Social psychology chapter 11

In 2012, the Association for Psychological Science appointed a blue-ribbon panel of experts to review the latest research and draw some conclusions about online dating. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by their study?

Online dating algorithms are largely successful at paring potential mates down to one soul mate.

Most people find it ____ to form relationships with neighbors, co-workers, and other people. And most people ____ leave or end such relationships.

easy; are somewhat reluctant to

Research has demonstrated that loneliness ____.

has the negative effect of weakening the immune system

To completely satisfy the need to belong, people must ____.

have both regular social contact and ongoing relationships in which people show mutual concern for one another

People who are high in self-monitoring differ from others in a number of ways. For example, they are more likely to ____.

have different sets of friends for different activities

When a person is ostracized by a parent or spouse over a long

more devastating than ostracization by strangers for a few minutes

According to research on online dating services, which profile will Sarah find most attractive?

Quentin, who is 5 feet 8 inches tall and makes $170,000

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of reinforcement theory?

We are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past than in other behaviors.

As discussed in the text, prisoners who live in solitary confinement ____.

crave social comfort, do not get used to living alone, and take desperate measures to try to communicate with others.

Research has demonstrated that the matching hypothesis holds true for ____.

d. all types of romantic relationships and all types of friendships

The standard of beauty in the United States, as reflected by pageant winners and models, suggests that the ideal body weight has ____.

decreased substantially since 1960

When researchers take a picture of someone, split the image in half, throw out one of the halves at random and fill in that space with the mirror image of the remaining half, this is called ____.

doubling images

Ostracism refers to being ____.

excluded, rejected, or ignored by others

Rejection sensitivity is a personality trait that involves a(n) ____.

expectation of being rejected by others

Most married couples are ____.

extremely similar in both demographic characteristics such as education level and traits such as intelligence

Social psychologists define the need to belong as the desire to ____.

form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals

Most people do not seem to seek out endless numbers of friends; having _____ close friends seems to be enough

four to six

Giving praise to another person you want to like you is ____.

generally a good strategy, so long as you do not appear sincere

Research on ingratiation has confirmed two themes of interpersonal rewards. Those two themes are ____.

giving compliments and doing favors

In a well-known study conducted graduate students living in one of the dormitories at MIT. The researchers found that strongest predictor of friendship was ____.in the 1950s, social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues analyzed the friendship patterns among

how close the students lived to one another

Social psychological research suggests that, when a person goes out on a date, the best predictor of that person's enjoyment of the date is ____.

how physically attractive the date is

For most people, having a few close friends is ____ and having lots of casual friends is ____.

important; less important

The social psychological "need to belong" seems to be present ____.

in almost all humans and non-human animals, all of the time

Research on body shape and standards for beauty indicates that ____.

in general, the hourglass shape is seen as most attractive in both men and women

Wolfgang is trying to get his new co-worker, Peter, to like him. He compliments Peter's wardrobe, listens attentively to Peter's stories, and routinely take Peter out to lunch. Wolfgang is clearly engaging in ____.

ingratiation

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that having symmetrical facial and bodily features is seen as attractive for ____ and being typical-looking (as opposed to unusual-looking) is generally a positive trait for ____.

men and women; men and women

Research on clothing and attractiveness indicates that ____.

men who are dressed expensively are trying to display wealth and status

Research has demonstrated that being relatively sociable and having close friends is ____ with developing colds and flu.

negatively correlated

In one ancient culture, an entire community could agree to give a person the silent treatment for 10 years based on a certain number of offensive or aggressive actions; no one would speak to or interact with that person. What modern-day term is based on this?

ostracism

Compared to people who are not physically attractive, people who are physically beautiful are assumed to be superior on many traits—including intelligence, sexual warmth, and popularity. This assumption is known as the ____.

what is beautiful is good" effect

Suppose that Anya lives near Duane, and tends to run into him a lot. And suppose that she lives farther away from Leroy, and runs into him less often. Research suggests that ____.

Anya is more likely to become friends with Duane, AND more likely to become enemies with Duane.

According to social psychological research, which of the following adages is truer, "opposites attract" or "birds of a feather flock together"?

Birds of a feather flock together

Lyndsay likes Matt a lot. Matt thinking Lindsay is okay, but does not like her as much as she likes him. What is Matt most likely feel with regard to Lyndsay after a while?

Burdened

Based on the Social Side of Sex feature in your text, which of the following research methods has NOT been used to study the reasons why someone is rated as "beautiful"?

Case studies of beautiful women

On average, which of the following groups of men is likely to have the highest testosterone levels?

Divorced men (now single)

Suppose that Daniel has just begun his freshman year at college. Which of his actions best exemplifies the need to belong?

He goes out to a lot of parties and social functions so that he can meet new friends, and perhaps meet a girlfriend.

Wolfgang is engaging in an act of ingratiation. What does this mean exactly?

He is trying to get someone to like him.

Among men, which of the following is least associated with high levels of testosterone?

High incidence of depression

Suppose that Michelle has just gone out on a first date with a classmate, Ivan, and is deciding whether to go out on a second date. Which of the following is the best predictor of her decision?

How physically attractive she thinks Ivan is

When people say, "You hurt my feelings," what do they usually mean?

I don't think you care about our relationship."

Petra finds out that her classmate, Julie, thinks that she is really cool. This makes Petra like Julie more than she did before. What does research suggest about this kind of "reciprocity of liking?"

It is widespread when it comes to acquaintanceships and friendships, but does not always hold true for romantic relationships.

Which of the following is TRUE about how waist-to-hip ratio affects judgments of attractiveness?

Men tend to prefer women with a ration of .7, but women tend to prefer men with a ratio of .9.

When people who are dating break up with one another, they often plan to "just be friends." What happens in reality?

Most do not remain friends. But they say this (and they often try to remain friends) because they are reluctant to break social bonds.

Woman sometimes stay in an abusive relationship.Which of the following is the least likely explanation for this phenomenon?

Some women have a masochistic desire to be beaten

Suppose that you are on a date with a new person, and you are trying to get this person to be attracted to you. Which of the following actions should you avoid?

Tell your date that you are not sure if you like him or her yet.

People with relatively symmetric faces and bodies are generally seen as more attractive than others. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this symmetry effect?

The effect is stronger among men rating women than among women rating men.

Suppose that you had a computer program that could morph images of different faces into composite "average faces." If you began with four faces, combined them in pairs to make two new faces, and then combined them again to make a final, single composite face, which would, on average, be MOST attractive?

The final single composite face

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding testosterone levels in men?

They usually dip after men reach their early twenties

The social psychological "need to belong" seems to be strong in humans ____.

all of the time.

According to the textbook, the tendency for people to be attracted to others who are similar to them (rather than different from them) is probably ____.

an evolved preference—adaptive for humans and present in other animals as well

According to the Money Matters feature in your text, women tend to rate men's attractiveness based on ____.

both waist-to-hip ratio and income, but income was more important

Brian has about five close friends but not many casual acquaintances. If he is like most people, then ____.

he is probably satisfied

Compared to men with ____, men with ____ tend to be kinder, gentler, and more affectionate in relationships.

high levels of testosterone; low levels of testosterone

Suppose that Person X and Person Y live close to one another, and run into one another nearly every day. Compared to most people, their chances of becoming friends are ____ and their chances of becoming enemies are ____.

higher; about as high

84. When men and women are in a room together, men tend to look at ____, and women tend to look at ____.

physically attractive women; physically attractive women as well

Apparently people sometimes like others based on nothing more than familiarity. This is called the ____.

propinquity effect

In a well-known study conducted in the 1950s, social psychologist Leon Festinger and colleagues analyzed the friendship patterns among graduate students living in one of the dormitories at MIT. Festinger et al.'s results were most

propinquity effect

The mere exposure effect is probably an important part of the ____.

propinquity effect

Most people are reluctant to end or leave a relationship with another person ____.

regardless of whether there is a clear purpose to the relationship and regardless of whether they have disclosed to the other person

According to ____, if a man wants a woman to like him more, then buying her flowers or candy can be an effective strategy.

reinforcement theory

The tendency to expect rejection from others and to be hypersensitive to rejection, is known as ____.

rejection sensitivity

People who are high in ____ compartmentalize their social lives more than others.

self-monitoring

As defined in the text, social exclusion is the opposite of ____.

social acceptance

Dr. Gregory is liked, respected, and approved of by her colleagues. That is, she has gained her colleagues' ____.

social acceptance

The fact that dissimilarity in physical attractiveness increases the risk of breaking up illustrates ____.

the matching hypothesis

In attraction research, the propinquity effect refers to the tendency for people to be relatively attracted to others who ____.

they encounter on a regular basis

The term "social allergy effect" refers to the tendency ____.

to become increasingly irritated by a partners' habits over time

Research suggests that ____ is by nature "loner" who are indifferent to social contact.

virtually no one

Failure to satisfy the need to belong is associated with ____.

both poor mental health and poor physical health

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the preferences that people show for physically attractive people?

Adults, children, and even babies seem to show such preferences across a variety of circumstances.

According to social psychological research, when do people tend to be more attracted to others who are dissimilar to them than to others who are similar to them?

Almost never

When it comes to judging whether or not someone is physically attractive, how much do people agree with one another?

Most people agree—especially when it comes to judging women.

According to the textbook, most humans seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection. How do they compare to nonhuman animals?

Nonhuman animals similarly seek out social acceptance and are highly distressed by social rejection.

Quentin has certain friends that he plays soccer with, certain friends that he hangs out with on the weekends, and certain friends that he invites over to his house. His brother Billy, on the other hand, just has one set of friends with which he does everything. It is most likely that ____.

Quentin is higher in self-monitoring than Billy

According to research on the elements of belongingness, which element is most lacking in commuter marriages?

Regular social contact

Given what your text says about the elements of belongingness, which element is a prostitute most lacking?

Relationships characterized by mutual concern

Suppose that Roger is married and that he and his wife have just had a child. Jose is also married, but has no children. Their friend William is recently divorced. If these men are representative of other men in their same situations, then ____.

Roger probably has the lowest testosterone levels

What makes people most reluctant to live alone?

The need to belong

Why does unrequited love make someone feel burdened?

The reciprocity norm

Familiarity and repeated exposure can sometimes make bad things worse. What does this idea best illustrate?

The social allergy effect

Based on the research presented in the Money Matters feature in your text, which of the following statements about womens' ratings of attractiveness of men is most accurate?

Women prefer taller men, but higher income can make up for lack of height

Can people satisfy the need to belong via membership in a group or organization (e.g., a club or sports team), even if they do not have friendships there?

Yes, some people may find these social connections satisfying even if they do not form close relationships.

Tom's new girlfriend, Elise, has a habit of biting her nails. This did not bother Tom when he first met her, but it is beginning to annoy him more and more with each passing day. Tom is starting to think that this is a sign that Elise might just not be the right person for him. What would a social psychologist say?

a. It is actually normal to be increasingly annoyed by a partner's habits—a phenomenon known as the social allergy effect.

Research shows that, among men, high levels of testosterone are associated with risk-taking and competitiveness ____.

and are also associated with a disinclination to marry and care for children

Research indicates that people are relatively attracted to others who are familiar to them, as well as to others who have a history of shared experiences. Research also suggests that these effects ____.

are deeply rooted in the human psyche, and have a long evolutionary history

The need to belong drives people to ___.

associate with others, commit to relationships, and stay in relationships

Anything that draws two or more people together is called ____.

attraction

The force that causes people to want to be together and form lasting relationships can best be described as ____.

attraction

The matching hypothesis states that people tend to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of ____.

attractiveness

June is a voluptuous woman who is a little on the plump side. She is going on a blind date next week, and wants to make sure the date perceives her as very attractive, particularly with respect to her body size. If she wants her date to rate her as the most attractive, June should make sure the date is ____.

before dinner, when her date is likely to be hungry

Compared to other people, people who are repeatedly ostracized by others over a period of time are relatively likely to report ____.

pain and illness, depression and suicidal thoughts, and eating disorders

The ____ is an example of familiarity reducing rather than increasing liking

social allergy effect

Tom's new girlfriend has a habit of biting her nails. This did not bother Tom when he first met her, but it is beginning to annoy him more and more with each passing day. This is an example of the ____.

social allergy effect

Ricky tried to dye his hair black but left the dye on too long; clumps of his hair fell out completely, leaving weird bald patches on his scalp. The kids at school snickered at him, ignored him, and avoided him at lunchtime for a couple of weeks. After that, though, everyone forgot about it. Thus Ricky was subjected to a short-term bout of ____.

social ostracism

According to the text, the tendency for people to be attracted to others who are similar to them is probably ____; the value that people place on diversity and difference is probably ____.

social rather than cultural, cultural rather than social

According to the so-called "what is beautiful is good" effect, people tend to assume that physically attractive people are ____.

superior to others in terms of a wide range of factors—intelligence, popularity, sexual warmth, etc.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that people with ____ faces tend to be perceived as more attractive than others.

symmetric and typical-looking

People's feelings tend to be hurt the most when they receive a clear sign from another person ____.

that the person does not care as much as they do about the relationship

Suppose that you meet a friend of a friend named Roger who is strikingly attractive, well-groomed, and well-mannered. And suppose that you immediately assume that Roger "has it together." That is to say, he is smart, talented and successful, and he likely has a great social and romantic life as well. If so, you would be showing evidence of the ____.

what is beautiful is good" effect