Social Psychology (Chapter 15)
Select all of the following that are examples of similarities that can affect verdicts.
Political views Race fits a crime stereotype Speaking the same language
Based on the textbook, which of the following would lead someone to be more committed to the accuracy of one's own memory?
Retelling the story of what happened multiple times
Select all of the following that can adjust subtly the eyewitness's recollection of events.
Suggestive questions Choice of words Tone of voice
According to the textbook, what are some ways that judges can help juries ignore inadmissible evidence?
Teach juries legal procedures before the trial begins. Forewarn juries that some evidence will be irrelevant. Videotape, then edit, any testimony before juries see it.
According to the text, which of the options below is the "essence" of social psychology experiments?
Testing how changes in a social situation can affect us
According to Ellsworth, why did the Supreme Court overturn a lower court ruling that death-qualified jurors are a biased sample?
The Court was ideologically committed to capital punishment.
The primary factors that might influence a jury are ___________.
The Judges Instructors Eyewitnesses Characteristics of the Defendant
Select all of the following that can increase identification accuracy.
Train police and interviewers. Administer lineups.
Mistaken identification by a confident eye witness is involved in nearly 3 out of 4 cases of innocent people exonerated by DNA evidence. (True/False)
True
True or false: By varying one or two factors at a time in a simulated environment, the experimenter can pinpoint how one or two aspects of a situation can affect us.
True
True or false: If a White defendant is charged with embezzlement, he or she is more likely to be convicted of the crime because it fits a crime stereotype.
True
Scientific Jury Selection
When lawyers identify questions to ask potential jurors that will help them eliminate jurors with biased attitudes
The textbook describes three research studies of eyewitness lineups. Which of these are the results of the experiments?
Young adults were more accurate than older adults. About 20% chose an innocent person. About 40% of the witnesses correctly identified the suspect.
Death-qualified jurors
are those who are in favor of the death penalty and are also more likely to favor "guilty" verdicts, regardless of the evidence.
According to the Eyewitness Evidence guide, it is critical to allow eyewitnesses to offer their own recollections. The first step in this process is often to ______.
ask them to reconstruct the setting in their own words
Jurors may be influenced by a defendant's ______.
attractiveness similarity to the jurors gender
In Takada and Murata (2014), an experiment on group polarization effects on juries, groups became polarized to be more or less lenient. This was especially true when the group included people who were high or low in ______________ attitudes or personality.
authoritarian
In an experiment on group polarization effects on juries, the final decisions often became more extreme after discussion and typically were swayed by people who were very high or very low in ______.
authoritarianism
Research shows that accurate identifications and memories for crimes are typically ______.
automatic and effortless
One no-cost procedure that makes police lineups more like good experiments is to have an experimenter who is ______, and who therefore won't subtly influence witnesses.
blind to the hypothesis
When comparing "real" or powerful false memories with actual memories, most research finds that ______.
both types of memory feel equally real
There are many types of witnesses; however, juries are most persuaded by witnesses who are ______.
confident
When considering experiments and research, the good thing about police lineups is that they contain a _________ group.
control
Jurors who are in favor of the death penalty, but who are also more concerned with crime control than they are with making sure the correct decision is made in a trial, are sometimes called ______.
death-qualified
Even when a judge requires jurors to ignore ______ testimony, it can still cause much harm to the trial because this kind of testimony is particularly memorable to the jury members.
emotional
Even when a judge orders a jury to ignore some information, jurors are less able to ignore ______ information.
emotionally provocative
To educate jurors about the many different ways to evaluate testimony, many courts now bring in experts to teach jurors about research on ______.
eyewitness memory and potential errors
Experiments have revealed that it is particularly difficult to erase vivid ______ from jurors' minds. Consequently, more convictions result in criminal cases with this type of evidence.
eyewitness testimony
In the Ron Shatford case, the witness told police that the robber was not wearing a tie and was good looking. The police put unattractive men wearing ties in the lineup with the good-looking Shatford, and the witness readily identified him as the robber. This is a clear example of ______.
false lineup identification
When summarizing research on juries and the instructions they receive, Ellsworth and Mauro (1998) said that in most cases, the instructions were ______.
frustrating and technical
A jury begins deliberation on a criminal case and initial attitudes are leaning neutral to slightly toward a guilty verdict. After a few days of deliberation, however, the jury's attitudes have strengthened considerably toward a guilty verdict. This is an example of ______.
group polarization
Typically, jurors' decisions become more extreme after group discussion. This is a classic example of the phenomenon known as ______.
group polarization
When jurors were evaluating faces, they were more likely to find baby-faced adults __________ of crimes of negligence, but not of intentional criminal acts.
guilty
imagination inflation
happens when we think something fictional really happened after visualizing it repeatedly, because the visualization triggers the same parts of the brain as does actually experiencing it.
When trying to remember faces of another race, we are most at risk of making false recollections when we have ______ confidence.
high
Training police interviewers is one way to reduce ______.
identification errors from eyewitnesses
Research shows that when a judge gives instructions to a jury, the jurors tend to ______.
ignore the instructions
Research shows that when jurors are exposed to pretrial publicity or information about the case, but a judge orders the jurors to ignore all of this information, jurors ______.
ignore the judge's orders and are just as likely to use the information as people not ordered to ignore
There are many elements involved in the construction of eyewitness memory after a crime has occurred. Which of the variables below is NOT one of these elements, according to the text? (what we perceived at the time/imagining the future trial/our expectations/emotions and traumas)
imagining the future trial
Providing transcripts to juries, devising more effective ways to present information, and quantifying standards of proof are all ways to ______.
increase understanding
When police and interviewers were properly training to interview, eyewitness memory accuracy ______, while errors due to the misinformation effect ______.
increased; stayed the same
Imagining childhood events continuously that have not actually happened leads about 25 percent of people to mistakenly think the event really did happen; this tendency is sometimes called "imagination ____________".
inflation
The text notes that eyewitness testimony is very persuasive to juries. But, it also notes that this testimony may be discounted by the jurors if it ______.
is contradicted by a different eyewitness
In a large scale experiment, 800 mock jurors were exposed to negative pretrial information. Some were given instructions by the judge to ignore the pretrial publicity, others were not. Those who were told to ignore the pretrial information were _____ to convict. (unable/more likely/just as likely/less likely)
just as likely
When evidence is not highly incriminating, deliberating jurors often become more ______.
lenient
Research shows that when eyewitnesses to crimes are paying attention to surrounding, small details while a crime occurs, they are ______ likely to accurately remember the criminal's face. (more/less/equally)
less
Research shows that the more physically attractive a defendant is, the more likely it is that the jury will find him or her ______.
less guilty of the crime
When attorneys present evidence in a ______ fashion, the jury is most likely to be persuaded by that evidence.
narrative
Research shows that when it comes to trial attorneys' ability to select a jury "stacked in their favor," most lawyers are ______.
overconfident in their abilities
When it comes to judgments, a powerful variable in how the jury sees a defendant is the defendant's ______.
physical attractiveness
Research suggests that human beings do form ____________ opinions, and these opinions influence how they interpret new information.
premature
Research shows that the most persuasive way to present evidence to a jury is by ______.
presenting evidence as a story
When using "scientific jury selection," an attorney is trying to eliminate jurors based on ______.
questions designed to identify biases
When referring to recollections and recall, witnesses are more likely to make false recollections with faces of another _____________.
race
During a trial, the judge orders the jury ignore some testimony saying,"It must play no role in the case—you must disregard it." Statements like this to the jury may create ______ in the jurors.
reactance
When judges tell jurors to disregard testimony, but the jurors mentally fight back by focusing on that testimony instead of ignoring it, this response may be due to an automatic desire to protect our freedom of action. This tendency is called ______.
reactance
Based on some research, a group of 12 jurors is better at ______, compared with a single person who has heard the evidence.
remembering the evidence
Research on minority influence suggests that jurors in the minority will be most persuasive when they are consistent, persistent, and ______.
self-confident
When jurors see a defendant as ______, the jurors are more likely to treat them favorably.
similar to themselves
In studies of the misinformation effect, Loftus found that after being asked ______ questions, witnesses may believe inaccurate information.
suggestive
Research shows that people are less likely to fall victim to misleading suggestions by police or lawyers if they have ______ before exposure to the misleading information.
told their story multiple times
Inadmissible testimony is difficult to remove from a juror's mind; however, the text suggests that one solution might be for judges to ______.
videotape testimony, then edit out inadmissible parts
Suggestive questioning can change the retelling of important facts, and subtle changes in the interviewer's tone of ______________ can change and adjust stories.
voice
Three different experiments on police lineups showed that ____ percent of people correctly identified a suspect from a crime.
40
Eyewitnesses who made their identification in fewer than 10 to 12 seconds were nearly __________% accurate; those taking longer were only about ________% accurate.
90; 50
True or false: Defense attorneys often ask experts to testify in court about the factors that can influence eyewitness testimony.
True
One lesson learned from the Ron Shatford case was that stacking the witness lineup with ______ people can clearly promote misidentification.
dissimilar
Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information
When jurors are polled individually before group deliberations occur, what fraction of juries initially disagree on the verdict?
two out of three
When evaluating based on looks, ______ are evaluated as more dangerous.
unattractive criminals
When it comes to eyewitness confidence and actual memory accuracy, studies show that most of the time ______.
witnesses are less accurate than they think they are
Who is most susceptible to false memories?
young children
Lawyers sometimes overestimate the likelihood of meeting their goals (like acquittal) and also of their ability to ______.
"read" jurors
The two key questions relating to potential influences on an individual juror.
(1) How are verdicts influenced by individual jurors' characteristics? (2) How are verdicts influenced by jurors' deliberations with each other?
According to research, which of the numbers below matches the number of people on an ideal jury, according to psychology research?
12
When detectives are trained to question eyewitnesses using nonbiased techniques, the eyewitnesses' memory accuracy went from ______.
25 to 50 percent
Of the first 250 convictions overturned by DNA evidence, ____ percent were wrongful convictions due to mistaken eyewitnesses.
76
A classic study of over 3500 criminal cases found the judge agreed with the jury ______% of the time
80
Before group discussion, most juries don't agree on what the verdict should be. After deliberation, ______ percent of juries come to a unanimous decision.
95
Research shows that a group of jurors is, in fact, better than a single person deciding a verdict; two reasons for this are that the group of jurors is more likely to ______.
Cancel out certain individual biases Have better memory from the trial
Select all of the following that appear more in larger juries than in smaller ones.
Contain members of minority groups Give more time to deliberation More accurately recall trial testimony
Eyewitness testimony is not always accurate, despite its use in criminal cases. The ___________ testing now available has proven the innocence of individuals who were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.
DNA
The textbook describes three influential courtroom factors that play crucial roles in the courtroom process. Select those three below.
Defendant's characteristics Eyewitness testimony Judge's instructions
When referring to eyewitness memories, many elements are involved. Select all of the following that are elements in the construction of eyewitness memories.
Emotions Beliefs Perceptions
______ Evidence guide report states that you must remind a witness who is looking at a lineup that the person he or she saw may not be in the lineup.
Eyewitness
True or false: Research shows that consistently, jurors are not able to set aside biases, even in the face of facts and evidence.
False
True or false: Research shows that when a judge tells a jury to ignore certain evidence, the jury is very good at not letting that evidence influence them.
False
If jurors perceive that a defendant is similar to themselves, they are more likely to ______.
Find the defendant not guilty Be sympathetic
The text outlines several ways trials might increase jurors' understanding. Check the ideas below that have been shown to do just that.
Give jurors transcripts of the trial before they make a decision. Give them a number for how sure they need to be (for example, 90 percent).
According to the book, what is the best way to alter judicial practices in cases relevant to the death penalty?
Have separate juries determine guilt, then whether to enact the death penalty.
Which of the following are included in training interviewers to obtain uninterrupted recollections during the interview process.
Jog the memory by first guiding people to reconstruct the setting. Instruct them to visualize the scene. Show pictures of the setting.
Which statement below is usually true when it comes to juries and their being more or less lenient in criminal cases?
Leniency will prevail if even a small majority favors it.
Suggestive questions may lead witnesses to incorporate wrong information into their memory of the event. This is referred to as the ______ effect.
Misinformation
Select all of the following that explain how minority jurors influence final decisions.
More vocal More persuasive More consistent
