburn, Texas A&M *SEC*) (North Carolina, Clemson, Virginia *ACC*)

Low Profile Sport

NCAA Division 2 (like Tarleton state) NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics) Smaller athletic programs provide both full and partial scholarships NCAA Div. 3 (most athletic programs do not give scholarship, financial aid in the form of loans)

low profile sports

NCAA division II, NAIA, smaller athletic programs provide both full and partial scholarships, NCAA Division III

high profile sports

NCAA, Division 1A, schools provide full and partial scholarships for athletes -ex: Georgia, Florida, Auburn, A&M

Reason for Globalization of Sport

Nationalism, Technology, Individual Athletes, Baseball spreads across East Asia and Latin America

Socialization Process

The process in which humans: observe and synthesize information, interact with others, become familiar with social worlds, Make decisions on these points.

Caste stratification

No mobility, born into it

Ideational Culture

Non-material and consists of intangibles; common non-material cultural elements that have been identified are symbols, attitudes, beliefs, languages, values, and norms

APR

Not a measure of graduation. Just means they are on track from graduating. Loss of scholarships can be tied to low APR ratings. An APR of 930 is projected to a graduation rate of 60%

Adult or Peer Centered (Structured/Adult)

Organized Sport (learn rules, progress skills, learn strategies)

- Socialization process

Our values are a social construction of our reality, whereby our value systems are not independent and eternal, but every changing, and created by human interactions in society. Follows that individuals in a society are then socialized through sports, as the structure and values of sport influence individuals' development and moral attitudes, for good or bad People use sport to reaffirm ideas and beliefs that are important to them and widely held by others

in chapter 2 what do the footnotes for the comparison of the team to a business say?

PE is a means of articulating internal and external organizational structure and change -internal processes go through organizational change -he adopts elements of population ecology to explicate an ideoculture where the organizational practice of altruism in team selection is based

Sport Pyramid (start from base)

PLAY(no competition), GAMES,(+Competition-NOT official), SPORT(Official-Set of Rules, WORK(Paid to Play

Biophysical differences of women

Perspire less (conserve body fluids) An extra layer of fat cells (energy reserved for endurance) Estrogen producing greater flexibility Wide hips for lower center of gravity

Edwards' Continuum of Activities

Play Recreation Contest Game Sport

Sport Pyramid Layers (bottom to top)

Play, Games, Sport, Work

Borderline Violence

Plays within sport that dangle on the line of acceptable norms (targeting in football)

1930's and beyond

Pro and amateur sports expanded

Explanations of Home Field Advantage

Psychological explanations, Territoriality, Site familiarity/learning, Travel, Officials, Sociological Explanations

Social Factors and influences in sport

Race, Social Class, Family, Friends, School, Religion, Media, Geography

Sport (Sport Pyramid)

Set line of rules that must be followed (ex: High School and College Football)

Antrhopometrics

Several investigators have disclosed differences between select samples of white and black athletes on a variety of ___ (body measurements, e.g. Blacks have longer legs and arms)

1700 - 1800

Recreational and work activities were semi formalized through the institution of the bee

Life chances

Refers to how long one can anticipate living, the routine of that living, and the extent to which one can enjoy the good life

Life styles

Refers to how one lives; includes hobbies, organizational affiliations, and social behaviors

Social Structures

Refers to organizations of behavior within a web of social relationships

Ubiquitous characteristic of social stratification

Refers to something that is omnipresent, existing everywhere

Sport

Refers to sport in a relative sense rather than to specific activities

Sociological Imagination

Refers to the ability to see the interconnections between our individual lives and broader social forces ex) Affirmative action and being able to see how it benefits the whole, not just the individual

Karl Marx

Responsible for Conflict Theory, Social Interaction, and promotion of socialism;

C. Wright Mills

Responsible for Sociological Imagination, Social Structures, and Social Processes

Emile Durkheim

Responsible for Structural Functionalism, Mechanical Solidarity, and Organic Solidarity

1500s - 1600s

Restrictive policies against sports existed (because of Protestant Reformation)

1966

SEC was the last to integrate (Tennesse signed a black defense back)

Social processes revealing differential treatment from majority group

Segregation, assimilation, amalgamation, annihilation, expulsion

In chapter 2 who was the athlete Dr. May originally wanted to cut?

Smitty J

Conflict Theory

Social Groups are inherently "unequal." It is a competition for resources. Asks how sport may reflect wealth and power.

Constructionalist (Deviance Theory)

Social Norm lies in acceptable range or a "gray area." Conformity in the middle, and deviance on both sides. (Over-conformity example: going 30 mph on Highway 6)

Strata

Social classes

Norms

Social expectations

Structural Functionalism

Societies consist of interrelated and interdependent institutions (ex: family, sport, education, religion); each contributes to overall social stability

Social significance

Sociologists are concerned with the ____ of race, not the biological nature

1800 - 1850

Sports development is characterized by an increase in mass media attention ex) Tom Molyneaux's fight

3500 BC - AD 500

Sports included wrestling, boxing, acrobatics and tumbling, horse riding, swimming, various ball games, stick fighting, bull fighting, marbles, javelin, soccer, running, track and field, and rudimentary racket games The construction of permanent and play grounds/fields for the quadrennial olympic games occured in 550 BC

1600 - 1700

Sports were generally prohibited in America for two reasons: 1. The harsh demands for survival hesitated perpetual work, leaving little time, energy, or opportunity for recreation 2. There were strong religious regulations "in detestation of laziness" and "mispense of time" (Puritanism)

Stereotyping hypothesis

Stacking stems from managements stereotypes of the physical, social, and personality attributes of minority and majority group athletes, coupled with their perceptions of the different physical, social, and personality skills required for occupants of different playing positions

Estate stratification

Status from land/property

what is an example of master status?

Steph Curry to most people has a master status of an NBA player but at home his master status is a husband and father

Ancient characteristic of social statification

Stratification has existed since the beginning of time

Medical myths of female's participation in sport

Strenuous activity leads to birthing difficulty females reproductive organs are subject to damage (female internal organs are more protected than males) female's bone structure is more fragile (smaller yes, but just as strong)

Hypothesis that blacks excel at reactive tasks

Suggests that black athletes respond appropriately at the proper times to changes in the stimulus situation and that whites excel t self-paced tasks, those in which athletes respond at their discretion to a relatively constant and stationary stimulus

De jure segregation

Supported by legislatively enacted laws (black codes + Jim Crow)

Supported by stronger sanctions than norms

Social Processes

The repetitive and reoccurring interaction patterns characterizing individual and group behavior ex) how you react to authority; yes ma'm/ no ma'am

Discrimination

The unfavorable treatment of a person or group (generally associated with an element of power presumed to be held by the majority)

Sociological Theories

Theories that help us IDENTIFY PROBLEMS, ask questions, gather info., & DEVELOP STRATEGIES to deal with problems in sports

In "role exit of professional athletes", they say that in thanatology theory there is no ___________ period after death, but there is after exiting from pro sports

adjustment

Physical racial differences

These ___ ___ ___ have occasionally been used to explain blacks dominance (in # or performance) in certain sports as well as their under representation or overrepresentation in some sports and at particular playing positions

Social characteristic of social stratification

This aspect signifies the root of social inequality; that is, that social stratification cannot be fully explained by the biological, psychological, or physiological differences among humans

Symbolic Interactionism

Thought of as an interpretive mode to differentiate it from the structural perspectives in sociology " How you view what's going on around you"

Diverse characteristic of social stratification

Three types of stratification systems: class, caste, estate

1972

Title IX passed by Congress, prohibited sex discrimination in schools

who became the 1st recognized boxing champions in 1800?

Tom Malyneaux and Bill Richmond

1811

Tom Molyneaux fought another slave for his freedom; coverage of Molyneaux's fight against the English champion, Tom Cribb, and coverage by the Times of London increased interest in the sport

1800

Tom Molyneux and Bill Richmond become first recognized boxing champions in 1800

1811

Tom Molyneux freed

in chapter 4 who is the knight who demonstrates an understanding of the racial hierarchy wit regard to those athletes categorized as superior?

Tommy

Work (Sport Pyramid)

When sport becomes a job, professional sport, making money off of sport

Critical Theory

Where does the power come from, how does it operate, and can it shift? Studies if sport reproduces historical power-relations and structures, or if it can be a vehicle for change. Mostly studied from perspective of historical discrimination of minority groups.

Sherman antitrust law

a law dedicated in reducing a company's ability to monopolize the industry

in patriotic images what is immanent critique?

a method that seeks to evaluate the existing social conditionsof a social formation by that formation's own internal values and self-espoused ideological chains, rather than by a set of ethical values imposed from the outside

sex

a biological concept with the categories of male and female

what are examples of reinforcement?

a coach telling a kid that if he/she makes X amount of free throws, he/she can go home when a coach gives an athlete a physical punishment for grades

stacking

a common form of positional segregation underscoring the disproportionate concentration of ethnic/racial minorities, particularly blacks, in specific team positions -stacking has been demonstrated to exist in baseball, football, hockey, track and field, and soccer

gender

a cultural concept with the categories of masculine and feminine -there are biological differences between males and females- gender is the social meanings that are given to the biological differences

prejudice

a favorable feeling/thought toward a person/group- literally means prejudging without knowledge

what is an example of informal structure?

a food bank provides food to a family (formal structure) not knowing they don't have utensils, so people then come in and cook the food for the family

what is an example of role set?

being a mom, daughter, sister, student, employee, etc. all at the same time- being able to provide for a family while going to school

Culture

The changing patters of learned behavior and the products of learned behavior (knowledge, attitudes, values, material objects) that are shared by and transmitted among members of a society: it is an ongoing social heritage

1850 - 1918

The development of modern sport accelerated between the Civil War (1861-1865) and WWI (1914-1918)

Social stratification

The hierarchal arrangement of social groups (racial, age, gender, ethnic groups) or societies into strata (social classes) that are unequal in power, privilege, prestige, and wealth

Prohibitive cost hypothesis

The high cost of training athletes for certain positions, coupled with the low socioeconomic standing of minorities, is responsible for differential potential occupancy

Ethical Theories

Teleological, Deontological, Egalitarian, and Libertarian

Culture

The changing patterns of learned behavior and the products of learned behavior (knowledge, attitudes, values, material objects) that are shared by and transmitted among members of a society; an ongoing social heritage

1831

Town ball was played in New England (a version of baseball)

(Deontological) Golden Rule-

Treat others the way you want to be treated

in the epilogue who was the former Northeast sports stay who was now a professional football player? What did he buy all the players? what was this an example of?

Troy Wilson; a new pair of air jordans; his success against very long odds helped to fuel the idea for so many of the young men that they too could be pro athletes

who says there are 5 key characteristics of social stratification systems?

Tumin

in the epilogue after they lost the game in double over time, who was the player who was most upset?

Vinny

1914-1918

WWI

Life-Cycle Socialization

We continue to be socialized throughout our life times. People make decisions about sports all throughout your life-cycle

1900

Women allowed to participate in the Olympics in golf and tennis

Prior to 1896

Women were excluded from modern olympic games

1981

Women's basketball league folds (lack of $ bc no viewership bc perception of sporty women as lesbian)

1978

Women's basketball league founded

1997

Women's national basketball association begins play (WNBA)

Absolutist (Deviance Theory)

You are either right or wrong. There is a fine line between deviant and non-deviant, and even if you barely cross it, you are considered deviant

Role modeling hypothesis

Young blacks emulate and seek to play positions in which black athletes are more successful

Gender Ideology

a web of ideas and beliefs about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships in the organization of social worlds.

Sports

a well-established, officially governed competitive physical activity in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards.

Sport

a) COMPETITIVE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY that's guided by established rules

deviance is neither __________ or ____________; it is a situated behavior

absolutistic; invariant

The Dominant American Sport Creed

according to Edwards, there are 7 rubrics reflecting the reoccurring value orientations in sport: (1) character building, (2) Discipline, (3) Competition, (4) Physical Fitness, (5) Mental Fitness, (6) Religiosity, and (7) Nationalism

in chapter 7 how does association with being a knight provide them with some opportunities for mobility or a safe passage through the streets?

adult members view athletics with pride and give them additional support, peers respect them- they get positive feedback from the community regarding athletic pursuits which reaffirms their viability of athletic pursuits for a good life

market area

all professional sport leagues assign clubs the exclusive right to operate in a restricted geographical territory

what is a cartel?

an economic body formed by a group of firms (teams) within the same industry (ex: baseball) who deliberate on matters of common interests -such economic arrangement is illegal in other American businesses because it would normally be a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Law

Play

an expressive activity done for its own sake.

Social World

an identifiable sphere of everyday actions and relationships. Can be as large as an entire nation or as small as your family

free agent

an individual not under contract to any club

in patriotic images licensed merchandise generates how much annually?

around $10 billion

in chapter 6 what did players like Calvin think about unsportsmanlike conduct done to them?

at first they're mad and want to retaliate but after realize they were doing what was needed to win, just like everyone does

in chapter 5 how are ideas about sex informed by ideas about race?

at northeast blacks and whites still live in segregated neighborhoods- this creates social distance at school- BUT the celebrity status at school can encourage interracial relationships -the possibility of interracial relationship is another advantage of aspiring a career in basketball- for the sake of freedom in choosing a mate

what is an example of inconsistency between values, norms, and structural constraints?

athletes and teams under the NCAA- the normative system today is to undermine fair play and fair recruiting even if it's against NCAA rules- the normative practice is to buy athletes so athletes know they can ask for money to play for you coach saying "voluntary practice" on a day the school says they're off but the players know that they still have to go- the normative practice is to go

in "arrest and conviction rates for athletes accused of sexual assault" what was the major finding?

athletes are not treated more leniently- they're more likely to get arrested for the charge but they manage to avoid conviction more readily than regular men

in chapter 7 through what activity are the players' self-conceptions enhanced?

athletic competition with other schools' varsity players- as they compete against others individual players gain confidence

Functionalist theory

attributes to societies the characteristics of cohesion, consensus, cooperation, reciprocity, stability, and persistence; what is sports' FUNCTION in society

what were all the sports in the travel reading?

basketball, hockey, baseball

in chapter 7 why did he say that young men like the knights accept athletics as a way up the ladder when there are so many stories of failed athletes?

because of the dirty trick: the often affirmed notion that athletics is a viable means of social mobility

in chapter 6, why are notions of fair play and sportsmanship being challenged?

because of the emphasis on winning at all costs- winning has become the standard by which athletes and coaches are judged

in chapter 5 why did most of the young men avoid approaching young white women?

because of the real and symbolic threat to their lives lie just beneath the surface of their interracial connections- "white girls might call sexual harassment or something"

in chapter 7 why is it more difficult today for high school players to transition to the professional ranks than in 2001?

because the number of high school players competing has also grown significantly

in "the good and bad of it all" reading what did they find about why the northeast players chose black pro basketball players as role models?

because they used language that reflected both the athletes' acceptance of broader mass media characterizations of what role models should be, as well as the young men's expectations, which were influenced by their immediate social context -MORE COMPLEX approach to evaluating pro black male basketball players than was presumed given mass media

in chapter 5 the ford heights game catapulted who to community stardom?

calvin cody- he was a freshman and started in his first knights vs. panthers game- shot 3 three pointers in the first 2 minutes- by the time they finished he has made 28 points -"he had become the man among men"

in the epilogue what did coach may think about calvin when he found out he shot himself?

calvin represented all that was good about Benson's efforts and the Northeast Knights, he succeeded because he was determined, and basketball game him the social space to succeed -thought there had to be another explanation because calvin was too good a kid, too happy, too motivated to commit suicide

broader social forces

can be fleeting (i.e. politics can impact who who want to associate with)

sport owners operate as a ________

cartel

some people have speculated that causes of criminal behavior by athletes can be explaining by 2 opposing theories. what are they?

catharsis theory: suggests that aggression defuses further aggression- thus, individuals who vent hostilities, vengeances, and frustrations are less likely to commit violent acts- getting out aggression/anger should reduce the feeling of aggression social learning: says that if violence is rewarded it may begin to manifest outside the initial setting in which it was reinforced- athletes who are conditioned to behave aggressively on the field may be prone to aggressive behavior off the field (cultural spillover!!)

1. Play

characterized as free; separateness, uncertain, unproductive, non-utilitarian. ex) just two kids playing with a soccer ball

what are drugs?

chemical substances that affect our body's psychological functioning (head-trip) or physiological functioning (body trip)

Drugs

chemical substances that affect our body's psychological functioning (the so called head trip) or physiological functioning (the so called body functioning)

in chapter 5 the knights view getting money and climbing the socioeconomic ladder as masculine, but within their own community context how do they demonstrate masculinity?

choice between hanging in the streets to "chase that paper"- make money- and "making it big" as an athlete -BELIEVE THAT BASKETBALL CAN ME THEIR WAY TO BE MASCULINE AND ACHIEVE ECONOMIC, SEXUAL, AND ATHLETIC SUCCESS

Conflict Theory

class relations determine much about sport. Sports reproduce an equality. Economic structure and class relations have a lot to do with sport. The people who have power and money are the ones who benefit. Problem is that it focuses almost completely on economic stratification

what do the patterns caste, class, and estate mean in stratification?

class: these can move- upward and downward mobility caste: these can't move estate: system being tied to the land

role conflict & role strain

coaches are expected to cultivate discipline, yet they are expected to be sensitive to individual players. This creates situations when deviance (both positive and negative) occur

what does role conflict and role strain mean?

coaches are expected to cultivate discipline, yet they're expected to be sensitive to individual players- this creates situations when deviance (whether positive or negative) occurs

Herbert Blumer

coined the term symbolic interactionism

Quantitative Approach

collecting information about people and social worlds, converting the information into numbers, and analyzing those numbers using statistical procedures and tests.

Qualitative Approach

collecting information about people and social worlds, identifying patterns and unique features, and analyzing the information by using interpretive procedures and tests.

Hybrid Sports

combine features of player-controlled informal games and adult-controlled organized sports.

Social Research

consists of investigations in which we seek the answers to questions about social worlds by systematically gathering and analyzing data.

Socialization via sport

consists of the values espoused in the dominant sport creed, sport involvement produces desirable consequences & outcomes -the degree to which socialization via sport is successful is based on 5 variables:degree, extent of voluntary or involuntary, nature of relationship, prestige/power, personal/social characteristics

what theory that we have previously read about is similar to social learning theory?

cultural spillover theory

Segregation

de jure meaning supporting by legislatively enacted laws. -de facto: meaning supported by custom and tradition, but not by legal statutes.

segregation

de jure: segregation supported by legislatively enacted laws- Black codes and Jim Crow laws

in patriotic images what has been a major consequence for working people in the US?

decline of wages and living conditions

what is the type of violence many athletes commit?

domestic violence

Deviance;

departure from acceptable societal norms

3. Sport

derived from the Latin root "desporto" meaning to carry away. ex) having fans watching, competition, keeping score)

Meritocracy

deserving people become successful and where success is achieved by those who deserve it.

in chapter 7 what does Pooty cat believe about being able to play professionally?

despite his size, if he has other physical attributes like speed, he can make it playing basketball beyond high school

Outside Observers

detached from the people and situations being studied.

in "the good and bad of it all" reading what are direct and indirect role models?

direct role models are those who have sustained interpersonal contact with the person, since many young blacks lack this, they turn to professional Black male basketball players as indirect role models for success

in stacking what is the uncertainty hypothesis?

discrimination is linked to the difficulty and lack of objectivity in assessing player performance at a given position -central positions carry more uncertainty so discrimination against minorities should be higher at those positions

cathartic

emotionally purging/ blowing off steam

Intercollegiate football article issue : paying players and unions

employees or student athletes? Northwestern University employee status is eligibility to form unions the ability to collectively bargain would generate conflict with other members of the Big10 conference. players are likely to continue ti demand garuntees of health insurance and financial aid

when were blacks forced out of professional baseball?

end of the 1800s

politics are ______ to sport- what does this mean?

endemic- that athletes represent social organizations

Social structure

established pattern of relationships and social interactions (w/n a Social World)

Social Structure (Sociological Concept)

established patterns of relationships and social interactions (inside a social world)

Interactionist Theory

everyday lives are impacted by sport. Relationships, sub groups and others effect how you are introduced to sport/teams. Problem is that it doesn't focus on power

in chapter 4 why did Dr. May and his teammates see whites the way they did?

everything they were exposed to, including media representations of blacks told them they were better built for basketball

in the epilogue why was Michael Hammond late to the game? how did Michael view Calvin?

he attended the burial with the rest of his family- he and Calvin had lived on the same street- Calvin was like a mentor to him -Michael saw him as a model of success

in chapter 7 what was wrong with Shamar in the game?

he got a migraine from the pep band playing live music throughout the game

in the epilogue what did Hunt say about why calvin killed himself?

he had been complaining about a pain in his chest, and his girlfriend had just left him so he was depressed, and he hadn't made it back to school -on phone with Terrence when he did it and Terrence found him still alive and took him to hospital -had a heart ailment

in chapter 7 how is Benson an example of an individual within the community who is socially connected to the mainstream?

he is an educator and a community member which allows him to bridge the gap, for many of the young men, between their community environment and opportunities in the social world

in chapter 7 why did Shamar spend most of his senior season watching younger players on the knights play in front of him?

he was only 5'4 and was light so he was too small to be consistently effective against guards several inches taller, bigger, and stronger

in the epilogue why was Benson's presence at the funeral noteworthy?

he was the only African American and only family member to speak at the funeral

drugs affecting psychological functioning is to _________ ______ and drugs affecting physiological functioning is to _________ ______

head trip; body trip

in chapter 5 what players are more likely to engage in sexual encounters across racial lines?

high status athletes

what is reinforcement?

highlights the impacts of sanctions (rewards and punishments) on the acquisition and performance of social roles

in chapter 4 what is it that makes Tommy have a different background? what were his views on race, genes, and social environment?

his dad played professional football, grew up playing at the rec, voted most athletic in HS, middle class family; says that members of certain racial groups are better athletes than other racial groups, also says that genes across racial groups are important

Deviance

ideas or actions that are perceived as outside the acceptable range of acceptable in society

Social World (Sociological Concept)

identifiable sphere of typical interaction (a group of people who interact with each other)

Social world

identifiable sphere of typical interaction (family & friends)

social learning

if violence is rewarded it may become manifest outside the initial setting in which it was reinforced. Athletes who are conditioned to behave aggressively on the field may be prone to aggressive behavior off the field (cultural spillover theory)

in the epilogue when was the only other time May had seen Benson display an emotion other than tenacity, intensity, or humor?

in a game against North Farmington when Calvin went up for a lay up and was hit and sustained a neck and head injury and was still on the floor- he sat next to calvin and almost cried from seeing him not moving

what is contemporary gender stratification?

in our male dominated society, men and women are placed on different social planes and are rewarded differentially (types of work, pay, and opportunities)

what is an example of the hypothesis that blacks excel at reactive tasks?

in reactive tasks- in football when wide receivers/corner backs get thrown the ball from the QB they (blacks) may excel more than whites -in volleyball, serving is self paced (whites)

in "the good and bad of it all" reading how do the young boys base their role models?

in the community service that they did and how they gave back to their community

what are the 3 structural sources of sport deviance?

incompatible value orientations inconsistency between values, norms, and structural constraint role conflict and role strain

Intercollegiate football article issue : academic values

indication that championship seasons do not attract academically successful students to apply recruited athletes contribute 25-30% of the community at smaller colleges leaving less room for other applicants Standardized test scores are well below the means of accepted students; underperforming academically

Levels of social organization

interpersonal- refers to social relationships existing between two persons sharing some kind of role relationship with each other group- refers to interactions that occur between groups societal-refers to the structure of societal relations in a society as a whole

what are the 3 levels of social organization?

interpersonal: social relationships existing between 2 persons sharing some kind of role relationship with each other group: interactions that occur between groups societal: refers to the structure of social relations in a society as a whole- larger than just groups

Ideational culture

is non-material and consists of intangibles. Common non-material culture elements that have been identified are symbols, attitudes, beliefs, languages, values, and norms

in chapter 7 what was Calvin's trademark limp?

it appeared right before his legs cramped

what did the economic boom after the depression in the 1930's do to the bureaucratic nature of sport?

it became well entrenched- they developed a linkage between sport and industry

what is socialization via sport?

it consists of the values embraced in the dominant sport creed (set of beliefs)- sport involvement produces desirable consequences/outcomes -the degree to which socialization via sport is successful is based on 5 variables

in patriotic images what is the paradox?

it exists in the cultural industry of professional team sports- the industry goes to great lengths to foster an industry-wide image of All-Americanism and patriotism, but its merchandise is largely manufactured in foreign countries by exploited labor

Social Theories

logically interrelated explanations of the actions and relationships of human beings and the organization and dynamics of social worlds.

in "the good and bad of it all" reading what was the main finding about the concept of "professional black male basketball players as role models"?

it's limited because it doesn't take into account the complexity of the ways in which a variety of factors influence how much/little role models impact the behavior and attitudes of the observer

The SEC was the _____ to integrate

last

Blue Laws

laws printed on blue paper that made engaging in sports, recreation, and other secular activities on Sunday taboo

what is observational learning?

learning and performance of tasks resulting from merely observing another behavior and acting accordingly

gender socialization

learning how to be a socially acceptable male/female -ex: men are more confrontational than women

what are the 2 areas that social position has ramifications on?

life chances: refers to how long one can anticipate living, the routine of that living, and the extent to which one can enjoy the good life life styles: refers to how one lives- include hobbies, organizational affiliations, and social behavior

rudimentary

limited to the basics

prejudice

literally means prejudging without knowledge an unfavorable feeling or through toward a person or group.

In "role exit of professional athletes", Ebaugh says there are 3 characteristics of role exit that make it a unique transition, what are they? (being an ex)

one's past affiliation with a role becomes part of their present/future identity- holdover identity society will normally not give up their previous identity role exit impacts not only the person but those connected to the person as well

consequential

one's social position has ramifications on two areas -life chances (refers to how long one can anticipate living, the routine of that living, and that living, and the extent to which one can enjoy the "good life") -life styles (refers to how one lives, it includes hobbies, organizational affiliations, and social behavior)

Primary agents: peer group

parental kinship influence is typically subordinate to the peer group during adolescence

Social Constructions

parts of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions.

title IX (9)

passed in 1972- mandated gender equality in sports -schools receiving federal funding were to provide = opportunity for female athletes -there was a 3 part test measuring compliance

Social Interaction

people taking each other into account and, in the process, influencing each other's feelings, thoughts and actions.

(Teleological) Egoism-

putting YOURSELF first

in chapter 4 what is the discussion about blacks being superior athletes undergirded by?

racist rhetoric that asserts that blacks are more impulsive AKA less capable of rational thinking --> blacks' boastful expression of athletic success and whites' concession to blacks for their athletic ability

in chapter 6 what does May suggest Benson's mixed actions about sportsmanship really do?

reduced the probability that the player will retaliate- the time hes talking to the player is time the player has to calm down and refocus as well as be reassured

Dysfunction

refers to practices that disrupt the social order ex) crime in society

Social Organization

refers to the interconnected rules, position roles, and relationships that constitutes the activities of a social group, be it a sports team or society.

social organization

refers to the interconnected rules, positions, roles, & relationships that constitute the activities of a social group, be it a sport team or society

what are the 2 categories of drugs used in sports?

restorative: taken to alleviate injury, pain, hypertension, sickness, and dissipation- includes painkillers, tranquilizers, barbiturates, anti-inflammatory agents, enzymes, and muscle relaxers additive: contain chemical ingredients that are ingested primarily to influence performance- includes amphetamines, human growth hormones, etc.

sometimes the expectations of different roles/the same role are inconsistent. This produces 2 things, what are they?

role strain: when incompatible demands stem from a single status (ex: being a mother and working so you miss your kid's game because of work) role conflict: when incompatible demands stem from multiple statuses (ex: parent/business owner/ pastor at a church at the same time)

role set

roles are reciprocal, complementary, or relational in nature. the role set is the intersection of all these roles master status- the status most important, it varies by situation

what is a role set?

roles are reciprocal, complementary, or relational in structure- role set is the intersection of all of these roles -master status

in the epilogue how did Benson react to vinny throwing the bottle? why did he react this way?

said "he is just trying to win. hes just upset because he is trying to win, and he wants his teammates to help him"- very calm -because the team was young and inexperienced and his own verbal responses only pushed vinny and travis to act worse

In "role exit of professional athletes" what is disengagement theory?

says that disengagement is an inevitable process where individuals reduce the number of social roles in their later years -has generally been disregarded

in chapter 2 what do the footnotes say about competing against Wilmington county?

says that it is hard to determine which organizations should be included in a population- that's why he limited the organizational environment to the 12 teams they played

Ascribed Positions:

secured involuntarily and based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control ( e.g race, afroamerican no matter what you do you cannot change it).

ascribed positions:

secured involuntarily and based on attributes over which the individual has no control

de facto

segregation supported by custom and tradition, but not by legal statuses

sport is virtually a _______-__________ ____________

self-regulated monopoly

Preformance Ethic

set of ideas and beliefs emphasizing that the quality of sport experience can be measured in terms of improved skills, especially in relation to the skills of others.

1968

sex tests were given for the first time to women in international competition

deviance can often be fully understood only within the ____________ _________ in which it occurs

sociocultural parameters

what are the 5 social functions of sport?

socioemotional: sport affects the social and psychological states of individuals and has 3 interrelated dimensions- cathartic function (release), engenders feelings of belonging, ritualistic (gives us a structure for our lives as we interact with others) integrative: sport coalesces isolated people into a cohesive group with a common perspective political: sport is used as a tool to demonstrate power mobility: sport escalates status socializing: the manner in which people are conditioned to be socially viable members of society

what did turo say was one of the problems with a big team?

some got mad if they didnt have chance to play- even happens at pro level

crime and the athlete

some have speculated that causes of criminal behavior (especially domestic violence) by athletes can explained by two opposing theories

what do we mean when we say sociocultural reality? give an example

something we have already built up -ex: for blacks- being stopped by the police is scary because of what has already been proven through past experiences

in chapter 6 what is Benson's attitude about sportsmanship?

sometimes he gets mad for unsportsmanlike conduct and other times encourages it- you gotta do what it takes to win

in stacking what was the only variable found to significantly reduce the bivariate relationship between African Americans and centrality?

speed

primary agents: communities

sponsor sport programs for males and females. the availability of sport opportunities is an important variable

Mobility

sport escalates status

Political

sport is used as to a tool to demonstrate power

physical fitness

sports develop healthy & fit bodies

discipline

sports generate self-discipline & social control

Character building

sports nurture and develop social desirable personality traits

competition

sports prepare one for the competitive nature of living

mental fitness

sports prepare the mind to do battle in the labor market

Functionalism

sports serve functions for the betterment of society. Sports do something to help for the betterment of society. Problem is that it has a static view of society

religiosity

sports share elements of religion

what is the stereotyping hypothesis

stacking stems from management stereotypes of the physical, social, and personality attributes of minority and majority group athletes coupled with their perceptions of the different physical, social, and personality skills required for occupants of different playing positions

in chapter 4 how does May answer the question, "to what extent are the players and coaches unnecessarily appropriating a racial framework to explain occurrences as racial that could just as easily be explained as everyday matters that affect individuals irrespective of race?"

terms laden with historical meanings of hate transform the social context from one of athletic competition to a symbolic battle over racial pride

In "role exit of professional athletes", what did they relate retirement from sports to?

thanatology: the study of death and dying- says that retired athletes experience social death since they're alive but are isolated/rejected from their former in-group -can be a good or bad death

In "role exit of professional athletes", what did the interviews with ex-athletes reveal?

that Ebaugh's role exit theory (with alterations) is applicable to the role exit of pro athletes

in chapter 7 what don't the knights realize?

that the odds are stacked heavily against them for playing professionally or at the college level

in chapter 4 what is the impetus for their focus on basketball as a means of mobility?

that they view sport as a level playing field

Karl Marx hypothesized that

the 2 classes because of divergent economic interests, developed polarized class-consciousness

in chapter 5 what was able to trump feminine gestures?

the ability to get girls, ability to fight/be aggressive, ability to deal with their relationship (s), sex, showing courage

what is an example of an informal structure on A&M campus?

the administrative assistant is the most powerful person on campus because they decide who takes/sees the president

social role

the behavior expected, required, or anticipated from the occupant of a social position

in chapter 7 what does he say about coaches' influence?

the job of a coach is to motivate players and these average players have to be motivated by coaches in order to create the competition necessary for producing a winning team -May purposely gave them hope because he knew they were already surrounded by failure and just wanted some hope they could advance

in chapter 5 what were coach benson's post practice speeches about?

the kinds of aspirations the players should have for their relationships -"see y'all need to leave her alone because whats gonna happen is that she will mess around and get pregnant and have a retarded baby" -says the boys should grow and see the world before taking on adult responsibilities that come with marriage etc. -reinforces misogynistic and sexist views about women

in patriotic images what is the signifier and what is the signified? what is the implied symbolic unity between the 2?

the logos on the licensed merchandise; the American national colors represented by red, white, and blue; the product is American and so the sports industry is the epitome of Americanism

in chapter 5 what does down low refer to?

the maintenance of a heterosexual public identity through something such as marriage and children while maintaining extramarital sexual activity with men

Socializing

the manner in which individuals are conditioned to be socially viable members of society

what is social position/social status?

the niche one occupies in a group/society -ex: teacher, podiatrist, lawyer, professional athlete

in chapter 7 what does he say about the knights comparing themselves to professional players?

they try to mimic their moves and think they are at the same skill level, but it would be difficult to find current pro players who themselves had not imagined that they were also capable of the skills demonstrated by pro athletes when they were young

in chapter 4 the knights played against North Farmington- 2 baskets scored by north farmington were slam-dunked by white players. what did that signify?

they were defining moments of white male athletic ability for some of the knights, and a secondary affirmation for others who were already aware that white men can jump

in "arrest and conviction rates for athletes accused of sexual assault" what allows athletes to not be convicted?

they're able to hire superior leal representation and use strategies that work to their advantage- that sexual contact was the result of CONSENT- the women are victimized by the legal system -women seen as groupies=consent

social

this aspect of stratification signifies the root of social inequality. That is that social stratification cannot be fully explained by the biographical, psychological, or physiological differences that exist among humans

what are achieved positions?

those over which we have some control- secured voluntarily (ex: high school graduate, professor, etc.)

achieved positions

those over which we have some control; secured voluntarily

what are things that influence what is perceived as deviant? what is a sports example of how people perceive deviance differently?

time, place, situation, and social status ex: fans may think that the actions of a player is deviant but the coaches know that it is not and is normal for players

revenue sharing

to compensate for market area differences, some professional leagues divide home game receipts with the visiting team

what does catharsis/cathartic mean?

to release

extent

to which participation is voluntary or involuntary (free choice is valuable to role learning)

in patriotic images the symbiotic relationship between professional sport and American patriotism has become firmly rooted in collective ______ and _________ __________

tradition; imagined community

in the epilogue what was the transition May saw in Benson after the funeral?

transition from a man who suffered the pain of burying his second nephew in less than 2 years to a man becoming more focused on the task at hand- chance to beat Ford Heights for the first time in 3 tried that year to win a championship

what are the 2 perspectives which socialization can be viewed from?

transmission of nonmaterial/ideational culture, values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms the development of self -primary socialization -social learning theory -reinforcement -observational learning

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