Social Flash Cards Chapter 4, 5, and 6

In 1812 tensions between Britain and the United States had heated up again. Why could Britain and United States not get along?

1. Britain was at war with France and it stopped Americans from trading with the French. 2. The British were kidnapping American sailors to serve in the British Navy. 3. The British were supporting the First Nation in the struggle for land 4. Some Americans wanted to take over Britain's colonies.

Why did so many people want to leave Britain?

1. Jobs were scarce. 2. Farmers were being forced off the land. 3. Poverty and hunger were common. Ireland suffered a terrible famine. 4. With peace, ocean travel was now safer. 5. The colonies offered free land, new opportunities and a chance for a better life. Immigrants travelled from Britain to Canada by ship. For those with money there were comfortable cabins. Most of the immigrants were poor. They crowed into the dark and filthy holds below deck where disease ran rampant. So many people died on these voyages that they called the boats "coffins ships".

The land Governor Haldimand chose for the Loyalists belonged to the Anishinabe Nation. The governor had bought the land in 1781 and 1783. He paid for it with some guns and other trade goods. Why did the Anishinabe give up so much land in return for so little?

1. The Anishinabe did not believe that land was something people bought and sold. 2. They may have thought they were simply giving the newcomers permission to use the land. 3. The Anishinable may have been afraid to say no to the Governor. (The land may have then been taken away from them by force - as in the past)

Chapter 5

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Chapter 6

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Britain had always wanted to populate Nova Scotia with people who spoke English. Governor Charles Lawrence wondered if the Acadians would side with the French. Acadians had always refused to swear loyalty to the British Crown (even though they lived in Nova Scotia). In 1755 Lawrence gave Acadians an ultimatum - a threat - swear your loyalty or lose your land. What did the Acadians say?

Acadians did not want to fight. They wanted to remain neutral. They promised not to take up arms against the English, but they refused to take the oath. That set the stage for Le Grand Derangement - The Great Upheaval.

What happened to the economic development?

Beaver supplies become scarce and they move farther north and west in search of more beaver.

what was THE GREAT MIGRATION?

Between 1815 and 1850 more than 800,000 immigrants came to the Halifax, Saint John and Quebec City.

When the British came to Quebec the colonists spoke French and they formed the majority of the population. The Loyalists (British) wanted to keep their own heritage. In order to do so they wanted their own colony. What did Britain do?

Britain agreed.

Many Loyalists were unhappy in Nova Scotia. They wanted their own colony. What did the British do?

Britain agreed. In 1784, it divided Nova Scotia into two parts. Western portion became New Brunswick. Cape Breton Island became a separate colony. Ile Saint-Jean was renamed Prince Edward Island. The loyalists went in to Quebec, but they didn't like it because the french were already there. Governor of Quebec agreed to give them land farther He chose land along the upper St. Lawrence River and the north shore of Lake Ontario. In 1784 the first group or Loyalists headed west.

why were britain's 13 colonies growing restless?

Britain's Thirteen Colonies south of the St. Lawrence River were prosperous (getting rich). They could only trade with the home country (England). They had to pay high taxes on British imports. They wanted more control over their own affairs. Things got worse when Britain gave the Ohio Valley to Quebec and not to the Thirteen Colonies.

What were the British strengths and weaknesses?

British Strengths - most powerful navy in Europe - prosperous colonies in New England - Haudenosaunee allies British weaknesses.

How did the british capture Louisbourg?

British fleet blockaded the harbor. British soldiers go on shore with cannons. They take control of the city. Inside the fortress, people were cut off from supplies and reinforcements. Food supply ran low. They watched the British sink they ships. After 7 weeks of bombardment the French at Louisbourg surrendered

What happened in the war of 1812?

British soldiers, local militia and First Nations fought hard against the Americans. In April 1813 a fleet of American ships in Lake Ontario shot cannon fire at the town of York (now Toronto). They looted shops and houses. They burned down the colony's government building. In August 1814 the British invaded Washington, D.C. and burned down the US government buildings. (White House)

Why did the loyalists head to Nova Scotia?

During and after the war, almost 40,000 Loyalists migrated to the British colonies. Many travelled to Nova Scotia. They doubled the population of the colony and created many new communities. Britain promised to help the Loyalists with free land and supplies. Some did get land others did not.

The British had gained control over what had been New France. Now they had to decide how to govern the Colony. What were their options?

EVICTION - kick them out ASSIMILATION - pressure the Canadiens to give up their language, religion and culture. ACCOMMODATION - leave them alone to live their religion, speak their language and practice their own customs.

What is a fact, an opinion, and a bias?

Facts - information that is accepted as correct and true Opinions - when people give their point of view of judge something they are expressing their personal opinion. Bias - Favoring one hockey team over another because you live it that city is a bias.

What was the positive and negative impact of the fur trade on the FN.

First Nations and Europeans got to know each other. They found things to admire in each other's culture. They also borrowed each other's technologies. Contact between cultures was not always positive. Europeans companies made a lot of money from the fur trade. First Nations suffered greatly over time. Europeans turned their traditional ways of life upside down. It eroded their societies. It led to the loss of their land. They were also Following the furs, depending on European goods, Hunting the buffalo, and loss of language.

What did the traders rely on for transportation

For trade to succeed the traders need transportation. Traders relied on boats to transport their goods. Water routes were fast and convenient. France controlled trade along the St. Lawrence River and on the Great Lakes.

What did Alexander Mackenzie do?

For years the Rocky Mountains created a barrier that kept the voyageurs from pushing westward. Alexander Mackenzie wanted to solve the riddle. 1789 Mackenzie tried a long river headed out of Great Slave Lake it took him to the Arctic Ocean He called it the "River of Disappointment" now called the Mackenzie River. A few years later he tried again. With the help of Francois Beaulieu Mackenzie's expedition became the first group of Europeans to cross the continent by land from east to west.

What happened inThe Treaty of Paris - 1763

France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the conflict. France gets Guadeloupe and sugar producing island in the Caribbean. And two tiny island of Saint Pierre and Miquelon near the coast of Newfoundland.

What caused the seven years' war?

France and England fought for control of New France.

What were the French strengths and weaknesses?

French weaknesses -depends on France for supplies -hard to defend all of their territory -single entry route to colony(could get blocked by the British) French strengths -most powerful army in Europe -strong fortresses Quebec/Louisbourg -many First Nation allies

What did John-Baptiste Colbert do?

He was put in charge of planning by the King in 1663. He wanted the colony to be a part of the mercantile system. He didn't allow the traders to build trading posts in the interior of North America. He relied on the First Nations people to bring the furs to them.

Why were Pierre Gaultier de Vareness, and Sieur de La Verendrye important?

In 1715 Pierre La Verendrye took charge of a French trading post near Lake Superior. In 1732 La Verendrye, three of his sons and a nephew travelled west to the lands the French called - the upper country. They finally reached lake Winnipeg. They explored west and came upon the Saskatchewan River. The First Nations used the Saskatchewan River as their Main east - west route. It soon became the most important river for the French fur traders

What did the Constitutional Act of 1791 do?

In 1791, the Constitutional Act divided Quebec into two. The land west of the Ottawa River became Upper Canada (now southern Ontario). East of the river, the old colony of Quebec became Lower Canada. Each colony kept is own language and heritage. This allowed the French and English cultures and languages to co-exists. It was an important step in building a bilingual country.

What did the act of union do?

In 1841 the Act of Union created a single colony with two provinces. Lower Canada became Canada East-Upper Canada became Canada West. English became the only official language of the government. Of course the Canadiens were very unhappy with this decision.

What was upper and lower canada known as?

In Lower Canada (Canada east) they were known as Chateau Clique. In Upper Canada (canada west) they were known as the Family Compact. They passed laws that favored their own interests.

In 1849, Elgin passed the Rebellion Losses Bill. What did that bill do?

It created a responsible government.

What did the treaty in 1763 do?

It gave England possession of most of North America.

What did the treaty Treaty of Ghent do?

It required both sides to return any territory they had gained 2. The two sides agreed to make the 49 th parallel of latitude the political boundary from west of the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains. This is the Border between Canada and United States. The Americans viewed the war as a triumph over Britain. The British view the war as stopping the Americans.

Why did the english build their forts along the icy shores of Hudson Bay.

It was close to the abundant fur supply of the northern forests. Many rivers flow into the Hudson Bay. Large supply ships could deliver heavy supplies directly to the English forts. English could get furs to England faster than the French.

What was the great deportation?

It was when 10 000 Acadians were deported by ship to the New England colonies. Some were sent to the Caribbean, France or England. Some escaped and went into hiding. Some made their way to New Orleans, Louisiana still part of New France. Many Acadians didn't survive the deportation. They died of disease, drowning or starvation.

What did John Talon Do? Why was he important?

Jean Talon was in charge of the economy after 1665. He used Government money to attract more colonists. He supported local industries. Under Talon the number of French colonists doubled.

There was only one way to win New France. England would have to gain control of France's two centers of power - Louisbourg and Quebec. Why were they the centers of power?

Louisbourg had to be captured. It guarded the St. Lawrence River, which led to the Quebec colony.

Who were the remformers and what did they do?

Many people thought this was unfair. Why was the governor appointed by Britain controlling affairs in Canada? These people called themselves Reformers. They demanded change, but year after year, they were denied.

What was the underground railway?

Many runaways enslaved people fled north by the Underground Railroad. This secret network hid the fugitives by day. Conductors, or guides then moved them under cover of darkness to the next "station" on the "railroad" More than 30,000 former enslave people reached the British colonies. In 1865 United States ended slavery.

Why was Marquis de Frontenac important? What did he do?

Marquis de Frontenac became governor in 1672. He faced many problems. 1. Many Wendat had been killed by smallpox. 2. The Haudenosaunee had killed many more. 3. Wendat society falls apart. 4. Not able to bring furs to them 5. To help solve the problem he sent coureurs de bois into the interior.

By 1830's people were unhappy with their governments in both Upper and Lower Canada. Louis-Joseph Papineau led a group of radicals called the Patriots. They presented the Ninety-Two Resolutions to Assembly. They won 75% of the votes in the election. The British rejected all demands. What did Papineau do?

Papineau encouraged the Canadiens to take up arms. Fighting broke out. The Patriots were victorious (successful). But then British forces over took the Patriots and Saint Charles. They destroyed a rebel force at Saint-Eustache. Papineau fled to United States. The Patriots had been destroyed.

What is the definition of Superpower?

Superpowers - refers to a country that is more powerful than almost all other countries. Superpowers dominate world affairs. United States is the world's largest superpower.

What did he constitutional act of 1791 do?

The Constitutional Act of 1791 gave the British colonies a new form of government. Each colony had its own governor and an elected assembly.

What did the council of three fires consist of?

The Council of Three Fires consisted of 1. Potawatomi - south of Lake Erie 2. Odawa - Manitoulin Island 3. Ojibwa - north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior

Who were the Coureurs de bois and what did the do?

The Coureurs de bois were French traders that went deep into the wilderness to trade furs with the FN. Later, they paddled canoes from Montreal to the trading forts.

What was the english perspective?

The English colonists from the Thirteen Colonies far outnumbered the French colonists of New France. They wanted to move into the interior of NA. They needed more farmland. The Thirteen Colonies could not cross the Allegheny Mountains and the French claimed the Ohio River Valley. The English felt blocked on the north and west. English wanted to take control of the Atlantic fishing industries.

What were the english interested in the Fur Trade.

The English were not interested in creating a colony. It had one goal - to make money.

What are ways the FN helped the Europeans.

The FN hepled the Europeans by showing them how to find food, make medicines, make canoes, find their way around the region, overcome language barriers, negotiate, sew moccasins, prepare pemmican.

First Nations people learned that they could earn a good living working at the posts. What could the FN men do? What could the FN women do?

The First Nations men cut wood, hunted big game, and loaded goods. The Women also played key roles, especially in making snowshoes, moccasins, canoes and pemmican.

What was the french perspective?

The French were well established in N.A. French claimed was huge. Heart of New France was a colony along the St. Lawrence River 50, 000 Colonists lived there. New France felt secure. They had two might fortresses at Quebec and Louisbourg.

What treaty ended the war in December 1814?

The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in December 1814.

How did the British capture Quebec?

The battle of the plains of Abraham. On the high cliff top behind the fortress was a farmer's field know as the Plains of Abraham. If British soldiers could secretly make their way there, they could attack the French where their defenses were weak. Just before midnight on 12 September 1759 the British soldiers stepped ashore. Throughout the night they crept up a steep hill onto the plains. In the morning the French were surprised to see thousands of British soldiers. At the Fort Montcalm had 6000 soldiers, including 300 Odawa allies. The British had 4400 profession soldiers on the Plains. Montcalm decided he couldn't wait. On 8 September 1760 the French surrendered at Montreal. New France passed into British hands.

What was the mercantile system?

The colonists in New France would receive goods made in France. In return, New France would send the home country fish, timber, and, of course, furs.

What part did the French king play?

The french king controlled the fur trade and used the profits to benefit the colony.

why were the FN disappointed in this treaty?

The future of their land was at stake, yet no one had invited them to take part in the peace process. The First Nations were worried about the newcomers. English farmers began to move into the Ohio River Valley. Gradually the First Nations were losing their lands. They began to consider war.

Who was the a man that inspired the war against the english?

The person who inspired a war against the English was and Odawa leader named Pontiac.

Who won the war of 1812?

The war ended in a deadlock, although each group believed they won. The FN lost. They lost 15,000 people in the war - that is more than the British and the Americans combined. And the Americans refused to create a First Nations State.

Where did the war for North America begin?

The war for N A Began in the Ohio Valley. British led by George Washington, defeated twice. More troops and ships and money sent over to help capture French.

How did the Whiskey trade affect the ?

The worst misuse of alcohol occurred in what is now southern Alberta. The Americans traded alcohol for buffalo hides. They did not care about the First Nations people. J. J. Healy and Alfred Hamilton build Fort Whoop-Up near present day Lethbridge. It was the largest of the 40 whiskey trading posts. Fur trading increased from 5000 hides in 1869 to 60,000 hides in 1875. That is only 6 years. The whiskey was terrible and people who drank it got so sick that they could not care for their families. Many died from its poison. Violence became common.

The reformers in Upper Canada led by William Lyon Mackenzie issued the Seventh Report on Grievances. They decided to take action and overthrow the government. What did they do?

They got defeated by government supporters, but it impacted the British to to face the fact that reform was necessary.

What were the FN women's role? How did they help in the group.

They prepared felts, worked in forts, made moccasins and clothing, collected birch bark and spruce gums to make canoes, Wove fishing ets and snowshoes, gathered firewood, and snared small animals and collected nuts, roots, berries, and bulbs. They also helped paddle canoes, acted as interpreters and guides.

Why was the life bad for the black loyalists?

They received less land than the other Loyalists did - their land was not good for farming. Many worked as tenant farmers. They worked a plot of land then had to give half of the money for the sale of their crops to the landowners. They faced racism and discrimination.

What did the french and english both want?

They wanted more territories, including those in North America. They also wanted the resources.

The competition between the French and the British fur trades came to an abrupt halt in 1760 when New France came under British control. Who were the Nor'westers?

They were new traders blended the English and French ways of doing things. The traders were Scottish or English business people mainly from Montreal. Many married Francophone women. In 1770, a group of the new traders from Montreal formed the North West Company. - The Nor'Westers.

What happened in the Great Peace of Montreal?

Three nations banded together to fight the Haudenosaunee. 1300 delegates from 40 First Nations communities arrived in Montreal. All worked hard to find a way to end the fighting. At the end of the peace talks, the French, their First Nations allies and the Haudenosaunee signed a treaty. The First Nations would no longer battle each other or the French. New France would not attack the Haudenosaunee villages. The trappers and traders would be able to travel safety.

The British government decided to find out more about the causes of the rebellions. In 1838 they sent Lord Durham to Canada. He spent five months in Canada and tried to understand the problems. What did he come up with?

Unite Upper and Lower Canada into a single colony. Grant the colonies responsible government.

What do the terms upper and lower mean in the names of the two new colonies?

Upper Canada is upstream. Lower Canada is downstream.

What was the lower and upper town of Quebec?

Upper Town had walled fortress, high above river atop a cliff. Governor's mansion and homes of the wealthy Lower Town was a port, Stone warehouses lined the harbourfront. Ships could come and go. Tradespeople, labourers and ship keepers all lived in Lower Town.

What did Pontiac do?

With several First Nation allies they drove the British out of the Ohio River Valley. They took control of the British fort at Detroit. Pontiac's allies captured forts along the trading frontier. They captured seven of ten English forts. The alliance that Pontiac had formed fell apart. And they lost.

How did the canoe play an important role in the fur trade?

You could not have travelled into the interior of North America with out using Canoes. The canoes were lightweight so they could move through the water quickly. They were easy to carry over a portage (overland route between two water ways). Yet they were sturdy so they could last on long journeys.

The English liked to trade for furs at their posts. Most posts were forts. The building were surrounded by a stockade. What is a stockade?

stockade - a wooden barrier of upright posts.

How did the FN get affected badly by the Fur trade.

such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and whooping cough did not exist in North America before the Europeans came. The First Nations and Inuit had no immunity to them. Their bodies were unable to fight these diseases. Hundred of thousands of First Nations and Inuit died in epidemics that sweep across the continent. The 1781 - 1782 smallpox epidemic killed three out of every five First Nations people on the Prairie. The 1837 - 1838 epidemic killed even more.

Why were the united empire loyalists opposing the war.

• Some did not believe in using violence to settle disputes. • Some had business ties with the British. • Some were in military regiments that had fought on the British side. • Some were enslaved African Americans seeking freedom or a more welcoming society. • Some were First Nations peoples who had lost their land to Americans.