social psych final #2

Tariq doesn't want his kids to give in to peer pressure to smoke. According to the inoculation hypothesis, one way he could build up their resistance to potential peer pressure is to

present them with weak arguments for smoking so that they can generate counterarguments.

All of the following can help to explain why the door-in-the-face technique can increase compliance except

psychological commitment.

A negative reaction to the feeling that one's freedom is being threatened is called

psychological reactance.

Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____.

public conformity; private conformity

The "Lipton Ice" and dextrose pill research demonstrated that subliminal messages are most effective when participants

really needed the item being advertised.

The idea that people are more likely to be influenced by messages that match their frame of mind is known as

regulatory fit.

The study by Strachan and others (2002) found that subliminal cues regarding thirst influenced how much Kool-Aid participants drank only when

the participants were thirsty and water had been withheld.

Resistance to the requests of others can be encouraged by all of the following except

following the norm of reciprocity.

The original Milgram obedience study

has been followed up by a number of additional studies that have varied specific aspects of the research situation.

Markesan had made a chastity vow along with a lot of other girls in her church youth group. Her senior year, she and her boyfriend begin having sex, and Markesan becomes pregnant. Markesan doesn't really regret having sex with her boyfriend, but she is embarrassed that her friends will see her as a hypocrite. Markesan's experience fits best with which theory?

impression management theory

As compared to conformity, compliance occurs

in response to a direct request.

With respect to the impact of group size on conformity, Asch found

negligible increases in conformity after three or four confederates.

Informational influence occurs primarily because people

believe that others are correct in their judgments, especially when they agree.

Which is not one of the four steps in the dissonance process?

elaboration

In a study about political attitudes and opinions during the 2004 presidential election, researchers used brain imaging to examine what happened in the brain when participants listened to positive or negative statements about the candidate of their choice. They found that most affected were those areas of the brain associated with which of the following?

emotion

A political candidate is often eager to win the endorsement of celebrities who are popular with hordes of people. The candidate hopes that the association of his or her campaign with a popular figure will result in the masses feeling more favorable toward his or her candidacy due to

evaluative conditioning.

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues' (2005) post-decision dissonance experiment found that Japanese participants

felt dissonance when making a decision for a friend rather than themselves.

Who of the following is most likely to obey in Milgram's study?

a woman participating at Yale University with an experimenter in a lab coat

An attitude that is brought to mind quickly and easily is said to be

accessible.

Asch (1956) found that the size of a group of individuals is related to the likelihood that any one of them will demonstrate conformity to the group. The optimal number of in group members, above which conformity did not significantly increase, was

3 or 4

What percentage of the participants in Milgram's study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience to the experimenter?

65%

Mary has just heard five friends say that Massachusetts is the largest state in New England, when she knows it is Maine. Rob, the next friend in line, says that New Hampshire is the largest state in New England. In this situation, Mary is now less likely to conform with the first five friends than if Rob had said that

Massachusetts is the largest state.

Marcia has two boyfriends, Davie and Mickey, both of whom she likes very much. She has decided that dating both of them is making her life too complicated and, after careful deliberation, has decided to stop seeing Davie and continue dating only Mickey. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following should happen next?

Mickey will seem more attractive than ever, convincing Marcia that she made the right choice.

The key difference between Gammon and others' (1982) obedience studies and Milgram's studies from the 1960s was that

Milgram's participants were alone but Gammon's were in a group.

Brady and Quinn are trying to develop an ad campaign in which a key element is the trustworthiness of the message's communicator. Toward this end, they may wish to utilize

Oh melody marchant no one knows the answer to this one but i think you are very nice.

According to research by Emily Prunin and others (2007), which statement explains why people perceive others to be more conforming than they, themselves, are?

People tend to judge others by their overt behavior while judging themselves by focusing inward.

Tristan had to choose between two potential mates, Charlie and Ryan, on the final episode of the original The Bachelorette. In the end, she chose Ryan. Several weeks later, a reporter interviewed Tristan about her feelings toward the two men. How will she mostly likely express her feelings at the time of the interview if she is trying to avoid post-decision dissonance?

Tristan suggests that she was impressed by his career ambitions at first, but has come to realize that Charlie's busy work schedule would have been an obstacle to a successful relationship.

Shawna wants to join a sorority. This sorority has recently decided to put incoming members through various forms of initiation. Based on the findings of Aronson and Mills (1959), which type of initiations is most likely to lead Shawna to identify strongly with the sorority and to value her membership in the group in the effort to avoid cognitive dissonance?

a severely unpleasant initiation

For which type of attitude would an implicit attitude measure be more predictive than an explicit attitude measure?

an attitude toward committing suicide

According to your text, studies examining imitation have found that it is seen in all but which species of animal?

camels

Cross-cultural research indicates that cognitive dissonance

can be seen across cultures, but emerges in different situations in different cultures.

Marge believes rather strongly that more money should be devoted to environmental concerns. However, she is agitated because she just signed a petition for a friend advocating the logging of a local forest in order to create new jobs. She then seems to soften her stance about the environment. This is best explained by

cognitive dissonance theory.

One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to

convince respondents that any deception can be detected.

When she is asked what she should do when a friend does a favor for her, Marnie says, "I usually don't let anyone do favors for me. I don't like the idea that I would owe them something." Marine would describe people who do favors for her as

creditors.

Research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that

disobedience to authority is much more likely in the presence of other allies who will also disobey.

​According to social impact theory, resistance to social pressure is most likely to occur when social impact is

divided among many strong and distant targets.

Stanley's stock broker calls him and says, "I have a great stock buying opportunity for you, but I need to know right away if you want to make the purchase." Stanley refuses to act so quickly, and says, "sorry but I really need to take time to think about this and decide if it is right for me. I'll get back to you." Stanley is going to use ____ as he decides if he should follow his broker's advice.

elaboration

Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the ____ but not the ____ of the attitude.

intensity; direction

According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that a person's behavior might not be consistent with that person's attitudes is that the behavior

is determined by norms that are counter to the person's attitudes.

Research by Aronson and Carl smith (1963) shows that severe punishment

is less likely than mild punishment to inspire cognitive dissonance.

The fact that the presence of an ally, regardless of her competence, reduces conformity indicates that

it is exceedingly difficult to hold out against the pressure to conform without at least one supporter in the group.

Which source characteristic best explains why a company might recruit a supermodel to endorse its products?

likeability

Research on obedience suggests that participation in the Holocaust was

likely driven by situational factors that would influence anyone similarly.

Coalmine et al. (1991) observed participants in a clean or cluttered parking garage and found that participants were most likely to litter when they observed a confederate

litter in the cluttered garage.

Clara calls potential research participants and asks if they would be willing to give blood. Once they have agreed to donate blood, she informs them that their donation is scheduled at 7:00 in the morning on a Saturday. Though most participants are not happy to hear this information, almost all of them do show up for the blood donation appointment. Clara has taken advantage of

lowballing.

People who want to hold correct attitudes will often engage in central route processing. Doing so means that they

may fall prey to overcorrection.

In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walks by. The restaurant employees are hoping to take advantage of the

norm of reciprocity.

Those participants in Milgram's study who went to the very end of the shock meter were

not found to be substantially different than those who refused to do so.

According to a 2014 Gallup poll, ____ were rated as being the most honest and having the highest ethical standards.

nurses

Lily is interested in conducting an experiment to demonstrate that there are some situations in which men are more likely to conform than women. Which strategy should Lily adopt in designing her study?

oh melody marchant the answer to this question does not exist

Sheriff's (1936) research using the auto kinetic effect demonstrated that

people often look to others as a source of information.

Steele's research on self-affirmation and cognitive dissonance indicates that when self-affirmations fail, dissonance

returns.

After giving the matter a great deal of thought, Iris declared chemistry rather than physics as her major. Having made this decision, she went out and had a good time with her classmates, who reminded her what a great friend she was. At that point, Iris was able to look at her choice and see both its pros and cons without glamorizing it. Her behavior can best be explained by the concept of

self-affirmation.

Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that

she doesn't believe that she can control her smoking behavior.

According to Moscovici, majorities derive their power to influence others by virtue of their ____, whereas nonconformists derive their power to influence others from their ____.

sheer number; style of behavior

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called

social influence.

After narrowing their choices to a Toyota and a Honda, Tammy Faye and James have decided to buy a Toyota. It is likely that after making this decision, Tammy Faye and James will

soon begin to question whether they should have bought the Honda instead of the Toyota.

Jamie wants an extra day to write a paper for class. Jamie first asks the professor for a one-week extension for the paper assignment. The professor refuses. Jamie then asks for a one-day extension. The professor agrees. Jamie's behavior best illustrates

the door-in-the-face technique.

Research demonstrates that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument tends to increase later resistance to that argument. This is consistent with

the inoculation hypothesis.

In trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, public opinion pollsters have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below except

the length of the questionnaire

The idea that minority influence works in the same way that majority influence is most consistent with

the single-process approach.

When trying to close a car sale, Jerry often tries to sweeten the deal by telling the customer that he will throw in six free oil changes as well. This sales technique is best described as

the that's-not-all technique.

Which theory suggests that intentions to perform a behavior are best predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control?

theory of planned behavior

We can conclude that participants in Sheriff's study exhibited private conformity rather than public conformity because

they continued to use their group estimates when retested alone one year later.

The most common approach to persuasion is

through communication from others.

Research indicates that subliminal influence

usually occurs in the short term for simple judgments and actions.

Meeus and Raajmakers' (1995) study of obedience

was analogous, but not identical, to Milgram's paradigm.

Frank gets a bit anxious in social situations and tends to scratch his nose when he speaks. Toward which individual is he most likely to feel positively?

​Felicia, who mimics Frank's behavior and scratches her nose while they speak

According to the research of Neumann and Strack (2000), participants would report that they expected a more positive mood state when they listened to a speaker who

​spoke in a happy voice

Which of the following was the central focus of Muzzier Sheriff's (1936) study on conformity?

​the auto kinetic effect