Social Psychology Exam 1
A random sample of 1,200 can give results that are ____ accurate. Selected Answer: Answers: a. 99% b. 85% c. 95% d. 90%
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The study of how people change across their lives from conception to death is the purview of ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. biological psychology b. clinical psychology c. developmental psychology d. cognitive psychology
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What is the best example of praxis in American culture? Selected Answer: Incorrectb. The increasing gap between the rich and the poor Answers: a. America's intervention ("War on Terror") in Iraq b. The increasing gap between the rich and the poor Correctc. The practice of children sleeping in separate rooms from their parents d. The belief in freedom of religion
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When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, ____ has been said to occur. Answers: a. an interaction b. a main effect c. confounding d. random variability
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According to the textbook, psychology can be thought of as a kind of "experimental philosophy" because psychology ____ while relying on the experimental method. Selected Answer: Answers: a. addresses many of the same questions that interest philosophers b. is as popular today as philosophy was in ancient times c. is also a highly controversial field d. also grew out of the mathematical sciences
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Dr. Gem studies individual differences in introversion (a trait similar to shyness). Dr. Gem is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. Selected Answer: Answers: a. personality b. developmental c. social d. clinical
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Dr. Khanmohamed is conducting a research project with young children to examine the effect of the exposure to different cultural groups on the development of empathy. The independent variable in this research is ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. exposure to different cultural groups b. young children c. empathy d. the development of empathy
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During the first half of the 20th century, who argued that attitudes were the most important and useful concept in social psychology? Selected Answer: Answers: a. Gordon Allport b. Norman Triplett c. Max Ringelmann d. Kurt Lewin
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Humans today still benefit from the famous invention of the Wright brothers (the airplane). Even though they have been dead for generations, their basic technology still lives on, and modern aircrafts have built off of and elaborated upon their invention. What best describes this? Answers: Correcta. progress through preservation of knowledge b. generational division of labor c. praxis of creativity d. network of trade and exchange
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Social animal is to cultural animal as ____ is to ____. Selected Answer: Answers: Correcta. aggression; compromise b. law; aggression c. moral principles; law d. compromise; moral principles
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Suppose that you were trying to find of a good place to eat. Research suggests that if you were a dog, you would ____, but that if you were a human you would ____. Answers: Correcta. look to the environment (e.g., walk around and try to find something good); look to other humans (e.g., ask a friend) b. look to other dogs (e.g., look to see what other dogs were up to); look to other humans (e.g., ask a friend) c. look to other dogs (e.g., look to see what other dogs were up to); look to the environment (e.g., drive around and try to find something good) d. look to the environment (e.g., walk around and try to find something good); also look to the environment
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The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____. Selected Answer: Answers: Correcta. intuition; reasoning b. planned; spontaneous c. life-sustaining; life-enhancing d. mental; physical
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The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____. Selected Answer: Correcta. intuition; reasoning Answers: Correcta. intuition; reasoning b. life-sustaining; life-enhancing c. planned; spontaneous d. mental; physical
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When experiments are conducted outside of the laboratory, in real-world settings, they are called ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. field experiments b. correlational studies c. deception studies d. quasi-experiments
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When it comes to conflict, social animals tend to use ____ to resolve conflict. Answers: a. aggression b. moral codes c. mediation d. laws
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Which of the following is an example of a French praxis? Selected Answer: Incorrectb. the French flag Answers: Correcta. drinking wine with dinner b. the French flag c. believing in ethnic assimilation d. close ties with other European nations
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Which saying is a general theme that emerges in research on human nature and culture? Selected Answer: Answers: a. "Nature says go; culture says stop" b. "Nature wants war; culture wants peace" c. "Nature says tomorrow; culture says today" d. "Nature wants a little; culture wants a lot"
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Which statement is true regarding the phrase "survival of the fittest"? Selected Answer: Answers: a. The term "survival" refers to survival of genes in a population's gene pool. b. The term "fittest" refers to the physical fitness of individual organisms. c. It applies only to animals that do not have a division of labor. d. It applies only to animals that do not have culture.
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A correlation coefficient communicates two pieces of information about the relationship between two variables: The ____ communicates the direction of the relationship, and the ____ communicates the strength of the relationship. Selected Answer: Answers: a. sign; value b. sign; slope c. value; sign d. slope; value
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Culture is best defined as ____, involving both ____ that allows people to live together and satisfy each other's needs. Selected Answer: Correcta. an information-based system; shared ideas and praxis Answers: Correcta. an information-based system; shared ideas and praxis b. an information-based system; morals and customs c. a language-based system; shared ideas and customs d. a language-based system; praxis and laws
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Dr. Brown conducts an experiment to examine the effects of mentorship programs on children's academic achievement. She finds that children who are given mentors receive significantly higher grades than children who are not. The result is statistically significant at the .05 level. What does this mean? Selected Answer: Answers: a. The finding probably did NOT occur by chance; mentorship programs probably DO boost academic achievement. b. The finding was larger than expected; mentorship programs appear to be even more effective than Dr. Brown suspected. c. The finding was smaller than expected; mentorship programs appear to be less effective than Dr. Brown suspected. d. The finding probably occurred by chance; mentorship programs probably DO NOT really improve academic achievement.
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Dr. Snooky is administering a psychological test to a group of children. She is offering them one cookie now, or three cookies if they can wait 20 minutes. Dr. Snooky is probably testing the children's' ____. Answers: Correcta. delay of gratification b. locus of control c. self-monitoring d. possible selves
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Jackson is interested in the effects of violent movies on aggressive behavior. He has some participants in his study watch Grand Torino (his "violent" movie) and others watch Marley and Me (his "nonviolent" movie). Unfortunately, in addition to these movies being very different in their violence level, they also differ in a lot of other ways (one is a comedy, the other isn't, and so forth). This means that Jackson's study has a ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. confound b. factorial design c. random assignment d. nonrandom assignment
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Polls that use large random samples yield very accurate predictions. Since 1936, Gallup poll results taken just before U.S. National election days have diverged from actual election results by an average of only about _____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. 2% b. 8% c. 6% d. 4%
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Reproductive success is defined by biologists as the ability to have ____. Selected Answer: Correcta. multiple offspring who also reproduce Answers: Correcta. multiple offspring who also reproduce b. multiple offspring c. offspring d. multiple offspring who survive
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Suppose that you are conducting an experiment to see whether receiving negative feedback from an authority figure will increase eating behavior. After writing an essay, half of your research participants are given negative feedback from a professor, and half are given encouraging feedback. All participants are then placed in a room with a large container of cookies and their eating behavior is observed. In this study, an operational definition for the dependent variable might be ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. the number of cookies each participant ate b. whether participants received critical or encouraging feedback c. the number of words in each participant's essay d. how many minutes the professor spent giving each participant feedback
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The fact that collectivist cultures tend to spring up in places with abundant pathogens but individualist cultures tend to flourish in places with few pathogens best illustrates ____. Answers: Correcta. nature influencing culture b. culture influencing nature c. genetic mutation influencing evolution d. evolution influencing the development of mutations
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The scientific method used by social psychologists is ____. Answers: a. conceptually the same as the scientific method used by clinical psychologists, biologists, and chemists b. conceptually the same as the scientific method used by clinical psychologists, biologists, and chemists—except for the fact that social psychologists do not usually use statistical significance testing c. fundamentally different from the scientific method used in other fields d. conceptually the same as the scientific method used by clinical psychologists, but fundamentally different from the scientific method used by biologists, chemists, and other "hard scientists"
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Why are collectivist cultures found in places where there tend to be many pathogens? Selected Answer: Incorrectd. Cultures that are collectivist tolerate nonconformity more, thereby creating more pathogens in the environment. Answers: Correcta. Cultures that develop in places with more pathogens put more pressure on people to conform in order to reduce the risk for disease. b. Cultures that are collectivist carry more disease. c. Cultures that develop in places with more pathogens do not have the proper social structures to combat pathogens. d. Cultures that are collectivist tolerate nonconformity more, thereby creating more pathogens in the environment.
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According to social brain theory, what enables humans to connect with one another? Answers: a. mating rituals b. psychological traits c. adaptive skills d. availability of essential needs
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According to the textbook, the key distinction between philosophy and psychology is the fact that psychology ____. Answers: a. is concerned with unobservable phenomena (e.g., thoughts) rather than observable phenomena (e.g., behaviors) b. primarily relies on the scientific method c. is concerned with observable phenomena (e.g., behaviors) rather than unobservable phenomena (e.g., thoughts) d. primarily relies on the case study method
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Charles Darwin, the biologist who proposed the theory of evolution, was ____. Selected Answer: Correctb. British Answers: a. American Correctb. British c. Dutch d. Australian
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Correlation coefficients are statistics used to denote ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. the strength of the relationship among three or more variables b. the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables c. the degree to which the observed differences are due to chance d. the amount of variability in a dataset
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Humans today still benefit from the famous invention of Alexander Graham Bell (the telephone). Even though Bell has been dead for generations, the basic technology he invented still lives on, and modern telephone systems have built off of and elaborated upon his invention. What best describes this? Selected Answer: Answers: a. generational division of labor b. progress through preservation of knowledge c. praxis of creativity d. network of trade and exchange
B
If Barack Obama is like most politicians, then he probably ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectc. disregarded political trade-offs when in office as well as when running for reelection Answers: a. overemphasized political trade-offs when he was running for reelection, but disregarded them the first time he ran for office Correctb. disregarded political trade-offs the first time he ran for office as well as when he was running for reelection c. disregarded political trade-offs when in office as well as when running for reelection d. overemphasized political trade-offs the first time he ran for office, but disregarded them when he was running for reelection
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If humans had an automatic system but not a deliberate system, then it would probably be impossible for them to ____. Answers: a. determine whether or not they were sexually attracted to someone Correctb. think about the meaning of life c. have children d. learn how to bathe
B
In general, it would be most accurate to say that humans are ____, while other animals are ____. Selected Answer: Incorrecta. social and cultural; social and moral Answers: a. social and cultural; social and moral Correctb. social and cultural; just social c. just cultural; social and cultural d. just cultural; just moral
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In recent years, evolutionary psychologists have focused most attention on which topic? Answers: a. racial/ethnic differences b. gender differences c. language differences d. age differences
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In social psychology, the "ABC triad" consists of ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. attributions, boundaries, and corrections b. affects, behaviors and cognitions c. ambiances, biology, and culture d. attitudes, beliefs and commitments
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Most of the explanations for human behavior ultimately lead back to two basic ways of answering these fundamental questions: ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. genotype and phenotype b. nature and nurture c. culture and environment d. dominant and recessive transmission
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Natural selection least favors people caring about the ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectc. past Answers: a. present Correctb. distant future c. past d. future
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One of the ways that humans are different from other species is that our sensory organs are ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. focused more on visual stimuli than tactile stimuli b. focused more on resolution than on detection c. focused more on visual stimuli than auditory stimuli d. focused more on detection than on resolution
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People with bigger social networks have been found to be bigger in some key brain parts, notably the ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectd. amygdala Answers: a. primary somatosensory cortex Correctb. orbital prefrontal cortex c. arcuate fasciculus d. amygdala
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Research studies that withhold information from participants or intentionally mislead them about the purpose of the study are referred to as ____ studies. Selected Answer: Answers: a. fraudulent b. deception c. falsification d. confederate
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Social animals need something akin to ____ to help them adjust to group life. Answers: a. self-awareness b. self-control c. self-esteem d. self-concept
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Social psychology focuses especially on the power of ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. genetics b. situations c. unconscious d. reinforcement
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Social psychology is best defined as the study of ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. how societies work to allocate resources and responsibilities b. how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people c. how we learn to behave in accordance with the rules of society d. how cultures are created in order to serve the interests of the powerful
B
Suppose that you are conducting a research project for a social psychology class. Due to the fact that you have no budget for the research, you are forced to rely on a college student population. How big of a problem is this in terms of your ability to later generalize your findings to other groups of people? Answers: a. It is completely unimportant for the majority of topics studied by social psychologists. b. It is generally not a very serious problem unless you are studying certain topics. c. It is a very serious problem for most, but not all topics, within social psychology. d. It is a very serious problem if your sample size is under 1000, and thus, lacks a measure.
B
Suppose you are a human resources professional and you employer has just imposed a number of new workplace conduct policies ranging from how phones and e-mails are to be answered to what is permitted on desks and cubicle walls. Based on what you know about how people learn, you would expect to find the best learning ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. under any circumstances, as long as the material is clearly presented b. when individuals watch a video with coworkers they know from their own work group c. when individuals watch a video with coworkers they do not know from other work groups d. when individuals complete an online training alone
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The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____. Answers: a. natural selection; mutation b. nature; culture c. mutation; natural selection d. culture; nature
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The case of Little Brenda, who was born a biological male but raised as a girl, illustrates that ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. virtually all human behavior is determined by nature rather than culture b. socialization is a powerful force, but there are limits to how much it can influence people c. gender identity is almost completely based on upbringing rather than biology d. as people age, nature becomes increasingly less important and nurture becomes increasingly more important
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There is a moderately strong, positive relationship between different forms of prejudice: People who are prejudiced against Group X also tend to be prejudiced against Group Y. Given this information, we should expect the correlation between anti-Jewish prejudice and anti-Asian prejudice to be about ____. Answers: a. 4.0 b. 0.4 c. .04 d. 40
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Which of the following fields is MOST concerned with understanding different human cultures? Answers: a. economics b. anthropology c. political science d. social psychology
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Which of the following fields is concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services? Selected Answer: Answers: a. anthropology b. economics c. political science d. history
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Which of the following is a deliberate process for MOST people? Selected Answer: Answers: a. reciting the alphabet b. reciting the numbers 1 through 10 in alphabetical order c. walking d. driving
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Which of the following is the best example of "cognition"? Selected Answer: Answers: a. Exhibiting a nervous twitch b. Thinking that you are a valuable employee c. Having a hunger pang d. Experiencing an auditory hallucination
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Within psychology, ____ typically focus on "abnormal" behavior (e.g., mental disorders and behavioral disorders). Selected Answer: Answers: a. both clinical psychologists and personality psychologists b. only clinical psychologists c. psychologists from all branches of psychology d. only personality psychologists
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Can correlational studies or experiments ever be conducted outside of the laboratory? Selected Answer: Answers: a. Correlational studies are always conducted in the "real world" and experiments are always conducted in the lab. b. Both correlational studies and experiments can be performed in the lab or in the "real world." c. No, both of these types of studies are always performed in the lab. d. Correlational studies can be conducted inside the laboratory or out in the "real world," but experiments are always conducted in the lab.
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Collectivist cultures tend to be found in places where there are ____ pathogens; individualist cultures tend to be found in places where there are ____. Selected Answer: Correctb. many; few Answers: a. few; many Correctb. many; few c. few; few d. many; many
B
Compared to most animals, when humans need information they show a strong tendency to look ____. Answers: a. toward other species Correctb. to each other c. at their own past experience d. toward the physical world
B
If Barack Obama is like most politicians, then he probably ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectc. overemphasized political trade-offs the first time he ran for office, but disregarded them when he was running for reelection Answers: a. disregarded political trade-offs when in office as well as when running for reelection Correctb. disregarded political trade-offs the first time he ran for office as well as when he was running for reelection c. overemphasized political trade-offs the first time he ran for office, but disregarded them when he was running for reelection d. overemphasized political trade-offs when he was running for reelection, but disregarded them the first time he ran for office
B
If a stranger provoked you by saying something to you that was highly offensive, and you experienced a strong, immediate urge to get violent with the stranger. What would the origin of the impulse most likely be? Selected Answer: Correctb. The automatic system, because it is a "gut reactor" Answers: a. The automatic system, because it is guided by intention Correctb. The automatic system, because it is a "gut reactor" c. The deliberate system, because the stranger's provocation was verbal d. The deliberate system, because the person who provoked her was a stranger
B
In order for humans to function effectively in society, ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectd. they need to allow the deliberate system to operate more emotionally Answers: a. the automatic mind often needs to override the deliberate system Correctb. the deliberate mind often needs to override the automatic system c. they need to focus on training the automatic system d. they need to allow the deliberate system to operate more emotionally
B
Molly was born in September, and the age cutoff for going to kindergarten in her school district is turning 5 by August 1st. Based on the relative age effect, Molly will MOST likely be one of the ____. Answers: a. youngest in her class and therefore have a disadvantage Correctb. oldest in her class and therefore have an advantage c. youngest in her class and therefore have an advantage d. oldest in her class and therefore have a disadvantage
B
The purposes of the oral or written statement participants receive at the end of a psychological study include _____. Answers: a. allowing them to refuse to allow their data to be used b. reducing or eliminating harm caused by their participation c. explaining to them what informed consent actually is d. ensuring that they receive appropriate compensation
B
What makes humans most unique from other animals is ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. communication b. culture c. division of labor d. social bonding
B
Although sociologists and social psychologists are both interested in group behavior, sociologists tend to focus on ____, whereas social psychologists tend to focus on ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. how groups are unique; how various groups are similar to one another b. individual members within the group; the group as a single unit c. the group as a single unit; individual members within the group d. how various groups are similar to one another; how groups are unique
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Compared to other animals' sensory organs, humans' sensory organs are especially good at ____. Answers: a. hearing sounds that are very high or low frequency b. remembering sensory information Correctc. distinguishing the faces of two very similar-looking people d. noticing right away if there is a person in the distance, even if that person is very far away
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How are social psychologists generally similar to behaviorists? Selected Answer: Answers: a. They are both interested in the mind, thoughts, and emotions. b. They are both interested in the unconscious mind. c. They both tend to favor experiments and the scientific method. d. They are both originally rooted in psychoanalytic theory.
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If an experiment gets participants psychologically involved and engaged, but the setting does not resemble the real world, then the experiment would be said to be ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism b. low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism c. high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism d. low in experimental realism and high in mundane realism
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In general, ____ psychologists believe that natural selection happens at the individual level. And in general, ____ psychologists believe that it can happen at the group level as well. Answers: a. a few; zero b. a few; a few c. virtually all; a few d. virtually all; zero
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In general, social psychologists who research the duplex mind now believe that the automatic system is ____. Selected Answer: Correctc. much bigger than the deliberate system Answers: a. much smaller than the deliberate system b. much more widely used by humans today than it was by humans in the past Correctc. much bigger than the deliberate system d. much more widely used in humans than in non-human animals
C
In recent years, what has emerged as an important subfield of social psychology that explores the ways in which people think about social situations? Selected Answer: Answers: a. cognitive sociology b. socioneurology c. social cognition d. cognitive psychology
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Jim's therapist concluded that there was "a lot going on in his psyche last week." What did his therapist mean by this? Answers: a. Jim had a poor sense of reality last week (in terms of who he was, where he was, what the date was, and so forth). b. Jim had a lot going on last week in terms of his interpersonal relationships. Correctc. Jim had a lot on his mind last week. d. Jim had a busy week last week.
C
Money has been part of human culture since ____. Answers: a. early civilizations b. the beginning of time Correctc. about three thousand years ago d. only the past few hundred years
C
Most social psychological research has been conducted in the U.S. and a few very similar nations. According to the textbook, how well do findings generalize to other cultures? Selected Answer: Answers: a. In general, there appear to be many large and important cross-cultural differences for women, but very few cross-cultural differences for men. b. With only one notable exception, no cross-cultural differences have been found in any area of social psychology. c. Because not enough research has been replicated cross-culturally, it is not well understood what will or will not generalize. d. In general, there appear to be many large and important cross-cultural differences across areas of social psychology.
C
Research about the sex and sexuality has demonstrated that ____. Answers: a. contraception is a relatively new idea b. women often desire more sexual partners than do men Correctc. prostitution is found in most large cultures d. male virginity is more prized than female virginity
C
The measure of the amount of random sampling error in a survey's result is known as ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. the correlation coefficient b. r c. the margin of error d. the p-value
C
The purposes of the oral or written statement participants receive at the end of a psychological study include _____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. allowing them to refuse to allow their data to be used b. explaining to them what informed consent actually is c. reducing or eliminating harm caused by their participation d. ensuring that they receive appropriate compensation
C
Which of the following is one of the ways that cultural animals differ from social animals? Selected Answer: Answers: a. Only cultural animals help kin. b. Only cultural animals can communicate with one another. Correctc. Only cultural animals have complex divisions of labor. d. Only cultural animals live in large groups.
C
Which statement is the most descriptive shorthand term for the trade-off involved in "delay of gratification" research? Answers: a. "Self versus society" b. "Nature versus culture" c. "Now versus tomorrow" d. "Stop versus go"
C
Which statement is the most descriptive shorthand term for the trade-off involved in "delay of gratification" research? Selected Answer: Correctc. "Now versus tomorrow" Answers: a. "Self versus society" b. "Stop versus go" Correctc. "Now versus tomorrow" d. "Nature versus culture"
C
Which topic has been of the MOST interest to social psychologists during the last 30 years? Answers: a. The idea that people act less on the basis of firm moral principles than they do on the basis of conformity, or "following the crowd" b. The idea that modern life makes people vulnerable to alienation and exploitation c. Social cognition—concerned with how people think about other people and how people think about the social world in general d. Behaviorism—concerned with basic principles of learning such as reward and punishment
C
Early research in social psychology conducted by Max Ringelmann revealed that people ____ when they work as part of a group (e.g., pushing a car off of the road with two other people) compared to when they work alone at the same task. Answers: a. feel like they are doing less work b. feel like they are doing more work c. do not work as hard d. work harder
C
Roger holds a number of negative stereotypes about women; specifically, he thinks that most women are manipulative, vain, and lazy. In trying to understand why Roger holds these stereotypes, which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask? Answers: a. Does Roger have a physical brain abnormality? b. Does Roger feel so intimidated by women that he expresses these negative stereotypes in order to "cover up" his deep-seeded lack of self-esteem? c. Has Roger been exposed to these stereotypes in the media, or has he perhaps had a few limited (but negative) interactions with women that might have helped to perpetuate these stereotypes? d. Did Roger have a difficult relationship with his mother as a young child that might have fostered negative attitudes toward all women?
C
Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation and, when untreated, results in disability and early death. However, the mutation that causes sickle cell disease is associated with protection against malaria, especially early in life. As a result, you would expect to see sickle cell disease ____. Selected Answer: Correctc. occur at higher rates among populations whose genetic heritage can be traces to areas with a high incidence of malaria Answers: a. occur predominantly in populations that have historically low rates of malaria and similar diseases b. eradicated as quickly as malaria is eradicated Correctc. occur at higher rates among populations whose genetic heritage can be traces to areas with a high incidence of malaria d. occur at similar rates in all populations, since malaria can be found anywhere mosquitoes, which transmit malaria, are found
C
Suppose that you are a research participant in a laboratory study that is looking at fear and social support. The researcher shows you an extremely scary movie and then asks you whether you feel like talking to anyone (and if so, who) once the movie is over. Although you are in a laboratory setting the whole time, which does not resemble "real life" at all, you become engrossed in the procedures of the study and almost forget that you are in a study. Thus, in your experience, this study is ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism b. low in experimental realism and high in mundane realism c. high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism d. high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism
C
When faced with a time trade-off, nature tends to ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. care more about the past than the present b. care more about the past than the future Correctc. care more about the present than the future d. care more about the future than the present
C
A characteristic that is innate ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectb. is independent of genetics Answers: a. typically varies from culture to culture b. is independent of genetics c. results from the influence of environment Correctd. is often difficult to change
D
A hypothesis is BEST described as a(n) ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. worldview b. post-hoc explanation c. random guess d. educated guess
D
Based on early research by Norman Triplett with racing cyclists, we should expect that people who exercise on rowing machines at gyms are more likely to ____ than people who exercise on the same machines in the privacy of their homes. Selected Answer: Answers: a. feel a sense of accomplishment b. burn less calories c. feel a sense of failure d. burn more calories
D
Based on early research by Norman Triplett, we should expect that children who work on math problems alone will ____ than children who work on math problems side by side with their classmates. Selected Answer: Answers: a. second-guess themselves less b. second-guess themselves more c. work more quickly d. work more slowly
D
Correct In general, one could accurately say that humans have evolved to ____. Selected Answer: Correctd. be selfish rather than to care about other people Answers: a. care about themselves more than others—though only in life-or-death situations b. care about their large social networks just as much as they care about their families c. care about their families more than they care about themselves Correctd. be selfish rather than to care about other people
D
How has the textbook described the historical relationship between clinical psychology and social psychology? Selected Answer: Answers: a. Clinical psychology grew out of social psychology. b. Both clinical psychology and social psychology grew out of cognitive psychology. c. The two fields have historically been at odds and argued with one another. d. The two fields have historically exchanged ideas and viewpoints.
D
In all contemporary human cultures, homosexual behavior is ____. Selected Answer: Correctd. viewed differently, in that it is accepted in some cultures and not accepted in others Answers: a. generally looked down upon for males, but sometimes tolerated or even encouraged for females b. generally upon with disapproval c. now accepted Correctd. viewed differently, in that it is accepted in some cultures and not accepted in others
D
In order for humans to function effectively in society, ____. Answers: a. they need to allow the deliberate system to operate more emotionally b. the automatic mind often needs to override the deliberate system c. they need to focus on training the automatic system Correctd. the deliberate mind often needs to override the automatic system
D
Kirk works hard to earn as much money as he can. He tries to be a good steward of his money, using it to buy a solid house for his family to live in, healthy food for them to eat, cars so they can get around town, and so forth. Kirk's approach to money is most consistent with which of the following metaphors that Lea and Webley proposed to explain the human motivation towards the pursuit of money? Selected Answer: Incorrecta. instinct Answers: a. instinct b. drug c. bank Correctd. tool
D
The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____. Selected Answer: Incorrecta. culture; nature Answers: a. culture; nature b. natural selection; mutation c. mutation; natural selection Correctd. nature; culture
D
The automatic system is to quick feelings as the deliberate system is to ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectb. unconscious emotions Answers: a. lack of emotions b. unconscious emotions c. uncontrollable emotions Correctd. full-blown emotions
D
The term "culture" originally referred to ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. what a large group of people have in common b. the human propensity to seek connections with others c. artistic and musical achievements d. a system of farming
D
Unlike virtually all other animals, humans ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectc. sometimes eat up to four or five times per day Answers: a. develop strong aversions to any foods that have previously made them ill b. feel bad when they do not have enough to eat c. sometimes eat up to four or five times per day Correctd. will eat or not eat certain foods because of ideas
D
When attempting to explain a person's behavior, what do social psychologists tend to assess first? Selected Answer: Answers: a. The person's personality b. The person's childhood c. The person's unconscious motivations d. The person's situation
D
When it comes to cross-cultural differences in behavior, people of all cultures ____. Selected Answer: Incorrectb. avoid sex with minors Answers: a. drink coffee b. avoid sex with minors c. regard sleeping with one's children as morally wrong Correctd. are more aggressive when they are insulted than when they are praised
D
Which field is BEST defined as "the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies"? Selected Answer: Answers: a. psychology b. anthropology c. political science d. sociology
D
Which of the following is a cultural act (rather than just a social act)? Answers: a. A group of baby ducks imitating the walk of an older duck b. A group of ants working together to carry a piece of watermelon across the street c. Two dogs aggressively barking at one another d. A group of citizens obeying the state's laws about littering
D
Which of the following would a basic researcher MOST LIKELY study? Selected Answer: Answers: a. The plight of welfare mothers b. Why people don't wear seat belts c. How to get people to conserve electric power d. A theory that explains the causes of aggression
D
Why are collectivist cultures found in places where there tend to be many pathogens? Answers: a. Cultures that develop in places with more pathogens do not have the proper social structures to combat pathogens. b. Cultures that are collectivist tolerate nonconformity more, thereby creating more pathogens in the environment. c. Cultures that are collectivist carry more disease. Correctd. Cultures that develop in places with more pathogens put more pressure on people to conform in order to reduce the risk for disease.
D
Dr. Kay researches the effectiveness of different therapies for treating severe anxiety disorders. He is MOST likely a ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. cognitive psychologist b. Freudian psychoanalyst c. personality psychologist d. clinical psychologist
D
Research on cross-cultural differences in sexuality has found that sex manuals written thousands of years ago in China covered ____ techniques that one would find in a sex manual today. Answers: a. a great deal more than the relatively simple b. completely different techniques than the c. very little, and did not discuss almost any of the d. almost exactly the same
D
Researchers often attempt to design studies that will be high in both experimental realism and mundane realism. However, ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. experimental realism is really only important in true experiments b. mundane realism is almost impossible to achieve in practical terms c. mundane realism is generally considered to be far more important d. experimental realism is generally considered to be far more important
D
Suppose that Ricardo is sitting in class, that he is extremely hungry, and that he spots his neighbor munching on a tempting snack. If Ricardo is like MOST people, then his automatic system would ____. Answers: a. not even notice b. notice but would not have any thoughts about it c. prompt him to think of a more socially acceptable way to get a snack d. prompt him to snatch the snack away from the neighbor
D
Suppose that you are in the market for a new car, and are having trouble deciding between two different models. If you ultimately decide to make your purchase based on the evaluations you read in Consumer Reports, then you are making a decision ____. Selected Answer: Correctd. based on the deliberate system (rather than the automatic system) Answers: a. based on the "bad is stronger than good" principle b. based on nature (rather than nurture) c. as a social animal (rather than a cultural animal) Correctd. based on the deliberate system (rather than the automatic system)
D
Zhao's research interest is to determine if poverty causes one to be more politically liberal. However, he cannot randomly assign people to conditions of poverty versus wealth because (aside from the practical difficulty) it would be unethical to do so. Zhao will have to ____. Selected Answer: Answers: a. conduct a field experiment b. do a meta-analysis c. develop a factorial design d. take a correlational approach
D
What is a hypothesis? Selected Answer: Answers: a. A type of sample b. An established scientific fact c. A testable prediction d. A statistical procedure
c
Suppose that a researcher asked you to answer a series of incredibly personal questions about your sexual life. You might (justifiably) feel annoyed and intruded upon, and find yourself being rude to the researcher, or even purposely giving the researcher incorrect information. Your response would be an example of ____. Answers: a. confederate behavior b. experimental realism c. reactance d. mundane realism
c
