Social Psych Final Chap. 9
113. Which researcher conducted the first large-scale survey of sexual practices in the United States? a. Alfred Kinsey b. Sandra Murray c. David Buss d. Saul Kassan
a. Alfred Kinsey
63. Consider Buss's (1989) study in which he examined what people from 37 different cultures around the world prefer in a romantic partner. Which statement about the results of this study is accurate? a. In most countries, men rated physical attractiveness to be more important than women did, while women rated good financial prospects as more important than men did. b. Before the age of 30, men tended to report having more sexual partners than did women, but that difference disappeared among older participants. c. Women rated kindness, dependability, and sense of humor as more important than men did. d. The type of culture - individualist or collectivist - in which people lived impacted their ratings of what made a potential partner attractive.
a. In most countries, men rated physical attractiveness to be more important than women did, while women rated good financial prospects as more important than men did.
90. Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on attachment style? a. People's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have. b. Attachment styles are relatively fixed throughout the life course. c. The distribution of attachment styles varies depending on geographical location. d. People classified as securely attached often have lower comparison levels.
a. People's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have.
46. Which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive? a. While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work. b. While attractiveness often brings heightened self-esteem to attractive individuals, it can lead them to doubt others' praise of their attractiveness. c. While attractiveness often brings greater popularity to attractive individuals, it can increase mental health difficulties. d. While attractiveness often brings lifetime happiness to attractive individuals, it can put pressure on them to maintain their appearance.
a. While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work.
55. Pina and colleagues (2006) refer to "I-sharing" as an important form of similarity whereby individuals share a. a subjective experience. b. a level of physical attractiveness. c. political ideologies. d. technological expertise.
a. a subjective experience.
94. Lucinda is a very giving woman. In her relationship with her girlfriend, she tends to sacrifice her own needs and desires, giving altruistically so that her girlfriend will be happy. What kind of love would Lee (1988) classify this as? a. agape b. lupus c. storage d. mania
a. agape
29. According to Reis and colleagues (2011), familiarity breeds a. attraction. b. contempt. c. dislike. d. boredom.
a. attraction.
34. The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that a. beauty is objective. b. beauty is subjective. c. familiarity increases physical attractiveness. d. physical attractiveness increases familiarity.
a. beauty is objective.
83. Which is most dissatisfying in a relationship? a. being underbenefited b. being overbenefited c. being underbenefited or overbenefited d. investing in a relationship and getting a comparable reward
a. being underbenefited
10. Rifé (1984) argued that stress increases the desire to affiliate only when a. being with others has the potential to reduce the negative impact of the situation. b. the stress is embarrassing in nature. c. in collectivist cultures. d. with people who are experiencing the same type of stressful situation, but not with people who have successfully overcome the same stressful situation.
a. being with others has the potential to reduce the negative impact of the situation.
64. When a man spends money on expensive cars, fancy restaurant dinners, and stylish clothes, it may be an evolved sexually selected mating signal known as a. conspicuous consumption. b. excitation transfer. c. complementarily hypothesis. d. reciprocity.
a. conspicuous consumption.
57. According to research by Aronson and Linder (1965), which pattern of comments about us would lead us to like the speaker the most? a. critical comments followed by flattering comments b. critical comments followed by more critical comments c. flattering comments followed by more flattering comments d. flattering comments followed by critical comments
a. critical comments followed by flattering comments
52. Rosenbaum (1986) argues that social psychologists overestimate the role of attitudinal similarity in attraction, and suggests that it is not that similarity creates attraction but that a. dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion. b. opposites attract. c. similarity in physical appearance is the only form of similarity that affects attraction. d. the evidence for the role of complementarily processes is much stronger.
a. dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion.
81. Jon feels like he isn't a good enough husband to his wife, Kate. According to the trust-insurance system, he is likely to a. go out of his way to benefit her through restorative actions. b. withdraw emotionally from the relationship, thereby contributing to a downward cycle. c. become more jealous of her than he was previously. d. feel under benefited in the relationship.
a. go out of his way to benefit her through restorative actions.
109. Research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important a. in the early stages of a relationship. b. when interacting with a man. c. among couples sharing companionate love. d. in opposite-sex interactions.
a. in the early stages of a relationship.
97. According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the basic components of love are a. intimacy, passion, and commitment. b. rewards, costs, and investments. c. romance, companionship, and reciprocity. d. lupus, eras, and storage.
a. intimacy, passion, and commitment.
98. In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ____ is the emotional component and ____ is the cognitive component. a. intimacy; commitment b. passion; intimacy c. commitment; intimacy d. passion; commitment
a. intimacy; commitment
16. A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations is called a. loneliness. b. rejection. c. jealously. d. empty love.
a. loneliness.
77. Although she cheats on him, Abdul stays with his girlfriend because he doesn't think he would be able to find anyone better. Abdul has a(n) a. low comparison level for alternatives. b. high comparison level for alternatives. c. secure attachment style. d. avoidant attachment style.
a. low comparison level for alternatives.
73. According to social exchange theory, an individual's primary motive in establishing and maintaining relationships is a. maximizing profits and minimizing costs. b. achieving an equitable balance of inputs and outputs. c. maintaining reciprocal levels of self-disclosure. d. the reproductive fitness of a potential partner.
a. maximizing profits and minimizing costs.
68. An argument against the evolutionary approach to mate selection from Buss's original cross-cultural study was that a. men and women actually are quite similar in the characteristics they desire in a mate. b. the study only examined Western cultures. c. the study only examined Eastern cultures. d. men's concern over sexual infidelity actually reflects fear of an emotional loss of intimacy.
a. men and women actually are quite similar in the characteristics they desire in a mate.
91. In Powers and colleagues (2006) research, boyfriends and girlfriends who were insecurely attached had ____ physiological stress responses when engaged in a ____ task. a. more; conflict b. less; conflict c. more; cooperative d. less; cooperative
a. more; conflict
1. Baumeister and Leary (1996) suggest that humans have a fundamental drive to have at least a minimum number of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships with others. They refer to this as the a. need to belong. b. need for affiliation. c. "sociostat." d. need to love.
a. need to belong.
32. The idea that some faces are inherently more attractive than others is supported by research demonstrating that a. people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces. b. standards of beauty change over time. c. people from different cultures enhance their appearance in different ways. d. people we like seem more attractive to us.
a. people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces.
54. Walter et al. (1966) randomly matched students for a dance. At the end of the evening, students indicated how satisfied they were with their dates. The strongest predictor of satisfaction was a. physical attractiveness. b. attitudinal similarity. c. proximity of dorm rooms. d. complementary personalities.
a. physical attractiveness.
24. Proximity refers to a. physical nearness. b. physical similarity. c. attitudinal similarity. d. physical attractiveness.
a. physical nearness.
107. The idea that relationships progress from superficial exchanges to relatively deeper ones is known as a. social penetration theory. b. social exchange theory. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the matching hypothesis.
a. social penetration theory.
69. Joshua is attracted to Daniel because of his warm eyes and great smile. Daniel is attracted to Joshua because of his muscular body. Joshua and Daniel are in Burstein's ____ stage. a. stimulus b. value c. role d. norm
a. stimulus
25. Fastinger and colleagues (1950) research in married college student housing found that a. students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away. b. married college students were not as affected by proximity effects in forming friendships as were single college students. c. mere exposure had a greater effect on platonic friendships versus romantic relationships. d. students who went away to college were unlikely to maintain hometown friendships for more than a few weeks.
a. students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away.
11. Though they had all been together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence. This behavior is best explained by the a. tendency for external threat to increase affiliation. b. matching hypothesis. c. proximity effect. d. evolutionary perspective on the sociostat.
a. tendency for external threat to increase affiliation.
65. According to research by Ackerman and others (2011), the person most likely to say "I love you" first in a heterosexual relationship is a. the man. b. the woman. c. unpredictable; about half the time, it is the man and the other half the woman. d. the older person.
a. the man.
47. Traci is used to people telling her how attractive she is. Research suggests that if she receives positive feedback on a paper she writes for class, she will be most likely to believe that the feedback is genuine and feel good about it if a. the person who graded the paper has never seen her before. b. she has considered herself to be fairly unattractive when she was much younger. c. it is given to her in person. d. her friends do not get good grades on the same assignment.
a. the person who graded the paper has never seen her before.
62. According to the evolutionary perspective, women prefer a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success. b. physically attractive men because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men. c. wealthy men because wealth gives them the freedom to pursue the lifestyle they have been socialized to desire. d. men who play hard to get because such men bring about psychological reactance, which can lead to the misattribution of arousal.
a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success.
13. When Kulak and others (1994) gave people who were about to soak their hand in ice water a choice about who to wait with prior to the painful task, they found that the participants preferred to wait a. with someone who had already done the task. b. with someone who was about to complete the task. c. with someone who did not have to do the task. d. alone.
a. with someone who had already done the task.
118. Researchers use the phrase erotic plasticity to suggest that a. women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men. b. men are turned on by a wider range of stimuli than women. c. men are more likely to have multiple sexual partners than women. d. women are more accepting of "alternative" sexual preferences than men.
a. women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men.
22. Among heterosexual couples who met between 2007 and 2009, what percent of them met online? a. 12% b. 22% c. 32% d. 42%
b. 22%
115. Denise and Brandon are just getting to know each other. Each compliments how the other one looks. Given the research on men, women, and sexuality, which of the outcomes is most likely? a. Denise will interpret Brandon's compliment as a sexual come-on. b. Brandon will interpret Denise's compliment as a sexual come-on. c. Both Denise and Brandon will interpret each other's compliments as a sexual come-on. d. Neither Denise nor Brandon will interpret each other's compliments as a sexual come-on.
b. Brandon will interpret Denise's compliment as a sexual come-on.
58. Brandon likes Brianna, but Brandon doesn't like Autumn. The relationship among these three individuals would be balanced if a. Brianna likes Autumn. b. Brianna doesn't like Autumn. c. Autumn likes Brandon. d. Autumn likes Brianna.
b. Brianna doesn't like Autumn.
9. Derek is informed that as part of his fraternity initiation he must sing the school fight song as loudly as he can while standing on the roof of the fraternity house in his underwear. He is then given the choice to await his turn alone or with the girls from the neighboring sorority. Which of the following is most likely? a. Derek will choose to wait alone in order to achieve cognitive clarity. b. Derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress. c. Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members in order to reduce his level of stress. d. Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members because they will be able to offer him a different perspective.
b. Derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress.
89. Which of the following people sounds most like he has an anxious attachment style? a. Wayne relies heavily on others for support and acceptance. b. Keyshawn very much wants to be close to his partner, but fears that his affections won't be returned. c. Vinnie values intimacy, finds it easy to get close to others, and trusts his partner. d. Curtis finds it difficult to trust others and often feels his partners want to be closer than he would like.
b. Keyshawn very much wants to be close to his partner, but fears that his affections won't be returned.
50. Which person is most likely to suffer from an eating disorder? a. Saul, who is a 15-year-old male b. Shanty who is an 18-year-old female c. Lisel, who is a 30-year-old female d. Vinnie, who is a 40-year-old male
b. Shanty who is an 18-year-old female
26. Which statement is consistent with the mere exposure effect? a. The more that dating partners talk to each other, the more they realize how different they are. b. Someone you see regularly just grows on you after a while. c. A couple falls in love at first sight. d. The old saying, "Birds of a feather flock together."
b. Someone you see regularly just grows on you after a while.
103. Dutton and Arno (1974) examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. Which scenario is most analogous to the results of this study? a. After swerving to avoid an oncoming car, your heart races, and your mind is flooded with images of how much you care about your significant other. b. Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her. c. When a classmate that you find particularly attractive happens to sit down next to you, you feel your pulse quicken, and you stutter as you try to make conversation. d. You are still agitated after a heated phone conversation with your mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her that attractive in your current state of arousal.
b. Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her.
45. Snyder and colleagues (1977) ran a study in which mixed-gender pairs had a phone conversation. Male participants were given either an attractive or unattractive photo of their conversation partner. Which statement about the study findings is false? a. Men were friendlier toward the partners who they believed to be attractive. b. The outcome of the conversation was more influenced by the women's actual level of attractiveness than by how attractive the men believed the women to be. c. Men formed more positive impressions of the personality of women who they believed to be attractive. d. Women talking with men who believed they were attractive were actually warmer and more confident during the conversation.
b. The outcome of the conversation was more influenced by the women's actual level of attractiveness than by how attractive the men believed the women to be.
40. Juanita wants her date, a man she finds very sexually attractive, to perceive her as very sexually attractive. What color dress should she wear to her sorority formal to promote this perception? a. white b. red c. black d. gold
b. red
126. Your significant other has just been short-tempered and impatient with you. Your reaction is to think, "Well, s/he's had a very stressful week, so I'll just forget that it happened." Your reaction would be best described as an example of a. affect reciprocity. b. a relationship-enhancing attribution. c. a demand/withdraw interaction pattern. d. a depressive explanatory style.
b. a relationship-enhancing attribution.
3. Support for the idea of the "sociostat" (social thermostat) is provided by the finding that rats a. tend to prefer to remain on their own once a period of isolation ends. b. are less likely to approach other rats after a period of prolonged contact. c. aggress against other rats when a shared resource is scarce. d. always prefer the company of other rats to being alone.
b. are less likely to approach other rats after a period of prolonged contact.
87. The way a person typically interacts with significant others is called a(n) a. reciprocity norm. b. attachment style. c. exchange relationship. d. self-disclosure.
b. attachment style.
5. Terrence has a network of close social ties. In comparison to individuals lacking such a network, research suggests that he will a. be more likely to suffer from social anxiety. b. be less likely to die a premature death. c. have worse physical health. d. have lower self-esteem.
b. be less likely to die a premature death.
38. Anderson and others (1992) found that heavy women are perceived as more attractive than slender women in countries where food is often in short supply. This finding is consistent with the idea that a. certain body types are inherently more attractive than others. b. beauty is subjective. c. symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. d. beauty is objective.
b. beauty is subjective.
39. Research on students' teaching ratings on the website www.ratemyprofessor.com indicate that a. female professors who are rated as strong teachers tended to be seen as less attractive. b. both male and female professors who are rated as "hot" are also given high teaching ratings. c. teachers' non-physical qualities have nothing to do with their likeability. d. for male teachers, perceptions of attraction and teaching skill were unrelated.
b. both male and female professors who are rated as "hot" are also given high teaching ratings.
130. One vital factor that influences a person's ability to cope with a divorce is the ____ of the relationship, or the extent to which the line between one's self and their partner becomes blurred so that "mine" and "yours" becomes the same thing. a. interdependence b. closeness c. diversity d. Homogeneity
b. closeness
84. In their relationship, Clyde is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Bonnie is concerned with being responsive to Clyde's needs. Clyde views their relationship as a(n) ____ relationship, whereas Bonnie views it as a(n) ____ relationship. a. reciprocal; exchange b. exchange; communal c. communal; passionate d. passionate; companionate
b. exchange; communal
102. Bruno just finished working out at the gym. On his way to the locker room, he passes Charming, a very pretty woman. Bruno feels his heart pounding and is convinced that he must be in love with Charming. Bruno's feelings are best explained by a. negative affect reciprocity. b. excitation transfer. c. psychological reactance. d. social penetration.
b. excitation transfer.
2. Individuals who suffer from social anxiety disorder are likely to a. have an unusually high need for affiliation. b. experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny. c. be very concerned with the overall balance of their relationships. d. be very popular with other people and yet not realize that they are popular.
b. experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny.
37. An evolutionary explanation for the relationship between a face's symmetry and its perceived attractiveness is that a. asymmetrical faces are less familiar and therefore more distinctive in memory. b. facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness. c. biological factors have very little to do with facial symmetry. d. parents devote more resources to caring for offspring with symmetrical faces.
b. facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness.
19. An evolutionary perspective on attraction suggests that people prefer mates who a. provide a boost to their social reputation and status. b. favor the conception and birth of their offspring. c. make them laugh. d. are close in proximity to them.
b. favor the conception and birth of their offspring.
116. Homosexual behaviors a. are less common than an exclusive homosexual orientation. b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species. c. tend to be reported in the same incidence in most cultures. d. are very recent developments in human beings.
b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species.
128. Research concerning coping with divorce suggests that a. several years after divorce, people tend to be just as satisfied with their lives as are married people. b. immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat. c. men have an easier time bouncing back from divorce than do women. d. there is almost a certainty that children will have long-term negative psychological responses to the divorce of their parents.
b. immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat.
111. Cross-cultural research suggests that passionate love a. is uncommon in cultures that value chastity in a potential mate. b. is a widespread and universal emotion. c. is more detectable in countries with higher divorce rates. d. violates religious doctrine in some cultures.
b. is a widespread and universal emotion.
122. Research on the marital trajectory suggests that once a couple's children have grown up and left the home, a. married couples actually wind up spending less time together than they did before. b. marital satisfaction tends to increase. c. sexual infidelity rates increase. d. both members of the couple typically adhere even more strongly to gender roles.
b. marital satisfaction tends to increase.
30. Mitta et al. (1977) found that female college students preferred their own mirror image to their actual appearance. This finding is consistent with a. the matching hypothesis. b. mere exposure effects. c. social exchange theory. d. excitation transfer.
b. mere exposure effects.
75. The average, general outcome that an individual expects in a relationship is called the ____ level. a. intimacy b. investment c. comparison d. self-disclosure
c. comparison
86. Keith and David are most likely to have a communal relationship if they are ____ and most likely to have an exchange relationship if they are ____. a. business partners; friends b. romantic partners; strangers c. teammates; brothers d. classmates; business competitors
b. romantic partners; strangers
106. Which aspect of passionate love is most enduring? a. obsessions with one's beloved b. romantic preference for one's partner c. amazing sexual chemistry d. mutual caring and commitment
b. romantic preference for one's partner
105. If people are asked to characterize romantic love, which attribute will over two-thirds of the people list? a. happiness b. sexual desire c. commitment d. communication
b. sexual desire
51. Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" and 2) "birds of a feather flock together." Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that a. statement #1 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are dissimilar from themselves. b. statement #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves. c. both are right for different people; heterosexual men tend to be attracted to similar others whereas gay men tend to be attracted to dissimilar others. d. both are right in different conditions; people are attracted to similar others when they are interested in long- term relationships, but they prefer dissimilar others for less serious relationships without commitment.
b. statement #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves.
49. Newcomb's (1961) classic study on attraction in which he set up an experimental college dormitory revealed that a. students' friendships with members of the opposite sex tended to turn into romantic relationships. b. students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other. c. students who held dissimilar attitudes were more likely to form romantic relationships. d. friendships were more likely than romantic relationships to be based on proximity.
b. students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other.
56. Mario believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness. Mario subscribes to a. equity theory. b. the matching hypothesis. c. social penetration theory. d. social exchange theory.
b. the matching hypothesis.
60. Matthew is considering going on a blind date. According to the evolutionary perspective, he will be most concerned with a. the social status of his date. b. the physical attractiveness of his date. c. whether he and his date have similar attitudes. d. whether he and his date are equally intelligent.
b. the physical attractiveness of his date.
72. Roshumba is conducting a study of married couples. She interviews a number of couples about how their relationships developed. It is likely that she will find that a. all relationships developed through a fixed sequence of stages. b. there is considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed. c. the couples generally went through the value stage before the role stage. d. relationship rewards were unrelated to couples' feelings of being in love.
b. there is considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed.
71. Burstein's second stage, called the ____ stage, involves attachment that is based on similarity of values and overall attitudes. a. stimulus b. value c. role d. norm
b. value
41. The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the a. matching phenomenon. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. aesthetic appeal of beauty. d. reinforcement-affect principle.
b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.
43. Using MRI, Tsukiura and Cape (2011) found biological evidence for the a. mere exposure effect. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. social exchange theory. d. matching hypothesis.
b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.
44. Which statement regarding physically attractive people is false? a. Attractive people tend to have more sexual experience than unattractive people. b. Attractive people tend to be more popular than unattractive people. c. Attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people. d. Attractive people, when told that a judge who has just given them praise has seen what they look like, often come to have doubts about the true quality of their work.
c. Attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people.
82. Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always puts Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists, a. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, whereas Diane will be content because her needs are being met at minimal cost to her. b. Jack and Diane should be content with the relationship because people in an equity relationship do not keep track of costs and benefits. c. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel over benefited and guilty. d. Jack should feel content with the relationship because he knows he's working for his partner's happiness, but Diane will feel over benefited and guilty.
c. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel over benefited and guilty.
4. Which statement is most accurate regarding the human need for affiliation? a. People tend to prefer as much social contact with others as possible. b. There is little variation between individuals when it comes to desired level of social contact. c. People are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact. d. On average, men in individualistic cultures desire more social contact than do women, but in collectivist cultures, women prefer more than men.
c. People are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact.
14. Ollie is about to undergo a painful and risky surgical procedure. Research suggests that Ollie could most effectively cope with this threat if he did which of the following? a. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who has gone through the same procedure to gain insight about the experience. b. Prior to his surgery, spend some time by himself in order to clear his mind and focus on positive thoughts. c. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their concerns with one another. d. After his surgery, speak with someone who has had the same procedure so that they can share their experiences.
c. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their
12. Two groups of college students are on a boat together travelling from Greece to Italy. For the first six hours of the trip, the students did not associate with each other. When the ship hits a severe storm and the captain orders everyone to take precautions, the students begin to talk to each other and bond. This is most consistent with the proposal of a. Waldman b. Zimbardo c. Rolfé d. Howard
c. Rolfé
36. What is not a reason for why we seem to be attracted to averaged faces? a. They are prototypically face-like. b. They are symmetrical. c. They look unusual. d. They seem more familiar to us.
c. They look unusual.
6. Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has a. a low need to belong. b. severe social anxiety. c. a high need for affiliation. d. a broken social thermostat.
c. a high need for affiliation.
67. Who is more likely to value physical attractiveness in a potential male partner? a. a woman who is in poverty b. a woman who makes a moderate income c. a woman who is fantastically wealthy d. a women who is highly educated
c. a woman who is fantastically wealthy
80. A "trust-insurance system" in a relationship is when a. both partners lack trust toward the other. b. one partner is over benefited. c. both partners keep an unconscious tally of the relationship's costs and benefits to maintain equity. d. one partner has a low comparison level for alternatives.
c. both partners keep an unconscious tally of the relationship's costs and benefits to maintain equity.
85. Ben goes out of his way to help Jennifer whenever he can. However, Jennifer has been busy lately and unable to reciprocate. Ben doesn't seem upset because he knows she is sensitive to his needs overall. Which of the following best describes their relationship? a. equitable relationship b. exchange relationship c. communal relationship d. companionate relationship
c. communal relationship
33. Lee and colleagues (2008) ran a study in which they examined people's ratings of photos on the website HOTorNOT.com. They found that participants' own level of attractiveness a. were positive predictors of how attractive they rated the photos. b. were negative predictors of how attractive they rated the photos. c. did not predict their ratings of the photos. d. predicted their ratings of male but not female photos.
c. did not predict their ratings of the photos.
66. East wick and Finkel (2008) examined men's and women's preferences during a speed dating event. They found significant gender differences in what men and women reported as important mate characteristics before the event began—differences that ____ once they actually started interacting with the potential mates at the event. a. increased b. stayed constant c. disappeared d. became subtler
c. disappeared
120. Gay couples tend to ____ than straight couples. a. divide household chores more evenly, but lose contact with prior sex partners more b. retain relationships with former sex partners more, but divide household chores less evenly c. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more d. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners less
c. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more
15. Using MRI techniques, researchers have observed that, when they are exposed to pictures of strangers, shy people exhibit a. less activity in the amygdale than those who are bold. b. greater activity in the hippocampus than those who are bold. c. greater activity in the amygdale than those who are bold. d. less activity in the hippocampus than those who are bold.
c. greater activity in the amygdale than those who are bold.
78. Zachary is unhappy in his relationship and is trying to decide whether to break up with his girlfriend. Which factor might encourage him to stay? a. if his comparison level for alternatives is high b. if his comparison level is high c. if his investment is high d. if his costs for staying are high
c. if his investment is high
125. When in conflict in close relationships, women often try to get their husbands to talk about the problem and men retreat. This communication pattern a. leads exchange relationships to become more communal. b. reflects negative affect reciprocity. c. illustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern. d. fosters social penetration.
c. illustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern.
35. The idea that physical attractiveness is inherently subjective is supported by research demonstrating that a. specific facial features tend to be associated with physical attractiveness. b. there is a high degree of cross-cultural consistency in ratings of attractiveness. c. liking someone increases that person's perceived physical attractiveness. d. averaged faces are judged more attractive than individual faces.
c. liking someone increases that person's perceived physical attractiveness.
27. Aimee attends a large lecture section of Introductory Psychology every Tuesday and Thursday throughout her first semester at college. According to the mere exposure effect, Aimee should a. come to intensely dislike psychology. b. come to intensely like psychology. c. more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger. d. more positively evaluate the face of a stranger than the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester.
c. more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger.
124. Curly hurls an insult right back at James when James expresses his negative feelings toward her. Such a pattern illustrates a. social penetration. b. a demand/withdraw interaction pattern. c. negative affect reciprocity. d. distress-maintaining attributions.
c. negative affect reciprocity.
112. In India and China, love is a. essential for marriage. b. emphasized more among females than males. c. not a sufficient basis for marriage. d. viewed in more dispositional terms than it is in America.
c. not a sufficient basis for marriage.
101. Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection is called _____ love. a. companionate b. storage c. passionate d. agape
c. passionate
23. According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is a. complementariness. b. matching levels of physical attractiveness. c. physical proximity. d. similarity.
c. physical proximity.
110. Which of the following would create the strongest bond between two North American male friends? a. sharing about one's deepest fears b. sharing about one's biggest dreams c. playing basketball together d. talking on the phone
c. playing basketball together
119. James has a quiet temperament, which leads him to prefer less activity as a child. Consequently, he often plays calmer games and has female playmates. When he reaches adolescence, he continues to relate better to girls, and boys seem mysterious, exotic, and arousing. He ultimately develops a homosexual orientation. James' experiences fits best with ____ explanations of sexual orientation. a. biological b. psychological c. psychobiological d. sociocultural
c. psychobiological
79. Equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the a. perceived rewards of the relationship are equal to the perceived costs of the relationship. b. perceived rewards of the relationship outweigh the perceived costs of the relationship. c. rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner. d. actual rewards and costs of the relationship exceed the expected rewards and costs of the relationship.
c. rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner.
70. Drake and Angela have just gotten married and now that they are back from their honeymoon they are working together to figure out the responsibilities each will have as either "husband" or "wife." They are in Burstein's ____ stage. a. stimulus b. value c. role d. norm
c. role
88. Conceit has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conceit probably has a(n) ____ attachment style. a. anxious/ambivalent b. multiple c. secure d. avoidant
c. secure
104. Bonita and Helga are asked to list people they "love," people they are "in love with," and people they are "sexually attracted to." It is likely that the names on a. all three lists will overlap considerably. b. the "love" and "in love" lists will overlap considerably. c. the "in love" and "sexually attracted to" lists will overlap considerably. d. all three lists will be fairly different.
c. the "in love" and "sexually attracted to" lists will overlap considerably.
117. LeVy's (1991) examination of the human brain found that a. the hypothalamus of homosexual and heterosexual men did not differ. b. the hypothalamus of men who died of AIDS differed from that of men who did not have AIDS. c. the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women. d. differences in the hypothalamus were more pronounced for homosexual and heterosexual men than they were between homosexual and heterosexual women.
c. the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women
7. According to Manago et al. (2012), college students in their sample had an average of ____ FaceBook "friends" in 2009. a. 137 b. 185 c. 225 d. 440
d. 440
31. Which outcome has not demonstrated in research on physical attractiveness? a. Attractive students were able to solicit more signatures on a petition than unattractive students. b. Unattractive defendants received larger court fines than attractive defendants. c. Teachers expect attractive children to be smarter and achieve more than unattractive children. d. Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.
d. Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.
42. Which statement describes an example of the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype? a. Athletes who have greater physical skills tend to earn higher salaries when they make it to the professional level of their sport. b. Physicians have been found to spend less time with patients who they feel are not serious about taking care of their own physical health. c. Students who take classes from professors who they report to be physically unattractive often assume that the course will be a worthy educational experience. d. In animated movies for children, the hero is usually very attractive while the villain is often very ugly.
d. In animated movies for children, the hero is usually very attractive while the villain is often very ugly.
96. Considering the love taxonomies of Lee, Sternberg, and Hatfield, which classifications all seem to reflect a similar type of love? a. Lee's storage, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's passionate love b. Lee's eras, Sternberg's passion, and Hatfield's companionate love c. Lee's lupus, Sternberg's commitment, and Hatfield's companionate love d. Lee's storage, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's companionate love
d. Lee's storage, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's companionate love
95. Which of the following best describes existing gender differences with respect to Lee's (1988) styles of love? a. Men and women score about the same on storage and mania styles of love. b. Women tend to score higher on lupus love, but men score higher on eras love. c. Men tend to score higher on eras love, but women score higher on agape love. d. Men tend to score higher on lupus love, but women score higher on pragme love.
d. Men tend to score higher on lupus love, but women score higher on pragme love.
61. Lindsay is a freshman at college, and has her first serious boyfriend there. Her parents can't stand him. According to the theory of psychological reactance, what should her parents do to discourage the relationship? a. Explain to Lindsay in calm, rational terms why this man is a poor fit for her. b. Subtly put him down in conversations to Lindsay to avoid direct confrontation. c. Never invite him to their home for a visit. d. Say very little about him one way or the other to Lindsay.
d. Say very little about him one way or the other to Lindsay.
48. Which of the following is not one of the four types of similarity most relevant to predicting interpersonal attraction? a. similarity in subjective experience b. similarity in attitudes c. demographic similarity d. similarity in eye and hair color
d. similarity in eye and hair color
18. Lionel is in his first semester of college and is feeling quite lonely. If he is like most other college students, which strategy is he least likely to use to cope with his loneliness? a. Invest effort in trying to succeed in other aspects of his life. b. Take his mind off of the problem by reading and watching television. c. Distract himself by running, washing the car, or engaging in other activities. d. Seeing out a psychotherapist to work on his own social skills.
d. Seeing out a psychotherapist to work on his own social skills.
121. Which statement regarding marital satisfaction is false? a. There is typically a honeymoon period in which both partners are satisfied with the marriage. b. Heterosexual couples with one child report a faster decline in marital satisfaction than homosexual couples do. c. There is a positive association between the degree of initial decline in satisfaction and the likelihood a couple will break up. d. The decline following the honeymoon period typically stabilizes by the second year.
d. The decline following the honeymoon period typically stabilizes by the second year.
20. Which statement is most consistent with the idea that we are attracted to others with whom a relationship is rewarding? a. Tina likes Tony because he is playing hard to get. b. Tina likes Tony because they are about equally attractive. c. Tina likes Tony because they live in the same apartment building. d. Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.
d. Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.
59. The hard-to-get effect can be hard to get because of all but which of the following reasons? a. We are turned off by those who reject us because they are committed to someone else. b. We prefer individuals who are moderately selective over those who are nonselective. c. We like dates who selectively desire us more than they desire others. d. We like the idea of past romantic interests knowing that we are with another attractive person
d. We like the idea of past romantic interests knowing that we are with another attractive person
114. Which of the following conclusions is not supported by data? a. Men often tend to see the world in "sexualized" terms. b. Men are more likely to fantasize about sex with multiple partners. c. Men tend to be more sexually permissive than women. d. Women do not engage in casual sex without emotional commitment.
d. Women do not engage in casual sex without emotional commitment.
28. According to research by Moreland and Beach (1992), who will you be most attracted to? a. a mysterious stranger who comes to your social psychology class one time b. a person who you have never seen before, but who physically resembles you c. a person who came to your social psychology class 5 times throughout the semester d. a person who came to your social psychology class 15 times throughout the semester
d. a person who came to your social psychology class 15 times throughout the semester
100. Herman and Flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each other's best friends. Their relationship seems to be an example of ____ love. a. exchange b. passionate c. communal d. companionate
d. companionate
76. According to social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's a. self-disclosure level. b. level of similarity to the partner. c. intimacy level. d. comparison level.
d. comparison level.
127. Alexis promised her boyfriend Marcus that she would pick up his shirts from the drycleaners, but she neglected to do so because she was distracted by work obligations. When he gets home and sees that he has no clean shirts, he thinks, "she really just doesn't care about my needs at all. I'm so sick of this." Marcus is using ____ attributions to explain why Alexis did not pick up his shirts. a. relationship-threatening b. situational c. distancing d. distress-maintaining
d. distress-maintaining
53. According to the two-stage model of attraction proposed by Byrne et al. (1986), people a. seek partners who are similar with respect to physical attractiveness, but dissimilar with respect to attitudes. b. seek partners who are similar with respect to attitudes, but dissimilar with respect to personality. c. first approach similar others and then weed out those who are least similar. d. first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.
d. first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.
129. Samantha and David had no close friends outside of their marriage but instead relied on each other for everything. When the marriage failed, they were both extremely distressed, most likely as a result of their a. identities. b. comparison level alternatives. c. misattribution. d. interdependence.
d. interdependence.
17. Shari is a 42-year-old woman who has wanted to find a husband for many years. She has had several successful dating relationships, but they never seem to "go the distance." In addition, Shari does not have a true "best friend" to rely on in times of personal distress. Shari is likely experiencing ____ loneliness. a. companionate b. consummate c. relational d. intimate
d. intimate
92. Mark has been dating Deirdre for some time. He never lets her go out with her friends or talk to other men. He is demanding and possessive of her. His love for Deirdre could best be categorized as a. agape. b. lupus. c. storage. d. mania.
d. mania.
8. Participants in a study by O'Connor and Rosen blood (1996) indicated about every hour whether they were alone or with others and whether they wanted to be alone or with others. The results of this study revealed that a. most of the time, participants wanted to be with others, but were alone. b. most of the time, participants wanted to be alone, but were with others. c. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were not in their desired social state. d. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in their desired social state.
d. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in their desired social state.
99. Eileen says she loves Jesse, even though they met very recently and both of them are still dating other people. When her best friend asks her what she means by "love," Eileen says, "I feel like even though we just met, I could tell him anything in the world. And he's so sexy—I get butterflies just thinking about him." According to the triangular theory of love, Eileen's feelings towards Jesse would best be labeled a. consummate love. b. companionate love. c. fatuous love. d. romantic love.
d. romantic love.
108. When they first started dating, Norma and Nathan didn't share much about themselves with one another, but as their relationship developed, they began to talk more about personal issues and reveal more about themselves. Their behavior is most consistent with the predictions of a. the matching hypothesis. b. equity theory. c. the triangular theory of love. d. social penetration theory.
d. social penetration theory.
21. Someone who argues that attraction is simply a function of wanting to have healthy offspring probably endorses a. the belief that situational variables influence attraction. b. social exchange theory. c. the matching hypothesis of attraction. d. the approach of evolutionary psychology.
d. the approach of evolutionary psychology.
123. Research concerning the marital trajectory demonstrates that a. the longer couples are married, the more satisfied they become. b. wives are significantly more satisfied in their marriages than are husbands. c. husbands are significantly more satisfied in their marriages than are wives. d. the greater number of anew experiences that married couples share, the greater their satisfaction.
d. the greater number of anew experiences that married couples share, the greater their satisfaction.
74. Bruce and Pam have just started dating. According to social exchange theory, their relationship is likely to last longer and be more satisfying if they each feel that a. the rewards gained from the relationship are shared equally between them. b. the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them. c. the rewards gained from the relationship are equal to the costs of maintaining the relationship. d. the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship.
d. the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship.
