Social Problems 2
How does the U.S. compare to it's peer OECD countries in terms of child poverty rate?
(1) The Us had the highest rate of child poverty among peer countries at 23.1 percent (2) more than one in five children in the US live in poverty (3)What is meant by the "child poverty gap" and how does
How do American students compare to those of other industrialized countries in their mathematics and science test performance?
- 17th in overall rank - 30th in math - 19th in science
What is the educational achievement level of most Americans?
- 88% HS diploma or GED - 33% Bachelor's Degree
How have perceptions of black crime rates affected attitudes of employers and hiring outcomes?
- Blacks with clean record received half as many callbacks as their White equivalents - Fared no better than white felons - the mark of a criminal record
What does your reading mean when it says "the state is a credentialing institution"?
- Criminal record used to sort and stratify opportunities -Housing -Employment -Is a problem because it limits ex-convicts from opportunity -Ultimately sets them up to fail - the state provides these credentials and makes them public (criminal records) and this promotes exclusion and revokes eligibility
Explain why sex-ratio is a factor among blacks?
- Females more physiologically robust than males -More likely to survive - Leads to poverty with more females than males - Leads to more single parent female headed household - Violent deaths of black and hispanic males & More black and hispanic males incarcerated also lead to more single-parent female-headed households
How does wealth and poverty rates in the U.S. differ by race and ethnicity?
- Income inequalities are greater among Blacks than Whites. - Although there are more whites in poverty, the poverty among African American & Hispanic families is more sever - Most A.A. and Hispanic families has no productive of personal assets. - elderly A.A. are 3X more likely to be poor than white elderly
How do the concepts of "race" and "ethnicity" differ?
- Race is a social construction ex) skin color, hair texture, facial features, body shape and size - ethnicity is cultural differences due to a shared cultural heritage ex) language, customs, food music, and dance, religion, and values
How does health care in the United States differ compared to that of other industrialized countries?
- U.S is below the OCED average in # of physicians per 1000 population - Average cost of hospital stay in U.S is higher - 2x more tests such as MRI or CT
How does our students compare to those of other industrialized countries in inequality of performance?
- US was the only country to have high proportions of both top and bottom performers - Socioeconomic differences in science scores higher than almost any other country
What other problems did the welfare reforms cause?
- didn't help children directly because mothers have discretion on how to spend welfare money
What are some ways American Muslims have been affected by Islamophobia (i.e., fear of Muslims), according to your reading?
- hate crimes - treated differently in public - battle between wearing the hijab or not wear it to fit in better - protests against building mosques - trump's anti-muslim campaigns encouraged
What are the major reasons for these racial/ethnic differences in income in the U.S.?
- inequality of education - influence of past discrimination - higher proportions of minorities in love income
What evidence suggests that "race" is a social construction
- no scientific evidence of inborn personality or character differences by race - no genetic differences by race - no genetic evidence of intelligence differences by race the DNA sequence that controls racial phenotype (e.g., skin color) is independent of the DNA sequence that effects intelligence
What are microaggressions?
- racial slurs - aversive racism (avoidance) - racial profiling—under suspicion in stores, etc - job-related stress ♣ less decision-making control ♣ more suprivision/monitering of work ♣ racial antagonism on the job
ESSAY describe the main techniques used to teach and discipline children in the inner-city school that Kozol visited.
- silent lunches - silent recess sometimes - students had to sit in silence and maintain silence in a small room if they lost recess - high teacher turnover - teachers had little training - did not give text examples of high income jobs. Setting them up for low paying jobs - learning math was taught by learning how to build an airport runway (examples were all low paying jobs) - to silence ether classroom, the teachers would raise hand like a salute, and class would join shunning student - Instead of giving letter grades, they would use adjectives describing if it was good enough or not - No smiles were documented of children in classroom - children lacked personality and physical appearance - teachers stuck to lesson plans very strictly - anxiety in children were heightened because of humiliation when their reading scores were announced to class - at assembly, students were asked to raise their hand for what "level" they were. The lower the level, the less claps you received - student projects hung in halls were sometimes erased and rewritten by teachers - the kids were asked to parrot language. Repeat words without understanding them - intellectual straightjacket
What are the reasons people in the U.S. have been uninsured?
- small companies cannot afford costs of health care for their employees - personal health insurance policies very expensive - part-time jobs seldom offer health benefits - people with a history of health problems unable to get health insurance
Why do poor children lag behind in language development?
- visiting the homes of these children they noted that there were few newspapers and magazines. These children do not see their parents reading books or experience the pleasures of having books read to them. Also the conversations in these early living environments are often brief and fail to nourish.
How does the poverty rate differ in rural and metropolitan areas?
-Poverty rates are higher outside of Metropolitan areas. -Higher rates in South b/c less MSA clusters rather than spread out through the nation; creating worse conditions
What are the implications of color blind racism?
-Segregation is no longer an issue because it is now illegal for individuals to be denied access to housing, public accommodations or jobs because of race. -When media creates the impression that little, if any, socioeconomic difference exists between the races. -To imagine that depictions of racial minorities working in high status jobs and consuming the same products (because of the commercials on TV). makes white privilege invisible
What are the effects of microaggressions?
-Suppressed rage (Can't show how angry you are-causes depression and stress related diseases) -Anxiety -Loss of sleep -Interferes with achievements (due to performance anxiety)
How do health threats differ between industrialized and less developed countries?
-Threats in Less Developed countries- Infectious diseases and parasites. For example, HIV/AIDS, TB, Measles, Malaria, and Diarrhea (caused by bacteria or parasites) -Threats in Industrialized countries- Chronic and degenerative conditions (non-infectious) - Heart disease and Stroke, Cancer, Arthritis, Diabetes, Respiratory diseases, and Mental Illness
How does the U.S. compare to it's peer OECD countries in terms of poverty rate?
-in the late 2000s, 17.3 percent of the U.S. population lived in poverty, which is the highest poverty rate among its peers -US poverty rate is nearly 3X higher than Denmark
What are the requirements for unwed mothers under age 18 and for legal immigrants?
-legal immigrants can receive TANF only if they have resided legally in the U.S. for 5 yrs -unwed mother are required to live in an adult supervised environment
What are the theoretical explanations for prejudice?
1. Fear ♣ can't predict behavior of people different from you ♣ biological theory -humans biologically grounded to fear othes who are different 2. Competition ♣ VIEW AS "US VS. THEM" - Hardship breeds hate - Need for self-affirmation ♣ feel superior by denigrating others ♣ use minority as a scapegoat ♣ psychological projection 3. Unequal societal organization ♣ create negative stereotypes to justify inequality • slavery • jim crow discrimination 4. Learned ♣ part of culture - Authoritarian culture ♣ belief in hierarchical distinctions • submission to those in higher rank • intolerance of difference 5. individualistic culture ♣ explain economic, power, and prestige differences by internal characteristics • (work ethic, intelligence, etc)
How does life-expectancy differ by race?
1. Hispanics 2. whites 3. black (non-hispanic)
What are the arguments that this measure underestimates poverty in the United States?
1. Not an adequate diet for extended period of time 2. assumes poor have the knowledge of nutrition to get the most nutrition for the money 3. Cost of food varies by neighborhood 4. Higher cost of housing in inner-cities 5. Higher costs of transportation
What are the problems with relative poverty?
1. People who fall above the poverty line (don't get the benefits of financial support) 2. Deviance among both many times is related to the feelings of relative poverty
What factors contribute to the disproportionately high incarceration rates of blacks in the U.S.?
1. Racial profiling 2. Crackdowns on crime - patrolled black and hispanic neighborhoods the most 3. War on drugs - crack Rates of incarcerations are 6X more than whites
How do the infant mortality rates differ by race?
1. blacks have the highest 2. hispanic 3. white 4. asians have the least
What is racism?
1. race is a biological concept 2. racism has the superiority of ones own race 3. rationalizes excuses for the institutional and cultural practices that create a hierarchy of one racial group over another
What are the following strategies to reduce prejudice?
1. the salvation approach 2. the remediation approach 3. the colorblind approach 4. the transactional approach
What are the two major comparative measures of health?
1.) Life Expectancy: avg age a person is expected to live 2.) Infant Mortality: rate of death of children under a year of age
STAT: How many people below the poverty line in the U.S.?
13.5%
What percent of Americans live below the poverty line?
13.5% of the U.S. population
What proportion of U.S. children live in poverty?
20% of Children live in poverty
STAT: According to the U.S. census, What % of the U.S. population was non-Hispanic whitein 2010? What % is the non-Hispanic white population projected to be by 2065?
2010 - 64% 2065 - 46%
STAT: What % of U.S. Veterans are homeless?
25%
STAT: What % of single-parent female headed families live in poverty?
36.5%
Is the difference in student performance due to higher immigration rates?
4 of the 5 nations with high immigrant populations have higher national scores than the US
STAT: What % of Black Americans live in single-parent, female headed households?
49%
STAT: What was the U.S. infant mortality rate in 2016?
5.8
STAT: What does the U.S. rank in life expectancy compared to other nations?
53rd
STAT: how many nations had lower infant mortality rates than the U.S.?
56 nations
About what percentage of hate crimes are racially-based?
59.2%
STAT: What is the % of median family income of Hispanic Americans compared to what americans in 2015?
72% of whites income
STAT: What is the estimated life expectancy for babies born in the U.S. in 2017?
79.13
STAT: What % of the adult U.S. pop had a high school diploma or GED or higher?
88% , 33% had bachelors or higher
STAT: what percent of U.S. Children live in poverty?
About 20%
What is prejudice?What are the elements?
An attitude - negative stereotype (generalized assumptions of groups) - irrational - inflexible or rigi - prejudgements
What are "means-tested programs"?
Assistance programs that have eligibility requirements based on income EX: Housing assistance -section 8 housing, federally subsidized housing Food Assistance -SNAP (supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) -WIC (supplemental Nutrition for Women and Children) -TANF (Temp. Assistance to Needy Famlies) -Federal School Lunch Programs
What is deprovincialization?
Become more accepting of other differences
STAT: What percent of Balck Americans and what % of hispanic americans lived in poverty in 2015?
Black - 25% Hispanic - 20%
STAT: What is the infant mortality rate of black Americans compared to the infant mortality rate of whites in 2015?
Black infant mortality 2X than infant mortality for whites
In what ways is media coverage of black crime distorted?
Blacks are more often portrayed as the perpetrators of violent crimes
How does discrimination differ from prejudice?
Discrimination is the act, prejudice is your attitude
Why is education important?
Education is the main means of social mobility. The higher a person's education - the less the likelihood of unemployment - the greater income - the more satisfying a job is The national economy depends on educated labor force Democracy requires literate educated citizens, (education PAYS)
How does the health of the poor in the U.S. differ from the health of the non-poor?
Episodic Care: - lack of regular physician - Use emergency room for most health care - lack of preventive care - longer hospital stays - more costly treatment
What attitude is most likely to be associated with a culture of poverty, according to your instructor?
Fatalism - The attitude that you don't have control over your future. Keeps you in poverty. - most don't think this way
What are the favorable and unfavorable conditions for intergroup processes to reduce prejudice?
Favorable: 1. equal status 2. contact 3 between members of a majority and a higher status member of a minority group 4. when authority person/ the climate are in favor of and promote the contact. Unfavorable: 1. if the contact produces competition 2. if it is unpleasant, involuntary, or intense 3. if the status of one group is lowered 4. if the members of one group are highly frustrated 5. if morals clash 6. when the group and the numerical minority are lower status than majority
Why is the poverty rate so much higher for female-headed families?
Female-headed single-parent households have ¼ -1/3 the income of 2-parent house holds
How has inequality in wealth and income in the U.S. changed over time?
For 25 years inequality decreased but starting in 2013 inequality has been on the rise - reached its highest than that of the great depression.
What are the problems associated with ability tracking and how cultural capital affects children's achievement?
Gifted, average and remedial, increase the learning gap between b/c they're taught with different methods as well as labeling children which decreases self-esteem and turns into a self-fulfilling prophecy.
STAT: What percent of Black Americans graduated high school? College?
HS - 87% C - 22%
What are Home Covenants?
Illegal pats between residents that they will NOT sell or rent their homes to minorities
What would this mean in the electoral arena?
In the electoral arena we take post racial to mean that neither the race of the voters or the candidate is a predictor of voting behavior
How do individual, institutional, and cultural racism differ?
Individual- closest to race prejudice and suggests a superiority of one's own race over another and in the behavioral enactments that maintain those superior and inferior positions Institutional - the institutional extension of individual racist beliefs, consisting primarily of using and manipulating duly constituted institutions so as to maintain a racist advantage over others the byproduct of certain institutional practices that operate to restrict— on a racial basis— the choices, rights, mobility, and access of groups of individuals Cultural- the individual and institutional expression of the superiority of one's race's cultural heritage over that of another race (been most apparent in US race relation analyses)
Which measure is the best?
Infant mortality is the best measure because it considers the health of the mother as well as the baby.
What is meant by a "living wage"? What societal goals would be served by living-wage requirements?
Living Wage - A living wage refers to a wage that enables workers to avoid a specialized quality of life and gives you access to have your own transportation, health care, food , utilities and recreation. That you can afford these basic needs
What is a "competitive city," & how it is related to econ. globalization
Make cities competitive by making them more attractive to investors and top managers and more efficient for production and commerce As cities try to become competitive, they pay labor less
In general, how do the census race/ethnic groups differ in median family income, persons below the poverty line, percent of children in poverty, high school education; college education?
Median income: 1. asian 2. whites 3. hispanics 4. blacks Poverty line 1. blacks has the highest poverty 2. hispanics 3. asian 4. white lowest poverty High school education 1. whites 2. asians 3. hispanics (US born) 4. blacks College Graduates 1. asians 2. whites 3. blacks 4. hispanics (US born)
What groups besides race are targeted by today's hate groups?
Muslims and Jews
What facts help counter the myth that poor people on welfare are lazy?
Myth 1: People who receive welfare are lazy FACT: over ½ of TANF recipients work Myth 2: Most Welfare mothers have many children FACT: in 2015, the average TANF family had 1.8 children Myth 3: Welfare benefits are granted to people who are not poor FACT: It is much more common for people who are eligible to receive welfare NOT to receive benefits
What accounts for these health differences?
NOT genetic ♣ black Americans have genetically stronger immune systems than white Americans - lower income, more poverty, less wealth ♣ less access to god quality health care ♣ More exposure to pollution • environmental racism ♣ less safe jobs
What is meant by the term "post-racial society"?
One in which race was once a significant predictor of various behaviors and life outcomes, but now has ceased to predict that.
What is the concept of educational deflation and the reasons for it?
Our educational credentials have decreased in value -especially the high school diploma Why educational deflation? - need for specialization - the educational credential for job exceeds the knowledge or skill really needed to do the job
What factor is the best predictor of educational success and attainment in the United States
Parent's socioeconomic status
What is the salvation approach?
Persuade those who are prejudiced that the stereotypes they hold are wrong. -Problems: Must convince people that their beliefs are false, immoral, or stupid. -LEAST EFFECTIVE APPROACH.
What does unequal finances do for low income schools? Specifically concerning teachers.
Poor districts have less tax revenue: - worse facilities - worse equipment - fewer supplies Many teachers do not want to teach in low-income schools: - less qualified teachers - lots of substitutes
9) What is meant by the "feminization of poverty"?
Poverty population is increasingly single-parent house holds that are made up of females and their children 36.5% of single parent, female headed families are in poverty
What are the problems with using the following to solve the problems of poverty: (a) charity, (b) government assistance?
Private Charities − Inable to identity who is poor − Insufficient aid Welfare − In no state is welfare sufficient to raise people above the poverty line
Why is the American education system NOT the great equalizer it is intended to be?
Problems with: - educational deflation - unequally financed schools - teacher expectations - teacher method in low-income schools - cultural capital - ability tracking - labeling by track
What is "productive wealth"? Productive Wealth --> Inequality
Productive assets produce income as privilege of ownership, in the form of profits, dividends, interest, and rent. Top 10% of households own 71.3% of wealth. Forms of wealth are passed down through wealthy families, leaving underprivileged disadvantaged from the start.
STAT: compared to 34 other OECD countries in 2015, What did U.S. 15-year olds rank in reading literacy, math, and science??
Reading Literacy - 17th Mathematics - 30th Science - 19th
What is a "restricted linguistic code"? What are its causes and characteristics? Why does it contribute to poverty?
Restricted linguistic code is informal language used at home. Language used at home in lower SES households do not use language that helps children adjust to language used at school. Black working-class children are not socialized to cope with language patterns used in school and quickly fall into a pattern of academic failure.
What are the teaching methods like in low-income schools?
Rote-learning (rote memorization) -not long term learning -NO higher order thinking skills ♣ abstract thinking skills ♣ critical thinking ♣ creative thinking
How does "section 8 housing" differ from "public housing"?
Section 8: federal rent subsidies (pay back/ help) to tenants or landlords rather then straight to renters; Intended to disperse poor to areas outside of inner city Public housing: fed. subsidized housing that is owned and operated by local and public administrations
What is meant by "social class habitus"? How does this contribute to poverty?
Social Class habits: Attitudes and perceptions developed over time due to social class. Relates to poverty: ambition (poor social class less encouraged to be ambitious) Reflects perceived probability of achievement
What are the arguments of your reading that the U.S. is NOT a post-racial society, that the election of Barack Obama in 2008 did NOT signify an "end of race as we know it" in either (a) politics or (b) economics?
Some have attributed a part of white voters support for obama to class trumping race in bad economic time. The general tendency to vote for or against the candidate who is racially "like me" in the absence of reasons to vote otherwise. Therefore, the overall
What is the remediation approach?
Strategy: Improve mass media images Problems: Issue of censorship vs. freedom of the press. Prejudiced will avoid watching programs with positive images. Prejudiced will view positives images as exceptions. Not generalize to others in the minority group. Strategy: increase the status of stigmatized minorities 1. Reduce discriminations Problems: Personal/individual discrimination difficult to detect and prosecute. Would not be sufficient to counteract unequal opportunities due to wealth differences, social networking differences, etc. 2. Place minorities in visible positions of leadership. Problems: Might view as token minority position Don't generalize to others of that minority group. Heightens criticism of leader's actions. 3. Improve opportunities by affirmative action. Problems: Casts minorities in remedial terms (making people think that they cannot make it on their own.) Creates "us" vs. "them" mentality. f
TANIF? What are its provisions?
TANIF: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 1. provide assistance 2. jop-prep 3. prevent out-or-wedlock pregnancies 4. encourage 2 parent families came from "Welfare Reform Act" To get people off welfare and back to work they provided federal funds for income assistance • Block grants to states • States have a lot of discretion in allocating funds • States must provide some money themselves or be fiscally penalized
What are the arguments that SAT requirements are unfair to the poor, including disadvantaged minorities?
The SAT is, in part, a sort of diagnostic assessment of the deficit the children suffer during their earliest years before they enter school. In this sense, it measures the long-term developmental deficit these children acquired in their preschool years and were never able to make up. Without question, it is an important deficit that impeded their learning. But it is not clear whether this deficit is central to determining the success in college.
Which region of the U.S. has the highest rate of poverty?
The South Region
How does the ratio of CEO to worker salaries in the U.S. compare to Britain, Canada, Germany, and France?
The U.S. has a larger gap between earning of C.E.O.'s and workers than Britain, Canada, Germany and France. US CEO's make 3x B,C,G,F CEO's but U.S. workers make less than workers in B,C,G,F.
the U.S. child poverty gap compare to that of other OECD countries?
The US has the highest child poverty gap in the US at 37.5 percent
How does health care spending and financing differ in the U.S. compared to other OCED countries?
The US spends more than any other nation on health care
How much does the tax and transfer rate reduce poverty in the U.S. compared to other OECD countries?
The Us stands out as the country with the highest poverty rate and one of the lowest levels of social expenditure. The United States' tax and transfer system does the least to reduce the poverty rate.
How does the U.S. compare to other countries in amount of money allocated to public education?
The average spent on education is 6.3, and we spend 7.3
What is meant by the "culture of poverty"?
The beliefs of the poor, including their attitudes put them in poverty and keep them in poverty.
"Child Poverty Gap"
The distance between the poverty line and the median household income of children below the poverty line, expressed as a percentage of the poverty line.
In what ways does social class (socioeconomic status and income) affect educational achievement?
The higher students social class/income - More likely to perform well - Graduate high school - 6X more likely to attain a bachelor's
Do living-wage ordinances result in job losses? What does evidence say?
The main objection to living wage ordinances is that they will result in job losses because it is too costly to employers. several studies show that the negative effects on the economy are limited or non existent.
How has the real value of the minimum wage changed since 1978?
The minimum wage is now only 75% of the 1978 value?
What is morbidity?
The rate of disease in a population
What are teacher expectations like in low-income schools?
There is a high correlation between teacher expectations and student grades -teachers expect less of lower-income students - teach conformity -expect lo-income adults to be "order takers" - teachers do not view students as "decision-makers"
How do the top and bottom tiers of the dual labor market differ?
Top Tier - -skilled labor -high serve jobs, high wages, skill comes from experience which makes you less replaceable Botom Tier: -non-standard working hours -no unions -below living wage -part time -semi-skilled to unskilled
How does America's health compare to that of other industrialized nations according to these measures? Why?
U.S. infant mortality rate was 5.8 in 2016. . 56 nations had lower infant mortality rates than U.S. The estimated life expectancy for babies born in the U.S. in 2017 is 79.13. U.S. ranks 53rd in life expectancy compared to other nations (i.e, 52 nations have higher life expectancies) Stress, balancing personal life, sedentary lifestyle, diet, obesity, fewer physicians in the U.S, and fewer hospitals
What are the attribution errors made by prejudiced people and how are these related to racism?
Ultimate attribution error ♣ attribute minority problems to internal characteristics ♣ AND ♣ attribute minority success to external characteristics
gentrification
Urban Renewal to attract tax-payers into central city - decreases among of low income housing - shelter poverty - overcrowding of poor/concentrated poor
STAT: What is the % median family income of Black Americans compared to white Americans in 2015?
about 59% of whites income
How has minimum wage helped the poor or never poor:
addition to Federal protection state minimum wages are typically higher than federal minimum wage benefiting and protecting the low income workers from exploitation and poverty
What race is most likely to be targeted?
blacks
Why do Hispanics and blacks have less wealth than whites? Why are differences in wealth important?
blacks and Hispanics have LESS -income to save -inheritance -home equity
How does morbidity differ by race?
blacks are more likely than white to suffer: ♣ heart disease ♣ hypertension ♣ cancer diabetes ♣ severe headaches
How is single-parenthood related to children's educational achievement? Why
children from single parent families struggle in school far more then their peers who have the benefit of both parents. It may not be simply that having one parent causes these problems but that they coincide with poverty. It seems that it is the diminishment of recourses whether it is in terms of "quality time" or financial deprivation or both have the greatest impact on very young children.
What age group in the U.S. is most likely to be in poverty?
children up to 16 (most) adults, elderly (least)
Shelter Poverty
cost of housing is so high that they can not afford their own necessities
What is color blind racism
disregard of racial characteristics and the problem is that this approach states 'race does not matter' therefore it is ignored and not addressed
pooop
dookie
How have corporations countered declining profits due to competition?
dual labor market - difference between top tier and bottom tier jobs US industry has responded to reorganized global markets by reducing wages as a short-term measure to meet competition
Why have the welfare reforms of 1996 not reduced child poverty?
granted aid on the basis on how much need a family could prove rather than how much they actually needed. impossible to escape the cycle of poverty
How does the Federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) help the poor or near poor:
have reduced poverty, increased workforce participation amount low- income families and made state tax systems fairer.
How does the U.S. compare to it's peer OECD countries in terms of inequality of worker income?
i.Earners at the 10th percentile in the Us are further from the US median than 10th percentile earners in peer countries ii.inequality in the US is so severe that low-earning US workers are actually worse off than low-earning workers in all but seven peer countries iii.Ranks about 121th out of the 19 peer countries
What would this mean in the economic arena?
in an economic arena, race is no longer a predictor of income or occupation
Are racially based hate groups increasing or decreasing in America?
increasing
What is "cultural capital"? How is cultural capital related to poverty?
knowledge, social conventions (manners), language, etc., that can help a person succeed -Poor are less likely to have the cultural capital to obtain and succeed in a good wage job
What is absolute poverty?
lack of sufficient income to meet basic needs
How does the U.S. government determine the poverty line?
minimum cost of food X 3
What is redlining?
mortgage companies deny loans for houses in minority neighborhoods. 60% higher denial rate for blacks than whites
What is the race of most poor people in the U.S.?
most poor people in the United States are White
deindustrialization
movement of manufacturing industry to other countries and U.S. suburbs - increases pop. in suburbs/ increases deconcentration -makes intercity a less desirable place to live
deconcentration
movement of middle class out of the central city
How has economic globalization contributed to inequality and poverty?
o Competition in the world market − Manufacturers need to cut cost of production→ o Deindustrialization of America − Outsourcing − Computer facilitated automation o Immigration of cheep labor
Why is concentrated poverty in the inner-city more devastating than rural poverty (explain the collective effects of inner-city poverty)?
o Greater exposure of youth to deviance o Grater exposure to pollution o Schools poorer quality o Neighborhood more dangerous → o Demoralization o Cultural hindrances to achievement
How does parental verbal interaction with their children affect children's early cognitive development?
parents from welfare families spoke 176 words every hour to their children compared to the 487 words every hour that affluent parents spoke (Hart and Risley study)
Relative Poverty
poor compared to others
How has the Federal Minimum Wage helped the poor or near poor:
protects low income workers from exploitation and poverty
What is racial steering?
realtors discourage minorities from moving into certain neighborhoods.
How does the state and municipal earned-income tax credits help the poor or near poor:
refunds & pay less taxes helps the working poor because it reduces the tax burden on low-income earners.
suburbanization
taxes are not going to inner city to help poor
How important are psychosocial stressors compared to other factors, according to your reading?
they lead to chronic stress
What are the problems with strict time limits on welfare?
they run out of money
How does this affect the children later in their school career, including access to college?
this leads children to be behind from the start of school thus causing a chain reaction and making it harder to catch up. This also makes it harder for them to get scholarships to schools, makes schools struggle to keep up with standardized testing mandates (tracking the kids into excell groups and only focusing on them)
What can promote recategorization?
transforming us-them-WE cooperation
What are the effects of Chronic Stress on the body?
¬brain impaired ¬thymus gland and other immune tissues deteriorate immune response ¬circulatory system elevated blood pressure and higher risk of cardiovascular disease ¬adrenal glands- high hormone levels slow recovery from acute stress ¬higher risk of infertility and miscarriage
How does the health of American poor differ from America's nonpoor?
» LIFE expectancy is 7-10 years less » 2X infant mortality rate » Malnutrition » Obesity » Pollution exposure » Dangerous or physically stressful jobs » Less adequate health care » Food Insecurity » Malnutrition of pregnant moms/children » Higher risk of crime victimization » Higher risk of conviction and harsher punishment for poor criminals » Low Mental Health » Education - poorer quality » Higher rates of teen pregnancy
What are the assumptions of this poverty index?
− Considers the number and age of family members − Assumes families in or near the poverty line spend 1/3 of their income on food
What are the problems with the culture of poverty theory?
− Poverty usually episodic (not chronic) − Evidence: people seldom stay below the poverty line (instead, get jobs) − Many poor are "working poor" − Blames the Victim, which does not help solve the problem
What is decategorization?
−Research shows clearly that, when we are able to reduce the tendency to categorize, stereotype formation diminishes and resultant prejudicial attitudes and behaviors recede. È(1) Differentiate members of the out-groups, according them their individual identity that is distinctive to them as individual members of the out-group category (emphasizing their roles as fireman, lovers of opera, parent of a national merit scholar) È(2) We must personalize them by responding to them in terms of their individual relationship to ourselves (my coworker, fellow jogger)