Sociology ch. 10-12
25
American adults account for __________ percent of all prison and jail inmates worldwide.
a picture of a female bride and a male groom
As a homework assignment, Dr. Calibri tells his students to find and bring to the next class meeting a picture of heteronormativity. Which of the following images is a student most likely to bring in?
stagnated
As a result of economic restructuring, average wages have __________ since the 1970s.
service workers
As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s.
Sara has been gender socialized
As long as she can remember Sara has always wanted to be a kindergarten teacher. Which of the following explanations would a sociologist most likely give to explain Sara's occupational goals?
social mobility
Because there are no obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining __________.
income
Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are __________.
Lyndon B. Johnson
In 1965, ___________ made the following statement: "You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair."
nearly twice the rate as that of white Americans
In 2012, the unemployment rate for black Americans was __________.
proletariat; bourgeoisie
In Marxist terms, the important distinction in a capitalist society was between the __________ and the __________.
apartheid
In South Africa, __________segregated nonwhites from whites and made legal many forms of discrimination that benefited the white ruling minority.
rewards are linked to personal ability
In a meritocracy __________.
progressive tax system
The premise of the __________ is that billionaires, millionaires, and all those at the top of the income ladder are expected to pay more in taxes than minimum-wage employees.
home ownership
The primary way in which most Americans with modest incomes accumulate wealth is through __________.
class analysis
The study of the distinctions among different social classes is called __________.
clearly significant gaps between racial groups along social and economic dimensions
The term racial stratification refers to __________.
heterosexual
The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________.
Stereotyping; discrimination
__________ can be described as negative, simplified generalizations about a group, whereas __________ involves actions that harm individuals.
transgender individuals
__________ challenge the notion that gender is binary.
hunting and gathering communities
__________ had the fewest opportunities for social inequality to emerge.
African Americans
__________ have the highest rates of educational attainment in the United States.
Socioeconomic status
__________ is a designation of class that considers income, occupation, and salary.
race; ethnicity
__________ is a system for classifying people based on perceived innate physical characteristics, whereas __________ is a system for classifying people who are perceived to share cultural similarities.
wealth
__________ refer(s) to the accumulated sum of assets (savings accounts, homes, cars) minus the sum of debts (mortgages, loans, credit card debts).
gender; sex
__________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones.
income, wealth
__________ refers to the receipt of money over a period of time, whereas __________ refers to the net value of assets that one has at a given point in time.
Massachusetts
__________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.
African Americans
___________ are more likely to rely on emergency clinics as their usual source of healthcare.
Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs
Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men?
shrunk by nearly half
Over the last three decades, from 1980 and 2010, the rates at which Latinos dropped out of high school __________.
doubled
Over the last three decades, from 1980 to 2010, the rates at which Latinos completed college __________.
her 2 properties and her $20,000 savings
Patricia works as a sales manager and earns approximately $60,000 a year. She owns her own home and has $20,000 in the bank as an emergency fund. She also owns a rental property, from which she earns $12,000 a year. Which of the following responses best represents her wealth?
heterosexual; sexual minority
A __________ will most likely not be a __________.
$65,000
A group of friends are discussing their salaries. Among them they earn the following per year: $40,000, $50,000, $65,000, $68,000, and $75,000. What is the median salary among this group of friends?
increase in women's
A major change in the past 50 years is a(n) __________ employment and educational attainment.
whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices
A pessimistic interpretation of recent survey results used to measure prejudice might be that __________.
the homeless live in absolute poverty
A sociologist would most likely conclude what about homeless individuals?
open
A true meritocracy would most likely be considered a(n) __________ society by sociologists.
American
According to Forbes magazine, in 2014, the richest individual in the world was __________.
40
According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ percent of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup.
2 million
According to current statistics, over __________ adults are serving time behind bars on any given day in America.
Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations
According to sociologists, why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex?
more than likely
According to the U.S. census data, black and Latino families are __________ white families to fall below the poverty line.
individual; institutional
Acts of racial or ethnic discrimination can be classified as __________.
Feminist Movement
Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the __________.
heteronormative
Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation.
There has been a massive increase in public support for same sex marriage.
After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. Living in the United States, what is the public support for same-sex marriage??
Alicia is most likely to identify herself as black
Alicia is part African, Hispanic, and Native American. How is she most likely to identify herself?
probability samples
Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy?
skill-biased technological change
Ben was a bank teller at Goliath National Bank, until the tellers at Goliath were replaced by ATM machines. As a result, Ben decided to go back to school and update his computer skills. Ben's scenario best represents a consequence of __________.
their annual income is below $24,000
Candace and Bill are married with two children. Bill works and earns minimum wage. Candace stays home to raise their two young children. Their annual household income in 2016 was below the poverty line. Given this scenario, you can accurately infer that __________.
cohabitation
Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together before the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________.
some Asians, such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans, are at the bottom of the income hierarchy
Current data indicate that Asian Americans have the highest median household incomes in the United States. Researchers caution, however, that the data about Asian incomes can be misinterpreted because __________.
stress; cognitive development
Current research shows that there is a relationship between poverty, __________, and __________; this is particularly worrisome in the case of children.
upward mobility
Dawn works as a lawyer for a Fortune 500 company and recently bought her first home. She was the first person in her family to attend college. Even though while she was growing up her family was very busy working to pay rent and other bills—her dad worked as a janitor and her mother as a childcare assistant—her parents have always been supportive of her education and career goals. What sociological concept best describes Dawn's life?
the college wage premium
Don and Cal are high school friends from the same hometown. After high school, Don started to work full-time as an overnight cleaner at a floor cleaning business. Cal attended a public university nearby and earned a bachelor's degree in marketing. At their 10-year reunion Don and Cal discuss the courses their lives have taken since they graduated from high school. Don has been working full-time for the whole 10 years and makes about $40,000 per year from the cleaning business. Cal has been working for 5 years as manager of the marketing department at a health insurance company in the area; he makes about $70,000 per year. What concept would a sociologist use to describe the differences between Don and Cal?
How social institutions choose to label and identify racial and ethnic groups changes over time
During a lecture about race in his sociology class, Tomas becomes confused. He recently discovered, on his birth certificate, that he was labeled as white, yet his much younger brother, Carlos, is classified as Hispanic on his birth certificate. What could best explain this discrepancy in labels?
occupational sex segregation
Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________.
they probably did not have intercourse
Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup?
color-coded hierarchy
European explorers created a(n) __________ to dominate people across the globe through exploitation and enslavement.
being watched
Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________.
Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports.
How have parents' socialization practices changed over time?
résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names"
In a study involving fictitious résumés of applicants with stereotypical "white names" (Emily and Greg) and "black names" (Lakisha and Jamal), researchers found that __________.
not fair and not meritocratic
In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men, Deirdre Royster (2003) found that the job market was __________.
high; low
In general, countries with __________ inequality also tend to have __________ social mobility.
complements; replaces
In general, technology __________ jobs that require higher levels of education while it __________ jobs that require middle and lower levels of education.
race; ethnicity
In the United States, __________ has historically mattered more than __________.
Jim Crow Laws
In the United States, __________kept blacks from voting, from attending quality schools, and from participating equally in a wide variety of social institutions in the American South.
patriarchy
In the United States, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the United States is best described as a(n) __________.
multiracial; African
Individuals of mixed-race ancestry are more likely to identify themselves as __________ if they have Asian ancestry, but individuals with __________ ancestry are more likely to be assigned to a single race by others, regardless how they self-identify.
meidan; mean
It is often better to use the __________, instead of the __________, to measure household income because it is a more stable calculation that is influenced less by outliers.
institutional discrimination
John was recently sentenced for 10 years in prison for possession of crack cocaine. His lawyer discovered that others have served less time for the possession of powder cocaine, a drug often associated with a different category of people. John's lawyer has concluded that this discrepant sentencing is the result of __________.
transgender individual
Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________.
the working poor
Karen is a home care aid. She earns about $10 an hour and works 40 hours a week. She is unable to save, and last month her car broke down. She cannot afford to fix her car, being already late in paying her bills for gas and electricity. From this description of Karen's life, you conclude that she is a member of which class?
heterosexual
Kelly and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation?
heteronormativity
Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________.
compromised
Kenneth lives in a low-income, high-crime neighborhood. His home is poorly ventilated, which triggers asthma attacks. As a result of these stressors, he has high blood pressure. How would sociologists describe Kenneth's cognitive development?
social mobility
Labor markets and government policies are both important factors that influence __________.
absolute poverty
Lana, a single woman with no dependents, is unable to afford basic necessities, such as housing and healthcare. What type of poverty is she experiencing?
Definitions of race take different forms in different places in the world and at different times
Lucy is learning about social constructs in her sociology class. Based on the lectures that she has been exposed to throughout the semester, Lucy has concluded that race is a social construct. Why would Lucy make this conclusion?
homophobia
Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________.
a hookup
Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal.
agents of socialization
Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of __________.
Mawenzi is not qualified for the jobs that he is interested in
Mawenzi has sent out hundreds of résumés but has gotten very few replies, even though he graduated with honors from a top-tier school and has experience and excellent references. If Mawenzi suspected intentional discrimination, what statement would support his suspicion?
essentialism
Max Weber felt that races stemmed from "common inherited and inheritable traits that actually derive from common descent." This view is known as __________.
genocide
Nazi policies culminated in the __________ of millions of men, women, and children in a network of extermination camps during World War II.
he disparity in income and wealth between the top 1 percent of Americans and everyone else
Remington is involved in the Occupy Wall Street movement. He camped out for weeks at a park opposite the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio, and was eventually arrested. Remington, like other protestors, has many concerns about his economic condition, but he likely joined the movement to protest __________.
inconsistent use of birth control
Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________.
assimilation
Rosa is a Guatemalan immigrant. She has learned to speak English and has taken to celebrating traditionally American holidays, such as Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July. Rosa is experiencing __________.
having high SES
Sandra is a corporate attorney. She graduated from Harvard Law School at the top of her class and earns $250,000 a year. Sociologists who evaluate Sandra's social position based on the dimensions of her income, education, and occupation would describe her as __________.
both biology and social construction
Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________.
white applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than black applicants without criminal records
Sociologist Devah Pager (2003), who tested the influence of criminal records on the job applications of blacks and whites, found that __________.
common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities
Sociologists define ethnicity as a system for classifying people who share __________.
Race is a system that is invented, created by human being
Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean?
1/3
Sociologists estimate that __________ of adult black men who finish high school but do not attend college will serve time in prison.
85
Sociologists have observed that upper-middle-class blacks earn __________ percent of what their white counterparts earn.
caste societies
Sociologists refer to societies where birth determines whether individuals have social mobility as __________.
can be fluid over the life course
Sociologists who have studied sexual orientation have concluded that sexual orientation __________.
psychologists; an expression of particular personality disorders
Some of the earliest research on prejudice and discrimination was conducted by __________, who saw racism as __________.
Sophia's grandparents and parents gradually assimilated, taking on the traditions of their new country
Sophia is a third-generation Italian. She heard stories about how her grandparents experienced discrimination when they arrived in the United States. Her grandparents also maintained their culture and traditions by continuing to speak Italian in addition to leaning English. Sophia knows very little about Italian culture and does not speak Italian. What accounts for this lack of cultural knowledge?
disproportionate
The percentage of black men who have been incarcerated is __________ to their percentage representation in the population at large.
social forces have an impact on some gender differences
Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________.
less
The United States spends __________ on programs that directly alleviate poverty than other wealthy nations.
many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple
The biggest change for men as a result of women's increased employment has been that __________.
globalization
The components of Nike tennis shoes are produced in different parts of the world. The final assembly of the shoes is completed in China. Thereafter the shoes are shipped to the United States, where David purchases a pair at a suburban mall in Denver. Of the following economic phenomena, which does this scenario best represent?
inequality
The concept of __________ is at the heart of the study of social stratification.
feudalism
The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as __________.
women than men
The double standard of sexuality tends to more harshly judge __________.
China; outsourcing
The fact that Apple Computer manufactures all iPads and iPhones in __________ is an example of __________.
single-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider caregiver
The feminization of poverty is a term used to describe poverty experienced by __________.
relationships of six or more months
The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________.
ower-income men and women who do not finish college
The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________.
adults
The majority of minimum-wage employees are __________.
$50,000
The median family income in the United States in 2014 was approximately __________.
social mobility; incomes
To measure __________ sociologists can use intergenerational correlations between parents' and projected children's __________.
a double standard of sexuality
Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________.
serfs
Under feudalism, the laborers who were obligated to work for landowners were called __________.
created the very stereotypes they used as a reason not to hire
W. E. B. Du Bois believed those reluctant to hire based on race actually_____________.
beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated
What are stereotypes?
the defense of marriage act
What does DOMA stand for?
Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship.
What is the difference between cohabiting and hooking up?
to increase the representation of minorities and women in fields from which they have historically been excluded
What is the goal of affirmative action?
content analysis
What research method do sociologists use to study patterns and representations of minorities in magazines, television shows, and movies?
her peers
When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________.
genocide
When Europeans settled in the New World, they wanted to open up territories for settlements. This meant that Native Americans were not only forcibly removed from their land but sometimes killed. This deliberate and systematic destruction of Native Americans was __________.
1980s
When did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in the United States?
the United States
Which of the following countries is much less egalitarian than the others?
heterosexual white men
Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs?
a corporation's systematic denial to women of access to managerial positions
Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?
federal sentencing guidelines that penalize individuals who possess crack cocaine more heavily than those who possess powder cocaine
Which of the following is an example of unintentional institutional discrimination?
the gender gap in pay
Which of the following is an unintended consequence of occupational sex segregation?
Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations
Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers?
random-assignment experiment
Which of the following research designs would be most desirable to measure changes in two groups where one receives a "treatment"?
opening of a call center for an American credit card company in the Philippines
Which of the following scenarios best represents outsourcing?
While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations
Which of the following statements about gender equality is true?
We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body to decide which race they belong to, while disregarding others
Which of the following statements is true according to the analogy of the red-, blue-, and yellow-colored blocks cited in the text?
Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement
Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth between white and black Americans is false?
Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women.
Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men?
Karl Marx
Who theorized that the critical divisions between classes were the result of the economic system?
Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following felony convictions.
Why are a disproportionate number of African Americans unable to vote?
social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing
Why do unmarried couples who expect to have, or already do have, a child outside of marriage not marry as frequently as these individuals who belonged to older cohorts?
many of the homeless may temporarily live with friends or family
Why is it difficult to get an accurate count of the homeless?
cohabit
Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to __________.
racial minorities; white
__________ are much more likely than __________ to live in poverty in the United States.
heterosexism and homophobia
__________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation.
African Americans
__________ are the most residentially segregated of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States.