Social Psych Exam 1 Ch 3
When we see our behaviors as intentional and admirable we attribute this to our own good reasons, not to the _______.
situation
Aaron's parents are going through a divorce, and his grades are going down. This is due to the physical and social circumstances in his life, a ______ attribution.
situational
People believe that vivid events, such as shark attacks, are more common than events that are harder to picture, even when this is statistically incorrect. This tendency is an example of ______.
the availability heuristic
David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking.
automatic, impulsive
The purpose of studying attribution errors is to reveal _____. (Select all that apply.)
cultural differences in how people explain behaviors; how we make judgments about ourselves and others
_____ intuition appears in how we take in, store, and retrieve social information.
illusory
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking?
impulsive
A reason social psychologists study attribution errors is to make us more ______. (Select all that apply.)
in touch with reality humane rational
When Jason is seen yelling at Joan, people think Jason is an angry person. This is not necessarily true, but it happens with a phenomenon called spontaneous trait ______.
inference
Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as _____ judgment.
intuitive
Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as ________ judgment.
intuitive
Heuristics can be defined as ______ shortcuts.
mental
______ is ascribing a behavior to the wrong source.
misattribution
The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the ______ phenomenon.
overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the ________ phenomenon.
overconfidence
Barb was home alone watching a scary movie. Barb had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. Barb was affected through _
priming
Kiley is attending college to be a nurse. As she learns of high blood pressure she starts to worry about the headache she has experienced. This can happen due to ______.
priming
Jake's teacher kept telling him he could get an A in the class. His teacher helped Jake believe in himself and he did get the grade. Jake accomplished his ______-fulfilling prophecy.
self
Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions?
Distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions
Which of the following methods can help remedy overconfidence? (Select all that apply - at least two answers are correct)
Get prompt feedback, Consider disconfirming information.
______ thinking is the term for perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and construed beliefs that change to fit our current beliefs or behaviors
Illusory
To avoid the camera perspective bias, upon whom or what should a confession videotape be focused?
It should focus equally on the suspect and the law enforcement officer.
In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant _____.
acting in a hostile, aggressive manner
The theory of how people explain another's behavior by assuming it was caused by either internal or external reasons is identified as ______.
attribution
Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will ______.
call on them more often for answers set higher standards for them look and smile at them more
Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias.
confirmation
We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it.
construe
Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking.
counterfactual
Our social judgments are affected by our _____ physical sensations thanks to our cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.
embodied
_________ explains how our physical sensations can prime our social judgments
embodied cognitions
Eyewitness testimony is based on the concept that our construction of memory is ______.
exact
On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n) _____.
false impression
Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the ______ attribution error.
fundamental
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _______
heuristic
When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person he or she imagines us to be. This is called
idealization
Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of ______.
illusion of control
Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking.
illusory
Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds _______
overconfidence
Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect.
misinformation
When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is
near
According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to _______ their abilities.
overestimating
Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? (Select all that apply)
police officer, firefighter
Activating particular associations in memory is ______.
priming
Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own _____.
reality
Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes.
reconstructing
Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks fell in value, and his golf score hit a low. However, Miguel is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). Miguel is counting on which idea to improve his situation?
regression toward the average
John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic.
representativeness
The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of _____ heuristics.
representativeness
Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less ______.
socially
_____ trait inference is an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.
spontaneous
A teacher divides her class into groups of four students and randomly chooses one of them to write review questions for an upcoming exam. The student who writes the questions then quizzes the other three students in each group. Afterward, everyone in class agrees that the students who wrote the questions are the smartest. This error in logic is a result of not taking the situation into account, otherwise known as
the fundamental attribution error
Anthony Greenwald describes our tendency to revise the past to suit our present views as having _____ egos
totalitarian
