social psychology quiz 3 (new)

bottom-up processes

"data-driven" mental processing, in which an individual forms conclusions based on the stimuli encountered in the environment; taking a relevant stimuli from the outside world, such as text on a page, gestures in an interaction, or sound patterns at a cocktail party

top-down processes

"theory-driven" mental processing, in which an individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations; filer and interpret bottom-up stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations

example of availability heuristic

Did Kansa or Nebraska have more tornados each year? even though they both average the same number, you, like most people, have answered Kansa. For most people thinking about the frequency of tornados in Kansa immediately brings to mind the one in the classic film "Wizard of Oz" it is easier to think Kansa has more tornados than Nebraska, so we conclude that Kansa has more tornados

appraisal process

a component of emotion; patterns of construal for evaluating events and objects in the environment based on their relation to current goals

example of pluralistic ignorance

a professor finished a discussion of a difficult topic by asking "are there any questions?" many students are completely confused, but no hands are raised. the confused students conclude that everyone else understands the material, and that they alone are confused

focalism

a tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of associated factors or other events.

primacy effect

a type of order effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented FIRST in a body of evidence

recency effect

a type of order effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented LAST in a body of evidence

fast, automatic appraisals

an event is consistent or inconsistent with our goals lead to general pleasant or unpleasant feelings.

cultural approach to emotion

assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices vary across cultures.

evolutionary and cultural approaches to emotion

both of these approaches are correct

we are most likely to remember stimuli that have captured our attention; also by encoding of information; also by preexisting knowledge they have before a situation

how do shames affect memory?

heuristic

intuitive mental operations, performs quickly and automatically, that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgment

pluralistic ignorance

misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences; those actions reinforce the erroneous group norm.

emotional wellbeing

positive sense of well-being which enables an individual to be able to function in society and make the demands of everyday life

evolutionary approach to emotion

proposed that the components of emotion - an appraisal process, physiological responses, expressive behavior, subjective feelings, and action tendencies - enable adaptive reactions to survival-related threats and opportunities all people face

the various schemas affect our judgments in many ways: by directing our attention, structuring our memories, and influencing our interpretations. without schemas our lives would be a buzzing confusion but they can sometimes lead us to mischaracterize the world.

schemas?

emotional intelligence

the ability to express, recognize, and use emotions well within social interactions

social intuitionist model of moral judgment

the idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events, and then rely on reason to arrive at judgment of right or wrong. We feel our way to our moral judgments, in other words; we don't reason our way there.

broaden and build hypothesis

the idea that positive emotions broaden thoughts and actions, helping people build social resources. these increases in intellectual resources, in turn, build our social resources, such as friendships and social networks.

availability heuristic

the process whereby judgments of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind.

representativeness heuristic

the process whereby judgments of likelihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes, or between cause and effect.

Self-fullfilling prophecies

the tendency for people to act in wats that bring about the very thing they expect to happen

pluralistic ignorance

this misperception occurs whenever people act in ways that conflict with their private beliefs because of a concern for the social consequences

Pluralistic Ignorance, Self-fullfilling prophecies

what are misleading FIRSTHAND information?

Ideological distortions, Overemphasis on bad news, effects of the Bad-News Bias

what are misleading SECONDHAND information?

example of self-fulfilling prophecy

If we think someone is unfriendly, we are likely to offer something of a cold shoulder ourselves, which is likely to elicit the very coldness we anticipated

representativeness heuristic

generally is useful in making accurate judgments about people and events. We all sometimes find ourselves wondering whether someone is a member of a particular category. Is he gay? is she a republican? in making such assessments, we automatically asses the extent to which the person in question seems gay or republican. instead of focusing on the true question of interest - "Is it likely that this person is a Republican?" - we ask, "Does this person seem like a Republican?" or "Is this person similar to my prototype of a Republican?" the use of __________________________________ reflect an implicit assumption that "like goes with like".

duration neglect

giving relative unimportance to the length of an emotional experience, whether pleasurable or unpleasant, in judging and remembering the overall experience, what matters most is whether the peak moment and ending are good.

duchenne smile

involves the action of the orbicularis oculi and can be thought of as a felt smile. tends to last 1-5 seconds, and lip corners turn up equally on both sides. they are usually associated with activity of the left anterior portion of the brain.

framing effect

the influence on judgment resulting from the way information is presented, such as the order of presentation or the wording

planning fallacy

the tendency for people to be unrealistic optimistic about how quickly they can complete a particular project, even when fully aware that they have often failed to complete similar projects on time in the past

confirmation bias

the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it, people more readily, reliably, and vigorously seek out evidence that would support the proposition rather than information that would contradict the proposition.

confirmation bias

to truly test a proposition we must seek out the evidence against it as well as the evidence for it

fast, automatic and deliberate

what are the two stages of appraisal process as they relate to emotions?

deliberate appraisals

what caused an event, who is responsible for it, whether it is fair, and what might be done about it

studies have consistently found that people from different cultures that differ in religion, political structure, economic development, and independence versus interdependent nevertheless agree a great deal in how they label the photos depicting happiness, sad, anger, disgust, fear, and surprised

what did Ekman's studies show?

1. the ability to accurately perceive others emotions, 2. the ability to understand one's own emotions, 3. the ability to use current feelings to aid in making good decisions, 4. the ability to manage one's emotion in ways that fit the current situation

what is emotional intelligence associated with?

desire to entertain

what is one of the most pervasive causes of distortion in secondhand accounts?

appraisals of harm, need and vulnerability

what kind of appraisals could lead to emotions of sympathy and concern?

judgment

when is top-down processing most useful?