Sociology 134 Final Exam
d
The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was: a.Booker T. Washington b.W. E. B. Du Bois c.Malcolm X d.Marcus Garvey
To gain more votes in elections and label those part of the civil rights movement as violent
Why did politicians focus on crime as the main problem plaguing America when most Americans did not view it as a problem?
a
Because many American Indians are married to non-American Indians, they often find themselves looking through the cultural lens of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called: a.cultural labor b.symbolic interaction c.acculturation d.the second shift
c
Because of how out-of-wedlock birthrates are calculated, what would the impact be on out-of-wedlock birthrates if the number of children born to unmarried black women stayed the same but the number of children born to married black women increased? a.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would remain the same. b.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would increase. c.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease. d.Rates of out-of-wedlock births would stop being calculated.
3/4 Asian Americans support affirmative action
What did national surveys find about Asian Americans' attitude about affirmative action?
Three Strikes Law
the law that applies mandatory sentencing to give repeat offenders longer prison terms
white males?
who benefits most from legacy or sports preferences?
Turns the gaze inward and emphasizes our differences rather than our similarities causing social divisions
According to Desmond and Emirbayer, what are the two problematic side effects of America's obsession with identity?
c
According to sociologist Anne Rawls, whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space, but not the same ________________ space. a.dynamic b.socio-racial c.interactional d.community
c
According to sociologist Kenneth Clark, for some inner-city African American and Latina women, an out-of-wedlock birth is: a.a mark of utter disgrace b.an abdication of their chances of finding a husband c.a symbol of their womanhood d.a testament to their economic independence
The inconsistencies reveal a general fissure in America's Asian population, the group behind the complaints are largely foreign-born immigrants (many from China) who believe the remise of the American dream is a meritocracy, the group who supports it tend to be older and comprised largely of people who were born in the country and have well-established alliances with other civil rights groups
According to the author, what does the apparent inconsistency in public opinion reveal about Asian Americans?
c
According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men? a.Latina women b.black women c.Latino men d.white women
a
Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants: a.make America safer b.make America less safe, whether they are here legally or not c.are more likely to call police in an emergency d.are less likely to drop out of high school
1946: illegal to segregate interstate bus/train passengers 1950: white-only law schools ruled unconstitutional
Rulings on interstate transportation and segregated LAW schools
Violent crime thrives in neighborhoods wracked by compounding structural disadvantages, racial segregation exposes African-American youth to neighborhoods with higher risk factors and less protective factors for violence
Why do blacks, and young blacks especially, have high rates of homicide?
a
Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self. a.front stage b.misrepresented c.back stage d.center stage
Tough on crime politics, harsher sentences-mandatory minimums, 3 strikes, etc.
Since the 1960s, why did America's prison population multiply so quickly? And why by such an enormous measure?
a
The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of _____ imprisoned. a.women b.men c.illegal immigrants d.juveniles
c
The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by: a.the ability of black men in prison to get GEDs and advance their economic positions considerably after prison b.the trend that arrest rates for poor whites are among the lowest of any other racial and economic groups c.the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime d.the inability of education to lessen the probability of incarceration for people of color in American society
b
The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that: a.social service agencies are typically receptive to the culture of immigrant families b.the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families c.immigrants to the United States are mostly the same and can anticipate what changes to expect for their families in advance of migrating d.the process of immigration, though stressful, does little to change the structure of families
False, the Mexican Repatriation Programs, slavery, Lynch mobs, Native American genocide, and Ku Klux Klan are all examples of terrorism prior to September 11
Today, Americans are told that the events of September 11 constitute the first time in history that a terrorist attack of that magnitude was visited upon American soil. Is this statement true or false? Why?
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
U.S. government put all Japanese-Americans in interment camps during WWII, a clear violation of the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause, Supreme Court ruled that national security concerns justified the internment
Double negative to be discriminated against for your race and sexuality, black males are viewed as "primitive man", historical myth that homosexuality is not a thing for Africans
Why is homosexuality viewed by some African Americans as a "white" phenomenon?
b
Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women? a.Even though the reality of the presence of immigrants in American society may be a reduction in overall crime, our society's institutions and media promote the acceptance of violence between immigrant couples. b.A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods. c.Immigrant women are less likely to be educated in American institutions, and therefore their reports of violence and abuse happen within the networks of their communities in their countries of origin. d.The media portrays solutions to the "problems of immigrants" as deportation, so society does not punish or arrest men in immigrant communities if they act violently toward women.
because individuals who are members of those groups were already being admitted to the Law School in significant numbers
Why weren't certain minority races not included in the Law School's affirmative action admission policy?
they thought it would lead to more oppression
Why did some black people oppose integration? (9)
increases anxiety and interferes with cognitive functioning
Why does stereotype threat lead to diminished performance?
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Prohibition against interracial marriage was ruled unconstitutional
Supplemental Reading: The Black Family in the Age of Mass Incarceration
1. Moynihan report - blames black poverty on broken homes and pathological families 2. Prisons shifted from rehabilitative goals to punitive goals 3. Negative consequences of incarceration on families/communities and ex-felons 4. Blackness = criminality 5. Incarceration rates rose independently of crime rates 6. Black struggle = black villainy
Ping v. U.S. (1889)
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese immigration and denied reentry to previous immigrants, driven largely by economic competition between Chinese and white laborers, a time of rising xenophobia against the Chinese, Supreme Court ruled that congress had the power to set immigration policy, and could legally ban immigration from an entire country if it chose to do so
a
A beauty product marketed to Asian American women with the intent of "lightening" their skin represents: a.the racialization of Asian femininity toward white standards b.the expanding array of accepted standards for cultural beauty in American society c.the normalization of cosmetics for Asian Americans d.a radical shift in beauty norms for Asian Americans compared to a decade ago
b
A form of black communication style involves indirect questioning and acknowledgement of information. For example, Sharon offhandedly and jokingly comments about her sister Dee's weight gain rather than asking Dee outright if she is pregnant. This communication style is called: a.dramaturgy b.signifying c.interjecting d.reflexive dialoging
c
A white woman is driving through an unfamiliar neighborhood and becomes frightened when she sees black people on the street corner waving and gesticulating at her. They are trying to signal to her that she is going the wrong way on a one way street, but she thinks they are threatening her. What dynamic does this example display best? a.the challenge of understanding cultural norms during "mezzanine-level" social interactions b.the importance of understanding one's own intersectional identity c.the need for vigilant reflexivity when it comes to cross-racial communication d.the inability of people to be reflexive about interpreting "back stage" behavior
alleged that respondents discriminated against her on the basis of race in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, alleged that her application was rejected because the Law School uses race as a "predominant" factor, giving applicants who belong to certain minority groups "a significantly greater chance of admission than students with similar credentials from disfavored racial groups", alleged that respond- ents "had no compelling interest to justify their use of race in the admissions process
According to Barbara Grutter, how did the university discriminate against her? How did she and people on her side argue for it?
a race-blind admissions system would have a "'very dramatic,'" negative effect on underrepresented minority admissions;
According to Dr. Raudenbush's analysis, what would have been the effect of removing race as a consideration from the admission process?
a
According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s? a.civil rights b.crime c.gender discrimination d.immigration
d
According to the textbook, what is the relationship between societal attitudes about interracial marriage and raising the question, "What about the children?" a.The question is important because there seems to be a great deal of evidence that biracial children have a harder time figuring out their racial identity than other people of color whose parents identify as the same race. b.The question downplays the significance of interracial relationships that produce children but that do not result in marriages. c.The question is important because people raise it frequently as a way to argue that the cultural acceptance of interracial relationships should be congruent with society's integration of multiracial individuals. d.The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.
b
African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons): a.were the largest and most extensive sector of African American social organization and civic life b.nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy c.never numbered more than a few thousand members, with very little property or value, into the twentieth century d.joined forces with white fraternal lodges and federations to fight for civil rights and equality
d
After George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin in 2012, the police did not arrest him because of the Stand Your Ground law. What was the supposed purpose of this law? a.It required people to call the police when they perceived someone might be a physical threat. b.It encouraged people to retreat from violent conflict at any cost. c.It forced people to stay where they were when they sensed a threat to themselves or others. d.It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.
Lynch mobs, prisons, share-cropping
After the fall of slavery, what institutions arose to control and confine nonwhites, and African American in particular?
b
Alabama did not remove language from its state constitution prohibiting interracial marriage until 2000. Though not legally binding, the language operated as a powerful: a.precedent b.symbol c.fountainhead d.gesture
b
Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate: a.that even when crime rates are low in predominantly minority communities, children are better protected by the "eyes on the street" in the suburbs b.the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well c.that black women are impacted by their identities as blacks and women when it comes to crime; in Allison's case, her racial identity was more important in shaping her perceptions of crime d.that the media's representation of blacks is the primary, and even only, reason that people largely associated blacks with criminality
a
Although the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was largely a white Protestant movement, formed with the explicit purpose of promoting racial and ethnic conflict, it wasn't the only one. Another example the textbook gives is ____ associations established to wage battle with _____ ones. a.Irish; Italian b.German; Jewish c.French; Polish d.Japanese; Korean
b
Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating? a.African Americans are generally more accepting of interracial dating than whites are. b.Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are. c.Women tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than men are. d.People are less accepting of interracial dating now than they were in the 1990s.
b
As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon? a.the rise of white women using antidepressants b.the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century c.the rise in abuse of ADHD medication among high school and college students d.steroid use among professional athletes
a
Because of many factors—including, but not limited to, the history of male and female roles under slavery and the interaction patterns between men and women in families—black men and women tend to differ in their views of gender roles and expectations. In terms of the meaning of race and/or gender in understanding this difference, we might say that: a.to fully appreciate the nuance of these differences, we have to take into account both gendered and racial aspects of identity b.intersecting dynamics of identity are limited to combinations of gender and race c.the socially constructed nature of race holds greater historical traction in the explanation of this dynamic than the socially constructed nature of gender d.because of the way gender roles in families are collectively understood in society even when people have different expectations in their own families, it is difficult to meet those expectations
c
Because we often don't know a person's racial identity online, many Internet users have come to regard _______ as the virtual norm. a.nerds b.colorblindness c.whiteness d.blackness
b
Black women are the least likely group in American society to marry. Some analysts even estimate rates as low as what? a.One in two black women will marry in her lifetime. b.One in three black women will marry in her lifetime. c.One in four black women will marry in her lifetime. d.One in five black women will marry in her lifetime.
c
Corey was adamant in his feeling that most people in American society no longer have severely racist attitudes toward people of other races. Joan suggested he look at the comments in online news feeds about a recent drug bust involving people of color. He was surprised by the intensity of the racist comments he found. Joan's suggestion was an example of: a.how people gravitate toward crime stories involving drugs and people of color b.how gender norms prevented Corey from investigating the details associated with the news stories prior to Joan's help c.how effectively the idea that racism is dead can be challenged by looking at the online and virtual ways that people portray their prejudices d.how challenging someone's ideas about the prejudices that exist in our society is only symbolic
a
Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that: a.the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility b.the pattern of behaviors among black men across society makes them less adaptable, causing incompatibilities with most spouses, regardless of race c.the adage "opposites attract" creates a sense of adventure for some couples that disappears over time, and black couples are more likely to marry earlier, before that sense of adventure ends d.blacks have similar understandings of gender role expectations within the relationship but diverging understandings of how couples express love
d
Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was: a.heterosexual black women b.heterosexual white women c.heterosexual Latina women d.heterosexual Asian women
Fear of crime is related to one's racial identity, racial attitudes, and the racial makeup of one's neighborhood; the media over represents white and female victims
During the 1990s, although crime rates fell and drug use dropped among high school students, Americans still believed they were rising, what explains the causes of American's fear of crime?
c
During the early-to-mid-twentieth century, labor unions largely remained racially homogenous, white-dominated, and exclusionary. When they did promote integration, as early as the late 1800s through the Civil Rights Movement, an advantage of this integration was that: a.integrated labor unions erased the prejudiced thoughts of the workers in the union b.integrated labor unions caused employers to value the input of a diverse workforce and to mandate diversity trainings c.integrated labor unions helped challenge the dominant stereotype of blacks, Hispanics, and other people of color as "strikebreakers" d.integrated labor unions helped protect people during the economic crush of the Depression
Examples of stereotype threat beyond race/ethnic minority groups
Gender- stereotype: females aren't as good at math as males; females directly exposed to/reminded of the stereotype perform worse than females who are not; in the absence of stereotype threat, females should do about as well as males
those that use holistic admissions are far more likely than those that don't to enroll low-income students, the approach is primarily used by the most selective schools because they have enough demand that they can choose of many qualified applicants
How and why is the "holistic" approach used differently by different universities?
They said that they come from a far away land and came here to pursue fairness and equal education opportunities, it doesn't matter how much they devote to their education-years of work will be gone, only because of their skin color
How did Asians in California argue against affirmative action? Why did they call it "the most racist bill ever"?
c
How did the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) change during the twentieth century? a.The YWCA excluded black women from its services until the modern Civil Rights Movement, when the organization formed a chapter specifically for black women. b.White women organized to exclude black women from volunteering with the YWCA after the Civil Rights Movement. c.Black women organized and helped transform the YWCA from a racially segregated organization into one that prioritized racial justice. d.Black women left the segregated YWCA to form a new organization that addressed the particular interests of black women.
They said that affirmative action benefits all Americans promoting the short- and long-term benefits of diversity, they also said that holistic admissions benefit particular groups like Cambodians and Laotians
How do Asian Americans in favor of affirmative action argue for it?
b
How do the prejudices that are part of the ideologies of hate groups compare to the prejudices that come up as part of everyday life in modern American society? a.These biases are basically the same; hate groups are just more organized. b.The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups represent a racist philosophy bent on conspiracies and the demonization of minorities. c.Routine and everyday forms of prejudice are more elaborate as they occur more regularly in the minds of the prejudiced. d.The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups are the bases of uniform practices across the spectrum of white nationalist groups.
Confinement often has negative effects on mental health and can lead to suicide or insanity
How does incarceration affect mental health?
Wives must cope without their husbands and children without their mothers, incarcerated mothers miss out on key life events, children from single-parent households do worse in school, etc.
How does incarceration hurt family?
intimate access to two racial worlds as an insider, i.e. being multiracial
How does one acquire racial capital?
anonymous comments on all platforms of social media
How does racism manifest itself on the Internet?
the Internet is the ideal medium through which hate groups can channel their message around the globe, cheap and efficient
How has the Internet facilitated the growth of hate groups?
it is legal to deny felons jobs, housing, government benefits, etc.; schooling, family life, employment all negatively affected
How/why do technically "color blind" crime policies perpetuate race/ethnic inequality?
c
In 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called? a.backdoor crime b.cyber crime c.white-collar crime d.green eyeshade crime
a
In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s? a.Potential race rioters were arrested. b.Drug trafficking decreased. c.Sexual violence decreased. d.Drug use decreased.
c
In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring? a.gang wars in Chicago b.a slew of murders, usually involving men attacking single females c.riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors d.muggings and catcalling
d
In the early twentieth century, Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can be described as: a.an empowering form of separate but equal where blacks and whites shared in the power of American government and civil society b.the precursor to the civil disobedience movements of the 1950s and 1960s, advocating for nonviolent resistance c.a legal reformatory program centered on the expansion of black rights through the recognition of equality in American civil law and social policy d.a movement seeking power for blacks in the form of black-owned businesses and a black-run government and military
cultural labor
Interracial relationships require each person to engage in a fair amount of cultural labor, which involves learning the history and culture of one another's racial and ethnic identities. Cultural labor requires broadening your cultural competence, stepping out of your comfort zone, and trying as much as possible to adopt another perspective on the world
a
Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so? a.Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work. b.Jasper works overtime compared to the traditional workweek and makes a lucrative living, pulling in a couple of thousand dollars a week. c.Jasper is "killing it" by working only a few hours a week but making money that adds up to a six-figure yearly salary. d.Jasper works for a well-structured organized gang that pays him a salary through the ranks of their leadership for the work he does, meaning he makes the same amount no matter what hours he works.
a
Kathleen Blee conducted research on women who were involved in white supremacist groups and found that most: a.were middle class, had college educations, and were gainfully employed b.were working class, had some college, and were employed part-time c.were working poor, had high school degrees, and had minimum wage jobs d.were poor, were high school dropouts, and were unemployed and on public assistance
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal"
a
Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as: a.excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of one's racial or ethnic group b.the belief that men, particularly men of color, are superior to women of all colors in society c.a philosophy of racial superiority that promoted adjustment and accommodation to the laws and social policies of the larger society d.a prointegrationist sentiment that favors interracial cooperation rather than competition
d
Online, an Arab American man can pass as a white woman, just as a white woman can pass as a Native American teenager. These virtual associations encourage a form of: a.virtual racism b.experimental sexism c.online reality d.racial tourism
c
Monica is a twenty-two-year-old woman, who, like other women, has a one in five chance of being raped in her lifetime. Who is most likely to perpetrate sexual violence against her? a.a gang member b.a serial killer c.a boyfriend d.a stranger
a
Most people arrested in the United States are of what racial-ethnic background? a.white b.black c.Asian d.Hispanic
She shifted the theoretical focus to racial capital and how a bi/multiracial person interacts with each of their identities
Much of the literature on the bi/multiracial community before Chandra Waring's article focused on racial identity and well-being. How does she shift the theoretical focus of this field?
c
Noting that being from the inner-city, the suburbs, or a rural area is acknowledging the importance of ________________ as a part of individual identity. a.self-awareness b.physicality c.geography d.modality
a
On one hand, racial tourism can denaturalize racial categories and provide people with a kind of racial freedom that offline life does not permit. On the other hand, too often racial tourism: a.reinforces racial divides through stereotypes b.leads to hate crimes and other forms of violence c.creates racist ideologies where they didn't previously exist d.erases the differences between virtual race relations and real race relations
c
One claim about the phenomenon referred to as the "new black nativism," a practice of limiting entry into the legitimate ranks of being black in America primarily to those descendent from American slavery, is: a.that it dilutes the memory of historical African- and Caribbean-born leaders of the black community (for example, Marcus Garvey) b.that in highlighting the importance of lineage in American slavery, it has positively impacted the way that race and ethnicity are distinguished (for example, the difference between being "African American" and "black") c.that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white) d.that it requires us to think about whether we need to rethink the legitimacy of labeling President Obama the first "black" president
a
One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"? a.Arabs b.Africans c.Indians d.Eastern Europeans
c
Sandy, a 19-year-old college student, was initially drawn into and became a member of the white nationalist movement through its Internet site, a professional-looking page that seemed to contain accurate historical summaries of the Civil Rights Movement. Sandy's story demonstrates: a.how far from the mainstream of American society white nationalist groups have to go to draw in members b.that Sandy was an exception to the norm of the ranks of the white nationalism movement, since most members are poor, uneducated whites c.that while white nationalist groups attempt to appeal to a broad white audience, their Internet presence aims to draw in young, college-aged men and women. d.Women are exceptional and rare as members of white nationalist groups.
b
Sociologist Daniel Bell argues the digital divide is rapidly creating a gulf between the technical class, composed predominantly of _____, and the digital underclass, composed primarily of _____. a.African Americans; rural whites b.whites and Asians; African Americans and Hispanics c.middle-class African Americans; non-English-speaking immigrants d.Middle Eastern immigrants; inner-city Asian Americans
b
Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce? a.Men are more likely to be terrorists than women. b.Immigrants make the country less safe. c.Immigrants who come to America legally are not a threat. d.Immigrants are a threat to American jobs.
b
The "cool pose" of many young black men; the overt sexism and machismo of some Latino young men; and the in-your-face sexual bravado of some young white fraternity brothers are all examples of: a.the problem of testosterone in the maturation of young men b.the ways in which performances of masculinity vary by race c.the legitimacy of an American culture of overt masculinity d.the economic costs at stake when men act out masculinity in a variety of ways
d
The "ghetto pass" in Ice Cube's song "True to the Game" is: a.a way of signaling that one is both black and rich b.a way of acting out against others that elevates someone to an "untouchable" status c.an education that gives someone skills to leave the ghetto and attain a prosperous life d.an implied right to authentic blackness that can be taken away if one acts outside of race norms
a
The Internet was used effectively to extend the reach of the Hawaiian language revitalization movement, demonstrating that: a.the Internet can be a useful tool for building community and providing avenues for people to communicate in their language and redeem interest in and use of that language b.the Internet can mobilize people to advocate for the use of their native languages, but only if a larger social movement provides the base for these efforts c.because of the uniqueness of the Hawaiian language and cultural revitalization movement, the renewed interest in the Hawaiian language resulting from Internet exposure was nothing more than an exception and not a model for future preservation movements d.the Internet is such a negative social space that people seeking to restore and retain their language through the Internet have to fight against the prejudices of Internet trolls
where there is a racial hierarchy, minority groups are virtually ALWAYS likely to be perceived as criminal/deviant; the criminal justice system virtually ALWAYS arrests, convicts, and incarcerates minorities at a significantly higher rate; these structural inequalities are deeply entangled with other structural inequalities
There is a "social structure" to crime and punishment (with respect to race/ethnicity). What does that mean?
Men who rape black women are less severely punished than those who victimize other races, media overlooks the abuses of black women, black women are often silenced by others in the black community-should they stay loyal to their race or sex
Violence against women is a serious problem in contemporary America, and the challenges for African American women are especially severe. What are those particular challenges for American African women?
more intensified and commanding than everyday racism, "the difference between everyday and extraordinary racism is the difference between thinking that African Americans are inferior to whites and seeing African Americans as an imminent threat to the white race"
What are some of the differences between racism found in routine life and racism found in hate groups?
biracial Americans use "code switching" and they pull what they know from each of their racial identities to interact better with both White and Black people
What are some of the implications of having access to racial capital?
job interviews, residential patterns/interactions, interactions with the police, immigration status, etc.
What are some social situations beyond academic performance in which stereotype threat might operate?
prison boom and labor market?
What are two important factors that lead to significant racial differences in rates of marriage? (10)
lack of a critical mass of one's group, basic features of a social setting that suggests a lack of inclusiveness
What are two major "cues" that intensify stereotype threat?
Court of Appeals reversed the District Court's judgment and vacated the injunction; the Law School's use of race was narrowly tailored because race was merely a "potential 'plus' factor" and because the Law School's program was "virtually identical" to the Harvard admissions program described approvingly by Justice Powell and appended to his Bakke opinion
What did the Court of Appeal do to the District Court's ruling? On what ground? What was the major contestation?
high achieving African-American undergraduates more likely to struggle with grades than high achieving whites; more likely to grow frustrated, one confidence, and lower their goals/expectations; reaffirms the stereotype and creates a vicious cycle; when told that a difficult test is designed to measure intelligence and academic ability African-Americans perform worse, but do about as well as whites OR better in the absence of the stereotype threat; when African-American students take exams in a room of mostly white students, they perform worse
What do the experimental findings on race and academic performance show?
He says that the main problem is that so many people are focused on the 10 to 20 highly selective schools that are no better than 100 other colleges, this causes achievement pressure
What does Richard Weissbourd attribute the lawsuit against Harvard to?
Once prisoners are released they can no longer vote, it is much harder to get a job, and they are denied many types of social services such as food stamps, public housing, Medicaid, and government-based financial aid for college
What does incarceration do with citizenship rights?
racial and ethnic diversity with special reference to the inclusion of students from groups which have been historically discriminated against, like African-Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans, who without this commitment might not be represented in our student body in meaningful number
What does the admission policy mean by "diversity"?
women tend to respond only to requests from men of a similar or more dominant racial status; white women tend to respond only to requests from white men; Hispanic women from Hispanic and white men, and so forth; neither white, Asian American, or Hispanic men regularly respond to requests from black women
What evidence does the textbook provide to support the claim that race matters when it comes to online dating and romantic relationships?
They want students to fit the profile they think the people reviewing the profile will find appealing
Why and how does the college-admissions process incentivizes students to distort their identities?
To increase their chances of getting into colleges if their group is overrepresented on campus
Why are Asian students advised to not identify their race on college applications?
"In the ghetto, an illegitimate child is now the ultimate disgrace. There is not a demand for abortion or for surrender of the child that one finds in more privileged communities. In the middle class, the disgrace of illegitimacy is tied to person and family aspirations. In lower-class families, however, the girl loses only some of her already limited options by having an illegitimate child..."
What explanation does sociologist Kenneth Clark provide for racial differences in out-of-wedlock birthrates?
establishment of universities geared toward working-class Americans, tuition grants, the Common App, growing idea that success requires a college education, notion that schooling is everything
What factors led to the surge of college applicants since the 1980s?
meaningful numbers or meaningful representation, she must consider the race of applicants because a critical mass of underrepresented minority students could not be enrolled if admissions decisions were based primarily on undergraduate GPAs and LSAT scores
What is a "critical mass" of underrepresented minority students? According to the university leaders who testified, why is such a "critical mass" needed?
the nonstop process of impression management during social activities/encounters, nonwhites must be more consciously aware and vigilant of their race/ethnic identities while "onstage"
What is an interaction order (Goffman)?
c
What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime? a.They usually have low marriage rates. b.They often have fewer high-end stores and homes in their neighborhoods. c.Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control. d.They fear deportation.
b
What is one way that the "code of the street" is supported by mainstream corporations? a.MTV was sued after its president was found drug dealing with underprivileged youth .b.Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing. c.The NFL suspended football player Ray Rice after video footage of him beating his fiancée on an elevator surfaced. d.McDonald's came under scrutiny after providing toy guns in its Happy Meals.
crime rates have plummeted, incarceration rates have skyrocketed, race/ethnicity are central to these trends
What is the "fundamental paradox?"
the Supreme Court ruled that the use of affirmative action in school admission is constitutional if it treats race as one factor among many, its purpose is to achieve a "diverse" class, and it does not substitute for individualized review of applicant, but is unconstitutional if it automatically increases an applicant's chances over others simply because of his or her race
What is the final ruling of this lawsuit? What is the Court's explanation for its ruling?
Lower wages, employment rates, and annual incomes
What is the impact of incarceration on employment?
the Law School's use of race as a factor in admissions decisions was unlawful. Applying strict scrutiny, the District Court determined that the Law School's asserted interest in assembling a diverse student body was not compelling because "the attainment of a racially diverse class . . . was not recognized as such by Bakke and it is not a remedy for past discrimination.";
What was the District Court's ruling? On what ground?
b
What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular? a.slavery and marriage b.the lynch mob and the prison c.voting and indentured servitude d.schooling and the military
c
What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"? a.A former drug dealer who decides in prison that he or she wants to be part of the formal economy and decides to go to college to be a teacher. b.A mass murderer who is prevented from committing any more violent crimes because he or she is locked up in prison. c.A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught. d.A person convicted of raping women who takes a class in prison on feminism and begins to repent his or her crimes.
A Biracial person could use racial capital in interaction with white people to break stereotypes of blacks being unintelligent, dangerous, and inferior to whites (European literature example), a biracial person could use racial capital in interaction with black people to break stereotypes of whites being mistrustful, privileged, and uncomfortable around blacks
What's an example of a bi/multiracial person using racial capital in interaction with White people? What's an example of a bi/multiracial person using racial capital in interaction with Black people?
Racial capital is something acquired over time while white privilege is given, racial capital has a positive connotation while white privilege has a negative connotation, racial capital can be employed by biracial people to help in interactions with other races while white people have white privilege just because they are white
What's the difference between racial capital and white privilege?
d
When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him? a.Cigarettes are a gateway drug, especially for black youth. b.Garner was involved in an elaborate street gang. c.Garner had a long history of attacking police officers and members of his own community. d.Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.
c
When a native-born, third-generation Chinese American woman encounters repeated interactions with others where she is asked, "Where are you originally from?," what aspects of her identity are being highlighted? a.the way that her gender and presumed Asian ancestry coincide b.the way that the person making the inquiry is taking an interest in her Chinese ethnicity c.the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status d.the way her age overlaps with her presumed immigrant status
a
When an Indian American father tells his teenage daughter to be chaste and traditional and not promiscuous and weak like white American women, he is alluding to the way in which: a.racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances b.Indian Americans embrace American stereotypes about their culture c.Indians identify as white rather than black when they come to the United States d.Indian Americans think of Americans as monolithically white
b
When an adolescent takes on a nonwhite symbolic identity that is not recognized as authentic by all of his or her peers, the adolescent may: a.be able to easily traverse the boundaries of being white in some situations and nonwhite in other situations b.be criticized by whites and nonwhites alike and have a hard time integrating with peers in general c.have a more fluid identity than people in previous generations who tried to pass as white d.have perfected the dynamic of code-switching between front and back stage behaviors
d
When an individual is the victim of a hate crime, how does that crime typically impact the larger racial and ethnic community of which he or she is a part? a.It galvanizes the community into a reactive and equally violent social movement. b.It provides a legal foundation for people in the community to self-segregate into ethnic enclaves. c.It becomes a symbolic narrative for community members to share with white Americans about experiences they've shared across racial and ethnic boundaries. d.It puts community members on notice by making them aware that there are people out there who want to hurt them.
c
When boxer Mike Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington, a young black woman, many prominent African Americans, eager to quash the "black male rapist" trope, rushed to Tyson's side. This situation is an example of what? a.inverse racism b.racial isolationism c.black protectionism d.afro-feminism
c
When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that: a.violent street crime is more damaging to society because it causes fear and requires the expense of surveilling people through increased policing b.street crimes are worse than white-collar crimes because of the different intentions and motivations of the criminals c.white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries d.when black people commit white-collar crimes, they are condemned even more than when they commit violent street crimes or than when white people commit white-collar crimes
a
When people argue that race is marked, or socially constructed, what are they referring to? a.the way that race "imposes itself on you" through America's racial taxonomy b.the way that race is created through a combination of internal and external forces, asserted both from outside groups and from within specific cultures c.the way that certain races are socially and symbolically marked as different or inferior d.the way that race is created through performances such as gestures, interactions, and cultural activities
a
When people examine the overlap of their own intersecting identities, they may be likely to overlook the impact of their privileged identities, as described in which of the following examples? a.an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position b.a working-class Russian Jewish immigrant who minimizes the role of his religion c.an upper-middle-class black executive who minimizes the role of his race d.a middle-class white suburban housewife who minimizes the role gender plays in her day-to-day interactions with her spouse
c
When sociologist Heather Dalmage, a white woman married to a black man, writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences, she is specifically referencing: a.how her husband has been able to access "white privilege" since their marriage b.how her social network and friends stigmatize her relationship c.her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism d.her own prejudices about social life
b
Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of white students in a majority black school in Texas? a.The white students were adamant about distinguishing themselves from their black peers. b.The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy. c.Though some white students tried to pass as nonwhite, it was still relatively easy for Morris to identity them as white. d.When white students symbolically identified and attempted to pass as nonwhite, they also lost their white privilege in interactions with teachers.
d
Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites? a.Black men and women marry at much younger ages than men and women of any other ethnic group. b.Black women have greater participation in the workforce than women of other ethnic groups. c.Divorce is stigmatized in the white community more than it is in the black community. d.High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.
d
Which of the following is a true statement about hate groups in the United States? a.Hate groups recruit members from predominantly poor, uneducated, rural populations. b.Hate groups now use the Internet exclusively to spread information and build membership. c.The United States has experienced a steady decline in hate groups since the Civil Rights Movement. d.The United States has experienced a recent resurgence of hate groups.
a
Which of the following was a success of black nationalism? a.It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity. b.It led to a significant increase in African American- owned businesses. c.It encouraged white people to support integration efforts. d.It encouraged a large number of blacks to support separatism.
b
White nationalism: a.does not exist because whiteness is the normative identity b.borrows much of its rhetoric from black nationalism and from the Civil Rights Movement c.flourishes in the most uniformly white parts of the country and is rare in areas with larger concentrations of nonwhites d.flourishes wherever there is a digital divide
Malcolm X was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement, Malcolm X served as the public face of the controversial group for a dozen years, where he advocated for black supremacy, the separation of black and white Americans, and rejected the notion of the civil rights movement for its emphasis on racial integration
Who is Malcolm X?
white supremacist groups draw from all regions of society, women are prominent in the movement and often are targeted for recruitment by hate groups, most came from middle class stable homes,
Who joins hate groups?
stereotype threat
a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group
Holistic admissions process
academics, extracurriculars, personal attributes, sports, legacy/child of professor or staff, historically disadvantaged group
identity contingency
conditions/realities one must deal with in social situations that relate directly to one's social identity
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
dismantles separate but equal and the foundation of legal segregation
Conflict Theory and Crime/Mass Incarceration
dominant race/ethnic groups have more resources and power, including the ability to avoid criminal suspicion, arrest, conviction, etc.; minority race/ethnic groups lack the power and resources to avoid criminal targeting; high arrest and incarceration rates is a form of structural inequality closely linked to structural inequalities in wealth, education, housing, and political power
Crack Epidemic
inequalities in sentencing for crack vs powder cocaine to target minority populations, crack cocaine was much cheaper than powder cocaine so use of crack surged in the lower SES communities, 100 to 1 sentencing disparity
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
race/ethnic traits may be considered if used flexibly without quotas or a set number of "points" to ensure a diverse student body; says nothing about legacy or sports or subjective evaluations of the applicant's personal characteristics; must consider race-neutral approaches if they could produce a similar level of diversity (ex. Texas's 10% rule)
identity threat
real or imagined difficulties/problems that might result from one's identity in a given social situation
racial capital
repertoire of racial resources that are used to negotiate racial boundaries in a highly racialized society (knowledge, experiences, meanings, and language), who you know racially and what you know racially
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
ruled that African Americans (slaves or free) were not, nor could ever be, citizens of the United States
Wren v. U.S. (1997)
ruled that police can use a minor traffic violation as a pretext to investigate and search for drug offenses as long as the officer could have stopped the driver for a traffic offense; formally color blind, but has a disproportionate impact on minority drivers; statistics may not be used as evidence of unlawful racial discrimination, however
How race correlates with the death penalty
the race of the victim best predicts who gets a death penalty rather than the race of the defendant; someone who kills a white man is much more likely to get the death penalty than someone who kills a black man
Experiments on race and aggression
videos showed to a group of people, one video showed two white men getting physical and another video showed a white man and a black man getting physical, when asking the group about each video most people assumed the two white men were just friends messing around and the white and black men were in an altercation
