Social Problems, chapter 1, Social Problems, chapter 3, Social Problems, chapter 4, Social Problems, chapter 5, Social Problems, chapter 7, Social Problems, chapter 8, Social Problems, chapter 9, Social Problems, chapter 10, Social Problems, chapter...

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the functionalist perspective on racial and ethnic problems? Prejudice and discrimination are caused by faulty racial socialization. Racial and ethnic discord must be eliminated or contained because they destabilize the society. Racial and ethnic inequality is rooted in economic stratification and unequal access to power in society. Racial and ethnic relations in this country are substantially defined by the government.

Racial and ethnic discord must be eliminated or contained because they destabilize the society.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the theory of racial formation? This theory assumes that the distinctive physical characteristics of each racial group resulted from adaptation to that group's original habitat. This theory is based on the assumption that racism is a two-way street: people of any racial or ethnic category can discriminate against people of any other racial or ethnic category. U.S. immigration policies have been applied neutrally and fairly to people of all racial and ethnic categories; the primary problem has been that the number of new immigrants has to be limited somehow. Racial bias and discrimination are rooted in government actions such as the passage of welfare reform measures that have resulted in the unequal treatment of people of color.

Racial bias and discrimination are rooted in government actions such as the passage of welfare reform measures that have resulted in the unequal treatment of people of color.

With regard to race and mental disorders, which of the following statements is true? Racial hostility affects the psychological well-being of African Americans but not that of whites. Racial hostility affects the psychological well-being of African Americans and whites. Racial hostility affects the psychological well-being of lower class African Americans but not African Americans of any other social class. The research findings regarding the effects of racial hostility on the well-being of African Americans and whites cannot be determined.

Racial hostility affects the psychological well-being of African Americans and whites.

In 2010, it was estimated that collectively cities in the United States will experience approximately how large of a budget shortfall? $60 million $10 billion $60 billion $100 billion

$60 billion

Which of the following statements regarding racial and ethnic stereotyping and the media is true? The media portrays racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes in order to expose them as false. Some media may reinforce existing racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes as well as create new ones. Racial and ethnic stereotyping often involves the creation of racial or ethnic characters with desirable attributes. Racial and ethnic stereotyping in the media is usually unintentional.

Some media may reinforce existing racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes as well as create new ones.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes special-interest groups in the United States? Most special-interest groups are concerned about the general welfare of the United States. Unlike lobbyists, special-interest groups do not have undue influence on political decisions and the outcome of elections. Special-interest groups typically represent specific industries and make contributions to candidates who will protect their interests. Most employed people are represented by a special-interest group or a Political Action Committee such as a union.

Special-interest groups typically represent specific industries and make contributions to candidates who will protect their interests.

Which of the following occurs at a cram school? Students discuss the state of U.S. education. Students spend a whole day on basic subjects. Students take standardized tests for scholarships. Students learn material in their native language.

Students spend a whole day on basic subjects.

Which of the following statements regarding suburbs is true? Many people in the suburbs pay taxes to metropolitan city governments and school districts. Suburban police and fire departments, schools, libraries, and recreational facilities are not usually well funded and well staffed, with up-to-date facilities. Suburbs have newer infrastructures and money to maintain them. People in the suburbs don't rely on the city centers for employment, entertainment, or other services.

Suburbs have newer infrastructures and money to maintain them.

A comparison of U.S. and Swedish health care shows that the costs of health care have remained consistent in Sweden while the costs of health care have skyrocketed in the U.S. all physicians in Sweden are salaried employees of the government. Sweden provides a national health care system for all of its citizens regardless of nationality. the costs of health care have declined in Sweden while the costs of health care have skyrocketed in the U.S.

Sweden provides a national health care system for all of its citizens regardless of nationality.

In most states, driving while intoxic

.08.

About how many people are in gangs today? 50,000 500,000 1 million 10 million

1 million

Which of the following statements regarding mass suburbanization is true? The largest wave of mass suburbanization occurred during the depression and the years before World War II. The federal government helped subsidize the exodus from the central city to the suburbs. Mass urbanization did not contribute to economic and racial division between cities and suburbs. The largest wave of mass suburbanization occurred between the end of World War II and 1970.

The largest wave of mass suburbanization occurred between the end of World War II and 1970.

Which of the following best describes "report card framing"? The media gives students, teachers, and schools grades based on test scores. Schools tend to focus attention and funding on students who perform well. Parents tend to over-reward their children for receiving good grades. The government only tracks the grades of the best-performing students, teachers, and schools.

The media gives students, teachers, and schools grades based on test scores.

How is education related to current smokers? The less education a person has, the less likely he/she is to smoke. The more education a person has, the more likely he/she is to smoke. The more education a person has, the less likely he/she is to smoke. Education is not linked to smoking.

The more education a person has, the less likely he/she is to smoke.

U.S. Census data predicts that by 2050, Hispanics will make up which percentage of the population? 10% 25% 50% 60%

25%

What percentage of dollars spent on health care is spent on people age 65 and older? 25% 33% 50% 75%

33%

Which percentage of employed mothers are the sole breadwinners for their families? 25% 33% 50% 75%

33%

Concerning Prozac, the text notes that Prozac is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). the long-term side effects of the drug are well-known. a decreased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children is evident. 4.5 million prescriptions are filled annually.

4.5 million prescriptions are filled annually.

Female porn film industry workers earn 25% of what male workers earn. 50% of what male workers earn. 50% more than male workers. 100% more than male workers.

50% more than male workers.

Which percentage of women is in the labor force today? 29% 39% 49% 59%

59%

According to a study conducted by the Center for Communications and Social Policy at the University of California at Santa Barbara, violent television shows made up what percentage of all television programming during the three years of the study? 20% 40% 60% 80%

60%

Most people have left paid employment by which age? 60 65 70 75

70

The life expectancy at birth in the U.S. is 72. 74. 76. 78.

78.

Which of the following initiatives was issued by the Obama administration? Learning by Standards No Child Left Behind Segregated Learning A Blueprint for Reform

A Blueprint for Reform

Which of the following factors contributed to the postwar suburban boom? The passing of the Housing Act of 1949 by Congress gave incentives to builders to develop affordable housing. Federal agencies established lenient lending policies so that war veterans could qualify to buy homes for their families. New federally financed freeway systems contributed to the postwar suburban boom. Inexpensive gasoline contributed to the postwar suburban boom.

The passing of the Housing Act of 1949 by Congress gave incentives to builders to develop affordable housing.

Which of the following statements about capitalism is false? Capitalism is based on the right of individuals to own property and to "buy" people's labor. The primary motivation of capitalism is supposed to be the collective good of all citizens. Capitalism is based on the belief that people should be able to maximize their individual gain through personal profit. Capitalism is based on a lack of government intervention in the marketplace.

The primary motivation of capitalism is supposed to be the collective good of all citizens.

Which of the following statements regarding affirmative action policies and colleges and universities is true? Affirmative action programs in higher education have been the subject of debate over the past few decades. Affirmative action programs are unnecessary because there is equality of opportunity in colleges and universities. Affirmative action programs in higher education are illegal because race can have no bearing on college admissions. Affirmative action programs are ineffective in creating more opportunities for minority students.

Affirmative action programs in higher education have been the subject of debate over the past few decades.

Which racial group is most likely to be homeless? Native Americans Asian Americans Latino/as African Americans

African Americans

Select the scenario that best describes terrorism. A man constantly insults his wife in public. An employee threatens to shoot his boss if he does not give him a raise. A deranged woman walks into a field and deploys a bomb that kills three cows. A police officer shoots a woman who has drawn her weapon and is threatening him.

An employee threatens to shoot his boss if he does not give him a raise.

Specifically, how does sociologist Patricia Hill Collins suggest that black prostitutes may have been affected by the media? Black women are often portrayed in media as stereotypically sexually promiscuous. Media portrayals of black women have empowered many of them to seek out prostitution as a career. Various media have featured women of color in positive ways, prompting many prostitutes to leave the industry. Women of color are particularly portrayed in a stereotypical way in video games.

Black women are often portrayed in media as stereotypically sexually promiscuous.

Which of the following statements regarding global cities is correct? By 2025, only one U.S. city will be among the 10 most populous cities in the world. overcrowding, environmental pollution, and the displacement of farmland are minor problems for global cities. Natural increases in population account for one-third of new urban growth, and rural-to-urban migration accounts for the rest. Some cities grow at a rate of 170,000 new people per day.

By 2025, only one U.S. city will be among the 10 most populous cities in the world.

Which sociologist stated that social problems cannot be solved at the individual level because they are more than personal problems? Joe R. Feagin Karl Marx Max Weber C. Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills

A comparison of U.S. and Canadian health care shows that Canadians never see a medical bill or health care form. Canadians have less access to health care than U.S. citizens. the cost of health care has increased in Canada. Canada has not been influenced by new medical technology to the extent that the United States has.

Canadians never see a medical bill or health care form.

Which of the following describes the conflict perspective to gender inequality? Women maintain positions of privilege and power through the control of individual women and social institutions. Capitalism and private ownership of the means of production are primary causes of economic and social inequalities between women and men in contemporary industrial societies. All men are privileged equally when it comes to domination over women. Gender inequality is based on the assumption that social life is a struggle in which members of weak groups seek to maintain control of scarce resources.

Capitalism and private ownership of the means of production are primary causes of economic and social inequalities between women and men in contemporary industrial societies.

The first Asians to arrive in the United States in sizable numbers were from China. Japan. Indonesia. Korea.

China.

According to conflict theorists, opium was outlawed in the United States because it was associated with prostitution. Chinese immigration. Mexican immigration. college students.

Chinese immigration.

Which of the following statements regarding gender and mental disorders is true? Diagnosable depression typically emerges in adulthood for both males and females. The rate of diagnosable depression is about twice as high for females compared to that of males. The rate of diagnosable depression is higher for females than for males during their adolescent years but this rate evens out as both males and females enter adulthood. The rate of diagnosable depression is higher for males than for females during their adolescent years but this rate evens out as both males and females enter adulthood.

The rate of diagnosable depression is about twice as high for females compared to that of males.

Ageism has diminished in the United States through media presentations that have brought a greater awareness of the talents and capabilities of older persons. True False

False

Alcohol consumption in the U.S. has been increasing across lines of class, gender, race, and age over the past two decades. True False

False

Although sociologists have identified several levels of prostitution, most prostitutes have relatively similar lifestyles and experiences. True False

False

As a result of the Brown v. The Board of Education, which ruled that "separate but equal" schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal, racial segregation appears to be decreasing in education. True False

False

As a result of the development of the Affordable Care Act, citizens now have equal access to health care, regardless of race, class, or gender. True False

False

Codependency refers to the likelihood that family members of an addict will also become addicted. True False

False

Conflict theorists argue that Head Start should be eliminated for all families. True False

False

Conflict theorists believe that early Chinese and Mexican immigrants popularized the use of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin in the United States. True False

False

Consumers are not affected by the constant stream of advertisements that they encounter. True False

False

Contemporary class perspectives suggest that the split-labor market benefits workers because it encourages unionization and solidarity among workers from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. True False

False

Core nations use the fewest resources compared to peripheral and semiperipheral nations. True False

False

Demographers define fertility as the maximum number of children that could be born to a woman if she reproduced at maximum capacity. True False

False

Drug abuse and drug addiction are virtually synonymous terms. True False

False

Drug tolerance refers to a psychological and/or physiological need for a drug to maintain a sense of well-being and avoid withdrawal symptoms. True False

False

Eighty countries, comprising more than half of the world's population, are suffering serious water shortages. True False

False

Experts usually agree about what the social problems are and the efforts that should be made to reduce or eliminate them. True False

False

Fewer than half of all criminal cases are resolved by plea bargaining. True False

False

Folkways are more important than mores in determining what kinds of behavior will be considered deviant in a society. True False

False

Historically, women have been underrepresented in the contingent workforce. True False

False

Mental disorders are not very costly to the nation. True False

False

Most prostitution customers are black males under the age of thirty. True False

False

Most shareholders in transnational corporations have control over where plants are located, how much employees are paid, and how the environment is protected. True False

False

Official immigration statistics reflect the actual number of immigrants who arrive in this country. True False

False

Older people are more likely to be victims of violent crime than persons in other age categories. True False

False

One of the positive aspects of war is that the enemy is dehumanized. True False

False

Organized crime is confined primarily within U.S. borders. True False

False

Patriotism is indicative of the dysfunctional aspect of war. True False

False

Peace is a more clearly defined concept than war. True False

False

Peripheral nations exploit semiperipheral nations. True False

False

Political action committees (PACs) are grassroots organizations that provide support for local politicians based on specific community issues. True False

False

Racial isolation in housing is not linked to levels of poverty. True False

False

Racial separation and inequality enforced by custom is de jure segregation. True False

False

Radical terrorists are examples of alternative movements. True False

False

Rape offenders and victims are usually of different races and classes. True False

False

Rural Americans have greater access to health care than urban dwellers. True False

False

Serial murder is the killing of four or more people at one time and in one place by the same person. True False

False

Several states have ruled the death penalty unconstitutional. True False

False

Sex trafficking brings in around $58 million annually. True False

False

Single men have accounted for most of the increase in homelessness during the past decade. True False

False

Social gerontology focuses on the biological and physical aspects of aging. True False

False

Social problems must be solved one person at a time. True False

False

Sociologists believe that the media has little influence on gender socialization in U.S. society. True False

False

Television never posed a major threat to the newspaper and radio industries. True False

False

The Cold War was actual warfare between nations that resulted in a change of economic structure from capitalism to communism in some countries. True False

False

The Uniform Crime Report includes all of the numbers of crimes committed each year in the United States. True False

False

The United States population is getting younger. True False

False

The average tuition and fees at public four-year institutions are about the same as at private four-year institutions. True False

False

The gendered division of labor is biological rather than social. True False

False

The line between childhood and adolescence first came into existence in the 18th century during the Industrial Revolution. True False

False

The moral framework of the social construction of pornography as a social problem refers to the reality or factualness of the situation that constitutes the "problem." True False

False

The period of life between ages 18 and 25 is known as young adulthood. True False

False

The power that men have to engage in sex discrimination at the organizational and institutional levels of society is known as individual sexism. True False

False

There is an international treaty that allows underground nuclear testing under certain conditions. True False

False

U.S. residences, businesses, and institutions throw away more than 243 billion tons of trash each year. True False

False

Weapons that use biological, chemical, or radiological means to destroy vast amounts of property and kill thousands of individuals are defined as the war system. True False

False

Women whose husbands perform household chores are experiencing the "Double Shift." True False

False

Young Americans are more likely to experience violent crime at school than at home. True False

False

Which of the following statements regarding literacy is true? People are considered illiterate if they read at an eighth-grade level. Most prison inmates are better than average readers and writers. The rate of functional illiteracy is higher among minority group members. Three-quarters of all American adults are considered functionally illiterate.

The rate of functional illiteracy is higher among minority group members.

Which of the following statements regarding homelessness is true? It is easy to obtain an accurate count of the homeless in the United States. Hispanic Americans make up the largest part of the homeless population. Families and children are the fastest-growing segment of the homeless population in both urban and rural areas of this country. Social scientists believe that characteristics such as alcoholism or mental illness often cause an individual's homeless condition.

Families and children are the fastest-growing segment of the homeless population in both urban and rural areas of this country.

Which of the following statements is true regarding media and gender socialization? Television programs offer more female than male characters. Reality TV shows more accurately portray real men and women and reduce stereotypes. Male characters on television and in films usually get what they want by acting helpless, seductive, or deceitful. Female characters who are supervisors or bosses are often portrayed as loud, bossy, and domineering on television and in films.

Female characters who are supervisors or bosses are often portrayed as loud, bossy, and domineering on television and in films.

What was Thomas Malthus's view on global population, according to what he wrote in his An Essay on Population (1798)? Global population, if left unchecked, would exceed the available food supply. Technology would increase the food supply and ease population pressure. Population increases amounted to a "population bomb." Societies are in various stages of demographic transition.

Global population, if left unchecked, would exceed the available food supply.

Around the globe, women's problems are further exacerbated by poor medical facilities and health crises such as tuberculosis. malnutrition. HIV/AIDS. malaria.

HIV/AIDS.

Which of the following statements regarding health maintenance organizations (HMOs) is true? HMOs typically work on a fee-for-services basis. HMOs typically emphasize prevention because they hope to avoid costly treatments later. Recent competition from preferred provider organizations (PPOs) caused most HMOs to stop requiring that their patients use only doctors and hospitals affiliated with the HMO. HMOs operate on a non-profit basis, whereas PPOs and other health care organizations are profit-making, capitalistic endeavors.

HMOs typically emphasize prevention because they hope to avoid costly treatments later.

Which statement best describes the relationship between early immigration and education? High rates of immigration in the nineteenth century brought about the free public school movement in the United States. Most immigrants arriving in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries could read and write. Some immigrants were required to earn a high school diploma before they were granted citizenship in the United States. In the second half of the twentieth century, the United States experienced low immigration rates.

High rates of immigration in the nineteenth century brought about the free public school movement in the United States.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the population growth of low-income nations? Low-income nations have a lower population growth rate than high-income nations. A population is all the people living in a specific geographic area. In some nations, the population growth is negative. High-income nations have a lower population growth rate than low-income nations.

High-income nations have a lower population growth rate than low-income nations.

Which of the following statements regarding population growth is true? There is no difference between the population growth of high-income nations and low-income nations. A population is all the adult people living in a specific geographic area. Negative population growth is common in countries in Africa. High-income nations have a lower population growth rate than low-income nations.

High-income nations have a lower population growth rate than low-income nations.

The largest subordinate racial-ethnic group in the U.S. is Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders. Asian Americans. African Americans. Hispanic Americans.

Hispanic Americans.

Which of the following statements regarding infant mortality rates is true? Infant mortality rates have increased worldwide. The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. Infant mortality rates are lower in high-income nations compared to those in low-income nations. The average infant mortality rate was 4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2006 in Southern Asia.

Infant mortality rates are lower in high-income nations compared to those in low-income nations.

Which of the following refers to the power to discriminate at the organizational level based on one's sex? Institutionalized sexism Individual sexism Gendered prejudice Sexualized prejudice

Institutionalized sexism

What is one of the reasons that World War II was significant? It was the first war that involved Japan. It began the trend toward more civilian casualties. It encouraged decreased surveillance. It built the Russian military.

It began the trend toward more civilian casualties.

According to the text, which of the following statements about the economic cost of war is accurate? It cannot be calculated. It is astronomical. It is insignificant. It is avoidable.

It is astronomical.

Which of the following statements regarding the hidden curriculum is true? It is composed of core courses that all students are required to take. It does not include values and attitudes such as conformity and obedience to authority. It is learned through implied demands in the everyday rules and routines of school. It does not reflect the value system of the elite people in society.

It is learned through implied demands in the everyday rules and routines of school.

What does social analyst Barbara Ehrenreich predict about war? It will be waged against life forms on other planets in the future. It will eventually destroy the planet. It may someday end because of human resistance. It is inevitable because it is deeply embedded in economic systems.

It may someday end because of human resistance.

What did the Bush administration claim about the regime of the late Iraqi President Saddam Hussein? It disavowed new military technology. It killed American diplomatic envoys. It was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. It did not have an economic system.

It was in possession of weapons of mass destruction.

Which of the following statements regarding the military-industrial complex is true? Military contractors who receive contracts from the Defense Department are prohibited by law from serving on advisory committees that recommend what weapons should be ordered. This complex has been referred to as a revolving door because people move from job to job within various sectors of the military and corporations. Concern about the far-reaching effects of the complex has diminished since World War II, as more people began to view defense expenditures as a source of economic development. A societal focus on military ideals and an aggressive preparedness for war has decreased over time.

This complex has been referred to as a revolving door because people move from job to job within various sectors of the military and corporations.

Which of the following prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity receiving financial assistance from the U.S. government? Title V Title X Title IX Title VII

Title IX

Which of the following statements about media is false? Recent estimates show that the average person in the United States spends more than one half of his or her waking hours in some media-related activity. Today, many people spend less time in media-related activities than they do in other endeavors. The media industries that emerged in the twentieth century are one of the most significant social institutions at work in the United States and many other nations. The media industries have a powerful influence on all other social institutions and can effect change with their messages.

Today, many people spend less time in media-related activities than they do in other endeavors.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding caffeine? Most people do not realize that caffeine is a relatively dangerous drug. Caffeine does not produce dependency even though it is a stimulant. Most people ingest caffeine to relax and calm their nerves. Long-term effects of heavy caffeine use include increased risk of heart attack and osteoporosis.

Long-term effects of heavy caffeine use include increased risk of heart attack and osteoporosis.

A continuous concentration of two or more cities and their suburban areas that have grown to create a connected urban area is referred to as a megalopolis. True False

True

A framework of support systems, such as transportation and utilities, that makes it possible to have specific land uses and a built environment that facilitate people's daily activities and the nation's economy is referred to as an infrastructure. True False

True

According to Marxist theorists, groups are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. True False

True

According to conflict theorists, the upper classes have successfully maintained class-based and sometimes racially based segregation through political control and legal strategies. True False

True

According to the text, women and men don't always experience middle age in a similar manner. True False

True

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. True False

True

All people have prejudices whether or not they acknowledge them. True False

True

Based on the text's definition of soft-core pornography, we can assert that many PG-13- and R-rated contemporary films feature soft-core pornography. True False

True

Behaviors, beliefs, and ideals regarding what is sexually deviant have varied over time, from place to place, between and within groups. True False

True

Which of the following statements describes gender socialization in the United States? Male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do masculine things than female peer groups place on girls to do feminine things. Sociologists have found that girls who play Little League baseball are encouraged to engage in masculine behavior and act tough even when they are injured. Recent studies have shown that teachers subtly convey the message that girls are more important than boys because females typically have higher grades in school. Gender socialization does not take place once a person graduates from high school.

Male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do masculine things than female peer groups place on girls to do feminine things.

Comparable worth is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the race or gender of the worker. True False

True

Which of the following statements most accurately describes later maturity in the United States? This stage of the life course does not differ dramatically from middle age. Many people in later maturity find themselves caring for people of their own age and older individuals, especially their elderly parents. Old age is considered to begin in this stage of the life course. None of these statements accurately describes later maturity.

Many people in later maturity find themselves caring for people of their own age and older individuals, especially their elderly parents.

Conflict theorists argue that members of the capitalist class own and control the media, which, along with other dominant social institutions, instruct people in the values, beliefs, and attitudes that they should have. True False

True

Conflict theorists believe that schools perpetuate inequalities based on race, class, and gender. True False

True

Conflict theorists focus on inequalities in society. a. true b. false

True

Deinstitutionalization moved people onto the streets and into the jails. True False

True

Desertification takes place in high-, middle- and low-income nations, but the effects are more devastating to middle- and low-income nations. True False

True

Despite the effects alcohol may have on an individual, many do not consider alcohol as a drug. True False

True

Discrimination deals with one's actions, while prejudice deals with one's attitude. True False

True

Drugs are used for both therapeutic and recreational purposes. True False

True

Elementary school teachers are the victims of physical attack more often than secondary school teachers. True False

True

Even people who never light up a cigarette are harmed by environmental tobacco smoke. True False

True

Excessive quantities of carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere contribute to the greenhouse effect. True False

True

Functionalists believe that education is one of the most important social institutions because it contributes to the smooth functioning of society and provides individuals with opportunities for personal fulfillment and upward social mobility. True False

True

Functionalists believe that licit and illicit drugs serve important functions in societies. True False

True

Gender roles have both a biological and social basis. True False

True

Governments by definition have legal and political authority. True False

True

High rates of illiteracy should not necessarily be blamed on immigration policies because many persons who have lived in this country since birth have this problem. True False

True

In 2011, the African American infant mortality rate was more than twice that of white infants. True False

True

In World War II, civilians were killed intentionally. True False

True

Infant mortality is higher in the United States than in a number of other developed nations. True False

True

Larceny-theft excludes motor vehicle theft. True False

True

Lower-income households experience higher rates of property crime than do higher-income households. True False

True

Many people gain much information about crime from the media. True False

True

Many sociologists believe that elder abuse goes underreported because victims are afraid or ashamed to report their victimization. True False

True

Media scholars believe that media convergence reduces message pluralism. True False

True

Mid-range approaches to dealing with social problem include organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. True False

True

Mortgage lenders who are more likely to grant bank loans to whites than to people of color are engaging in institutional discrimination. True False

True

Most experts believe the United States will always have an active military-industrial complex because of its emphasis on militarism-a societal focus on military ideals and an aggressive preparedness for war. True False

True

Most people arrested for prostitution-related crimes are female. True False

True

National special-interest groups constitute a macrolevel approach for dealing with social problems. True False

True

Neo-Malthusians believe that overpopulation and rapid population growth exacerbate global environmental problems, including global warming and rainforest destruction. True False

True

No economy is purely capitalist or purely socialist. True False

True

One of the most significant characteristics of war is its persistence. True False

True

Organizations that provide homelike or home-based care for the terminally ill are referred to as hospices. True False

True

People in the United States pay more for health services than people in other developed nations. True False

True

People with AIDS do not die of AIDS. True False

True

Politics is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by certain individuals or groups. True False

True

Profits in the media industries are typically higher compared to those in the manufacturing sector. True False

True

Race is biological, while ethnicity is cultural. True False

True

Research shows that females have made significant gains in sports since Title IX passed. True False

True

Resistance movements seek to prevent change or undo change that has already occurred. True False

True

Sex is biological, while gender is socially constructed. True False

True

Social change is the alternation, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time. True False

True

Social learning theory is based on the assumption that individuals are likely to act out behavior they observe in media sources. True False

True

Sociologists define war broadly to include not only declared wars between nations and parties, but also undeclared wars, covert operations, and some forms of terrorism. True False

True

Some sociologists believe that prostitution is linked to the economic, political, and social exploitation of people of color. True False

True

Some theorists assert that gentrification further depletes the stock of affordable housing for the poor and pushes low-income people out of an area where they had previously lived. True False

True

Subordinate groups need not necessarily be a numerical minority. True False

True

The September 11, 2001 al Qaeda attacks on the U.S. are examples of revolutionary terrorism. True False

True

Why is death associated with old age more than in the past? Modern scientific understanding allows us to understand when death occurs. Most major religious groups associate death with old age. Medical technology has advanced life expectancy. Political movements have contributed to this association.

Medical technology has advanced life expectancy.

Which of the following statements regarding public health insurance is true? Medicare is a medical entitlement program for the elderly while Medicaid is a medical welfare system for the poor. Medicare is a medical welfare system for the poor while Medicaid is a medical entitlement program for the elderly. Medicaid is based primarily on age while Medicare provides medical, hospital, and long term care for people who are poor and either aged, blind, disabled, or pregnant. Medicare is funded by federal and state governments whereas Medicaid is funded by people's payments into the Social Security system.

Medicare is a medical entitlement program for the elderly while Medicaid is a medical welfare system for the poor.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding government-funded health care for older persons in the United States? Medicare is a welfare program in which recipients of benefits often have not paid anything to be covered. Medicaid provides wide-scale coverage for older people that gives them unrestricted amounts of skilled nursing care and home health services. Medicare is an entitlement program in which recipients of benefits have paid something in order to be covered. Medicare and Medicaid are welfare programs that are facing large budget cuts.

Medicare is an entitlement program in which recipients of benefits have paid something in order to be covered.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the distinction between racial groups and ethnic groups? All members of a certain ethnic group are also members of the same racial group. All members of a certain racial group are also members of the same ethnic group. Members of the same ethnic group may be made up of members of many different racial groups. Members of the same ethnic group cannot be made up of members of the same racial group.

Members of the same ethnic group may be made up of members of many different racial groups.

In regard to migration to the United States, all Latino/a categories have been treated the same way by immigration laws and authorities during the twentieth century. Mexicans have been allowed unrestricted migration between the United States and their native country because of oppression under Fidel Castro. Mexicans have been allowed to migrate to the United States whenever there has been a need for agricultural workers. Puerto Ricans are more likely than other Latino/a groups to be detained by immigration authorities because of questions about their citizenship.

Mexicans have been allowed to migrate to the United States whenever there has been a need for agricultural workers.

In the United States, legal brothels (houses of prostitution) are located in 15 of the 50 states. New York, New Jersey, California, and Texas. Nevada. Alaska.

Nevada.

Why do some social analysts believe that illiteracy will not be a problem for the United States in the future? New technology will make reading obsolete. The definition of literacy has changed over time. Schools have solved the illiteracy problem. Fewer immigrants are moving to the Unites States.

New technology will make reading obsolete.

Which of the following statements regarding AIDS is true? A controversial cure for AIDS was developed in 1990. Once HIV develops into AIDS, it eventually is fatal. Newer anti-HIV medications cannot control the reproduction of the virus. Newer anti-HIV medications cannot slow the progression of HIV-related disease.

Once HIV develops into AIDS, it eventually is fatal.

According to the text, why is technology significant in the context of war? All soldiers must know how to deploy technologically advanced weapons. War and the Space Race are inextricably interlinked. Technology is used to raise money for the military. War is conducted on the basis of technology that is available at the time.

War is conducted on the basis of technology that is available at the time.

A relatively dense and permanent settlement of people who secure their livelihood primarily through nonagricultural activities is known as a city. a suburb. urbanization. industrialization.

a city.

Which of the following options describes the Cold War? a conflict between nations based on military preparedness and the threat of war a conflict that is likely to continue into the twenty-first century a conflict centered on the international space race a conflict involving joint Chinese-U.S. military research

a conflict between nations based on military preparedness and the threat of war

The U.S. health care system before the implementation of the Affordable Care Act was best described as a universal health care system. a government subsidized system. a fee-for-service system. a health prevention system.

a fee-for-service system.

A person who has been granted lawful permanent residence in the United States is called a legal refugee/asylee. a U.S. citizen. a student visitor. a legal permanent resident.

a legal permanent resident.

Functionalists base their approach on the works of early social thinkers such as August Comte, the founder of sociology, who compared society to which of the following? a. the fingers of a glove b. the evening sunset c. a living organism d. a sponge

a living organism

What is the term for an organized group that acts collectively to promote or resist change through collective action? a resistance movement a social movement a grassroots group a rebellious movement

a social movement

According to Tamotsu Shibutani, what do prolonged conflicts turn into? a reduction of overpopulation a struggle between good and evil the dehumanization of the enemy the vilification of minority groups

a struggle between good and evil

Which of the following is the best definition of social policy? a. a written set of ideas and goals that are formally adopted by a relevant decision-making body b. a subjective awareness rooted in contemporary social events c. cultural norms that are accepted by most members of a group d. societal values that are passed down from generation to generation

a written set of ideas and goals that are formally adopted by a relevant decision-making body

The text defines discrimination as a. a negative or unfavorable attitude towards a group or its individual members. b. stereotyped beliefs that are not tested against reality. c. actions or practices of subordinate group members that have a harmful impact on members of dominant groups. d. actions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

actions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

Drunk driving accidents have been linked to gender. class. race. age.

age.

Which of the following terms was introduced by sociologist Robert Butler to describe misconceptions and myths that lead to age-based discrimination? elder abuse ageism elderism oldism

ageism

Among the industries with the highest number of older employees are food and beverage companies. media companies. airlines, utilities, and insurance companies. government-sponsored companies.

airlines, utilities, and insurance companies.

Prejudice and discriminatory behavior directed at Jews is called anti-Jewism. anti-Judaism. anti-Semitism. anti-Socialism.

anti-Semitism.

Which perspective asserts that women's subordination cannot be narrowed down to a single factor such as pornography? functionalist antipornography feminist religious liberal anticensorship feminist

anticensorship feminist

What is one of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder? anxiety and worry binging and purging desire to return to war refusal to go home

anxiety and worry

Many critics of family planning programs argue that most policies are developed by political leaders in high-income nations. These critics argue that these programs are based on class and race issues rather than genuine concern regarding world hunger or population. are based on genuine concern regarding world hunger or population and concern for the well being of humanity. are based on the economic dominance of developing nations over developed nations. encourage birth rates among low-income women.

are based on class and race issues rather than genuine concern regarding world hunger or population.

According to social gerontologists, the primary reason most people deny they are aging is because they do not want their friends and children to think of them as "old." do not feel "old." associate old age with death and want to deny its reality. deny many things in life.

associate old age with death and want to deny its reality.

A mindset characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking is called a(n) dominant personality. submissive personality. authoritarian personality. scapegoat personality.

authoritarian personality.

According to the text, which of the following two factors contribute to individual and family debt in the United States? economic hardship and political campaign donations availability of credit and insufficient employment corporate welfare and lotteries taxation for welfare programs and schools

availability of credit and insufficient employment

Why do some conflict theorists focus on the interrelationship of race, class, and gender in examining social problems? because the criminalization of prostitution uniquely affects poor women of color because law enforcement officials specifically target white call girls because these conflict theorists view prostitution as a victimless crime because these theorists are chiefly concerned with the reasons men use prostitutes

because the criminalization of prostitution uniquely affects poor women of color

According to interactionists, IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests provide an accurate measure of how well students are doing in school. strengthen students' feelings of self-esteem. give an advantage to racial and ethnic minorities. can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies regarding student performance.

can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies regarding student performance.

According to the text, the three major economic systems present in modern societies are capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. capitalism, communism, and mixed economies. capitalism, Marxism, and mixed economies. socialism, communism, and mixed economies.

capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies.

The economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention is known as capitalism. socialism. Marxism. communism.

capitalism.

According to the text's definition, a drug changes the human body's processes. is not used for therapeutic purposes. is classified as <i>illicit</i>. encourages abuse and addiction.

changes the human body's processes.

Drug addiction is the excessive or inappropriate use of a drug, resulting in physical, mental, or social impairment. characterized by tolerance and withdrawal. an accepted part of the dominant culture in the U.S. not related to class, gender, age, or race.

characterized by tolerance and withdrawal.

Sociologists who use a symbolic interactionist framework believe that the "drug problem" could be reduced if more people had greater economic opportunities in society. children did not see members of their families, peer groups, and other people abusing alcohol and other drugs. formal mechanisms of social control were enforced to prohibit people from taking illegal drugs. powerful corporate interests quit encouraging the use of legal drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and some pharmaceutical products.

children did not see members of their families, peer groups, and other people abusing alcohol and other drugs.

Which of the following options describes a war system? components of social institutions and cultural beliefs and practices that promote development of warriors, weapons, and war as a normal part of the society and its foreign policy organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions organized violence by people seeking to promote their cause or resist social policies or practices that they consider oppressive the use of calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective

components of social institutions and cultural beliefs and practices that promote development of warriors, weapons, and war as a normal part of the society and its foreign policy

Critics who point out the lack of funding for improving schools, creating jobs, and improving housing most likely oppose which approach? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist fundamentalist

conflict

Hegemony theory as it relates to the media can best be categorized under which of the following perspectives? interactionist functionalist conflict postmodernist

conflict

Which of the following emphasize that solutions to the problem of inequality will be found only through government programs that specifically attack racial inequality and actively reduce patterns of discrimination? conservative theorists symbolic interactionist theorists conflict theorists functionalist theorists

conflict theorists

Which of the following theorists use a Marxist approach to explain gender inequality? conflict theorists functionalists symbolic interactionists linguists

conflict theorists

Which theorists explain racial and ethnic inequality in terms of economic stratification and access to power? functionalist theorists conflict theorists symbolic interactionist theorists segregation theorists

conflict theorists

Older people who live in communities that provide amenities such as housekeeping, dining facilities, and transportation services reside in congregate housing. nursing homes. primary housing. government-funded housing.

congregate housing.

Globally, prostitution becomes normalized when sex work is available in many different forms of media. made illegal and prosecuted as a crime. considered entertainment without legal impediments. coercive and involves debt bondage.

considered entertainment without legal impediments.

The results of the 1970 and 1986 presidentially commissioned studies of pornography were similar regarding the link between sex crimes and antisocial behavior. similar regarding the destructive nature of pornography. contradictory in finding fault with the Meese Commission. contradictory regarding whether pornography is dangerous.

contradictory regarding whether pornography is dangerous.

According to the functionalist approach, the media are dysfunctional when they make people overly fearful about potential disasters. contribute to a reduction in social stability. perpetuate cultural traditions and historical perspectives. confer status on individuals.

contribute to a reduction in social stability.

The melding of communications, computers, and electronics industries that has occurred in the United States is called cross-media. concentration of revenues. convergence. corporate cooperation.

convergence.

According to the conflict perspective, what can the origins of war be traced to? the functions it serves in society corporate boardrooms the language people use when they communicate with one another inherited predispositions that are more common in males than females

corporate boardrooms

In 2006, the federal government spent $92 billion in direct and indirect subsidies to businesses and private-sector corporate entities. Some corporations that received millions in taxpayer-funded benefits induced Boeing, Xerox, IBM, Motorola, and Dow Chemical and General Electric. These are examples of corporate buyouts. corporate assistance. corporate welfare. corporate lobby.

corporate welfare.

Which part of the brain is most closely associated with violent behavior? cortex brain stem basal ganglia cerebellum

cortex

Peripheral nations depend on core nations for capital and have little or no industrialization. are dependent on themselves for capital. began to industrialize and urbanize rapidly late in the twentieth century. exploit semiperipheral nations.

depend on core nations for capital and have little or no industrialization.

Continual depictions of violence tend to repel viewers. educate viewers. mollify viewers. desensitize viewers.

desensitize viewers.

Seeking to reduce criminal activity by instilling fear of punishment is known as rehabilitation. deterrence. social protection. retribution.

deterrence.

Among most African Americans and Latinos/as, the retirement process is virtually identical to that of white/Anglo retirees. different because prior racial discrimination in the workplace has diminished the opportunities for minority group members to invest in pension plans or save large sums of money toward retirement. extremely limited because few have any pension plan or receive Social Security or other retirement benefits. similar for both women and men over age 65.

different because prior racial discrimination in the workplace has diminished the opportunities for minority group members to invest in pension plans or save large sums of money toward retirement.

virtually identical to that of white/Anglo retirees. different because prior racial discrimination in the workplace has diminished the opportunities for minority group members to invest in pension plans or save large sums of money toward retirement. extremely limited because few have any pension plan or receive Social Security or other retirement benefits. similar for both women and men over age 65.

different because prior racial discrimination in the workplace has diminished the opportunities for minority group members to invest in pension plans or save large sums of money toward retirement.

Which term is sometimes used to refer to a juvenile who is still maturing as an individual and might benefit from rehabilitation, rather than punishment, as a response to the offense with which the young person may have been charged? mens rea mea culpa diminished moral culpability positivist juvenile

diminished moral culpability

According to the text, addiction directly affects a prostitute's position on the five tiers of female prostitution. is not recognized as an issue on the five tiers of female prostitution. typically is suffered by those in the top tier of female prostitution. is only seen in those in the bottom tier of female prostitution.

directly affects a prostitute's position on the five tiers of female prostitution.

Actions or practices of dominant group members that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups are referred to as discrimination. prejudice. racial intolerance. hate crimes.

discrimination.

The perspective that suggests that older people want to be released from societal expectations as they grow older is known as retirement theory. activity theory. disengagement theory. conflict theory.

disengagement theory.

According to functionalist perspectives on aging and inequality, dramatic changes in such social institutions as the family and religion have influenced how people view aging. older people must deny the existence of old age by maintaining middle-aged lifestyles for as long as possible. aging itself is not a social problem. aging creates greater problems for some women than for men.

dramatic changes in such social institutions as the family and religion have influenced how people view aging.

Conflict perspectives on racial and ethnic inequality are based on the assumption that social solidarity is a primary cause of racial inequality in the United States. racial and ethnic strife must be calmed quickly so that the society will not be further disrupted by urban unrest or riots. economic stratification and unequal access to power place minority group members at a distinct disadvantage as compared to dominant group members. early childhood learning of respect for minority group members would solve most problems in contemporary racial and ethnic relations in this country.

economic stratification and unequal access to power place minority group members at a distinct disadvantage as compared to dominant group members.

The Massachusetts Turnpike corridor west of Boston and the Perimeter Area north of Atlanta are examples of suburbs. edge cities. postindustrial cities. mega-infrastructures.

edge cities.

The social institution responsible for transmitting knowledge, skills, and cultural values in a formally organized structure is family. education. religion. economy.

education.

The U.S. financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the slow recovery in the aftermath of the Great Recession have contributed to the number of uninsured due to affected employment rates. private insurance rates. medical costs. Medicaid spending.

employment rates.

Which of the following is an example of a problem grassroots groups have had success dealing with? political corruption gun control environmental degradation homelessness

environmental degradation

A national magazine featured Gloria Chow, a single mother, in an article. The magazine reported how Gloria was unemployed for 31 months before she started her own business. After much hard work, she now makes a living wage and supports her children independently. What type of media device is the magazine using? episodic framing thematic framing dramatic generalization thematic generalization

episodic framing

The U.S. has been compared to a salad bowl, one dish made up of individual ingredients, in order to explain a contemporary society where different cultures blend yet still retain their essential uniqueness. Which of the following processes does this comparison define? ethnic socialization assimilation ethnic pluralism racial socialization

ethnic pluralism

State-sanctioned patriotic acts and rituals are examples of ethnocentrism. racism. individual discrimination. institutionalized discrimination.

ethnocentrism.

A monopoly exists when a single firm controls an industry and accounts for all sales in a specific market. is a large-scale business organization that is headquartered in one country but operates in many countries, which has the legal power to enter into contracts, buy and sell property, and engage in other business activity. is a corporation comprised of a small number of companies or suppliers who control an entire industry or service. is not held accountable by the government and regulatory agencies of the country in which it operates.

exists when a single firm controls an industry and accounts for all sales in a specific market.

Semi peripheral nations have been successful in curbing immigration from rural to urban areas. exploit peripheral nations just as the core nations have exploited them. have been exploited by peripheral nations. are more developed than core nations.

exploit peripheral nations just as the core nations have exploited them.

The functionalist perspective would attribute social problems to the unequal distribution of resources in society. a. true b. false

false

To be defined as a social problem, a condition or pattern of behavior must affect all members of a population. a. true b. false

false

What constitutes a social problem remains constant across time. a. true b. false

false

Social analysts exploring opportunities for female actors over forty versus opportunities for male actors over forty are based in what perspective? ageist feminist functionalist symbolic interactionist

feminist

Deborah is studying the effects violent video games have on youth by observing children after they have played video games to see if their behavior is more violent as a result of gaming. Deborah is using which kind of research in her study? a. field research b. survey research c. labeling theory d. subculture of violence hypothesis

field research

Which of the following is the main motivation for media concentration? honesty in news government stability public good financial gain

financial gain

The greatest risk of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs during the first trimester. second trimester. third trimester. fourth trimester.

first trimester.

The 2001 World Trade Center attacks fall under which category of terrorism? foreign-sponsored terrorism on U.S. soil domestic-sponsored terrorism on U.S. soil cyberwarfare and domestic terrorism terrorism abroad that affects U.S. citizens

foreign-sponsored terrorism on U.S. soil

Of the fifty states in the United States of America, how many states have hate crime laws? a. seven b. twenty-three c. forty-three d. fifty

forty-three

By definition, mass murder involves the killing of at least how many people at one time and in one place by the same person? two four six eight

four

Strain theory and control theory are functionalist perspectives. conflict perspectives. feminist perspectives. symbolic interactionist perspectives.

functionalist perspectives.

Which of the following would assert that discriminated-against individuals and groups are at least partly responsible for their own subordination because of decisions they make along the way? conflict theorists functionalist theorists symbolic interactionist theorists liberal theorists

functionalist theorists

Which of the following would view families, schools, and churches as being key institutions that should encourage minority acceptance of dominant U.S. cultural patterns? symbolic interactionist theorists functionalist theorists conflict theorists liberal theorists

functionalist theorists

Which of the following theorists assert that there is not an all-encompassing gender "problem" concerning inequality? feminists symbolic interactionists functionalists conflict theorists

functionalists

Which of the following theorists propose strengthening social institutions to combat gender inequality? feminists linguists functionalists symbolic interactionists

functionalists

A person who is unable to read or write at the skill level necessary for carrying out everyday tasks is said to be learning disabled. a symbolic interactionist. a dysfunctional student. functionally illiterate.

functionally illiterate.

The social basis for dressing baby girls in pink and treating them more gently and cautiously than boys is gendered division of labor. gender segregated work. gender belief system. gender-role approach.

gender belief system.

The liberal feminist framework focuses on women's delinquency and crime as a rational response to gender discrimination. economic inequality. patriarchy. racism.

gender discrimination.

Sociologists refer to the rights, responsibilities, expectations, and relationships of women and men as gender roles. sex roles. the gendered division of labor. the gender belief system.

gender roles.

The working-class male character on a prime-time sitcom is portrayed as rude and uneducated. This is an instance of gender stereotyping. social learning theory. gratification theory. class gratification.

gender stereotyping.

In order to a have negative population growth, a country must have greater numbers of deaths and emigration than births and immigration. fewer deaths and emigration than births and immigration. a high mortality rate. a low fertility rate.

greater numbers of deaths and emigration than births and immigration.

Regarding methamphetamine use, the number of users had decreased. methamphetamines produce a weaker effect on the body than amphetamines do. has no legal prescribed uses. is not linked to depressant abuse.

has no legal prescribed uses.

David was physically attacked by a group of students in his college dorm. The assailants attacked David because they believed he was homosexual. David was a victim of a(n) a. simple assault. b. crime of passion. c. assault with malice. d. hate crime.

hate crime.

Which theory is part of the conflict perspective? overemphasis theory hypodermic needle theory social learning theory hegemony theory

hegemony theory

The idea that a ruling class is using the media to control the working class peoples' thoughts is the use and gratification theory. symbolic interactionist perspective. hegemony theory. functionalist perspective.

hegemony theory.

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, how can teachers help reduce student learning problems? lower their expectations for all students double the amount of funding to public schools eliminate all private and religious schools help students be more self-confident

help students be more self-confident

According to the text, nicotine is more addictive than alcohol. prescription drugs. heroin. marijuana.

heroin.

The most widely abused narcotic is morphine. heroin. nicotine. codeine.

heroin.

One proven result of violence on television is increased violence immediately after the show. high revenue from ad sales. appreciative letters from viewers and fans. children resorting to crime.

high revenue from ad sales.

According to conflict theorists, prostitution highlight the relationship between power in society and sex work. is rooted in deviance, which serves an important function in society. should be studied with microlevel concerns in mind. provides prostitutes with economic freedom.

highlight the relationship between power in society and sex work.

What does the symbolic interactionist perspective focus on? the reasons conflicts end social bias on the microlevel how people act toward one another why the government fails us

how people act toward one another

Sociologists who use a gender-role approach to explain gender inequality focus primarily on how individual psychological development affects the roles people play. how the socialization process contributes to male dominance and female subordination. how large-scale social structures determine the boundaries of men's and women's behavior. how organized religion contributes to gender stereotypes.

how the socialization process contributes to male dominance and female subordination.

What is an example of new technology that has changed the nature of warfare? hyper-intelligent projectiles astronomical missiles U-boat bombs black powder

hyper-intelligent projectiles

The theory that audiences are made of passive individuals who are equally susceptible to the messages of the media is the social learning theory. use and ratification theory. theory of limited effects. hypodermic needle theory.

hypodermic needle theory.

Migration takes two forms. What are they? immigration and emigration mortality and fertility legal and illegal migration net migration and gross migration

immigration and emigration

According to the text, drug abuse is inappropriate, excessive use of a drug resulting in physical, mental, or social impairment. inappropriate, moderate use of a drug resulting in physical, mental, or social impairment. recreational, moderate use of a drug resulting in physical, mental, or social euphoria. recreational, excessive use of a drug resulting in physical, mental, or social euphoria.

inappropriate, excessive use of a drug resulting in physical, mental, or social impairment.

According to symbolic interactionists, the communication problem in medicine might be solved by increasing the number of family practice doctors because they focus on patient care. encouraging medical students to become highly specialized so that they can provide more details for patients regarding their illness and the medical procedures they will experience. viewing health care as a right, and encouraging people to seek alternative medical treatments. considering race, class, and gender.

increasing the number of family practice doctors because they focus on patient care.

According to G. William Domhoff, the ruling class in the United States will be the group most able to control digital democracy in the future. is composed of leaders at the top of business, the executive branch of the government, and the military. influences the political process through campaign donations, PACs, and appointments to powerful governmental committees and presidential commissions. has little control over the global political economy.

influences the political process through campaign donations, PACs, and appointments to powerful governmental committees and presidential commissions.

Which perspective explains that environmental problems are made worse by people's subjective assessment of reality? functionalist conflict interactionist neo-Malthusian

interactionist

Disability is a restricted ability to perform certain activities due to physical limitations or the interplay of limitations, social responses, and environment. is an illness that is long term or lifelong and that develops gradually or is present from birth. is an illness that strikes suddenly and causes dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death. refers only to mental disorders.

is a restricted ability to perform certain activities due to physical limitations or the interplay of limitations, social responses, and environment.

An oligopoly exists when a single firm controls an industry and accounts for all sales in a specific market. is a large-scale business organization that is headquartered in one country but operates in many countries, which has the legal power to enter into contracts, buy and sell property, and engage in other business activity. is a situation in which a small number of companies or suppliers control an entire industry or service. is not held accountable by the government and regulatory agencies of the country in which it operates.

is a situation in which a small number of companies or suppliers control an entire industry or service.

According to the text, the learned helplessness theory is based on the idea that people become depressed when they think they have no control over their lives. is embraced by feminist theorists who believe that women sometimes contribute to their own helplessness. supports research findings that women in high-income, high-status jobs experience lower levels of psychological well-being because of work-related pressures and stress. is embraced by feminist theorists who believe that the powerlessness in women's lives is an objective condition.

is based on the idea that people become depressed when they think they have no control over their lives.

According to the text, identity theft is facilitated through stolen wallets/purses, mail, or computer information. is an occupational crime. occurs because banks do not have adequate security measures to protect credit card users. has decreased.

is facilitated through stolen wallets/purses, mail, or computer information.

Life expectancy is higher in the United States than in Japan. is higher for African Americans than whites in the United States. is higher for women than men in the United States. is higher for poor than rich nations.

is higher for women than men in the United States.

Abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs prevails among the elderly. is perhaps most common among young teens. has not shown any link to suicide risks. typically occurs with sleep aids.

is perhaps most common among young teens.

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, graphic depiction of sexual behavior through pictures and/or words-including by electronic or other data retrieval systems can be considered obscene (and legally pornographic) if it is profitable to many people. it is only available online to Internet users over the age of 18. they show respect for all human beings and are free of sexism, racism, and homophobia. it appeals to lustful desires, depicts offensive and illegal sexual conduct, and lacks value.

it appeals to lustful desires, depicts offensive and illegal sexual conduct, and lacks value.

Marijuana will continue to raise concern, particularly among younger users, because marijuana has been linked to cancer. most marijuana addicts are teenagers. the amount of perceived risk that young people associate with marijuana has risen. it has been considered a "gateway drug."

it has been considered a "gateway drug."

According to urban sociologists, public housing works best when it is situated in less densely populated areas. it is situated in close proximity to a large number of families. it utilizes existing structures. it is located in central urban areas.

it is situated in less densely populated areas.

Some analysts believe that mandatory minimum sentencing has reduced the role of whom? prosecutors judges and juries police and other law enforcement defense attorneys

judges and juries

The global demand for prostitution is greatest when many women are concentrated in one area due to gender segregation. large numbers of men are congregated for extended periods of time or are far from home. unemployment rates affect the poverty line. perceptions of deviant behavior are reinforced.

large numbers of men are congregated for extended periods of time or are far from home.

Functionalists use which of the following terms to refer to unintended consequences of an activity or social process? a. dysfunctions b. latent functions c. manifest functions d. social disorganization

latent functions

Mary tried to achieve upward social mobility to move out of the inner-city projects by graduating high school and trying to get into college. However, when she was not accepted, she was forced to get a low-wage job because she did not have many skills. She realized after holding this job for a period of time that she was not only stuck in a low-wage job but also a dead-end job. This resulted in severe depression because she no longer felt that she had any control over her life. This is an example of an objective condition. learned helplessness. powerlessness. fear of success.

learned helplessness.

According to conflict theorists, elites use a hidden curriculum to help students learn job-related skills. maintain their power in society. teach students to question authority. save money on public education.

maintain their power in society.

Jane is a sociologist who prefers to conduct research that focuses on small groups such as individual families and children living in group home residential facilities. Which type of analysis does Jane prefer? a. quantitative b. qualitative c. microlevel d. macrolevel

microlevel

Self-help groups are an example of which of the following approaches for reducing social problems? microlevel mid-range macrolevel global

mid-range

Studies show that moderate alcohol consumption is linked to cardiovascular problems. affects blood glucose levels and may lead to adult-onset diabetes. might improve body circulation, lower cholesterol levels, and reduce the risk of heart disease. is a precursor to alcohol addiction.

might improve body circulation, lower cholesterol levels, and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Relatively minor crimes that are punishable by a fine or less than a year in jail are known as mens rea. misdemeanors. felonies. assaults.

misdemeanors.

One study cited in the text referred to serial killers who kill to rid the community or the world of "undesirable" people as power/control seekers. missionaries. visionaries. hedonists.

missionaries.

Countries such as Japan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies. capitalist economies. socialist economies. communist economies.

mixed economies.

Sociologist Howard Becker coined which of the following terms to describe people who develop individual views of right and wrong then label others as deviant? a. deviants b. moral entrepreneurs c. moral deviants d. moral relativists

moral entrepreneurs

According to some studies concerning cocaine abuse, most users are in their forties. more females than males abuse cocaine. more males than females abuse cocaine. most crack offenders are white.

more males than females abuse cocaine.

Overcrowded prisons and rates of plea bargaining indicate that more people are committing all kinds of crime. the rates of violent crime are rising. some courts use shaming penalties. most offenders will not serve their entire sentences.

most offenders will not serve their entire sentences.

Juanita is a white female born in Oregon in 2009. What is her life expectancy? less than 50 years 76.1 years 78.2 years nearly 81 years

nearly 81 years

What helped the United States bring down Osama Bin Laden in May 2011? new military technology diplomatic envoys decreased surveillance revised economic systems

new military technology

According to the text, what might efforts to reduce or eliminate social problems give rise to? new problems a content public order and stability government control

new problems

According to sociological approaches to studying deviance, folkways are strongly held norms that have moral and ethical connotations. mores are informal norms of everyday customs that may be violated without consequences. social control refers to the systematic practices that discourage conformity and encourage deviance. not shaking hands when making introductions can be considered a deviant behavior.

not shaking hands when making introductions can be considered a deviant behavior.

Corporate welfare did not happen in the United States until the second decade of the 21^st century. occurs when the government financially helps private corporations. is controlled by interlocking corporate directorates. has decreased over time.

occurs when the government financially helps private corporations.

Which of the following best define manifest functions? open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of activities in an organization or institution compulsory school attendance help for students to establish social networks

open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution

Susan lives in New York City. She eats many of her meals out and relies on public transportation to get to and from work. According to the functionalist perspective, this is an example of organic solidarity. mechanical solidarity. social disorganization. secondary relationships.

organic solidarity.

Drug trafficking, prostitution, and money laundering are typically related to which kind of crime? occupational street organized corporate

organized

Which of the following options describes collective violence? components of social institutions and cultural beliefs and practices that promote development of warriors, weapons, and war as a normal part of the society and its foreign policy organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions organized violence by people seeking to promote their cause or resist social policies or practices that they consider oppressive the use of calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective

organized violence by people seeking to promote their cause or resist social policies or practices that they consider oppressive

Top-tier civil service bureaucrats who have a strong power base and play a major role in developing and implementing government policies and procedures are known as permanent government. special-interest groups. political action committees. the military-industrial complex.

permanent government.

Conflict theorists believe that education challenges existing class relationships. perpetuates inequalities based on race, class, and gender. fails to fulfill its basic latent functions. often becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy for students.

perpetuates inequalities based on race, class, and gender.

A theoretical framework, overall approach, or viewpoint towards some subject is a(n) a. norm b. hypothesis c. perspective d. theory

perspective

Mary works for a temporary employment agency as a clerical assistant. She earns minimum wage and the temporary agency will offer medical benefits when she works full-time for six consecutive months, which is difficult due to the intermittent nature of temporary work. Mary works in a dead-end job. pink-collar occupation. male-dominated position. white-collar occupation.

pink-collar occupation.

According to the text, clerical workers, food service workers, and medical assistants are employed in the public sector. the private sector. white-collar occupations. pink-collar occupations.

pink-collar occupations.

Which form of terrorism is considered a form of unconventional warfare? aviation terrorism political terrorism economic terrorism theoretical terrorism

political terrorism

The biological and social characteristics of a population, including such attributes as age, sex, race and marital status, education, occupation, income and size of household is called what? demography population composition census data population data

population composition

In the elite model power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of people. the masses have the power to overthrow the elites but are lazy and passive. media is a tool of the masses that continually points out the failings of the elites. the system is the problem.

power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of people.

Primary sector production is mainly found in which type of economy? preindustrial industrial post-industrial high-tech

preindustrial

Direct costs associated with mental disorders include lost earnings of individuals. costs associated with homelessness. prices of medications. costs associated with incarceration.

prices of medications.

What does the microlevel solutions approach focus on? primary groups secondary groups tertiary groups collective groups

primary groups

Call girls and call boys are terms referring to sex workers at the lower echelon in prostitution. prostitutes who earn higher fees than others and have more selectivity in their working conditions and customers. sex workers who work night clubs, bars, and strip joints. house girls who work in brothels.

prostitutes who earn higher fees than others and have more selectivity in their working conditions and customers.

Mechanical solidarity refers to social bonds based on shared religious beliefs and simple divisions of labor. is typically a characteristic of densely populated, urban areas. involves an elaborate division of labor based upon capitalistic hierarchies. is a theoretical concept that was derived from Max Weber's work.

refers to social bonds based on shared religious beliefs and simple divisions of labor.

Crude birth rate measures significant variables affecting fertility. refers to the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year. is the number of births that occur in a specific population. is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency.

refers to the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year.

Deinstitutionalization refers to the practice of discharging patients from mental hospitals into the community. has proven to be a solution for the problem of "warehousing" mentally-ill patients. often included committing people to psychiatric hospitals without their consent. has increased the number of mentally ill patients in psychiatric hospitals.

refers to the practice of discharging patients from mental hospitals into the community.

What type of movement seeks to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure? religious revolutionary reform alternative

reform

What are social movements that attempt to bring about change by working within the existing organizational structures of society called? reform movements revolutionary movements religious movements alternative movements

reform movements

Which perspective views pornography as a "threat" to moral social values, especially family values? symbolic interactionist religious conservative anti-porn feminist anti-censorship feminist

religious conservative

Which of the following is a type of political terrorism? repressive terrorism unauthorized terrorism bona fide terrorism espionage terrorism

repressive terrorism

How would you categorize a group such as "Operation Rescue," which works to change legislation on abortion? revolutionary movement resistance movement alternative movement religious movements

resistance movement

In order to conduct a study of population growth among various religious and ethnic groups, Walter collects U.S. Census Bureau data for analysis. Walter is using which of the following for his research? a. primary observational data b. secondary analysis of existing data c. secondary analysis of observational data d. primary field notes

secondary analysis of existing data

Researchers who use data collected by the FBI and published as the UCR (Uniform Crime Report) are using which of the following? a. evolutionary methodology b. field research c. survey research d. secondary analysis of existing data

secondary analysis of existing data

Ponzi schemes are which kind of fraud? mass marketing fraud insurance fraud mortgage fraud securities and commodities fraud

securities and commodities fraud

Rico has been labeled "delinquent" since he was a child; now in high school, he is close to dropping out and has participated in activities that have also been termed as deviant. If Rico is arrested in the future, his situation will fit which of the following terms? a. norm b. situational approach c. subculture of violence d. self-fulfilling prophecy

self-fulfilling prophecy

Wrinkles, gray hair, and other signs of the aging process that occurs in middle age are known as senescence. initial aging. secondary aging. tertiary aging.

senescence.

In Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court ruled that bilingual education must be offered in schools where more than 25 percent of the student body speak a language other than English. affirmative action is necessary to end racial-ethnic segregation in U.S. public schools. separate but equal schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal. school busing to achieve racial-ethnic integration should be abolished because remedial efforts are no longer necessary.

separate but equal schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

Microlevel analysis focuses on a. small group relations and social interaction among individuals. b. individual attitudes and behavior. c. how large scale political decisions affect everyday people. d. how economic systems affect cultures.

small group relations and social interaction among individuals.

Those who assert the importance of diverse perspectives in reducing crime are liberal feminists. radical feminists. social constructionists. social realists.

social constructionists.

According to the functionalist approach, what do dysfunctions create? social movements alternative movements social disorganization government integration

social disorganization

The economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making is known as capitalism. socialism. Marxism. communism.

socialism.

A large number of individuals who share the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations is a(n) a. culture. b. society. c. economic system. d. gender.

society.

In regard to school financing, which of the following pays for the bulk of public education in the United States? the U.S. Congress state and local governments parents and guardians the U.S. Department of Education

state and local governments

Fiscal crises in cities result in part because more middle- and upper-middle class families move into central cities and gentrified properties. states reduce the amount of money they provide for cities. federal programs are created to rebuild decaying infrastructures. federal support is provided for them.

states reduce the amount of money they provide for cities.

When realtors direct people to different neighborhoods on the basis of their race or ethnicity, it is called redlining. steering. directional practices. inclusionary practices.

steering.

Analysts using the social stress framework to examine mental disorders believe that mental disorders cause people to drift downward in class position. mental disorders are present equally in all classes. stresses associated with lower-class life lead to greater mental disorders. racism is a mental disorder.

stresses associated with lower-class life lead to greater mental disorders.

According to the functionalist approach, problems in U.S. health care are caused by the dominant societal perspective that views medicine as a commodity to be bought and sold. social and cultural factors influencing how people define physical illness and mental illness. structural changes in society, such as the development of medical technology, physician overspecialization, increasingly limited health insurance protections, and higher demands for health care by consumers. poor doctor-patient interactions in health care settings.

structural changes in society, such as the development of medical technology, physician overspecialization, increasingly limited health insurance protections, and higher demands for health care by consumers.

The symbolic interactionist perspective examines the relationship between the functions of education and problems in schools. studies classroom dynamics and how practices such as labeling affect students' self-concept and aspirations. focuses on how education perpetuates inequality based on race, sex, and gender. fails to recognize education as an integral part of the socialization process

studies classroom dynamics and how practices such as labeling affect students' self-concept and aspirations.

Loans made available to people who did not have sufficient financial resources to purchase residential property and make monthly payments are called foreclosures. housing appropriations. typical lending. subprime mortgages.

subprime mortgages.

Select the best use of U-2 spy planes in the 21st century. assassinating terrorists delivering supplies to American troops bombing the Soviet Union surveillance in Iran

surveillance in Iran

Which of the following types of research is used most by social scientists? a. field research b. survey research c. secondary analysis of existing data d. labeling theory

survey research

A sociologist who studies why prostitutes or pornographers enter the sex industry is associated with which perspective? conflict symbolic interactionist functionalist religious conservative

symbolic interactionist

Role and exchange theories are based on which perspective? functionalist symbolic interactionist conflict feminist

symbolic interactionist

Sociologists examining problems associated with linguistic sexism are using which perspective? symbolic interactionist conflict functionalist dramaturgical

symbolic interactionist

Which approach to solving violence might include having police officers work with school children to teach them about the importance of abiding by the law? feminist symbolic interactionist conflict functionalist

symbolic interactionist

Differential association theory and labeling theory are feminist theories. functionalist theories. symbolic interactionist theories. conflict theories.

symbolic interactionist theories.

Which of the following purport that prejudice and discrimination are learned and can be unlearned? liberal theorists conflict theorists functionalist theorists symbolic interactionist theorists

symbolic interactionist theorists

Which of the following theorists advocate changing the process of socialization in order to reduce gender inequality? symbolic interactionists feminists conflict theorists functionalists

symbolic interactionists

Which of the following theorists focus on microlevel processes in reducing or eliminating gender inequality? functionalists conflict theorists symbolic interactionists feminists

symbolic interactionists

Which of the following terms refers to the process that is used in capitalizing on a product to make all the profit possible? concentration of revenues synergy corporate cooperation convergence

synergy

Symbolic Interactionist Solutions to violence include which of the following? a. reinforcing the importance of conformity to society's rules and laws b. pushing for major changes in our nation's political and economic institutions c. emphasizing that oppression is a major factor that contributes to social problems d. teaching people of all ages to engage in nonviolent conflict resolution

teaching people of all ages to engage in nonviolent conflict resolution

Which of the following is a manifest function of education? training students for specific jobs in government teaching immigrant families basic life skills transmission of political beliefs teaching students good values

teaching students good values

According to the text, the nature and extent of pornography have changed dramatically in the United States due to changes in laws pertaining to pornography and obscenity. technological innovations such as digital media and the Internet. greater permissiveness on the part of parents regarding what their children watch on television and in films. a decline in morality in this country.

technological innovations such as digital media and the Internet.

Which of the following emerged in the 1950s to threaten newspapers and radio? Internet television shortwave magazines in color

television

Some analysts have suggested that continual depictions of violence tend to desensitize viewers. help viewers decrease fear, frustration, and aggressive behavior. reduce the need for greater security and protection in everyday life. is in high demand because it is human nature to be aggressive and violent.

tend to desensitize viewers.

According to presented research in the text, the increase in media coverage of child pornography cases could be explained by an increase in the number of pedophiles and child pornographers. a decrease in the number of pedophiles and child pornographers due to tougher and more news-worthy laws. a recent trend showing a decrease in the availability of child pornography. the Internet's contribution to a huge increase in the amount and access to child pornography.

the Internet's contribution to a huge increase in the amount and access to child pornography.

Which of the following best describes C. Wright Mills' Sociological Imagination? a. the ability to see the world from one's perspective b. the ability to create one's world through one's imagination c. the ability to connect individual experiences to the larger society d. the ability to disconnect the larger society from one's individual's experience

the ability to connect individual experiences to the larger society

Suburban areas began to grow in earnest in the 1920s due to the automobile. mass transit. the airplane. the horse-drawn carriage.

the automobile.

What brought about rapid urbanization? the Industrial Revolution the birth of the factory system the birth of cities the growth of suburbs and outlying areas

the birth of the factory system

Conflict theorists typically link the media industries with the military-industrial complex. the capitalist economy. global patriarchy. the audience relations approach.

the capitalist economy.

The idea that television shows, videos, motion pictures, and other forms of media offer people a vicarious outlet for their feelings of aggression, and therefore, may reduce the amount of violence engaged in by the media consumer is referred to as the vicarious outlet hypothesis. the cathartic effect hypothesis. the violence reduction hypothesis. the desensitization hypothesis.

the cathartic effect hypothesis.

Sociologist Elijah Anderson wrote about the idea that it is possible for diverse people to get along with one another in settings where racial and ethnic boundaries are de-emphasized. This idea is called the cosmopolitan approach. the urban canopy. the cosmopolitan canopy. the tolerance canopy.

the cosmopolitan canopy.

Which of the following best defines primary sector production? the processing of raw materials into finished products the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment workers providing services rather than goods as their primary source of livelihood work in such areas as transportation, communication, education, real estate, and advertising

the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment

Critics who protest the use of police control and surveillance, especially in minority and low-income areas, oppose the functionalist perspective. the symbolic interactionist perspective. the feminist perspective. the conflict perspective.

the functionalist perspective.

The difference between a candidate's number of votes from women and men is known as the soft money. voter apathy. bureaucracy. the gender gap.

the gender gap.

According to functionalist analysts, one of the primary causes of gender inequality is linguistic sexism. the gendered division of labor in families. the organization of work in the capitalist economy. patriarchy.

the gendered division of labor in families.

Potentation refers to the interaction that takes place when two drugs are mixed together to produce greater effects on the body. the occurrence by which larger doses of a drug are required over time to produce the same physical or psychological effect originally achieved by a smaller dose. a variety of physical and psychological symptoms that habitual drug users experience when they discontinue drug use. a reciprocal relationship between an addict and one or more nonaddicts who unwittingly aid and abet the addict's drug use and resulting behavior.

the interaction that takes place when two drugs are mixed together to produce greater effects on the body.

Which of the following best defines political economy? the social institution through which power is acquired<i> </i>and exercised by certain individuals or groups the social institution that ensures that a society will be maintained through its production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services the interdependent workings and interests of political and economic systems the collection of people and organizations who serve as a watchdog to the American government

the interdependent workings and interests of political and economic systems

Most studies of the relationship between mental illness and immigration status have found that the later the age of immigration, the later the onset of any psychiatric disorders. the earlier the age of immigration, the later the onset of any psychiatric disorders. the later the age of immigration, the earlier the onset of any psychiatric disorders. there is no correlation between the age of immigration and the onset of psychiatric disorders.

the later the age of immigration, the later the onset of any psychiatric disorders.

The theory of limited effects states that the media have a minimal effect on the individual's attitudes and perceptions. we are limited in our knowledge of the effects that the media might have on individuals' attitudes and perceptions. audiences are made up of passive people who are equally susceptible to media messages. people are active audience participants who make conscious decisions about what they watch, listen to, and read.

the media have a minimal effect on the individual's attitudes and perceptions.

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. not an important indication of a society's level of preventive/prenatal care. considerably lower in the U.S. compared to a number of other high-income nations. about the same for African Americans and whites.

the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

In what stage of demographic transition theory does the population grow very slowly, if at all? the transitional stage the postindustrial stage the advanced industrialization and urbanization stage the preindustrial stage

the postindustrial stage

Which of the following best defines secondary sector production? the processing of raw materials into finished products the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment workers providing services rather than goods as their primary source of livelihood work in such areas as transportation, communication, education, real estate, and advertising

the processing of raw materials into finished products

According to the textbook, some social scientists argue that the growth rates of obesity are due to wealth and excess. poverty leading to lack of proper nutrition. the proliferation of processed foods and fast food restaurants. genes.

the proliferation of processed foods and fast food restaurants.

In regard to social class and alcohol consumption, the text notes that few class differences are apparent in the consumption of various alcoholic beverages. the relationship between social class and rates of alcohol abuse is not clear. because of their high-profile lifestyle, affluent people are more visible than lower-income people to the public when they consume too much alcohol. studies have conclusively shown that lower-class people are heavier drinkers than people in the middle and upper classes.

the relationship between social class and rates of alcohol abuse is not clear.

Social scientists refer to prostitution, pornography, the adult-film and adult-video trade, escort services, massage parlors, and strip and table dancing clubs as criminal behavior. immoral behavior. the sex industry. the sex machine.

the sex industry.

Which of the following best defines politics? the social institution through which power is acquired<i> </i>and exercised by certain individuals or groups the social institution that ensures that a society will be maintained through its production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services the independent workings and interests of political and economic systems the collection of people and organizations who serve as a watchdog to the American government

the social institution through which power is acquired<i> </i>and exercised by certain individuals or groups

The functionalist explanation of violence which states that violence is part of the normative expectations governing everyday behavior among young males in the lower classes is called a. the subculture of violence hypothesis. b. the male hypothesis c. the culture of youth hypothesis d. lifestyle-routine activity approach

the subculture of violence hypothesis.

In regard to class and pornography, research has shown that support of pornography may be rooted in class-based elitism. the use of pornography may be related to men's feelings of powerlessness when they have dull, predictable jobs. the pornography industry is an "equal opportunity" employer, and young women of all racial-ethnic groups have about an equal chance of being portrayed in pornography. pornography blurs class distinctions.

the use of pornography may be related to men's feelings of powerlessness when they have dull, predictable jobs.

Women are sometimes referred to as a minority in the United States because they constitute less than 50 percent of the U.S. population. they do not possess as much wealth, prestige, or power as men. they are physically smaller. All of these are accurate.

they do not possess as much wealth, prestige, or power as men.

According to the text, what is one of the intentions of those who wage war? to bring pain, injury, and stress to people or to harm property to bring about economic resolution to encourage justified interpersonal violence to cleanse a nation of its historical memory

to bring pain, injury, and stress to people or to harm property

According to the text, nicotine is widely used because it creates a high level of independence and makes people feel good about themselves. tobacco manufacturers have engaged in highly sophisticated marketing campaigns that downplay the perils of smoking. other drugs are not readily available for most people. it provides widespread benefits for many people with diseases and disabilities.

tobacco manufacturers have engaged in highly sophisticated marketing campaigns that downplay the perils of smoking.

A place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a period of time and come under the complete control of the officials who run the institution is a medical-industrial complex. halfway house. total institution. managed care system.

total institution.

The practice of assigning students to specific courses and educational programs on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or both is known as the hidden curriculum. tracking. meritocracy. functional illiteracy.

tracking.

Concerning how people cope with dying, which approach identified four common phases of grief as resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, and delayed grief or trauma? stage-based approach dying trajectory approach trajectories of grief approach task-based approach

trajectories of grief approach

A large-scale business organization that is headquartered in one country but operates in many countries is known as a mixed economy. transnational. corporate welfare. oligopoly.

transnational.

A subjective awareness that a social problem exists usually emerges before the objective reality of the problem is acknowledged. a. true b. false

true

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cites rather than in rural areas is known as migration. industrialization. urbanization. population densitization.

urbanization.

John is a sociologist who argues that social conditions (real culture) and group values (ideal culture) are incompatible. John is using which theory? a. value conflict b. functionalist c. subculture of violence d. lifestyle-routine activity

value conflict

In research on the depiction of different racial-ethnic groups in pornography, sociologists Alice Mayall and Diana E.H. Russell found that the pornography industry is an "equal opportunity" employer, and young women of all racial-ethnic groups have about an equal chance of being portrayed in pornography. white women are more likely than women of color to be found in materials featuring rape, bondage, and homosexuality. white women are more likely to be used in heterosexual pornography because they fulfill traditional stereotypes equating female beauty with white skin and Caucasian features. women of color are more likely than white women to be featured in erotica.

white women are more likely to be used in heterosexual pornography because they fulfill traditional stereotypes equating female beauty with white skin and Caucasian features.

According to the gendered racism perspective, all workers are exploited equally by capitalists. women of color have been uniquely affected by the interactive effect of racism and sexism. historically, most jobs in the primary sector were held by women of color. gender plays more of a role than race in capitalist exploitation of workers.

women of color have been uniquely affected by the interactive effect of racism and sexism.

The measure of fertility focuses on men and women equally, because both sexes are biologically necessary. the number of live births in a given population. women, because pregnancy and childbirth are more easily quantified than biological fatherhood. men, because men are more important in the reproductive process.

women, because pregnancy and childbirth are more easily quantified than biological fatherhood.

Tertiary sector production is processing of raw materials into finished products. extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment. workers providing services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood. production that occurs in industrial economies.

workers providing services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood.

In the United States, the vast majority of prostitutes are young men who engage in sexual encounters with other men. young women between the ages of 17 and 24. young teenagers between the ages of 12 and 14. women between the ages of 30 and 40 who have at least one child to support.

young women between the ages of 17 and 24.

Which of the following quotes is an example of ethnocentrism? "Blacks are less intelligent than Asians." "I tried Chinese food, but I don't really like it." "I'm most comfortable in my own culture, but I don't have a problem with anyone else's." "A lot of Indians work in engineering or with computers."

"Blacks are less intelligent than Asians."

Which of the following ratios is most accurate in describing the gender imbalance concerning births in China? 120 boys are born for every 100 girls. 106 boys are born for every 100 girls. 80 boys are born for every 100 girls. 66 boys are born for every 100 girls.

120 boys are born for every 100 girls.

How many hours did the average U.S. adult spend reading newspapers in 2009? 1,721 50 716 158

158

The highest rate of serious mental illness among U.S. adults is for persons ages 18-25. 26-39. 40-59. 60-75.

18-25.

Women first voiced their opinions about prostitution in which century? 17th 18th 19th 20th

19th

Although most social scientists use the terms mental illness and mental disorder interchangeably, many medical professionals distinguish between the two. How do medical professionals make this distinction? A mental disorder is a condition that makes it difficult or impossible for a person to cope with everyday life. A mental illness is a condition that makes it difficult or impossible for a person to cope with everyday life. A mental disorder is a condition that requires extensive treatment with medication, psychotherapy, and sometimes hospitalization. Mental illness affects large numbers of people while mental disorders only affect a few people.

A mental disorder is a condition that makes it difficult or impossible for a person to cope with everyday life.

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination? A taxi driver refuses to pick up African American male passengers. A landlord informs a Latino couple that there are no vacancies in her apartment building, but later rents two units to white Americans. A real estate agency has an unwritten policy that its agents are to show African Americans, Latinos/Latinas, and other people of color only those houses that are for sale in predominantly minority neighborhoods, so the agency will not lose repeat business from its affluent white clientele. A college athlete refers to another player by a derogatory name because he or she does not like something the other player did.

A real estate agency has an unwritten policy that its agents are to show African Americans, Latinos/Latinas, and other people of color only those houses that are for sale in predominantly minority neighborhoods, so the agency will not lose repeat business from its affluent white clientele.

How is AIDS transmitted? AIDS is transmitted through routine contact such as handshakes and hugging. AIDS is transmitted primarily through bodily fluids. AIDS is transmitted by sharing eating utensils. AIDS is transmitted by any kind of physical contact with an infected person.

AIDS is transmitted primarily through bodily fluids.

Which of the following statements is true? Chronic diseases are ones that a society has a difficult time eradicating, such as cholera, tetanus, typhoid, and malaria. Acute diseases still common in the United States today include chicken pox and influenza. High-income nations have seen a greater decline in deaths from chronic diseases than from acute diseases. Many acute diseases can be attributed to the manufacturers of illness.

Acute diseases still common in the United States today include chicken pox and influenza.

Which of the following statements best describes the "reverse sexism" that occurs in today's classrooms? Girls' successes in education are coming at the expense of boys' successes. Because teachers have been trained to make up for earlier gender bias, boys may be at a disadvantage in the classroom. Because teachers have been trained to make up for earlier gender bias, girls may be at a disadvantage in the classroom. Boys are more likely to be called on in classrooms, whether they volunteer or not.

Because teachers have been trained to make up for earlier gender bias, boys may be at a disadvantage in the classroom.

The group of massive corporations that control the news and entertainment industry are known as the Terrible Two. Formidable Five. Big Six. Silent Seven.

Big Six.

What does the conflict perspective assume? Conflict is the root of all evil. Conflict always results in death. Conflict is avoidable. Conflict is natural.

Conflict is natural.

According to the text, why are efforts to solve social problems difficult? Very few people are interested in solving social problems. Most problems are impossible to solve. Disagreement exists as to who should address the problem. Too many politicians want to get involved.

Disagreement exists as to who should address the problem.

Why will the use of drones most likely increase in the 21st century? Drones can speak multiple languages. Drones can spy from space. Drones are stealthy. Drones are manufactured in the United States.

Drones are stealthy.

According to the text, what is a major limitation of micro- and midlevel approaches to reducing social problems? Not enough emphasis is placed on the part that individuals must play in solving their own problems. Efforts at this level typically lack the sustained capacity to produce changes at the national or international levels. Overemphasis on the structural barriers in society may make social change seem impossible. Family members become over-involved in fixing one another's social problems.

Efforts at this level typically lack the sustained capacity to produce changes at the national or international levels.

Mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity are concepts introduced by Emile Durkheim. Amos Hawley. Immanuel Wallerstein. Mark Gottdiener.

Emile Durkheim.

A person may sit on the board of directors of two corporations simultaneously, even if the corporations are in direct competition with each other. True False

False

According to research, television shows like Grey's Anatomy have made strides in breaking old stereotypes that portray women as too emotional or sexualized. True False

False

According to the text, government racial and ethnic classifications have been used exclusively for the purpose of gathering data for the U.S. census. True False

False

According to the text, the three major economic systems present in modern societies are capitalism, communism, and mixed economies. True False

False

Acute diseases gradually develop and cause incapacitation and may lead to death. True False

False

Affirmative action encouraged special consideration on the basis of race, sex, and ethnicity, but not religion. True False

False

All nations go through the demographic transition in the exact same manner. True False

False

Convergence is the term used to describe how the media link news content and its visual images to create specific audience perceptions. True False

False

Statistics on rape are the most accurate-more than statistics for many other crimes-because insurance companies require that claimants report the crime to the police. True False

False

Stereotypes are generalizations about groups in society that are based in social facts and scientifically established. True False

False

Supporters of media convergence are very concerned about the problem of synergy. True False

False

Using a symbolic interactionist perspective of prostitution, which of the following assertions can be made? Subjective reality and the roles we play in society do not have any bearing on how we view prostitution. Prostitution provides people with the opportunity to engage in sexual practices that regular sex partners or spouses might view as immoral or distasteful. Prostitution provides a sexual outlet for men who do not have ongoing sexual relationships because they are not married or have heavy work schedules. For some prostitutes, prostitution is a business deal which can be an efficient, nonemotional way to earn money.

For some prostitutes, prostitution is a business deal which can be an efficient, nonemotional way to earn money.

Which of the following statements would a liberal feminist agree with? Patriarchy is the primary source of gender inequality. Gender inequality is rooted in gender-role socialization, which perpetuates women's lack of equal civil rights and educational opportunities. Women of color face inequalities based on the multiplicative effect of race, class, and gender as simultaneous forces of oppression. The media is the driving force behind gender-based stereotypes.

Gender inequality is rooted in gender-role socialization, which perpetuates women's lack of equal civil rights and educational opportunities.

Why is the poverty rate for people 65 and over relatively low? Few elderly are mentally ill. The elderly population is increasing. The elderly population is decreasing. Government programs have reduced poverty.

Government programs have reduced poverty.

Which of the following groups has suffered the most discrimination as a result of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986? Hispanic Americans Asian Americans Native Americans Alaska Natives

Hispanic Americans

Which of the following groups is an example of an ethnic group? Asian Americans Native Americans African Americans Italian Americans

Italian Americans

Which of the following groups suffered internment in U.S. concentration camps during World War II? African Americans Japanese Americans Jewish Americans Hispanic Americans

Japanese Americans

Which of the following statements regarding politics and the economy is true? Because political decisions are typically made on a nation-by-nation basis, many of these decisions do not affect the lives and economic status of people in other nations. Many political decisions affect the lives and economic status of people in other nations. The economy refers to the interdependent workings and interests of political and economic systems. The political economy is the social institution that ensures that a society will be maintained through its production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Many political decisions affect the lives and economic status of people in other nations.

Critics who point out the crimes committed by wealthy most likely oppose which approach? symbolic interactionist functionalist Marxist socialist

Marxist

The Big Three television networks in the 1970s were ABC, Disney, HBO. NBS, BBC, and ABC. Universal, HBO, Disney. NBC, CBS, and ABC.

NBC, CBS, and ABC.

Which of the following statements regarding the federal bureaucracy is true? Elected officials are increasingly making more important decisions about public policy than the workers in the federal bureaucracy. The federal bureaucracy shrank during the Great Depression. The federal bureaucracy employs fewer than 1 million people. Neither Republican nor Democratic administrations have been able to establish control over the federal bureaucracy.

Neither Republican nor Democratic administrations have been able to establish control over the federal bureaucracy.

In the early 1900s, you are a teacher in a classroom that is mostly made up of immigrants. You give a test to students to measure their current skill level. The students with the highest scores are most likely from which country? Italy Poland Russia Norway

Norway

Why won't technology bring about greater equality and freedom for all older people? Technology has not advanced enough to provide more equality and freedom. Not all older people can pay for technological advances. Technology to aid older individuals is not being developed. Most older people living alone do not need home accessibility features provided by technology.

Not all older people can pay for technological advances.

What is an example of something a Marxist would say? Power struggles over resources are a continuous source of conflict. Conflict is not a natural part of the human experience. Gender conflicts are the most emotionally charged. The greatest sources of conflict are within our control.

Power struggles over resources are a continuous source of conflict.

Which of the following statements regarding racially segregated schools is true? Racially segregated schools do not usually have high teacher-student ratios. Segregated schools mirror race- and class-based residential segregation. Efforts to bring about racial desegregation or integration have been extremely fast in this country. More experienced teachers are sent to racially segregated schools where they are needed most.

Segregated schools mirror race- and class-based residential segregation.

Which statement below best describes social problems? a. Social problems remain constant across cultures. b. Social problems are contingent on the culture of the country in question. c. Culture does not play a role in defining social problems. d. Culture plays only a minimal role in defining social problems.

Social problems are contingent on the culture of the country in question.

Which of the following ideas about student performance in the classroom is true? Students labeled "losers" might come to view themselves in a negative way. Standardized tests do not disadvantage racial and language minorities in the U.S. Students are not typically affected by their teachers' expectations of them. Unsubstantiated beliefs of teachers have no bearing on student performance.

Students labeled "losers" might come to view themselves in a negative way.

Which of the following statements best explains why Obama's educational reform ideas were unsuccessful? The American people voted against changing the Bush administration's educational reform act. Obama's plan called for unnecessary testing of students. The American economy failed to provide enough funding for educational reform. Obama's plans failed to address the lowest performing schools.

The American economy failed to provide enough funding for educational reform.

Functionalists, conflict theorists, and symbolic interactionists would all agree that The U.S. population is becoming increasingly diverse at a rapid rate. Only individuals and groups at the grass-roots level, not government and political leaders or academic elites, can bring about greater racial equality. Political intervention is necessary to bring about great change. Programs such as affirmative action or others that are designed to specifically benefit minority-group members are divisive and harmful.

The U.S. population is becoming increasingly diverse at a rapid rate.

What is one of the reasons why it is impossible to determine how many human lives have been lost in wars throughout history? There were no wars before 1800. The definition of what constitutes war is not precise enough. The U.S. does not know how many troops were sent to the Persian Gulf. Military records are notoriously inaccurate.

The definition of what constitutes war is not precise enough.

Which of the following statements regarding environmental degradation is true? Ecosystems have an infinite ability to support population growth or environmental depletion or destruction. Mining does not disturb ecosystems. The drastic increase in air pollution that began in the 20th century has placed an undue burden on the atmosphere's ecosystem services. The United States' high level of industrial production and economic growth causes no effect on the environment.

The drastic increase in air pollution that began in the 20th century has placed an undue burden on the atmosphere's ecosystem services.

According to Sigmund Freud, why does violence occur? Children are separated from their parents at an early age. The id, ego, and superego come into conflict with one another. People are not fully evolved. Men believe that they must compete with their father for their mother's affection.

The id, ego, and superego come into conflict with one another.

Which of the following statements is true of the percentage of the population made up of children under the age of eighteen in the United States? The percentage of the population made up of children under the age of 18 in the U.S. has increased since 1990. The percentage of the population made up of children under the age of 18 hit a new low in the second decade of the 21st century. The percentage of the population made up of children under the age of 18 has remained stable since 1990. The percentage of the population made up of children under the age of 18 has grown faster than the older population is growing.

The percentage of the population made up of children under the age of 18 hit a new low in the second decade of the 21st century.

What would MOST LIKELY happen if terrorists were able to bypass built-in computer safeguards? It would be impossible to catch the terrorists. The terrorists would destroy weapons of mass destruction. The terrorists would bring down a government's information network. It would force the countries involved to engage in chemical warfare.

The terrorists would bring down a government's information network.

According to the critical-conflict perspective, why do social problems arise? Dysfunction lies at the heart of all government interventions. Too many stereotypes exist in today's society. Grassroots organizations tend to cause conflict in the social arena. There are major contradictions in the ways in which societies are organized.

There are major contradictions in the ways in which societies are organized.

What is one of the commonalities between collective violence and war? They are predictable. They are threats to domestic safety. They are signs of patriotism. They are avoidable.

They are threats to domestic safety.

According to Jennifer Turpin and Lester Kurtz, why are many people ambivalent about war? They know war contributes to the economic well-being of their society. They have seen violent movies and enjoyed them. They believe the only way to fight violence is with more violence. They have not evolved beyond the primal confrontations of their pre-human ancestors.

They believe the only way to fight violence is with more violence.

How do globalization theories shape our understanding of social problems at the macrolevel? They eliminate the need for social action groups. They make us aware that social problems transcend national borders. They help us understand why government should not exist. They remind us that social problems are nation-specific.

They make us aware that social problems transcend national borders.

A mixed economy combines elements of both capitalism and socialism. True False

True

The U.S.'s earliest policies to maintain racial and ethnic order and stability were functionalist in nature. True False

True

The average U.S. person spends most of his or her waking hours in some media-related activity. True False

True

The first obstacle in trying to solve social problems is the difference between ideal and practical solutions. True False

True

The four features of ideal capitalism are private ownership of production, pursuit of individual profit, limited government intervention, and competition. True False

True

The likelihood of being covered by health insurance increases with income. True False

True

The self-fulfilling prophecy takes place when unsubstantiated/false beliefs lead to behavior that makes the original beliefs come true. True False

True

Traditionally, pre-marital sex or fornication has been regarded as deviant in the United States. True False

True

Two hundred years ago, nearly everyone in the United States lived in rural areas and worked in agricultural production. True False

True

Women continue to be underrepresented in the field of medicine today. True False

True

Why has the nature of war changed dramatically over the past century? Weapons technology has changed. Peace is no longer a priority. The United States has decreased military spending. New economic systems have made war obsolete.

Weapons technology has changed.

How does race play a part in prescription drug abuse? Whites abuse prescription drugs more than other racial-ethnic groups. African Americans abuse prescription drugs more than other racial-ethnic groups. Hispanics abuse prescription drugs more than other racial-ethnic groups. Race does not play a part in prescription drug abuse.

Whites abuse prescription drugs more than other racial-ethnic groups.

Which of the following is a limitation of the microlevel approach to reducing or eliminating social problems? Large-scale social problems can only be solved one person at a time. When collective solutions are used as the strategies for reducing social problems, secondary groups are not being taken into account. Without the involvement of large-scale organizations, it is virtually impossible to reduce large-scale social problems. Women's needs are not taken into consideration in most microlevel approaches.

Without the involvement of large-scale organizations, it is virtually impossible to reduce large-scale social problems.

Which of the following is a reason that emerging adulthood developed as a life phase? Completing sufficient education is taking less time than ever before. Women feel less pressured to marry. The number of available entry-level jobs is at an all-time high. The drinking age in the U.S. remains at 21.

Women feel less pressured to marry.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effect that the hidden curriculum has on students in the United States? All students are equally affected by the hidden curriculum. Middle- and upper-class students are most adversely affected. Working-class and poverty-level students are most adversely affected. Researchers cannot determine which students are most adversely affected.

Working-class and poverty-level students are most adversely affected.

From the following organizations, select which one is a special-interest group. Library of Congress Alcoholics Anonymous Zero Population Growth United States Government

Zero Population Growth

After chain-smoking for 20 years, Dana was diagnosed with lung cancer. She is suffering from an acute disease. a chronic disease. a congenital disease. a genetic disease.

a chronic disease.

Columnist John Tierney's assessment of Hurricane Katrina and his encouragement for urbanites in cities to protect themselves from fire losses by purchasing insurance is an example of which type of approach? a macrolevel approach a microlevel approach a middle-term approach a long-term approach

a microlevel approach

Which of the following best defines credentialism? a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort a process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic qualifications how certain cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience, are transmitted through implied demands in the everyday rules and of schools a process of receiving proof of one's accomplishments that is not emphasized in American society

a process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic qualifications

According to C. Wright Mills, widespread unemployment resulting from changes in the national economy is a. a personal problem. b. a public issue. c. not a social problem since it will be corrected with the next change in the economy. d. a problem for those who are unemployed but not for other people

a public issue.

Based on the conflict perspective on aging and inequality, we can infer that abolishing the capitalist system would reduce age-based inequalities in the United States. doing away with compulsory retirement would reduce income inequality typically experienced by older people. ending costly government programs such as Social Security and Medicare would benefit not only younger workers but older people as well. there should no longer be required roles for older people in industrialized, urbanized societies, thus providing them with greater opportunities to enjoy retirement.

abolishing the capitalist system would reduce age-based inequalities in the United States.

According to the text, single issue demands are frequently made by special interest groups that focus on which of the following issues? abortion environment fair wages health care

abortion

What percentage of PhDs were earned by Hispanic students in the 2007-2008 school year? under 1 percent about 4 percent about 20 percent more than 50 percent

about 4 percent

Which environmental condition is caused by large concentrations of sulfuric and nitric acids that enter the atmosphere primarily from the burning of fuel and car and truck exhausts? acid rain the greenhouse effect ozone depletion deforestation

acid rain

What is the definition of repressive terrorism? the use of weapons of mass destruction against a particular demographic in order to achieve ethnic cleansing acts of violence against civilians that are carried out by enemies of a government who want to bring about political change acts conducted by a government against its own citizens for the purpose of protecting an existing political order a government that provides financial resources, weapons, and training for terrorists who conduct their activities in other nations

acts conducted by a government against its own citizens for the purpose of protecting an existing political order

According to sociologist Patricia Hill Collins, prostitution provides an economic livelihood for teenage runaways and homeless youths. occurs because middle-age, white, married males seek adventure away from their homes and families. affects African American women because it promotes the widespread image of black women as sexually promiscuous. is seldom engaged in by Latinas due to early gender socialization in the Roman Catholic church and in the family.

affects African American women because it promotes the widespread image of black women as sexually promiscuous.

Sociologists refer to inequalities, differences, segregation, or conflict between age groups as the generation gap. age discrimination. age stratification. the graying of America.

age stratification.

Functionalists believe that education should remain the same over time. allows young people upward social mobility. is one of the least important social institutions. prevents the smooth functioning of society.

allows young people upward social mobility.

New age movements are examples of which type of movement? religious revolutionary reform alternative

alternative

The process whereby the cultural attributes of diverse racial-ethnic groups are blended together to form a new society incorporating the unique contributions of each group is referred to as ethnic pluralism. discrimination. racial socialization. amalgamation.

amalgamation.

Diet pills and pep formulas often contain nicotine. amphetamines. barbiturates. methamphetamines.

amphetamines.

The study of the life course primarily involves an examination of the age-based categories through which people pass as they grow older. the biological, physical, and social aspects of being old. developmental processes in infancy and childhood. how the media portrays the elderly.

an examination of the age-based categories through which people pass as they grow older.

Core nations are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization. include Singapore, Fiji, and the Ivory Coast, as well as most of Africa. typically include few of the largest global cities. are almost always at the pre-industrial stage of development.

are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.

Chronic diseases are illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death. are illnesses that are long term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth. have decreased in the U.S. do not affect life expectancy.

are illnesses that are long term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth.

According to the text, some personal problems a. are viewed as conditions that affect individual members of a population. b. are related to the larger social issues in society. c. rarely harm all of society's members. d. rarely harm all of a culture's members.

are related to the larger social issues in society.

According to the text, cocaine was introduced to the U.S. as an anesthetic and mood enhancer. in two forms: powder and crack. by the Coca-Cola company. as an alternative to coffee.

as an anesthetic and mood enhancer.

Which of the following accounts for nearly 90% of occupational frauds? asset misappropriation financial statement fraud corruption schemes bribery and extortion

asset misappropriation

The concept of life expectancy is based upon a mathematical mode. range. median. average.

average.

Why do many employers advocate contingent employees? because these employers are discriminatory because these employers are functionalists because these employers are concerned about keeping costs low because these employers are sexist

because these employers are concerned about keeping costs low

In most states, the legal age of consent concerning statutory rape laws is between ages 12 and 14. between ages 14 and 16. between ages 16 and 18. 18 and over.

between ages 16 and 18.

All of the following practices have been used by some property owners, real estate agents, and lending institutions to perpetuate housing segregation, EXCEPT steering. blockbusting. redlining. unequal property taxation.

blockbusting.

Professional shoplifters who steal goods to sell to fences or pawnshops are known as kleptomaniacs. snitches. boosters or heels. larcenists.

boosters or heels.

A criminal who enters a home through an open window and steals jewelry, cash, and electronics has committed robbery. burglary. grand theft. aggravated assault.

burglary.

According to the conflict perspective, the problem of violence in societies such as the United States is linked to a. democracy. b. religion. c. capitalism. d. family values.

capitalism.

Judy drinks alcoholic beverages daily. She compulsively hides liquor bottles from her family. She sneaks drinks when she believes no one is watching. Judy seems to have lost control over her drinking behavior. Judy would be considered a heavy drinker. social drinker. chronic alcoholic. acute alcoholic.

chronic alcoholic.

Most deaths of older individuals are from malnutrition. chronic illness or disease. violent crime. AIDS.

chronic illness or disease.

A sociologist attempting to draw a connection between how pornography affects people's views and subsequent actions or activities is examining a(n) cognitive framework. moral framework. example of obscenity. link between hard- and soft-core pornography.

cognitive framework.

Voluntary, often spontaneous, activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values is the definition of which of the following terms? crowds mobs social movements collective behavior

collective behavior

In 2011, the Pentagon announced that which of the following could be considered an act of war? unauthorized spying foreign-sponsored taxation submarine bombings computer sabotage

computer sabotage

The environmental justice framework is a framework of particular concern to analysts using which sociological perspective? functionalist conflict interactionist neo-Malthusian

conflict

The view that age-based inequality is rooted in power differentials is from which perspective? ageist symbolic interactionist functionalist conflict

conflict

When AARP (American Association of Retired Persons) promotes and lobbies for certain legislation that will benefit senior citizens, the organization is participating in solutions for age inequality that are based upon which perspective? feminist symbolic interactionist conflict functionalist

conflict

Which perspective asserts that the most important way to change health care is to have the government provide and regulate it? functionalist conflict feminist symbolic interactionist

conflict

A close friend tells you that he believes that democracy is impossible in our society because the government works only for the wealthy and elite people. Your friend can best be described as a member of the power elite. functionalist. conflict theorist. member of a political party.

conflict theorist.

Adjunct instructors, who do not receive benefits or full-time status at their respective institutions, are examples of pink-collar workers. white-collar workers. blue-collar workers. contingent workers.

contingent workers.

Tameka is a sociologist who explores inequalities derived from the U. S.'s economic system. Tameka's perspective is which of the following? a. value conflict b. critical-conflict c. functionalist d. symbolic interactionist

critical-conflict

Media companies owning more than one type of media property is known as concentration of ownership. cross-media ownership. conglomerate ownership. vertical integrations.

cross-media ownership.

Social assets that children gain from their home life and bring with them to the classroom are natural skills. the hidden curriculum. cultural capital. proof of inequality.

cultural capital.

The "Jim Crow" laws designed to enforce the physical and social separation of African Americans from whites in all areas of public life after 1863 were examples of de jure segregation. de facto segregation. job ceilings. civil disobedience.

de jure segregation.

According to the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), overall rates of crime have increased annually since 2000. increased by more than 75%. decreased by one-half. decreased annually since 1991.

decreased annually since 1991.

Some researchers have found that adolescent drinking is associated with portrayals of teen drinkers on reality shows. deficient grades and emotional upset. poor eating habits. fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

deficient grades and emotional upset.

The idea that some societies move from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development is called advanced industrialization and urbanization. the Neo-Malthusian perspective. the Marxist perspective. demographic transition theory.

demographic transition theory.

David works for the U.S. Census Bureau and studies the composition size and distribution of the population in America. The field of research in which David studies is called desertification. demography. environmental degradation theory. proportional populace.

demography.

The study of the size, composition, and distribution of populations is known as demography. fertility. mortality. migration.

demography.

Erotica is illegal in 36 states. depicts rape. depicts consensual, pleasurable sex acts. depicts consensual, male-dominated sex acts.

depicts consensual, pleasurable sex acts.

In regard to drugs, the text states that food and water are considered to be drugs when they alter the body's functioning in some way. therapeutic use of drugs includes alcohol and tobacco consumption. drug abuse includes both licit and illicit drugs. heroin and cocaine are licit drugs used for recreational purposes.

drug abuse includes both licit and illicit drugs.

Concerning how people cope with dying, which approach identified three common stages of grief: the acute phase, the chronic phase, and the terminal phase? trajectories of grief approach stage-based approach task-based approach dying trajectory approach

dying trajectory approach

From a functionalist perspective, the delay in providing aid to victims of Hurricane Katrina is an example of which of the following terms? dysfunction misinformation ignorance bureaucracy

dysfunction

Teaching school children that their own school and country are the best is an example of racism. institutional discrimination. stereotyping. ethnocentrism.

ethnocentrism.

In films, television programming, and other media forms, racial and ethnic stereotyping exaggerates the physical appearance of subordinate group members. promotes tolerance through comedy. uses terms such as "model minority" to describe achievements of minorities. enhances serious genres of acting.

exaggerates the physical appearance of subordinate group members.

Labeling theory and the social construction of reality are value conflict perspectives. a. true b. false

false

When news stations and newspapers chose to provide exhaustive coverage of the Casey Anthony trial while ignoring other news-worthy events, they were participating in which of the following? a. episodic news framing b. frame amplification c. thematic framing d. media framing

frame amplification

Mass migration from rural to urban areas, large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and twentieth century, and mass suburbanization have been the focus of social scientists using the ________ framework for examining urban problems. interactionist conflict functionalist world system

functionalist

Which of the following approaches argue that problems in politics and the economy can be remedied by repairing the specific elements of the system that are creating the problems? power elite minimalist dialectical functionalist

functionalist

Sociologists refer to the extent to which men and women are concentrated in different occupations and places of work as incomparable worth. gender-biased work. gender-segregated work. gender-integrated work.

gender-segregated work.

The view that males should be more direct and independent than women is a difference based on primary sex characteristics. secondary sex characteristics. biology. gender.

gender.

The process by which people renovate or restore properties in the city is called urban squatting. gentrification. development. renewal.

gentrification.

School voucher systems give students government money to purchase education at the school of their choice. help students excel on state proficiency tests in reading and math. require students to travel outside of their home school district. are considered unconstitutional because parents can give the money to religious schools.

give students government money to purchase education at the school of their choice.

What is the term for organizations started by ordinary people who work in concert to change a perceived wrong in their neighborhood, city, state, or nation? political parties governmental caucuses grassroots groups resistance movements

grassroots groups

According to the text, parents' selection of toys for their children teaches boys and girls the same skills. encourages girls and boys to engage in non-traditional pursuits for children of their sex. assigns more active roles to girls than to boys. helps to develop different types of skills and can encourage children to participate in gender-typed activities.

helps to develop different types of skills and can encourage children to participate in gender-typed activities.

The approach to reducing global food shortages known as the biotechnological revolution includes any technique that uses microorganisms to modify or improve plants or animals. is less controversial because it involves genetic manipulation. may not have the potential to produce enough food to feed the rapidly growing world population. avoids the use of hormones.

includes any technique that uses microorganisms to modify or improve plants or animals.

Prescription drug use increases with advancing age. is most seen in Mexican Americans. is increasingly easy to access because of lowering costs. is decreasing on the whole.

increases with advancing age.

According to Robert Merton, which of the following accept society's goals, but use illegitimate means to achieve them? conformists innovators ritualists rebels

innovators

The most enduring psychological explanations of delinquency and crime seem to be the ones that bridge the biological explanations by linking crime and personality disorders. intelligence. social learning. aggression.

intelligence.

Mortality is the study of the size, composition, and distribution of populations. refers to the number of children born to an individual or a population. is the number of deaths that occur in a specific population. is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency.

is the number of deaths that occur in a specific population.

The study of social problems involving the economy or the government would take place at the: a. mesolevel. b. macrolevel. c. microlevel. d. symbolic level.

macrolevel.

Cost containment in health care is often referred to as socialized medicine. health maintenance organizations. managed care. centralized medicine.

managed care.

DeJuan is a college student who initially used a drug that led to his use of cocaine and methamphetamine. Which drug did DeJuan most likely use initially? depressants hallucinogens marijuana alcohol

marijuana

The most extensively used illicit drug in the United States is marijuana. heroin. cocaine. LSD.

marijuana.

James is age 65 and uses email to communicate with friends and family. He has recently paid a "fee" to win a chance to win an online sweepstakes, but he has yet to see any winnings. James is most likely the victim of money laundering. insurance fraud. mass marketing fraud. securities and commodities fraud.

mass marketing fraud.

Which term means "the tendency of media industries to cluster in groups with the goal of increasing profitability"? media concentration media conversion media convergence media control

media concentration

A ________ is a continuous concentration of two or more cities and their suburbs that have grown until they form an interconnected urban area. megalopolis edge cities megladon expanded suburbs

megalopolis

Sally doesn't like the newspaper or the television news. She likes her local newspaper's website, and that's where she gets all her news. Sally is not getting the most recent news. message pluralism. access to technology. honest media.

message pluralism.

The movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency is known as demography. fertility. mortality. migration.

migration.

Standards of conduct that are culturally established are a. norms. b. values. c. mores. d. anomies.

norms.

According to interactionist perspectives on aging and inequality, older people want to be released from societal expectations and they continue to be productive and competitive. disengagement is functional for society and for older persons. older persons who are active are happier and better adjusted than less active older persons. class constitutes a structural barrier to older people's access to valued resources in society.

older persons who are active are happier and better adjusted than less active older persons.

According to sociologists, a social problem is a social condition or a pattern of behavior that a. individuals typically bring upon themselves; therefore, they must take action to solve their own problem. b. everyone agrees is harmful for all individuals and the society. c. often is of relatively short duration but is problematic for those who are affected by it. d. people believe warrants public concern and collective action to bring about change.

people believe warrants public concern and collective action to bring about change.

In which model of government do political leaders make decisions on behalf of the people? power elite peace state pluralist paternalistic

pluralist

The soft money loophole refers to contributing money to a specific cause instead of to a political party. political party instead of to a specific candidate. party honoring a candidate rather than directly to the candidate's campaign. political group that vows to fight corruption rather than a candidate's campaign.

political party instead of to a specific candidate.

What did Karl Marx and Frederick Engels blame for problems with the food supply? global population overconsumption poverty fertility

poverty

Conflict theorists using a liberal feminist framework believe the only way to eliminate prostitution is to reduce disparities in income levels between women and men and eliminate poverty. prostitution is a victimless crime. criminalizing prostitution uniquely affects poor women, especially poor women of color who are overrepresented among street prostitutes. the underlying cause of all males in seeking prostitutes is misogyny.

prostitution is a victimless crime.

According to the critical-conflict approach, what would solutions to social problems require? radical changes in society new government policies increased sense of patriotism elimination of grassroots groups

radical changes in society

Zero population growth refers to a situation in which there is a balance among births, deaths, and migration, resulting in a totally stable population from year to year. has been achieved in the United States since 1930. is threatened by birth control and trends toward later marriage. is the case in most African nations.

refers to a situation in which there is a balance among births, deaths, and migration, resulting in a totally stable population from year to year.

Concerning prostitution, ancient Greeks often sentenced prostitutes to death. refused to bestow the status of wife upon prostitutes. publicly denigrated upper-class prostitutes. shunned all prostitutes.

refused to bestow the status of wife upon prostitutes.

What type of movement seeks to renovate or renew people through inner change? reform revolutionary alternative religious

religious

The dramatic increase in agricultural production made possible by high-yield "miracle" crops is known as the green revolution. the biotechnical revolution. Malthusianism. self-sufficiency.

the green revolution.

According to the text, the primary factor that changed city life forever was high rates of crime. the shifting racial-ethnic composition of central cities. the growth of suburbs and outlying areas. decreasing reliance on agricultural production for the food supply.

the growth of suburbs and outlying areas.

Which of the following best defines economy? the social institution through which power is acquired<i> </i>and exercised by certain individuals or groups the social institution that ensures that a society will be maintained through its production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services the independent workings and interests of political and economic systems the collection of people and organizations who serve as a watchdog to the American government

the independent workings and interests of political and economic systems

Some functionalist perspectives on environmental problems focus on the neo-Malthusian approach to controlling population. ecofeminism. environmental racism. an anthropocentric worldview.

the neo-Malthusian approach to controlling population.

Burglary is defined as the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. the theft or attempted theft of farm equipment, airplanes, motorboats, jet skis, and other construction or recreational vehicles.

the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft.

The definition of murder includes killing in self-defense. killing in wartime. the unlawful, intentional killing of one person by another. the unlawful, unintentional killing of one person by another.

the unlawful, intentional killing of one person by another.

In regard to urban problems, conflict analysts believe that cities grow by chance and cannot be explained by any rational accounts. the middle class abandoned urban areas to poor people because they did not want to live near them. the upper classes have maintained class and racial segregation through political control and legal strategies. the poor eventually catch up to the rich when they live in big cities.

the upper classes have maintained class and racial segregation through political control and legal strategies.

What is the definition of terrorism? the use of calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective acts of violence against civilians that are carried out by enemies of a government who want to bring about political change an act conducted by a government against its own citizens for the purpose of protecting an existing political order a government that provides financial resources, weapons, and training for terrorists who conduct their activities in other nations

the use of calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective

What do value conflict approaches focus on? the values held by members of divergent groups the values held by members of Congress the values that help to avoid conflict the values that lead to reform

the values held by members of divergent groups

According to Friedman and Friedman, what does the use of strategically significant weapons determine? the cost of war the number of soldiers killed the winners and losers the chemical output

the winners and losers

A person who carefully evaluates information from the media and disregards bad information is demonstrating the social learning theory. false approach theory. theory of limited effects. hypodermic needle theory.

theory of limited effects.

According to critical-conflict theorists, social problems occur when a. there are discrepancies between the ideal and real culture in society. b. there are major contradictions inherent in how a society is organized. c. there is a high level of social disorganization. d. there are too few people following the rules of society.

there are major contradictions inherent in how a society is organized.

In regard to problems associated with age-based stereotypes, stereotypes apply only to the elderly. stereotypes overplay positive traits of the elderly. there are more stereotypes about physical and mental abilities of the elderly than other age categories. stereotypes avoid derogatory remarks about people's age, race, gender, or sexual orientation because everyone has a constitutional right to freedom of speech.

there are more stereotypes about physical and mental abilities of the elderly than other age categories.

According to C. Wright Mills, in order to understand a phenomenon in question in its entirety, it is important to bridge the micro-macro aspects of society. a. true b. false

true

According to sociologists, the definition of violence includes pain or injury to other people or damage of property. a. true b. false

true

It is logical to conclude that one has to be in a position of power in order to discriminate. a. true b. false

true

The type of research method used depends on the nature of the study in question. a. true b. false

true

The perpetuation of gender stereotyping in the media has been attributed to the desire of television writers and advertisers to show women in a greater diversity of roles. underrepresentation of women in influential positions such as producers and directors. bias of younger women in the media against older women actors. strict government regulation of the television industry.

underrepresentation of women in influential positions such as producers and directors.

In regard to violent TV shows, recent studies have found that violence on television has continued to decrease as audiences have demanded a reduction in depictions of aggressive and/or violent behavior. violent television shows constitute more than half of all television programming. there is a definitive answer to the question of what effect the depiction of violence has on audiences. children do not pay much attention to violence when it is shown on various adult television shows.

violent television shows constitute more than half of all television programming.

Mary works as a civil engineer with a team of equally qualified male engineers. Mary learns that she, along with the other female engineers, earns about 15% less than their male team members. This example best illustrates the the glass ceiling. the glass escalator. wage gap. the double shift.

wage gap.

Early Christian leaders such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas believed that prostitution was evil but served a basic social need. was good. was an unforgiveable sin. only affected women.

was evil but served a basic social need.

According to the text, official racial and ethnic categories were used in the past to rationalize the enslavement of Africans. were based primarily on social traits. are government definitions based on languages spoken. are based strictly on skin color.

were used in the past to rationalize the enslavement of Africans.

According to a functionalist perspective, when do social problems arise? when protests occur when social institutions do not fulfill the functions they are supposed to perform when the elite impose their power over the masses when individuals try to solve their own problems

when social institutions do not fulfill the functions they are supposed to perform

According to life expectancy rates, which group has the longest life expectancy? black males white males black females white females

white females

Racism in the United States is sometimes referred to as white racism. white death. black racism. black death.

white racism

According to functionalists, prostitution will always exist because it serves important functions in society. is perpetuated by labels ascribing deviance. does not benefit the economy. seeks to destroy the institution of the family.

will always exist because it serves important functions in society.

According to the World Health Organization, which of the following populations are most likely to experience malnutrition? elderly adults adult males women and young children infants under the age of two

women and young children