Sociology

What sets sociology apart from history?

*******History studies the past events, concrete social science, is specific towards an event Sociology studies the recent events in society, abstract science, is the bigger picture

Juan is an American boy whose parents immigrated to the U.S. from Guatemala. He is 14, plays soccer, and delivers newspapers on the weekends. Which of Juan's statuses are ascribed?

14 year old, male, Latin-American

Explanations for the inability of the American healthcare system to properly serve the population include:a.The health industry is geared toward making profit and treating disease rather than preventing itb.Many people are uninformed and/or unconcerned about health and refuse to go to the doctor for checkupsc.There is too much government intervention in the health industry, thus making it extremely inefficientd.All of the Above

A

Food deserts are places where:a.People have limited access to good quality, nutritious, fresh, and affordable foodb.People are starving because the climate is hostile to food productionc.Farmers have abandoned large tracts of croplands because of declining yield d.People boycott an entire food producer because of their disagreement with the production methods employed

A

Meat consumption in the United States has followed what trend?a.It has increased in the last 100 years, as it has become more cheaper and more availableb.It has declined in the last 100 years, as it has become more difficult and costly to producec.Meat consumption overall has declined significantly since the hunter-gatherer days, as we no longer need to rely on it for our primary food source

A

People fear that immigrants take Americans' jobs, but this is not really true because:a.American companies prefer Americans and will only choose immigrants when there are not enough Americans to fill open positionsb.Most jobs done by immigrants were never available to Americans anyway (such as high-skill IT jobs and low-skill agricultural jobs)c.Most immigrants do not want to work and are not good employees

A

The "Browning of America" refers to what?a.The percentage of Whites in the population will decrease from 72% today to about 50% by 2050 b.Immigration will increase such that the number of immigrants entering the US will outweigh the number of Americans born in the USc.Food supplies will run out, due to the growth of "brownfields" (expanses of dead soil left by abandoned industrial production facilities)d.Sunlight will appear to dim as visible light is reflectedoff the earth's atmosphere due to the build-up of pollution

A

The primary reason/s that people immigrate to the U.S. is/are to:a.Find jobs, to escape political persecution in their native landsb.Get free healthcare, education, and welfarec.Try to change the American culture with the goal of taking it over d.A and B

A

Which is true of the Heart Attack Grill?a.It is a restaurant that serves very large portions of unhealthy food and several people have actually had heart attacks while dining thereb.It is a restaurant that caters to people who have had heart attacks by serving them healthy food to help restore them to healthc.It is a restaurant that makes healthy food that looks and tastes just like the unhealthy foods (burgers, fries, pizza, etc.) that Americans like

A

Which of the following is true regarding life expectancy?a.People in more developed countries have a higher life expectancy than those in less developed countriesb.Worldwide, men live longer than womenc.Women are most likely to die from breast cancer and men from heart diseased.A and B e.All of the Above

A

Which of the following statements about health are/is true, based upon class information? a.Lower income people and women are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness than higher income people or menb.The majority of diseases in the US are communicable diseases that are difficult to control because they are easily spreadc.Most Americans exercise regularly d.A and B e.All of the Above

A

Which of the following applies to stereotypes?:a.They are erroneous generalizations about who someone is based on their group membershipb.They affect the way we think and help to make inequality seem natural and to persist even when we have abundant evidence that contradicts them c.They are conclusions we draw about a group of people based upon centuries of scientific evidence as to their natural characteristics, abilities and shortcomingsd.A and B

A and B

Hourly pay for women is consistently lower than it is for men, despite the fact that women are more educated than men. This is due to discrimination based on gender bias is (such as stereotypes that women are not as smart or capable as men) and a labor system that is built to favor traditional gender roles

A conflict theorist would say this

What kind of theorists would be most likely to make this statement about gun control in the U.S.? "Despite the efforts of gun control groups to strengthen gun laws, they remain lax in comparison to those of other countries. This is due in part to the greater political power of the pro-gun lobby, who have a vested economic interest in gun industries and the ability to influence lawmakers to support looser gun laws".

A conflict theorist would say this

What kind of theorists would be most likely to make this statement about poverty in the U.S.? "The U.S. poverty rate increased from 2000-2010, in part due to a series of laws that make it easier for companies to outsource jobs, tax policies that benefit high income people and a decline in social services to help low income people"

A conflict theorist would say this

The unemployment rate is higher for Millenials than for the general population. A _____ theorist would explain this is due to labor demand being affected by changes in technology that lead to more automation, financial insecurity that is keeping Babyboomers from retiring and freeing up jobs, and the rising expectations of employers due to labor market flooding with college degrees.

A functional theorist would say this

What kind of theorist would be most likely to make the following statement about mass shootings? "Many of those who have committed mass shootings are people who have been in some way marginalized in society and experienced long term negative social interactions with other people. They have not received positive feedback from others and have not been properly supported or nurtured, and even mistreated, by those around them in their daily lives. This may have led to confusion, frustration, and feelings of hopelessness. This, coupled with the way society in general sensationalizes violent acts and immortalizes in the media the people who commit them provides incentive for the commission of violent public displays as a coping mechanism"

A symbolic internationalist would say this

_______ poverty describes the point at which a household's income is below the necessary level needed for survival. ________ poverty describes poverty based on a percentage of the median income in an area.

Absolute/relative

According to Durkeim, when individuals feel they have too little control over their lives because society is unpredictable, or "nor less," they are experiencing______.

Anomie

"Playing house" is a form of ____ socialization in which children prepare for future roles as parents and spouses.

Anticipatory

Which two racial/ethnic groups experienced the most growth in the United States from 2000-2010?

Asians/Hispanics

Who is considered to be the "Faher of Sociology" because he was one of the first to employ scientific methods to the study of society?

Auguste Comte

According to the research discussed in the article "Extensive Data Shows the Punishing Reach of Racism forBlack Boys": a.Both Black and Whiteboys raised in wealthy families tend to remain wealthy as adultsb.Black boys raised in wealthy families are significantly more likely to become poor as adults, compared to their White counterpartsc.Black boys raised in poor families tend to achieve higher levels of wealth as adults, compared to White boys raised in poor families d.Both Black and White boys raised in poor neighborhoods attain similar levels of wealth as adults

B

Contrary to popular belief, there is no such thing as "reverse" racism because:a.Whites are never victims of discriminationb.Racism is systemicoppression of a group of people and we have no social system in place that disadvantages Whites as a groupc.Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics are justified in discriminating against Whites, whereas Whites cannot justify mistreating other groupsd.We finally elected a Black president in 2008 so everything is ok

B

The "Great Migration" refers to the:a.Current flow of undocumented Mexican immigrants into the United States b.Heavy migration of Blacks from the Southern to the Northern U.S. states that lasted almost 100 years after slavery was abolishedc.Influx of European immigrants into the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s and early 1900s and the welcoming attitude of the American populationd.Forced removal of Native Americans from their tribal lands by American colonists

B

The "truecost" of food refers to: a.The price of production the producer pays that is not recovered through profitb.The consequences of food production that are not accounted for in the corporate profit marginc.The hidden taxes that actually raise the price consumers pay for foodd.The costs incurred when producers invest in marketing campaigns to conceal the true nature of the quality of their products12

B

The National School Lunch Program was enacted in order to:a.Ensure that public schools dollars are spent on providing children with the healthiest meals while at school b.Allow for government subsidies to provide cheap and free foods to public schools and provide free lunches to low income childrenc.Provide subsidies to food producers forth purpose of increasing profits

B

Which is true of sex trafficking?a.Sex trafficking is a social problem for Third World countries but is not something that affects industrialized nationsb.Sex trafficking primarily affects women and childrenc.Sex trafficking is more common in highly industrialized nations like the United States because of the overt sexuality displayed in the cultures of these nations

B

Which of the following is NOT a reason that men's labor force participation is declining, while women's is increasing?a.A significant number of working-age men are disabled by drug and alcohol addictionsb.Men are becoming increasingly less motivated to work as there is a cultural shift away from the American ethic of hard workc.The baby boomer generation is reaching retirement aged.Women's liberation has helped to make it more acceptable for women to work for pay and changed people's attitudes about the types of work women are capable of e.It is no longer for feasible to have only one income in the household

B

Which of the following is true concerning racial inequality in America?a.Racial inequality has almost completely disappeared, as evidenced by the fact that we rarely see violence between members of different racial groupsb.Minority groups are now more likely than Whites to attend college and complete a 4-year degreec.Racial minorities are significantly more likely to drop out of school and are less likely than Whites to have wealth d.A and B

B

Why is race "not a thing," according to the Nat Geo article on Carmen?a.Because race is no longer an important social distinction and so there is no need to focus on itb.Because skin color and the other characteristics we use to divide people into races are simply morphological variations encoded in the human genome c.Because humans started out as distinctive races but interbreeding has "watered" down those differences such that they are now meaninglessd.Because humans have not evolved into different races, but will eventually do so 60-70,000 years in the future

B

What was the major finding, in regard to the language acquisition, in the study in which babies were taught Mandarin ("Baby's First Year" and National Geographic)?

Babies learned Marndrin better when the teaching took place face-to-face, compared to those who were taught by video or audio tape

Exploitation is the situation where the dominant group:

Benefits by depriving a subordinate group of social resources and protects its own

According to ___, people are more likely to break into an abandon house with boarded up windows than they are a house that is in good repair and looks lived in. This is because people see the abandoned house as a social cue that no one cares about it and therefore it is more acceptable to destroy it.

Broken Windows Theory

A disability is defined as: a.A mental impairment that is severe enough to require long-term or temporary hospitalizationb.A physical impairment that requires the aid of a walker,wheelchair, crutches, or other mobility devicec.A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity

C

According to scientists, which of the following is true of skin color? a.Skin color is part of the genetic code of distinct racesb.Skin color represents the genetic phenomenon of acquired trait heritability, such as suntanned skin, being passed down from one's parentsc.People in the Northern hemisphere tend to be light-skinned because this makes it easier for them to absorb the necessary sunlight with which to make vitamin D d.A and B

C

Ag Gag laws, Veggie Libel laws, and the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act are all legislative activities influenced by big business and meant to:a.Ensure that food products remain safe for public consumptionb.Enhance the trade benefits to US food producersc.Inhibit the public's ability to know how their food is produce

C

One of the contributing factors to immigration into the US in recent decades is the Green Revolution, whichis best described as: a.An unexplained explosion in the natural growth of trees and other vegetation in areas that had been previously blighted that made the USA a more attractive farming destinationb.Record crop losses, environmental damage, and unemployment during the Great Depression that destroyed many American farmsc.The period of development of agricultural innovation and marketing aimed at increasing crop yields, but that ended up putting many farmers out of business

C

Outcomes of the transition to modern agriculture include:a.Increased efficiency of production that has ended world hunger and promoted international equalityb.Cleaner production methods that have reversed the environmental damage of traditional farming techniquesc.Increased dependence on fossil fuel and greater potential for air, water, and soil pollution d.A and B

C

The significance of the "One Drop Rule" implemented by the Virginia Racial Purity Act is that it:a.Redefined race in such a way as to include more people in the White category and therefore allowed more people to gain rights over timeb.Redefined SoutheasternEuropeans (3rdwave immigrants) as "white" so that they could become naturalized citizens in a time when only Whites could have citizenshipc.Redefined race in such a way as to broaden the definition of who is Black in order to further suppress the rights of African Americans

C

What is the true statement about gender inequality? a.Women are burdened by strict beauty standards, whereas men are free of appearance constraintsb.Females get more attention in education, but males are more likely to get good grades and graduate at a higher rate c.Men are less likely to go to the doctor than women, but are more likely to get better treatment than women when they do go d.Worldwide, men have longer life expectancies than women

C

When comparing the U.S. to other industrialized nations, which of the following is true? A. The overall U.S. crime rate is much lower than in other countries B. Compared to other industrial nations, the U.S. executes the fewest prisoners C. The U.S. accounts for the largest percentage of the world's incarcerated population D. Women are less likely to be convicted of a crime here than in other countries

C

When is comes to social mobility, which of the below apply? a. Intragenerational mobility is common in America b. Social mobility increases alongside industrialization c. The majority of Americans will not experience upward mobility within their own lifetimes d. Most social mobility in the United States is vertical

C

When it comes to mortality, which of the following applies to Americans?a.Americans have the lowest infant mortality and maternal mortality rates in the worldb.Americans have significantly lower overall mortality rates than most other industrialized wealthy nationsc.American racial and ethnic minorities have overall higher mortality rates than do Whites d.A and B

C

Which is true of the healthcare system in the United States?a.Americans spend theleast amount of money on healthcare, compared to other industrialized nationsb.The quality of healthcare services in the United States is very poorc.There are fewer doctors per person in the United States, compared to other wealthy countriesd.A and B

C

In the context of American society, ______ would be considered an in-group and ______ would be considered an out-group.

Celebrities/regular people and wealthy/poor

Who is known as the founder of the American Sociological Association (ASA) as well as his "looking glass self" concept?

Charles Horton Cooley

The use of race neutral language and ideas to defend the racially unequal status quo is called:

Color blind racism

The basic ideas of conflict theory are:

Competition over resources is the driving force of society and inequality is the result of the struggles between various groups of people

A ____ theorist would probably say that the reason society pays such little attention to white collar crime, but spends a lot of time and money prosecuting those who commit "street crimes is because white collar crimes are typically committeed by people who have more money and power.

Conflict

According to the ____ perspective, social stratification is the result of conflict between social groups over scarce resources, and the powerful maintain the system by controlling access to social resources. According to the _____ perspective, stratification works for society because it is based on the importance of the contribution that people make to society, with those contributing the most to society receiving the greatest social rewards.

Conflict/functional

n regard to gender inequality, ________theorists would say that industrialization elicited changes in male and female gender roles, such that women's work (such as housekeeping and child care) came to be seen as inferior to men's (working for wages outside the home). ________ theorists would say that men do instrumental tasks and women do expressive tasks because this is what works best for society.

Conflict/functional

The buying and using of products because of the statement they make about social status is called:

Conspicuous consumption

A ____ is the systematic analysis of the content of communication, such films, writings, and speeches.

Content analysis

The poverty threshold is calculated according to the:

Cost of a minimally acceptable diet, times three

The idea that the material aspects of culture (such as technological advancement) change much more quickly than the non-material aspects of culture (such as willingness to incorporate that technology onto everyday life) is called:

Cultural lag

The elements that you find in every culture, such as family, government, religion etc are called

Cultural universals

While watching Nat Geo, you see a story about a tribe of people in Pupua, New Guinea. You are very disturbed by the fact that they honor their dead loved ones by roasting and eating their bodies, then decorating their bones to display in special places in their houses. A sociologist would say you experienced ______

Culture shock

____ is the values, ideas, norms, language, behaviors, etc. that are passed down from one generation to the next. _____ is people who share these things as well as a common territory

Culture/society

The most common type of crime in the United States is:

Cyber crime

A salad costsmore than a Big Mac because:a.Government taxes lettuce and carrots so companies have no incentive to use them b.Big Macs are more accessible since there are McDonald's stores all over the countryc.Big Macs are healthier than salads so the price is controlled in order to make them affordable to a wide range of peopled.Agricultural subsidies for meat, corn syrup, oil, and other ingredients make Big Macs cheaper than vegetables, which receive few subsidies

D

Although almost 60% of women are in the labor force and bring in at least 50% of the income for their households they are more likely than men to:a.Make significantly less money, even with comparable credentialsb.Be responsible for child care and household choresc.Have a better insurance coverage and utilize vacation timed.A and Be.None of these things-there is no difference between women and men in this regard.

D

One of the dysfunctions of farm subsidies is:a.Land prices have increased, allowing for the consolidation of farmland in the hands of a few large profitable corporations b.Allowing some farmers to abuse subsidies by collecting them when prices are low and then selling commodities when prices are highc.Driving down food prices so that producers cannot recoup costs of productiond.A and B

D

Possible social reasons for why Americans have overall high Body Mass Index include:a.Americans work a lot, have hectic schedules, and are too busy to invest proper time into a healthy lifestyleb.The nature of work has changed such that jobs commonly require people to sit at desks most of the time, rather than to engage in physical laborc.Americans are very lazy and do not make the effort to exercise; most people lack self-control and are prone to overeatingd.A and Be.B and C

D

Some of theways that food companies exert economic control and gain market shares are:a.Aggressive marketing, especially to childrenb.Manufacturing preference for certain food productsc.Vertical integration d.All of the above

D

Standard measures for assessing the health of a populationinclude: a.Life expectancy, birth rate, and infant mortalityb.Morbidity and body weightc.Waist circumference, BMI, heart rated.A and Be.All of the above

D

The most common cause of death in the United States is:a.Cancerb.Accidentsc.Water borne illnessesd.Heart disease

D

What is wrong with relying on the Body Mass Index as a measure of "health?"a.It does not account for muscle weight or body shapeb.It does not really tell us anything about the healthof an individualc.The cut off points for "thin," "normal," and "obese" are arbitraryd.All of the Above

D

313.Which of the following is true about immigration in the 1800s? a.3rdwave immigrants were not as readily accepted by Americans partly because they tended to be Catholic or non-Christian b.Not all immigrants with light colored skin were considered "white" and welcomed into American societyc.The primary reason people immigrated to the US was to find jobsd.All of the above

D all of the above

Information that is systematically gathered and organized is called:

Data

Which theory would best explain John's deviant behavior in the following scenario? "John is a smart, quiet kid who keeps to himself and is well-liked by teachers. He is normally well-behaved, but he has started hanging out with some older kids after high school and smokes with them even though he doesn't like cigarettes and knows he could get into big trouble if his mom finds out"

Differential Association theory

Paying women less than men for the same joband only requiring males to sign up for the draft are both examples of:

Discrimination

Prohibiting felons from voting and not allowing sex offenders near schools and churched are examples of:

Disenfranchisement Laws

The median amount of money that it takes to finance a modest version of the "American Dream" is referred to as the:

Dream line

Emvironmental outcomes of modern food production include:a.Agriculture, especially meat production uses a lot of waterb.Deforestation and increased release of carbon dioxidec.More efficient food production compared to the pastd.Increased biodiversitye.A and B f.C and D

E

Some of the unintended consequences of American immigration control are:a.The U.S. spends more money on immigration enforcement, and undocumented immigrants are staying longer and bringing their families with themb.Increased anti-immigrant sentiment among Americans and more potential for violencec.The U.S. spends less money on immigration and benefits from the cheap labor that undocumented immigrants provided.Immigrants come and go freely across the borders, taking their money with them and often receiving welfare benefits e. A and B

E

When it comes to food insecurity, what is true of Americans? a.A significant portion of the American population struggles to obtain enough food at all times for a healthy lifestyle b.Skipping meals is a common strategy that poor adults use in order to help their children get enough to eatc.Americans have no problem securing food, as it is abundant in our societyd.Food insecurity is common in urbanareas but not in ruralareas, where there are plenty of farms to produce food e.A and B

E

When it comes to policing in the United States, studies show that: A. Officers are more likely to use excessive force if they have has to chase suspects B. Non-firearm related police brutality (beating) is not usually reported in police reports C. Only racist police officers use excessive force on minority suspects D. Use of excessive force is uniformally reported and catalogued by the FBI E. A and B

E

Which of the following is generally true of race? a. It is a category that is externally imposed and involuntaryb. It is a way to place people into a hierarchy c. People of the same race have readily identifiable facial features e.All of the Above

E

Which of the following is true about modern U.S. immigration? a.Most immigrants today are from Mexico or Asian countriesb.The US accepts fewer immigrants than most other wealthy countries in the worldc.The US has been overwhelmed with an ever-growing population of undocumented immigrants d.Net immigration has been increasing over the last couple of decades, as more people are entering the country and few are leavinge.A and B

E

Who is known for establishing sociology as an academic discipline and for linking individual ans social factors in his famous study, suicide?

Emile Durkheim

If something is _____it is observable and measerable.

Empirical

_____is the dominant social perspective on gender inequality. It assumes that differencesbetween female and male attributes and behaviour are due to biology.

Essentialism

It is natural for us to be somewhat ______, using our own culture as a basis of judging others, but to really understand why people do the things they do and to help reduce bias in social research, we need to practice _____, or understand other cultures on their own terms.

Ethnocentric/ cultural relativism

What is gender stratification?

Every known society categorizes its members on the basis of gender, however not all societies limit these categories to just male and female.

Body Mass Index analyses show that Americans increased in weight from 1985-2000 but are now beginning to lose weight, thanks primarily to food industry attention to the healthiness of their products.

False

Immigrants of Asian origin outnumber those Hispanic origin in the United States.

False

Poverty in the US is steadily increasing over time.

False

The U.S. has historically had an open immigration policy, and it has been only recently that the American government has proposed restrictions on the type and number of immigrants allowed into the country.

False

The majority of immigrants to the United States are undocumented

False

Third genders are recognized only in cultures where homosexuality is accepted.

False

The ________ was originally intended to help small farmers through government subsidies, but today the majority of the money is allocated to large corporate food companies and the production of crops commonly usedin food additives.

Farm Bill

Who spent the first 20 years of life as a slave, but became educated and wrote extensively on slavery?

Frederick Douglass

A functionalist might say that gun sales have resulted in the ____ of helping to build the economy, but also resulted in the _____ of putting strain on other institutions (such as the legal system and emergency response services), as they must deal with gun-related violence.

Function/dysfunction

A_______ would say that it is in society's best interest to direct sexual behaviour into something productive by encouraging people to get married and have kids, while a ________ would say that sexuality is socially defined according to the wishes of the powerful groups in society.

Functional theorist/conflict theorist

From a ____ perspective, the U.S. divorce rate is high because many of the traditional functions of the family are now performed by others (schools, nursing homes etc.) and therefore family ties have weakened. A ____ perspective attributes the high divorce rate to women gaining more social power compared to the past, making them less reliant on marriage for survival.

Functional/conflict

In regard to poverty, ________ theorists would say that poverty contributes to the well-being of society by providing an incentive for people to work and by generating wealth. ________ theorists would say that poverty is the result of the control of social resources by those with power and is detrimental to society because it excludes some groups of people from the benefits and privileges of citizenship.

Functional/conflict

Although it can be harmful, ____ would say that deviance can benefit society by providing social unity and helping to reinforce norms.

Functionalists

What is true regarding to crime victimization in the U.S.? A. Wealthy people are likely to be victimized by poor people B. Women are more likely to be victims of crimes than men C. Blacks are more likely to be victims of crime then are Whites D. Males are more likely to be victims of violent crime than females E. A and B F. B and C G. C and D

G

_____refers to the extent to which research results are applicable to the population being studdied.

Generalizability

Karen has been a nurse for 25 years, has a PhD in nursing, has published her research in peer-reviewed journals, and has an excellent employment record. John has been a nurse for 10 years, also has a PhD in nursing, and has a history of ethical violations in his nursing practice. When both Karen and John applied forthe job of Dean of Nursing at the hospital, John was selected and became Karen's boss. It was rumored that, although administration felt Karen was more qualified, they chose John because they felt he would be taken more seriouslyand garner more respect from the public. This would be best described as an example of:

Glass escalator

When people were asked what the most important factors in getting ahead are, the top two answers they gave are:

Hard work and ambition

Who translated Comte's work into English and wrote the first sociological methods book?

Harriet Martineau

Which sociologist is sometimes referred to as the "second founder" of sociology and viewed society as an evolving entity that would eventually change for the better on its own?

Herbert Spencer

Who coined the term "survival of the fittest" and what does it mean?

Herbert Spencer Means the individuals that are the strongest survive while the weakest don't. Making the society stronger.

_____ is an ideology that privileges heterosexuality and assumes that any other sexual identity is "abnormal."

Heterosexism

What is the single largest expenditure in the household budget?

Housing

An ____ is a culturally shared set of beliefs about how things should be or how the world works.

Ideology

_____ is the most common single measurement of social class, but ____ is the best.

Income/wealth

______ research starts with scientific observations and formulates theory from them, while the ____ approach starts with theory and makes observations in order to test the theory.

Inductive/deductive

Functionalists focus their studies on the structure and function of social ____, which are the largest pieces of society (such as government, religion, family)

Institution

Georges parents immigrated to the US from Mexico. They worked as cleaning staff in a country club while he was growing up. George was able to go to college and become a mechanical engineering technician, who currently works as a quality assurance manager in a manufacturing plant. now his daughter I'd graduating from law school. This is an example of:

Inter generational social mobility

_______ people exhibit natural characteristics that are neither distinctly male nor distinctly female, while ________ people are those whose gender identity differs from that assigned to them at birth.

Interested/transgendered

What is a hypothesis?

Is an educated and informed statement or expectation about the relationship between two or more variables

What are the characteristics of stratification:

Is universal and systemic; and it is passed down over generations

Some of the problems with the official definition of poverty are:

It doesn't account for necessities such as healthcare, childcare, transportation, and cost of living differences

According to the material, what did Alfred Kinsey's research on sax say?

It showed that sexual behaviour is much more variable in American culture than previously recognized

Who was the social activist and scholar who founded Hull House to help immigrants in the 1800s?

Jane Addams

Laws that were implemented in many southern states and were designed to control thebehaviours of southern Blacks after slavery was ended are called:

Jim Crow Laws

Who is considered to be the founder of conflict theory because of his critical observations of the effects of industrial capitalism on the working class?

Karl Marx

An organization is characterized by what characteristics?

Large, formal, long-lasting, exists independent of its individual members

The opportunities that people have to acquire the social resources they need and/or want in order to maintain or advance their social position are known as:

Life chances

Although people make individual observations about society all the time, sociologists are The Scientific Method in order to:

Look at social phenomena in a systematic way in order to ensure consistency and maximize objectivity

What is the difference between macro and micro sociology?

Macro- to study big groups, focuses on social dynamic at a higher level Micro- to study small groups, focuses on individuals interactions, in depth interviews

Scientists operationalize their variables of interest in order to:

Make the variables measurable so they can be studied

What are manifest and lament functions?

Manifest-those that are intended, expected Lament-those that are unintended but beneficial

Why don't criminologists use the crime rate as an indicator of crime trends?

Many crimes are not reported ans therefore not reflected in the crime statistics

Who was the first female international correspondent?

Margaret Fuller

Gender can be considered a _____ status because it is one that is views as more important than other social statuses that one may have and is used as a way to determine how someone should be treated.

Master

Who is the conflict theorist who advocated Verstehen as a way to help overcome scientific limitations on studying society?

Max Weber

According to Durkeim, ____ is that primary force of social cohesion and is what holds people together through tradition and shared beliefs. _____ is the force that holds people together by necessity and interdependence.

Mechanical solidarity/ organic solidarity

According to Durkheim, ______ is that primary force of social cohesion and is what holds people together through tradition, especially in rural societies. _____ is the force that holds people together by necessity and interdependence, especially in urban areas.

Mechanical solidarity/organic solidarity

The ________Model treats sickness and health as objective truths and defines people who are ill or disabled as deviant. The ________ Model views sickness and health as conditions largely defined by society and connected to social interactions.

Medical/social

What is the sociological definition of a group?

Members have something in common and share a sense of identity with one another. Members interact with one another.

A subordinate group whose members have limited control over their lives compared to the dominant group is called:

Minority group

Ethnicity differs from race in that it is:

More often self-defined and not necessarily exclusionary

_____ are norms that are strictly enforced by society because they represent the core values of a group of people. Many of these are even written into law so they can be formally enforced by the state.

Mores

Culture can be compared to an iceberg because:

Most of the norms and values of our culture are outside of our daily awareness

What did we learn from the Milgram Experiment?

Most people were willing to administer lethal shocks to the "learner" under the influence of an authority figure Scientists sometimes have legitimate reasons to mislead their subjects and to inflict a certain level of harm

In the United States, there has been a resurgence of prejudice and discrimination that revolves around the desire to protect the "indigenous" culture from "dangerous" outsiders. This referred to as:

Nativism

The totality of direct and indirect social relationships that each of us has are referred as:

Networks

Valuing wealth is part of America's ______ culture, while the actual houses, cars, and other possessions that are indicative of wealth are all part of our ___ culture.

Non-material/material

____ are the rules and expectations that tell us how to behave. They are based on_____, which are socially shared ideas about what is good, desirable, and important in society.

Norms/values

We cannot really say that smoking causes cancer because:

Not all people who smoke get cancer There are many other possible reasons why people get cancer

Role exists occur under what circumstances?

Occur when people change a social status that is central to their lives/identity

Which of the following is true in regard to public assistance (welfare) in the United States?

Only a small percentage of households are receiving welfare benefits and 20% of recipients only get assistance for 7 months or less. Most people who qualify as "poor" according to the federal definition are notreceiving welfare benefits

_______ is a social system where males have a lot more social power than females and it is common worldwide.

Patriarchy

The story of Genie (1970) illustrates for us that:

People must have social interaction in order to develop cognitively, emotionally, physically, and socially

Harboring negative attitudes toward Mexicans is an example of ________, but refusing to rent an apartment to a qualified Mexican family is an example of _______

Prejudice/discrimination

When we are small children, our family and those closest to us are the most important socializing influences. This is referred to as ______ socialization.

Primary

The "Golden Rules" of sociological research revolve around:

Protecting subjects from harm Getting around consent and ensuring that participation is completely voluntary

An internet survey is an example of a ____method of data collection, while interviewing someone face to face is an example of a ____method of data collection.

Quantitative/qualitative

Vanessa's ___ is White, while her ____is American.

Race/ethnicity

Craniometry and phrenology are examples of ________, which was widely used in the 1800s to justify the enslavement of Africans and to enforce racial and ethnic discrimination.

Racial Science

The socio-historical processes by which a society defines "race" is referred to as:

Racialization

When someone has been in a "total institution," especially for an extended period of time, they are most likely going to have to undergo _______ to learn the norms and values of mainstream once again.

Resocialization

When the expectations of you as a target employee interfere with the expectations of you as a college student, it is referred to as:

Role conflict

Being a college student can introduce _____, as there are conflicting expectations to be responsible and studious, while at the same time be carefree and have fun.

Role strain

Addressing rural crime may be more difficult than addressing urban crime because:

Rural police often encounter inaccessible roads and take longer to respond to calls. Many of the crimes committed in rural areas occur under the radar due to the privacy afforded by county life.

A_____ is a subset of the ____ from which you are actually collecting data.

Sample/population

______ are the rewards we receive for obeying or the punishments we receive disobeying the rules of society.

Sanctions

The article "What Can Testicles Tell Us About Dads" argues what?

Science is filtered through culture, so we are more likely to embrace scientific findings that support our pre-existing cultural assumptions

It is never possible to remove ALL bias from scientific research because:

Scientists only study what they want to study and therefore they will always be bias in the selection of topics that are considered scientifically important

The situation in which women work full time jobs, but still take primary responsibility for household duties and child care is described as the ________ and it means that women generally have less leisure time than men.

Second shift

If I wanted to study the eating habits of Americans as a group, what would I need to do?

Select a sample that represents the American population and send surveys about eating habits to those people

What are the steps of Scientific method?

Select and define topic, review the literature, develop hypotheses, choose methodology to test the hypotheses, collect data and analyze data, and draw conclusions

From a sociological perspective, ________ refers to the socially agreed upon biological differences between females and males, while ________ refers to the social meaning attached to being male or female.

Sex/gender

The set of ideas and practices regarding sexuality that are taught to us by our culture is known as our:

Sexual script

We could say that sexuality is a gender role because:

Sexuality is part of the set of social expectations for our attitudes and behaviour as women and men

What are the characteristics of a social class?

Similar socioeconomic positions, attitudes, values, lifestyles, and life chances

What are the basic tenets of symbolic theory?

Social actions are the result of how we interpret and give meaning to things in our environment. Meanings are determined by those in power and enforced on the less powerful.

Making fun of men who are vegetarian and rewarding males who act like "bad boys" are both forms of _____ that enforce norms of masculinity.

Social control

When studying socialization, _______ would focus on how people develop sense of self, personality, their sense of morality, etc. through early social interactions.

Social interactionists

___ are the material and non-material goods we need and want in society and they range from basic (food,water) to more complex (power, respect).

Social resources

____ is one's position in society and is based on the gender, race, class, and other groups to which one belongs. ______ are the expectations, obligations, privileges, and behaviors associated with it.

Social status/ social roles

At fist is appears that murders increase as the number of churches increase. However, numbers of both churches and murders are actually affected by population density. This is an example of a _____ relationship.

Spurious

______ describes the situation where the rewards associated with a social status do not seem to adequately reflect the social importance of that status.

Status inconsistency

The erroneous generalizations we make about people based on their group membership (such as the idea that wealthy people are hard workers and poor people are lazy) are called _____ and are powerful influences on out thinking about the world.

Stereotypes

Labeling teenage boys who wear hoodies as "criminals" in order to devalue and exert social control over them as individuals or as a group is an example of:

Stigmatization

When the goals society sets for us are not possible to achieve, people may act in a deviant way by rejecting those goals and/ or the means by which society tells us to achieve those goals. This functionalist theory is known as:

Strain theory

What are the ideas behind the Davis-Moore thesis?

Stratification encourages people to work hard and ensures that all of society's needs will be met by providing greater rewards to those whose work is more important

______ refers to the ranking of groups of people into a hierarchy, where some groups are valued more than others. ____ is the uneven distribution of social resources among groups of people in society.

Stratification/inequality

What are the effects of the experimenter or researcher?

Study subjects behave differently, based on what they think the researcher wants to see. The researcher becomes too close to study subjects and loses objectivity. The researcher fails to consider the well-being of the study subjects and places them in harm's way

The Amish would be considered a ____ because they are a small group who shares the America's fundamental values and norms, but have some values and norms that differ in important ways. Satanists, on the other hand, would be considered a _______ because their norms and values are considered to be in opposition to those of the larger culture.

Subculture/counterculture

Replacing costlyand/or unreliable ingredients with standardized, cheap ones, as in the case of using hydrogenated oil instead of cream in the filling of a Twinkie, is called:

Substitutionism

A sociologist explains that Americans are getting heavier because American culture encourages them to eat less healthy foods (such as fast food) that symbolize "comfort" and good feelings. What kind of theoretical perspective was this sociologist most likely using?

Symbolic Interactionism

According to the____ perspective, class stratification is the result of interaction as that lead people to identify with similar others and manifests in lifestyle behaviors specific to a certain group.

Symbolic interaction

____are extremely strong norms that prohibit behaviors that would be considered particularly reprehensible, abhorrent, or disgusting.

Taboos

The Null Hypotheses tells us what?

That there is no relationship between X and Y

The idea that white people of northwestern European descent represent the evolutionary height of humanity is known as ________ and it has been used to justify racial/ethnic inequality for over a century:

The Anglo-Saxon Myth

What happened during the time period in which Sociology emerged as a disciple?

The Enlightenment, which marked a period of scientific discovery of the physical and social worlds and the Industrial Revolution which was a period of rapid economic development and social change

According to C. Wright Mills, what is the sociological imagination?

The ability to see the connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history

There is a correlation between poverty and obesity. A sociologist would most likely explain this relationship as due to:

The concentration of fast food restaurants and lack of access to fresh Whole Foods in poor neighborhoods. The fact that it is more time efficient and economical for low income people to buy pre-made food than it is to buy and cook fresh vegetables at home.

The idea that the experience of living in long term poverty results in people having a worldview centered on hopelessness and short term gratification is known as:

The culture of poverty

What is likely to facilitate change?

The development of cloning technology that allows humans to reproduce. The spread of cholera in Puerto Rico after the recent hurricanes. A mass migration of Indiands to the United States. People work together to achieve labeling of genetically modified foods.

What is consumerism?

The drive to aquifer material possessions in order to achieve happiness and fulfillment

Poverty is expensive if one adds up the costs of things like:

The extra time that it takes to use laundromats and take public transportation; the hassle of having to navigate modern society without bank accounts and credit cards. The long term negative effects on children's well-being, associated with educational, physical, and cognitive deficiencies

Despite public perception of poverty and the poor, what is true about poverty is that:

The majority of poor are people who are working or who are unable to work due to illness, disability, or the need to care for children or other dependent family members

Studying mass media from a symbolic interactions list perspective, we would look at:

The meanings we derive from the media we consume and how those meaning guide our behaviors

The social sciences combine the empiricism of _____ and the critical nature of ______ in order to examine human behavior and the social world.

The natural sciences/ the humanities

What is medicalization?

The process by which problems or issues come to seen as "medical"

What is socialization?

The process of learning and internalizing our culture. Is the life long process.

The modern food system is characterized by:

The separation between production and consumption, such that people really don't know where their food comes from

The rights and obligations associated with being ill (such as being executed from work and to try to get well) are called:

The sick role

What is theory?

Theory is important in guiding research, it is both the beginning and the result of the research process. A theory also seeks to explain how parts of the world fit and work together.

Some of the social factors that contribute to poverty are:

There are a lot of jobs with low pay and few benefits; the value of the dollar continuously decreases due to inflation

To say that modern agriculture is a "dualistic" system means that:

There are many fewer but much larger farms today than in the past; and disproportionately large market shares for a few large farms and agricultural businesses

What conditions must be met in order to establish causation between X and Y?

There must be a correlation between X and Y Time order must be established, such that one occurs before the other All competing explanations for the relationship must be ruled out

According the the article "National Poker Face" Russians do not smile in public because:

They do not value phony smiles and believe that emotional expressions should be reserved for private situations

Mass media are a social institution important to culture because:

They give us cultural information and enforce social norms. They reflect and reinforce social inequalities. They act as social control mechanims to get us to behave in certain ways

Why are rituals an important aspect of culture?

They reinforce social norms and allow individuals to feel a sense of belonging to their cultural group(s)

At theUnited Nations General Assembly in 2008, what country voted against the resolution to add access to food as a basic human right?

United States

In the context of scientific research, ____ describes the degree to which our measures are really telling us what we need to know, while ___ refers to whether or not our measures give us consistent results each time they are used

Validity/reliability

In general, the functional approach to studying society would:

View society as a skin to a living organism, consisting of interrelated parts that each have their own different function but also work together to maintain society

Who contributed a great deal to our understanding of race in the book "The Souls of Black Folk" and founded the NAACP?

W.E.B. DuBois

According to Granovetter, your "weak ties" can be stronger than your "strong ties" because:

Weak ties define the extent of your social network and can provide you with many opportunities

According to the reading "Thinking Like A Sociologist" learning to think like a sociologist means to identify social patterns and to ask what questions?

What underlying factors might be relevant in snapping this pattern? What specific decisions of policies helped create this pattern? What new decisions or policies can change this pattern?

What groups most likely live in poverty?

Women, children, foreign born, rural residents

The fear and hatred of foreign people is called:

Xenophobia

How did Max Weber define power?

authority, the ability to get one's way even against the wishes of others

____ are social norms that are not strictly enforced, such as table manners or holding the door open for the person behind you.

folkways

What is Sociology?

is the scientific study of society

If I am interested in studying the effectings of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of college students, the independent variable would be ____ and the dependent variable would be_____

sleep deprivation/academic performance

What sets sociology apart from psychology?

sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior. (How individuals influence the society). How society functions for the individual. Psychology is the study about the individuals functions in the society.