Social psychology ch 12

A training program that has proven to be effective in changing attitudes toward intervening in situations of sexual assault or harassment is the _____ program.

"Bringing in the Bystander"

A 2016 Pew Research survey found that 1 out of 4 less religious Americans said they had volunteered in the last week. What was the percentage of religious Americans who said they had done so?

50%

___ is a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.

Altruism

Usually, when you feel bad, you do good, meaning you're more likely to help other people. Which emotion is an exception to this rule?

Anger

The vicarious experience of another's feelings is _________.

Empathy

Evolutionary psychology would not predict which of the following?

Jumping in front of a speeding car to save a stranger

Which of the following statements is true, in general?

Men are more likely than women to help in dangerous situations. Women are more likely than men to help friends.

Exploitation or cruelty becomes acceptable, even appropriate, toward those whom we regard as undeserving or as nonpersons. Which of the following concepts does this statement exemplify?

Moral exclusion

______ is the perception of people as being outside your circle of values and fairness.

Moral exclusion

______ occurs when one omits certain people from one's circle of concern and results in exploitation and cruelty to those regarded as undeserving or nonpersons.

Moral exclusion

In a study by Katz et al. (2015), college undergraduates were asked to image they witnessed someone leading a drunk woman into a bedroom at a party. They were ___ willing to intervene when the woman was a friend rather than a stranger.

More

Studies have found that we are ______ likely to help someone of the same race when bystanders are present.

More

According to evolutionary psychology, genetic selfishness predicts that we are most likely to help ________________.

Our biological children

A(n) ______ approach when asking for help makes other people feel less anonymous and more responsible, and thus increases helping.

Personal

___ capital is the support, trust, and cooperative actions that keep a community healthy.

Social

Few people want to appear prejudiced. Perhaps, then, people favor their own race but keep that bias secret to preserve a positive image. If so, the same-race bias should appear only when people can attribute failure to help to ______.

factors other than race

Which of the theories of altruism below suggests that helping is mostly motivated by external rewards?

Social-exchange

When religious teachings of "brotherly and sisterly" love promote altruism, they increase social altruism by:

blurring the boundaries between "we" and "they."

An altruistic person ______.

cares for others and helps them even when there are no obvious benefits

One realistic way to deal with the ethics of Latané and Darley's bystander intervention experiments was to ______.

debrief the participants

Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, leaders of the antislavery movement, and medical missionaries share at least one common trait, which is called ______.

moral inclusion

In a study by a Reed College research team led by Richard Katzev (1978), after visitors to the Portland Art Museum disobeyed a "Please don't touch" sign and were reprimanded, _______ offered to help another experimenter who had "accidentally" dropped something.

58%

Identify the people who are following the social-responsibility norm in the given scenarios.

A person who helps someone on crutches when they drop a book A person who helps their neighbor in need A person who helps a stranger hit by a car

On Saturday morning, you heard a scream coming from your next door neighbor's house and ran over to check. In helping your neighbor, you lessened your own ______.

Distress

Choose the situations below in which women are more likely to help, compared with men.

Donating to a charity Helping disabled children Volunteering to help with an experiment

Women offered help ___ often to men compared with women, whereas men offered more help to females than to males.

Equally

The things we "ought to do" in life, the norms, are social

Expectations

Both ______ and ________ rewards can motivate helping.

External; internal

Feeling guilty decreases someone's willingness to help.

False

When we _____, we help others not out of our own distress but through genuine sympathy and compassion for the other.

Feel empathy

Which phenomenon has "exceptions to the rule," such as when feelings of anger or extreme grief don't lead to the predicted outcome?

Feel-bad/do-good phenomenon

Throughout recorded history, ______ has been a painful emotion that people avoid and seek to relieve (Ty et al., 2017).

Guilt

______ causes distress and is a negative emotion we act to reduce, sometimes by helping others.

Guilt

In Latané and Darley's (1968) famous "smoke-filled classroom" experiment, what was the independent variable?

How many people were in the room

Which of the following statements is false?

In an emergency, everyone acts the same.

To what did Arie Nadler (1991) attribute the fact that women receive more offers of help but more often welcome help?

Individualism versus collectivism

Some religious teachings extend the reach of ______ altruism by encouraging people to think of strangers as "brothers and sisters."

Kin-linked

According to kin selection theory, children will be ______ devoted to their parents than/as their parents are to them.

Less

Happy people are helpful people, and their good mood comes from which of the following?

Love Success Happy thoughts

In one study, researchers Friedrich and Stein (1973; Stein & Friedrich 1972) found that, while viewing episodes of ___________, preschool children became more cooperative, helpful, and likely to state their feelings.

Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood

A parent stands next to a donation box for charity. When they see someone approaching, they have their child put money in the box while the approaching person can see, hoping that the stranger will be more likely to donate. The parent is using which idea below?

Prosocial modeling

Social psychologists' twofold ethical obligation include _____ and enhancing human welfare by discovering influences on human behavior.

Protecting participants

A friend took you out to lunch for your birthday and, therefore, you will take them out for their birthday. This is an example of which norm?

Reciprocity norm

According to White & Gerstein (1987), people high in _____ are attuned to others' expectations and are therefore helpful if they think helpfulness will be socially rewarded.

Self-monitoring

Match the theory and intrinsic helping format.

Social-exchange -> Relief from distress Social norms -> Social-responsibility norm Evolutionary -> Kin Selection

Match the theory of helping with the level of explanation.

Social-exchange -> psychological Social norms -> sociological Evolutionary -> biological

Which of the following statements is true of morally inclusive people?

Their moral concern encircles diverse people.

Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton found that ______ was the major factor explaining why some seminary students stopped and helped.

Time

According to Eriksson et al. (2018), around the world, people who help others earn more money and have more children than selfish people.

True

The social-responsibility norm is honored more in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.

True

Which of the following is not a reason that city people are less helpful than country people, according to the textbook?

Urban denial

Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, ______ of the people helped when only one other person was on the elevator.

about 40%

The strategy used by the New Orleans Police Department to educate officers about bystander intervention by teaching them techniques to intervene when they observed another officer about to erupt in anger has been termed _____ (Robertson, 2016; Novotney, 2017).

active bystandership

Research by Marsh et al. (2014) found that the _____ of people who were "extraordinary altruists" was larger than average.

amygdala

In consideration of Cialdini's (2003) experiment of modeling altruism, it would be more effective for a professor to ________.

emphasize those who do not cheat than to warn of the penalties of cheating

Helping softens a bad mood and sustains a good mood. The idea that happy people are helpful people is called the ______ effect.

feel-good/do-good

"Religion" primes helpfulness toward _____ while "God" primes helpfulness toward _____ (Karatas & Gurhan-Canli, 2020; Preston & Ritter, 2013).

ingroup member; outgroup members

We are most likely to help immediate family members. The explanation for our want to protect people with similar genes is called ______.

kin selection

Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, Blank______ of the people helped when there were six passengers on the elevator.

less than 20%

In Latané and Darley's 1968 study of the smoke-filled classroom, those alone noticed the smoke in ______. Those in groups noticed the smoke in ______.

less than 5 seconds; about 20 seconds

"Social economics" describes human interactions as being based on an exchange of ________ and __________ goods.

material; social

In social-exchange theory we seek to _________ and __________.

minimize costs; maximize rewards

In Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton Theological Seminary, ______ of the participants stopped and helped the man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning when reminded that they were running late to a recording studio.

only 10%

In the Kitty Genovese case, it was initially reported that 38 neighbors were awakened by her screams. It was found later that about a dozen neighbors witnessed her murder, out of which Blank______ called the police, and Blank______ intervened until the attacker left.

only two; no one

Cialdini (2003) found that the best way to get people to follow national park rules like "don't remove petrified wood" is to tell people that ______.

past visitors have left the wood alone

Research shows that helping goes up if the person needing help introduces themselves by name and looks the other person in the eye. This kind of approach is increasing the ______ of the situation.

personalized appeal

One study (Bryan & Test, 1967) found that people are more likely to stop and help someone change a flat tire if they saw someone else doing the same thing earlier on the road. This effect is due to ______.

prosocial modeling

The two social norms that motivate altruism are ___________ and _____________.

reciprocity; social responsibility

In numerous accounts of individuals being attacked or injured when no one helped, the one commonality was ______.

there were many bystanders

Prosocial __________ have produced positive effects on attitudes and behavior.

video games, music, and television