Social Studies: Apartheid Study Guide

Annual expenditure on education per pupil

$45 vs. $696

Ration of average earnings (blacks vs. whites)

1 vs. 14

Doctors/population (blacks vs. whites)

1/44000 vs. 1/400

Teacher/ pupil ration

1/60 vs. 1/22

Land allocation (blacks vs. whites)

13% vs. 87%

Mandela spent __________ years at the Robben Island.

18

Population (blacks vs. whites)

19 million vs. 4.5 million

Infant mortality rate (blacks vs. whites)

20% urban vs. 2.7% 10% rural

Minimum taxable income (blacks vs. whites)

360 rands vs. 750 rands

Share of National Income (blacks vs. whites)

<20% vs. 75%

What group did Nelson Mandela join in 1942?

ANC

Dutch descendants were known as what?

Boers or Afrikaners

Group Areas Act

Established residential and business sections for each race within cities. Members of non-white races were not able to live in certain areas or able to own businesses or land in "white only" areas.

In 1990 South African president __________________ set Nelson Mandela free.

FW de Klerk

Who shared the nobel peace with Mandela?

FW de Klerk

As a lawyer who, in particular, was Nelson Mandela defending as an attorney?

Oppressed black, black farmers that were being removed from white areas to restricted black reserves under the apartheid system

What was this para military group preparing for?

Overthrowing the Apartheid regime

What were all blacks required to carry? What sort of things were included in this item?

Passbooks which contained fingerprints, photo, and information on access to non-black areas.

The Bantu Authorities Act (1951) established "homelands". These homelands effectively left nine million black Africans without citizenship in their own country. This Act also ensured that black South Africans would not be able to participate in the South African Government. What would Africans living in these homelands need to enter their own country?

Passports

In 1940 the Afrikaner National Party gained a strong majority in the government. What was their aim or goal when they invented the Apartheid system? What happened in 1960s?

The Apartheid system was invented as a means to cement their control over economic and social systems. In the 60's a plan of "Great Apartheid" was executed emphasizing territorial separation and police repression.

Which two European countries colonized South Africa?

The English (Britain) and the Dutch (Netherlands)

Bantu Authorities Homeland Act

White minority government set up ethnic African reserves known as "homelands". These homelands were independent states to which each Native African was assigned. All of their political rights (voting) were restricted to their homeland. The idea was that Native Africans would no longer be citizens of South Africa losing their citizenship mean that they had no right to participate in the South African Parliament, basically making them aliens in their own country.

What three categories did the Population Registration Act divide South Africans into?

Whites, Blacks (Africans), Colored (of Mixed Descent)

Mandela was the son of a _____________ and was highly educated, actually becoming _______________.

tribal chief; lawyer

What were some tactics used by those who opposed apartheid?

violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabatoges

What is the definition of Apartheid?

A social and political policy of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by white minority governments in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

What does ANC stand for?

African National Congress

How did the international community react to the racial policies of apartheid?

Apartheid was denounced from the international community. In 1961, South Africa was forced to withdraw from the Commonwealth by member states who were critical of the Apartheid system. This means that several trading privileges were taken away. In 1985, the U.S and British government imposed selective economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy.

What does the word Apartheid mean in Afrikaans?

Apartness

In the first legal gathering of the ANC in 30 years what was Mandela's vision for South Africa?

Have a country that is multi-racial where all races and cultures live on an equal footing.

What did Mandela call for in 1961 if Blacks were not allowed to vote?

He called for a massive national strike

What happened to Mandela when he returned to South Africa?

He was arrested for illegal exit from the country and for his connections with the African civil disobedience program. He was sentenced to a 5-year prison term

What happened to Mandela in 1993?

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

What happened to Mandela in 1994?

He was elected the president of South Africa

What happened at the Sharpsville massacre and who did the government hold responsible?

Hundreds of protesting blacks were killed and wounded by riot police. Mandela was detained and the ANC was held responsible for the episode.

"Pass" laws

Required non-whites to carry passbooks/passports with their photo, fingerprints, and other information, including where the person was allowed to travel within their own country.

Where was Mandela imprisoned?

Robben Island

The white European settlers came to South Africa in the mid 1600's (Dutch) and later the British also established a colony at Cape town. Describe what happened between the Dutch (Boers) and British after valuable resources were discovered in the southeastern part of South Africa.

The discovery of diamonds in the colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal resulted in the English invasion which lead to the Boer War.

The ANC adopted the Programme of Action calling for what? What model were they following?

They called for mass resistance to Afrikaner authority. They were following Gandhi's passive resistance model successfully used in India a few years earlier.

Land Acts

This act/law completed a series of land acts set up by the white minority government which basically set aside 80% of the land in South Africa for the white minority.

In 1962, Mandela left South Africa illegally to go where?

To attend a Pan-African Congress in Algeria (to train freedom fighters) where there was much excitement about the current move of Africa to full independence.

Working within the political "underground" Mandela and his friends organized a para military group known as ____________________________________ which in Bantu means _________________________________________.

Umkhonto We Sizwe; Spear of the Nation/ Tip of the Spear