social psychology test 2

about _____ percent of tehparticipants in the milligram's original experiment delivered the maximum shock of 450 volts.

62

Amir just saw a movie that he somewhat liked. According to the process of thought polarization, how is Amir likely to feel after he thinks more extensively about the film?

Amir will come to like the film even more.

Prior to a basketball game, Coach Keating shakes his players' hands. Each player then gives the others a fist bump and a hug. In contrast, Coach Lopez wishes the players luck and then the team goes through a cheer. Based on research by Kraus and colleagues. how will the teams do if they follow the same routine over the season?

Coach Keating's team will do better because the touch in which they engage coordinates the team

All of the following people are likely to resist persuasive attempts to adopt a different brand of soap EXCEPT

Jack, who does not have a vested interest in any particular brand of soap.

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how emotions influence cognition?

People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members.

Laureano has a strong preference for Honda over all other car brands. When it came time to buy a new car, however, there was a promotion that offered a very small discount on Nissans and Laureano elected to buy a Nissan, even though he likes Hondas a lot better. What is the most likely reason why Laureano would experience dissonance in the wake of this behavior (buying the Nissan instead of a Honda)?

There was insufficient justification for this behavior.

Imagine you spend an afternoon watching television and notice that all of the commercials have one common theme: an attractive athlete or actor endorsing a product. Why do advertisers hire attractive people to endorse their products?

They can increase the persuasiveness of a message through the peripheral route because we are more likely to like and trust them.

Actors' and observers' attributions differ for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

They have the same information about their own versus others' behavior.

Based on the research on audience characteristics, which of the following scenarios best illustrates how Tommy's mood is likely to impact his response to persuasive attempts?

When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to pessimistic messages than to optimistic messages.

Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?

Why did Larissa break up with Tom?

the main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to

a more powerful person or group

Tiesha thinks that she did poorly on her exam because the questions were too hard, but that her friend did poorly because he is not smart. Tiesha's attributions reflect the

actor-observer difference.

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. The experiment entailed turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time. Thus, in actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring. The study results showed that

after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment.

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants' attitudes, they

ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement.

Some residents in your town want to build a new elementary school, but others do not. You are leaning toward the pro-school camp. One day, you receive a flyer from the pro-school camp that warns you that the anti-school camp is going to hold a demonstration at a local park. The flyer briefly summarizes how the anti-school camp will attack the pro-school position. Further, the flyer asks you to think about how you can refute the attack before the demonstration occurs. The pro-school camp's strategy is an example of ________, and it should ________ your resistance to stronger, more detailed attacks if you end up attending the demonstration.

attitude inoculation; increase

In the 1930s, a time when anti-Asian sentiments were common, LaPiere (1934) toured the United States with a young Chinese couple. Together they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that the effect of ________ than people think.

attitudes on behavior is weaker

Why is it a good idea for incumbent politicians to campaign for maintaining the safety and security of their countries?

because people are motivated to maintain the status quo, particularly when their own mortalities are made salient

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions?

both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

Rob is a conservative Republican. Based on your reading, about which moral domain is Rob LESS likely to be concerned?

care/harm

According to the textbook, which route to persuasion is most likely to lead to long-lasting attitude change?

central

Dissonance theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes as a result of dissonance, whereas self-perception theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes from observing their behaviors.

change; infer

Theories that emphasize uniformity between the components of attitudes and between attitudes and behavior are called ________ theories

cognitive consistency

When we engage in a self-serving bias, we attribute failure and other bad events that happen to us to ________, but we attribute success and other good events to ________.

external circumstances; internal factors

Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal. He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise. Bill is engaging in

focalism.

The ________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself.

fundamental attribution error

the textbook list several different factors that can influence the pressure to conform. which of the following is not one of the factors listed in the text?

group fame

Emotions such as sympathy, concern, and compassion are triggered by concerns about ________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.

harm

Consider the following quote from the writings of Joseph Stalin: "The death of a single Russian soldier is a tragedy. The death of a million soldiers is a statistic." This quote illustrates the idea behind the ________ effect.

identifiable victim

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

implicit measures

At the last minute, Christine decided to try a new route to work. On her drive in, she hit a deep pothole, causing one of her car tires to go flat. Her decision to try a new route ________ the likelihood that she engaged in counterfactual thinking.

increased

people who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through

informational social influence

Kyle, a male student, and Megha, a female student, both failed their geography exams. According to research by Dweck and colleagues (1975, 1985, 2007), Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ________, whereas Megha is likely to attribute her failure to her ________.

lack of effort; lack of ability

reactance theory suggests that compliance may be ____ likely if people _____

less; perceive that their freedom of choice is being threatened

Recall that Dan Gilbert studied why people tend to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional factors. According to his theoretical framework, this pattern of attribution occurs because people who are tired, unmotivated, or distracted tend to

make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information.

technological advances such as long-range missiles mean that countries can inflict harm on each other from great distances. researches conducted by _____ suggests that these advances make it considerably ______ likely that people will be willing to inflict harm.

milgram; more

research on gender and conformity shows that compared with women, men are

more likely to conform in stereotypically female domains

if you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest fashion trend just to blend in with others, you are responding to ______ social influence

normative

Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?

oxytocin

the principle of ideomotor action states that

people unconsciously mimic each other's behavior

Raheem's attention was captured by a new student, Matt, who yelled angrily as he walked past her in the hallway at school. Raheem thought to himself, "Jeez, he must be a really angry person." Given his focus on Matt and his outburst, Raheem failed to notice the group of guys in the background by the lockers who were subtly taunting him. This example illustrates how ________ influences causal attributions.

perceptual salience

Recall that in one experiment, participants were assigned to one of two roles: questioner or responder. The questioner read a series of questions to the responder and told the responder how to answer each question. In fact, the questioner used a preprinted list to tell responders exactly how to answer each question. The results of this research showed that the

questioners still drew inferences about what the responders were like.

anya needs 500 to help pay for a trip to Europe. she calls her parents and ask if they will give her 5,000 for her trip, and they say no. she then ask if she can have just 500 and they say yes. this demonstrates the effectiveness of the _____ technique

reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face)

After doing poorly on his biology exam, Jim reminds himself that he is a good artist and a loving boyfriend. Thus, Jim is using ________ to cope with a potential threat to his self-esteem.

self-affirmation

Nancy is gathering information about different cars in order to decide which car she wants to buy. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancy will be more likely to process this information through the central route if

she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.

Emotions are different from moods in that emotions are

shorter in duration than moods

Jason conducted an experiment in which participants were shown (a) three news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit; (b) six news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit; or (c) no news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit. According to research on agenda control, Jason should expect that participants who read ________ news stories dealing with the deficit should be ________ likely to cite the deficit as one of the most important problems facing the country.

six; most

The ________ states that people first have fast emotional reactions to events with moral significance and then recruit more thoughtful reasoning to make a final judgment about right and wrong.

social intuitionist model

The ________ dimension of explanatory style considers whether the causes of a particular behavior will be present again in the future.

stable/unstable

When it comes to display rules, people from interdependent cultures, in comparison to people from independent cultures people, tend to more readily

suppress expressions of positive emotion.

Lucy's family is not well-off. Although they wish they were more prosperous, they take comfort in the love and support they provide to each other and consider their society fair. As a result, Lucy's family does not endorse proposed changes to the laws that would provide them with better health insurance. Their behavior can be explained by ________ theory.

system-justification

following his initial experiment, Milgram conducted several additional experiments to examine factors that might increase or decrease obedience to authority. in one of these experiments MIlgram showed that participants were less likely to obey the experimenter's orders if

the experimenters request to continue were issued over a telephone

Sebastian is high in the need for cognition. This means he likes to

think deeply about issues.

The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events, and therefore ________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being.

underestimate; overestimate

The sleeper effect occurs in situations in which messages from ________ sources shift attitudes ________.

unreliable; after a delay