Sociology Ch. 10 Gender Inequality

The number of women in the United States who have been victims of a completed or attempted rape is:

1 in 6

Civil unions

(domestic partnerships, registered partnerships) are legal in some states.

How is inequality related to social networks?

-Individuals access to networks differs by gender and other characteristics.

what is state organized crime? Where today is the Mafia?

Organized crime: on-going criminal enterprises that aim to obtain personal economic gain through illegitimate means Mafia: Russia 100,000 people 70-80% private business, 40% of russias wealth.

3. The rich and varied group life of societies reflects: • How we conform to the wishes of transformative leaders • Our need to congregate and belong. • How we resist governments. • Our natural tendency to exclude others. • That most people do not have a self-identity.

Our need to congregate and belong.

10. The music market study demonstrated that groups have the influence to shape: • How we think about others' musical choices. • Our personal taste and decisions regarding music. • How music companies limit our music choices. • How the Internet has hurt small bands. • What music is played on radio stations.

Our personal taste and decisions regarding music.

"White privilege" is the fact that:

Our society has been structured to support and protect white people and those of us who are white benefit from this automatically

Pornography controversy

Over 90% of Internet pornography viewers are men. Pornography remains a controversial subject.

One common characteristic of all societies with regard to gender relations is that they are systems of:

Patriarchy

Sexism

Sexism: an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually women, based on assumed superiority of the other sex

patriarchy

The dominance of men over women. All known societies are this, although there are variations in the degree and nature of the power men exercise, as compared with women.

Recidivism Rates

The likelihood that someone is arrested, convicted, and imprisoned will later be a repeat offender

The AIDS epidemic, warfare, climate change, and economic stratification have all contributed to world hunger and famine. Of these forces, what is the predominant one?

The majority of factors are not caused by natural forces, but rather by social or human forces

What was it that sociologist C. Wright Mills argued controlled political power in the United States?

The military because he believed the military played a central role in the power elite b/c the power elite have close relationships with the military through weapons contracting & the supply of goods for the armed forces

With which of the following statements would a market-oriented theorist agree?

The most effective way for low-income countries to develop economically is to mimic the successful capitalist practices of the United States

What is the basic meaning of democracy?

The people rule

Which of the following best describes Americans' beliefs about capital punishment?

The percentage of Americans supporting the death penalty has nearly doubled in the past 40 years.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between race and suburban communities?

The percentage of racial minorities living in suburbs has risen steadily over the past 35 years.

Which of the following is true of new social movements?

They are a response to globalized risks resulting from the effects of large-scale systems that national democratic institutions are unable to fix.

In sub-Saharan Africa, what is likely to happen to children under 5 years of age?

They are more likely to die than to enter school.

Why do people use impression management?

They are sensitive about how others see them.

What do computer hackers and members of white supremacist groups have in common?

They constitute deviant subcultures.

Which of the following is true of global cities, as Saskia Sassen described them?

They contain vast economic inequalities marked by prosperous central business districts adjacent to deeply impoverished areas.

Kinship ties matter a great deal to Native Americans. What is surprising about the nature of marriage in this particular group?

They have a higher rate of intermarriage than any other racial or ethnic group

Although their studies may not be representative of the population as a whole, what did Judith Wallerstein and her colleagues find out about most children of divorced parents?

They were coping reasonably well after five years despite an initial shock

Transgendered

Transsexuals: born with one sex but choose to live their life as another sex Intersexuals: medical classification at birth is not clearly male or female Transvestites: cross-dress at times

Conflict theorists believe that capitalism increases gender inequality

True

Despite the decreasing gender gap in pay, men still earn substantially more than women.

True

No stratification system is completely closed or open. a. True b. False

True

Sexual harassment is the fastest growing type of employment discrimination

True

The U.S. has more income inequality than most industrialized countries and some developing countries. a. True b. False

True

Today, despite family obligations, a majority of women of all educational levels work outside the home during their child-rearing years.

True

Which of the following is a key conceptual difference between Weber's view of democratic elitism and Mills' theory of the power elite?

Weber emphasized the importance of quality leadership in meeting the interests of the people, while Mills emphasized the idea that those in charge constitute their own social, political, and economic interest group and make decisions accordingly.

The 15 percent weight decrease between a fashion model of today and one of 25 years ago reflects the growing increase of what in the world?

Western images of feminine beauty

When sociologists refer to a patriarchal society they are describing a society

Where men have dominance over women in economics and politics

What was the overall finding regarding the impact of automation on work in Richard Sennet's 1998 study of a bakery?

While automation takes care of the more tedious tasks and has resulted in a more highly skilled labor force, it has also removed much of the freedom of workers to make independent decisions in their work.

What is the most significant difference between the working class and the lower class?

While working-class families often struggle to get by, they tend to have significantly more job and neighborhood stability than those in the lower class.

What sociological question is most important to keep in mind when considering deviance?

Who's rules are being broken.

While there are many reasons why a relatively small number of women hold elected political offices in the United States, the text cites which of the following as a "critical factor" that explains why relatively few women run for office?

Women are less likely than men to be recruited by party leadership to run for office.

The topic of eating disorders offers a good opportunity to apply the sociological imagination because it is:

a case in which what appears to be a personal trouble is part of a larger, public issue

In the first stage of most new religious movements, the movement usually derives most of its life from _________.

a charismatic leader

What is a conurbation?

a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network

A cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network is called:

a conurbation

Sexual orientation

a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, both sexes, or neither sex Homosexual Heterosexual Bisexual Asexual

What is secularization?

a process of the decline in the influence of religion and religious institutions

Consensual sex should be something desired by both participants equally, but the realities of sexual violence would suggest that between consensual sex and rape lies:

a willingness on the part of men to use pressure, threats, coercion, and force to obtain sex

Why do mothers get hired less/pay less than non mothers?

because most employers believe mothers need more times to take care of their child and they don't like that. They assume mothers are the ones who should take care of kids not fathers.

Monica is nervous about walking alone at night and is wary of any new men that she meets. Some scholars would argue that this is a consequence of:

being a woman

Voter turnout in the United States is among the lowest in the world. Many Americans say that they do not vote because they:

believe that voting takes too much effort

What is meant by the feminization of poverty?

an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

Sociology of the body refers to how:

and why bodies are affected by our social experiences

__________ have the highest percentage of median income, while __________ have the lowest percentage.

asians;blacks

According to Émile Durkheim, sociologists must study social facts, which are:

aspects of social life that shape our individual actions

When a group assumes the attitudes and language of the dominant community, it has engaged in:

assimilation

Gender socialization begins:

at birth

For most of the past 2,000 years in the West:

attitudes toward sexuality were shaped by Christianity

The requirement on Facebook that people must send a request and have it accepted to be a "friend" is one way that social media allows the user to employ:

audience segregation

The term that refers to the rightfully executed use of power is called:

authority

Which crime has the highest reporting rate in the United States?

auto theft

Sean, age 16, lies to his friends about the frequency of his sexual activity and new sexual exploits every week. Sean is: a. being a normal male b. adhering to a sexual script c. falllng into a pathologic life course d. challenging gender norms

b. adhering to a sexual script

Gender identity is typically developed a. during young adulthood. b. early in life. c. after puberty. d. during adolescence. e. when one becomes sexually active.

b. early in life.

Which theoretic perspective regards gender roles as complementary? a. symbolic interactionist b. functionalist c. feminist d. conflict e. social exchange

b. functionalist

_____refers to learned attitudes and behaviors, whereas _________ refers to biological characteristics with which we were born a. sex; gender b. gender, sex c. sex, gender roles d. sexual identity; gender sterotypes

b. gender, sex

Which form of feminism focuses on equalizing rights and opportunities for women within social institutions? a. ecofeminism b. liberal feminism c. multicultural feminism d. radical feminism e. conservative feminism

b. liberal feminism

Broadly speaking, __________ is a designation that refers to biological characteristics and __________ refers to socialized characteristics. a. gender; sexual orientation b. sex; gender c. gender; sex d. sex; sexuality e. sexual orientation; gender

b. sex; gender

he term __________ refers to a person's awareness of themselves as male or female, as well as sexual attitudes, values, and beliefs. a. sex b. sexual identity c. gender d. gender expression e. gender identity

b. sexual identity Sexual identity refers to a person's awareness of themselves as male or female, as well as sexual attitudes, values, and beliefs.

Globally, the largest gaps in gender equality are found in __________. a. South America b. the Middle East c. Scandinavia d. the United States e. East Asia

b. the Middle East

How is the poverty line determined? a. the average American's annual budget divided by four b. the cost of a minimally nutritious diet multiplied by three c. costs of housing, transportation and food for a family of four d. the cost of living in the region divided by three e. costs of minimal shelter and food multiplied by four

b. the cost of a minimally nutritious diet multiplied by three

The reading, research, and other preparation that your professor did to get ready for the lecture in your sociology class was done in what Erving Goffman refers to as:

back regions

Most studies of sexuality are based on the assumption that heterosexuality is "normal" or "natural." This would be considered an example of __________. a. homonormativity b. a sexual script c. heterosexism d. homophobia e. a double-standard

c. heterosexism

_______ is the belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homsexuality or bisexuality a. heterobiology b. homosexism c. heterosexism d. bisexism

c. heterosexism

Broadly speaking, __________ is a designation that refers to biological characteristics and __________ refers to socialized characteristics. a. sex; sexuality b. gender; sex c. sex; gender d. sexual orientation; gender e. gender; sexual orientation

c. sex, gender

According to Pierre Bourdieu, in a consumer society, lifestyle choices and taste:

can intensify class differences

According to Karl Marx, the modern era is shaped primarily by:

capitalism

The economic system in which conflict is inevitable because it is in the interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class and in the interest of workers to overcome that exploitation is called:

capitalism

The existence of the global cultural bazaar, the global shopping mall, the global workplace, and the global financial network, as theorized by Richard Barnet and John Cavanagh, suggest that ________.

capitalism is one of the primary drivers of globalization

People sharing a common characteristic—such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity—but not necessarily interacting with each other, are called a social:

category

One of the principal differences between Fordist corporations and post-Fordist corporations is that the former are _____ while the latter are _____.

centralized; decentralized

The majority of immigrants to the United States prior to 1965 were from Europe, but since 1965, the majority have been from Latin America and Asia, something that is attributable to the:

change in preference granted to northern and western Europeans

In Karl Marx's model, the primary source of the contradictions that lead to class struggle and revolution is:

changes in the forces of production

Gender roles

characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males

Despite the common perception that it is an urban problem, __________ is a particularly dire problem in rural America.

childhood poverty

The largest religion in the world, with 2.3 billion followers, is:

christianity

Roman Catholic Church

church

In modern societies, most of the population lives in:

cities

According to David Harvey, industrial capitalism continually restructures space in its pursuit of profits. This process is not found in traditional cities because:

city and country boundaries were clearly defined in traditional cities, but are blurred in modern cities

According to Elijah Anderson, the sight of "public mothering" is a cue that indicates a space is what?

civil

The right to a fair trial is a ________ right.

civil

Two people walking on a city sidewalk quickly glance at each other and then look away as they pass. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction:

civil inattention

According to Robert K. Merton's strain theory, what are the majority of people in society?

conformists

b

100. Statistics illustrate child poverty is much more severe when children: a. live in households headed by single fathers b. live in households headed by single mothers c. reside in rural areas d. reside in urban areas e. they live in households having three or more children

The World Development Indicators show that the mortality for children under age 5 in low-income countries as compared to that in high-income countries is ________ times higher.

13

c

78. According to ________ theorists, the criminal justice system has become increasingly oppressive toward working-class offenders and in tax legislation that disproportionately favors the wealthy. a. labeling b. functionalists c. conflict d. interactionists

c

79. When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society, they refer to that structure as: a. social inequity b. social disapproval c. social stratification d. strategic sociality e. socialism

The Coleman (1966) studies and the Jencks (1972) research indicate which of the following two important points concerning education in our society?

Educational and occupational attainment is governed by family background. On their own, educational reforms can produce only minor effects on social inequality.

Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income and wealth later on in life?

Educational attainment

Select the item listed below that is NOT part of the informal economy.

An informal economy is neither taxed, and it's when a Person is paid "off the books"

Boys are more likely than girls to graduate from high school and to earn a bachelor's or masters degree. a. True b. False

False

Sexism can only be enacted by men against women

False

The gender pay gap has narrowed so considerably that men and women now earn the same amount of money for the same type of work.

False

US abortion rates have been increasing

False

Members of the upper-upper class are the most likely to appear on lists of the wealthiest people in magazines like Forbes. a. True b. False

False Members of the upper-upper class guard their privacy and refuse to appear on most public lists.

3. The countries of the former Soviet Union began to industrialize in the late twentieth century. Since then, their standard of living has: • Increased dramatically • Increased somewhat • Decreased • Stayed the same • Become equal to that of the United States

Decreased.

9. Which theory would best fit this statement: "Low-income countries are not underdeveloped, they are misdeveloped.": • World-systems theory • Market-oriented theory • Dependency theory • State-centered theory • Conflict theory

Dependency theory.

gender typed

Designation of occupations as male or female, with "women's" occupations, such as secretarial and retail positions, having lower status and pay, and "men's" occupations, such as managerial and professional positions, having higher status and pay

Structural/ functional theory of deviance - what functions does it serve?

Deviance serves vital functions by setting examples of unacceptable behavior, providing guidelines for behavior necessary to maintain social order. -jobs -stimulate positive change

What is Deviance?

Deviance: the violation of social norms

With which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?

Deviant behavior could be a response to inequalities in capitalist society.

Feminist theories

Feminist theories emphasize women's subordination. Feminist theorists point to sexuality as the root of inequality.

Symbolic interaction -

Focuses on how people interpret interactions and manipulate others' interpretations

Introductory sociology classes tend to have fairly large enrollments, perhaps more than 100 students. In contrast, graduate seminars have small enrollments, usually fewer than 15 students. How does this difference in enrollment influence the dynamics of the different classes?

If a student skips the introductory class, it will have little or no effect on the class, whereas if a student skips the seminar, it will influence the class more.

International organizations established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations making up their membership. (page 549)

INGO's

"The life chances of a black woman with a high school diploma and a white woman with a bachelors degree are stratified. However, it is necessary to examine this not so much as just a racial issue, but as a ___________________ issue. "

Intersectional

The country that has no separation of mosque and state is

Iran

Women are much less likely than men to obtain a secondary education in:

Iran

One flew over the cuckoos nest; theory which explains inmates behavior?

Labeling

What is one of the factors complicating research on the effects of divorce on children?

Marriages in which the partners are unhappy but stay together may adversely affect children in ways difficult to detect in divorce studies.

The number of children it is biologically possible for a woman to produce is known as __________, while the average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a society is known as __________.

fecundity; fertility

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

federal law prohibiting firing, demoting, or penalizing an employee because of pregnancy

Dominant social institutions have historically refused women. This reduces women's career independence, and encourages marriage for economic support and a domestic role in the home.

feminist

In patriarchal societies, men enact mechanisms of sexual control, both formally and informally, in order to subjugate women

feminist

Same sex marriage challenges traditional gender and sexual norms, by legitimating relationships, which do not support patriarchal values.

feminist

Social structures founded on sexist principles place women in socially and economically vulnerable positions. Patriarchal societies devalue the skills and traits developed by women.

feminist

charting and analyzing the inequalities and power struggles inherent within families

feminist approaches

A sociologist who puts gender at the center of the analysis of the social world can be said to be using:

feminist theory

The number of live-born children the average woman has is known as:

fertility

Liberal feminism

form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment based on sex. They tend to seek solutions through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected. They want to change laws. They look for explanations of gender inequalities in social and cultural attitudes.

Radical feminism

form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life. They believe that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women. They argue that men exploit women by relying on the free domestic labor that women provide in the home.

According to Weber's analysis of organizations, the most significant relations between people as stated in the rules of an organization are:

formal

What type of sanction is applied only by people officially designated to enforce norms?

formal

In female journalist Norah Vincent's "Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man," which documents her year spend living as a man, she found that:

gender is very context sensitive and is far more than biology

In female journalist Norah Vincent's Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man, which documents her year spent living as a man, she found that:

gender is very context sensitive and is far more than biology

Variations in gender roles found in the many different societies studied by social scientists demonstrate that

gender roles are culturally determined

Variations in gender roles found in the many different societies studied by social scientists demonstrate that:

gender roles are culturally determined

through contact with various agents of socialization, children gradually internalize the social norms and expectations that are seen to correspond with their sex.

gender socialization

When women are steered into poorly paid jobs with few prospects for career advancement, it promotes a form of:

gender typing

According to the text, __________ and __________ are categories that contribute to structured inequalities.

gender; racial identity

The systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group is called:

genocide

Sherene lives in a poor neighborhood near downtown that is predominantly African American and Latino. Last spring a white couple bought the dilapidated Victorian house across the street and immediately began renovating it. This fall, Sherene noticed that similar renovations had begun on two more old homes within several blocks of her house. It is likely that Sherene's neighborhood is in the beginning stages of

gentrification.

Sometimes a person will smile, but an observer notes that the person's eyes look sad. Erving Goffman would say the sad eyes are part of the expression the person:

gives off

Transnational corporations with an international body of shareholders lose tethers to particular nation states and roam freely in search of low labor costs and regulations.

global capitalism

Many industrial workers have been unemployed and left without the skills required in a knowledge-based economy because of:

global trade and new forms of technology

Our daily lives, our sense of individualism, our work patterns, and even our popular culture are being affected by:

globalization

Which of the following is an important condition that facilitated the accumulation of unprecedented wealth in the twenty-first century?

globalization

Compared with other jobs, union membership is much higher in:

government

the fear and hatred of homosexuality.

homophobia

those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex.

homosexuals

The metric used to define political office as "man's work" is defined by:

how far from home the political office is

The cycle of social reproduction is created within the school because:

in many ways, working-class children have a more perceptive attitude toward the organization of the school than do middle-class children, but the latter group sees the school as a vehicle for upward mobility

Sometimes a female lawbreaker is able to avoid punishment by invoking the gender contract. This concept allows the female lawbreaker to play on the idea that women in general are both erratic and:

in need of protection

In schools, boys and girls are treated unequally:

in the way that they interact with teachers

When sociologists refer to a patriarchal society, they are describing a society:

in which men dominate economic and political institutions

The rise in funding for the U.S. space program during the so-called space race:

increased scientific research and support for the U.S. economy

During the twentieth century, the real income of blue-collar workers in Western societies has:

increased significantly, but dropped in the last 20 years

The McDonaldization of society refers to the:

increased uniformity and rationality of society due to fast-food restaurant operating principles

The pay gap

increases as the level of educational attainment increases.

The relationship between globalization and inequality is that globalization:

increases inequality as the expansion of global trade concentrates wealth within a small core of countries

Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States, this is called:

indirect aggresion

Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States, this is called:

indirect aggression

The early sociology theorists often differed in their analyses of social behavior and social institutions. Nevertheless, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber strove to explain the new relationships that emerged as an outgrowth of the:

industrial revolution

The success of unions associated with service jobs and the decline of unions associated with manufacturing jobs that have moved overseas suggests that ______.

industries subject to global labor competition are those in which workers are the most vulnerable

According to the sociological perspective, people's behavior is:

influences by the social context

A micro-level factor that might be part of a systems approach to explaining migration patterns between Mexico and the United States is the:

informal networking among family and friends that provides support for newly arrived immigrants

Peter Blau studied government agencies and discovered what factor that allowed more flexibility than was possible within the formal structure of the bureaucracy?

informal relations

A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but rather on the production of knowledge. The notion of the information society is closely bound up with the rise of information technology. (page 560)

information society

What powerful force today is changing the face of many organizations, enabling them to avoid layoffs by allowing workers to telecommute or work from home as independent contractors?

information technology

Which of the following is problematic in a traditional bureaucratic organization?

innovation

The World Trade Organization's position on free trade is that it:

insists that poor countries open their markets while industrialized countries maintain barriers

Large corporations are highly interconnected through partial mutual ownership, creating large blocks of corporate power transcending single corporations.

institutional capitalism

Arturo is a documented worker in the United States. He was injured while working and went to the hospital for treatment. While he was at the hospital, the doctors and nurses had difficulty communicating with Arturo because he speaks some English but not enough to understand medical terminology. The hospital does not have a translator on staff. This is an example of:

institutional racism

The "new" economy in which ideas, information, and forms of knowledge support and sustain innovation and growth is most commonly called the:

knowledge economy

A common term for information society referring to a society based on the production and consumption of knowledge and information. (page 560)

knowledge society

As a result of globalization, humans now face risks created by the effects of their own knowledge and technology on the natural world, or:

manufactured risk

Dangers that are created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world. Examples of manufactured risk include global warming and genetically modified foods. (page 554)

manufactured risk

Current fears regarding the depletion of energy resources are greatly exacerbated by

the rapid economic growth of countries like China and India.

A sociological analysis of education would include:

the relationship between education and social inequality

A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence even while their members participate in the economic and political life of the larger society is known as:

pluralism

an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

sexism

Unwanted or repeated sexual advances, remarks, or behavior that is offensive to the recipient and causes discomfort or interference with job performance is usually interpreted as:

sexual harassment

any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work.

sexual harassment

our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways that we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs.

sexual identity

a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, of both sexes, or neither sex.

sexual orientation

specifies the formal or informal norms for acceptable or unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior.

sexual script

Analyze Annette Lareau's observations about child-rearing practices as related to social class. What are the implications of "concerted cultivation" and "accomplishment of natural growth"?

she found that middle-class & working-class people have different cultural practices for raising children. Middle-class parents engage in "concerted cultivation" working hard to cultivate their children's talents through many non-school-based activities & continuous linguistic interaction, causing these children to develop a sense of entitlement & value an individualized sense of self (comfortable questioning authority & making demands on adults) Working-class & poor parents use the "accomplishment of natural growth": talk is brief & instrumental, children learn to be more compliant w/ adult directives, & they participate in few organized activities outside of school, learn to occupy themselves, often playing w/ neighborhood friends, promoting a sense of constraint, children become more cautious in dealing w/ adults & authority, develop closer relationships w/ relatives

New information technologies and the growth of the knowledge economy will affect education by:

shifting the emphasis toward active, lifelong learning in diverse settings

Patterns of behavior that a sick person adopts to minimize the disruptive effect of illness are called:

sick roles

A form of stratification in which some people are owned as property is known as:

slavery

Compare and contrast slavery, caste, and class as systems of stratification. What is the basis of inequality in each? How much social mobility exists in each?

slavery-extreme form of inequality where some individuals are owned by others, caste systems-structure the type of contact the can occur between members of different ranks, class- large scale group of people who share common economic resources that influence the type of lifestyle they're able to lead. social mobility-the upward or downward movement of individuals & groups among different class positions as a result of changes in occupation, wealth, or income

The idea of the welfare state has generated a lot of debate in the United States over the past 50 years, especially during an election. The idea of the welfare state, though, is an integral part of our ________ rights.

social

Alteration in basic structures of a social group or society. Social change is an ever-present phenomenon in social life but has become especially intense in the modern era. The origins of modern sociology can be traced to attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the traditional world and promoting new forms of social order. (page 541)

social change

Annette Lareau found that children of middle-class parents tended to have a sense of entitlement, while those of lower-class families tended to have a sense of constraint. Her work tells us that the nature of different child-rearing practices is contingent on:

social class

A society in which ideas of masculinity are characterized by physical strength and tough attitudes will encourage men to cultivate a specific body image and set of mannerisms. This proves the theory of

social construction of gender

We can say that something is socially constructed when it is based on:

social context

rape culture

social context where attitudes and norms perpetuate the treatment of women as sexual objects and instill in men a sense of sexual entitlement. men are socialized to regard women as sex objects, feel a sense of sexual entitlement, and to instill fear in women by dominating them

gender

social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex. Refers not to the physical attributes distinguishing men and women but to socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity.

Incidences of rape increase significantly during war. This happens because for men:

social norms condemning rape do not apply during war

incidences of rape increases significantly during war. this happens because form men

social norms considering rape do not apply during war

The norms, beliefs, and values that we learn through socialization make ________ possible

social order

When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society, they refer to that structure as:

social stratification

According to Karl Marx's materialist conception of history, which of the following would be considered a source of social change in society?

the relationships between the working class and the owning class

A child's father is likely to tell the child to "say thank-you" when the child receives a gift. This is an example of:

socialization

Which of the following institutions has traditionally shaped people's attitudes about sexual behavior in Western culture?

the religious institutions, which teach that sex should be done for reproduction only

When sociologists visit college campuses, they witness a variety of behaviors and social relationships that are not necessarily immediately apparent to the members of the college community. The ability to interpret all the events taking place within the campus is referred to as:

sociological imagination

Placing limitations on economic growth to proceed only insofar as natural resources are recycled rather than depleted; maintaining biodiversity; and protecting clean air, water and land are all considerations contained in the notion of

sustainable development.

Caring or nurturing traits often associated with women are used as insults among powerful groups. This is often seen in language (being "sissy").

symbolic interactionalist

Each gender's household roles are socially constructed from a very young age by rewarding gender conformity. For example, girls play house while boys play sports and war games.

symbolic interactionalist

Sexual norms are always changing, are socially constructed as a response to shifting social conditions.

symbolic interactionalist

The institution of marriage has undergone substantial changes over time, thus new marriage arrangements should be expected as societies change.

symbolic interactionalist

Most cities of the ancient world had an outer wall offering defense and separation, and did this largely because:

the buildings at the core were religious and political

gender roles

the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males.

Max Weber contended that a bureaucratic structure is the most efficient organizational type. Which of the following exemplifies a bureaucratic organization?

the college or university you attend

sex segregation

the concentration of men and women in different jobs. These differences are believed to contribute to the gender pay gap. Jobs dominated by women pay less vs jobs dominated by men which pay more

The idea that globalization is bringing about the end of the nation-state is countered by _________________.

the continual rise in the number of independent nation-states

According to world-systems theory, the world is divided into three unequal economic zones. What are these three zones, and how are they related to each other?

the core (the most advanced industrialized countries, which take the lion's share of the profits in the world economic system), the periphery (countries that have a marginal role in world economy and are thus dependent on core societies for trading relationships), and the semiperiphery (countries that supply sources of labor & raw materials to core countries and world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized countries)

An environment made up of constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, including roads, railways, factories, and other buildings is called

the created environment.

A central argument of Ulrich Beck's Risk Society is that:

the decline of social traditions and institutions make risks more pervasive and more global

What appears to be one of the biggest incentives for the wave of business mergers and acquisitions in the past two decades?

the desire to eliminate competition and productive overcapacity

Secularization is:

the diminished influence and power of religion in society

Émile Durkheim analyzed the social changes transforming society in his lifetime in terms of:

the division of labor

What is the strongest evidence offered by the text in support of C. Wright Mills's position that the military plays a central role in the power elite in the United States?

the enormous size of the U.S. military budget relative to other countries

What is the strongest evidence offered by the text in support of C. Wright Mills's position that the military plays a central role in the power elite in the United States?

the enormous size of the U.S. military budget, relative to other countries

gender inequality

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status. The difference in the status, power, and prestige women and men have in groups, collectives, and societies.

Which of the following was a focus of Max Weber's research?

the influence of cultural ideas and values on social change and individual behavior

In sociological terms, economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment are known as _____.

the informal economy

Individuals and families living in shantytowns and favelas are more likely than their better-off urban counterparts to find work in

the informal economy.

infanticide

the intentional killing of a newborn. Female babies are more likely than male babies to be murdered in cultures because there boys are more highly valued than girls.

What theories of democracy are best supported by the overwhelming influence of the pharmaceutical lobby in shaping health care legislation in 2010?

the power elite

How has women's participation in the paid labor force changed during the past 50 years?

the presence of women in paid labor force has risen steadily with a slight drop since 09

Jessica and her husband, Jim, are working-class Republicans who are strongly opposed to same-sex marriage. Jessica works at a day-care center out of necessity, although both she and Jim would prefer it if she could stay home instead. Jessica and Jim are most likely ______.

conservative Protestants

Ownership and management of capitalistic enterprise is family based and passed down from one generation to the next.

family capitalism

The sociological term for unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources on the basis of sex is __________. a. sexual stereotyping b. social stratification c. gender roles d. gender stratification e. sexism

d. gender stratification

Approximately __________ of U.S. women have an abortion by age 45. a. two percent b. half c. one-tenth d. one-third e. ten percent

d. one third

Which form of feminism views patriarchy as more critical than social class in giving men power over women's lives? a. ecofeminism b. liberal feminism c. multicultural feminism d. radical feminism e. conservative feminism

d. radical feminism

Which of the following occupations is most likely to evoke a sense of alienation from those who perform it?

data entry clerk at a large corporation

The reduction of global interdependence by making economies as local as possible. (page 562)

deglobalization

The study of populations, including size, rates of growth, and other characteristics, is known as

demography.

The collective Anonymous has mounted a wide range of disruptive events that have often shut down industries and parts of government. A sociologist would be unlikely to call this effort a revolution because the collective:

doe not use violence

At least according to some sociologists, when we choose an outfit to wear for the day, and consider the context—work, play, or something else—we are:

doing gender

According to W. E. B. Du Bois, African Americans' sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and, after emancipation, segregation. Du Bois labeled this experience:

double consciousness

In Victorian times and in some ways even today, men who visited prostitutes or kept mistresses were accepted in polite society, but women who engaged in similar behavior were shunned. This is known as a:

double standard

How many states in the U.S. have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly ban same-sex marriage? a. 24 b. 5 c. 18 d. 10 e. 29

e. 29 Constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage have been passed in 29 states.

Which of these countries has never had a female President or Vice-President? a. Germany b. Chile c. Philippines d. Argentina e. US

e. US

While many Malthusians argue that high rates of population growth, such as we are currently experiencing, inevitably lead to misery and famine, a study by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) concluded that

famine is less a result of overpopulation than it is of unequal distribution of food supplies.

The subprime mortgage crisis described in the beginning of this chapter has potentially contributed to the rapid growth rate of which of the following populations of homeless people?

families with children

One of the significant findings of Lillian Rubin's study of sexuality among Americans in the late 1980s was that:

the sexual practices of youth—those under age 18—are nearly as varied as those of adults

What is status, according to Max Weber?

the social honor or prestige a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

What are some of the important factors that have led to the development and increasing popularity of the Islamic State, or ISIS?

the social, political, and economic destabilization of the Middle East as a result of Western presence and civil war

What is the definition of civil society?

the sphere between the state and the marketplace occupied by family, community associations, and other noneconomic institutions

The ultimate ruling of the Supreme Court in 2015 that individuals have a constitutional right to same-sex marriage was predated by what other important event?

the striking down of DOMA in Windsor v. United States of America in 2013

Demography is:

the study of populations

According to the text, social change is:

the transformation of social institutions and culture of a society over time

Marx identified surplus value as the source of profit in a capitalist system. What is surplus value?

the value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker

Unemployment is increasingly a standard condition in the U.S. economy because:

the worldwide economic recession was combined with a reduced need for labor power

Erving Goffman and other theorists who focus on social interaction often use the analogy of:

theater and drama

One likely reason for the differences between the findings on sexual behavior in the United States of Alfred Kinsey and Edward Laumann is that:

their methods—specifically their samples—were quite different

Symbolic interaction theory

theory focuses on the everyday processes that produce and reinforce gender roles. Our view of reality, including gender, is a social construction. Inequality results from learning gender roles and learning sexuality.

One of the main reasons that rape is difficult to track statistically is because:

there is a large difference between men's and women's definition of forced sex

One of the main reasons that rape is difficult to track statistically is because:

there is a large difference between men's and women's definitions of forced sex

The maternal deprivation thesis asserts that children will be inadequately socialized if not raised by their own mother or a female mother substitute, and feminists criticize this theory because of its presumption that:

there is an innate sexual division of labor that presumes socialization emerges from the mother alone

We know that sexual responses are learned rather than inborn because:

there is tremendous variation in what different cultures consider "natural" sexual behavior

Distribution of white-collar crime is very difficult to measure in contrast to other types of crime primarily because:

these crimes rarely appear in any statistical reports

Your text authors talk about some of the wealthiest people in the world. What do these people have in common?

they are all men

Some researchers argue that people often "get religion" when:

they have established a sense of discipline that they can devote to religious practice

The term minority group is potentially ambiguous and confusing, particularly for sociologists, because:

they use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50 percent of the population

For one of his business classes, Wallace was asked to develop a corporate business plan. The main components of the plan he presented in class involved creating strategic partnerships with other corporations in the same industry and contracting smaller companies to perform services and/or provide materials, rather than doing them within the corporation itself. Wallace's business plan illustrates the characteristics of ______.

twenty first century corporation

The increasing use of "high tech" in the workplace is leading to the development of what kind of worker structure?

two classes

Groups - micro/ meso/ characteristics of groups. How they form.

two or more people who interact with each other because of shared interests, goals, experiences, and needs -Members have a sense of belonging -Membership is well-defined -There are rules for members' behavior -(Not all collections of people are groups! Groups form through a series of steps: -Initial interaction -Emergence of a collective goal -Attempts to expand collective goals

What is the definition of cohabitation?

two people living together in a sexual relationship without being married

According to Eliot Freidson's modification of Talcott Parsons's "sick role," someone with a terminal illness is categorized as:

unconditionally legitimate

Theda Skocpol believes that revolutions are not the direct result of a deliberate pursuit of interests, but instead are ambiguous in nature and result from the more limited aims of different groups as:

unintended consequences

Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than 40 years ago. Scientists do not replicate his experiment and update the findings because:

universities have installed increased research protocols to protect subjects

Women are more likely to hold seats in national legislatures when:

women' rights are a strong cultural value

We learn, almost from birth, how to behave and follow societal norms from our family of orientation. Talcott Parsons felt that this crucial stage also meant we underwent a process of personality stabilization. What was he referring to?

the role of the family in supporting us emotionally

A majority of Americans support same sex marriage

False

Women spend more time than men on domestic chores.

Sexism

The death penalty - does it work? Who gets the death penalty?

- Most common argument for the death penalty is that it deters others from committing crime Studies suggest this is not the case; however, the death penalty does serve as retribution -There is evidence that the death penalty is race and class biased 56%white 34% black

Conflict theory of deviance.

-Deviance results from power struggles between socially unequal groups -Elites use deviance to maintain control -They have the power to define as deviant activities and groups that threaten their interests or norms -To reduce crime and deviance, we must alter the structure of society, making it more equal

Symbolic Interaction theories of deviance

-Focus on how others shape one's definition of what is normal and acceptable -Examine how society defines some acts as deviant - Examine deviance-related symbols and how they affect the self

Symbolic Interaction theories - differential association,

-Focuses on how we learn deviant and criminal behavior from others -By associating with others who engage in crime and have criminal values, -We learn how to commit crimes -Criminal behavior is reinforced -Possibility of becoming deviant depends on duration, intensity, priority, and frequency of time spent with deviant others

Networks and connections Social networks/ 6 degrees of separation. ? What difference do strong social networks make in our lives?

-Networks connect society, create opportunities, but also generate obligations that limit members freedom. six degrees of Kevin Bacon now its 4.74 world 4.37 u.s. 1

An ethnomethodologist would likely study the:

. conversations among roommates in a college dormitory

The number of sexual identities that Judith Lorber identified is:

10, including straight male and female, lesbian, gay, bisexual male and female, transvestite male and female, and transsexual male and female

According to the 2013 Hate Crime Statistics, approximately how many incidents against sexual minorities were reported in the United States?

1,233

Unequal Treatment in the classroom

1. Boys received more teacher attention and instructional time than girls did. This was due to the fact that boys were more demanding than girls. 2. boys were more often scolded and punished than female students because of their rowdy behavior. 3. Basically girls are trained to be quite and well behaved and to turn to others for answers, while boys are encouraged to be inquisitive, outspoken, active problem solvers.

Three main Feminist Approaches

1. Liberal 2. Radical 3. Black feminism

Two types of sexual harassment

1. Quid pro quo: a supervisor demands sexual acts from a worker as a job condition or promises work related benefits in exchange for sexual acts 2. hostile work environment - a pattern of sexual language, lewd posters, or sexual advances make a worker so uncomfortable that it is difficult to do his or her job.

Ranking of percent of women who make up a significant part of parliament

1. Rwanda 2. Netherlands 3. Canada 4. China 5. U.S 6. Turkey 7. India U.S has a very small percent of women in parliament

The gendering of college majors

1. Women focused more on fields associated with caring and nurturing, whereas men tend to pursue fields that emphasize logic and analysis. 2. Education, health fields, nursing, elementary education, library science, and school counciling were mostly women while engineering was a lot of men. 3. Because of the chosen majors, this was one explanation of the gender pay gap. The majors that girls mostly chose had a lower pay than the majors men chose

Describe the three phases in the development of the family from the 1500s to the 1800s according to Lawrence Stone. Do you think that the third phase characterizes American families today? Explain.

1st phase was a type of nuclear family- "open-ended, low-keyed, unemotional, authoritarian institution" fairly small households, deeply embedded relationships with community & other kin, sex viewed as a necessity to produce children; not a pleasure. 2nd phase was a type of transitional family- nuclear family became a more separate entity, distinct from other kin & the local community , growing emphasis on marital & parental love, authoritarian power of fathers increased. 3rd phase marked by affective individualism- close emotional bonds, domestic privacy, child rearing, workplaces separate from hom, marriage ties based on personal choice & sexual attraction, women are domestic & men are breadwinners

Children raised in single parent homes have double the risk of experiencing negative outcomes. This is because the percentage of children who were raised in two-parent homes and have negative outcomes is _______________ and the percentage of children who were raised in single-parent homes and have negative

2%; 4%

According to the Center for Disease Control, whites can on average expect to live how much longer than blacks?

3.6 years

According to the World Health Organization reports for 2010, ________ percent of the world's population lacked access to adequate sanitation.

37

According to researchers for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, approximately what percentage of child deaths from abuse or neglect are not recorded?

50-60%

In 2014, there were 1,645 billionaires worldwide. Their combined assets were more than the total gross national income of all but the top ten economies of the world and were estimated to what value?

6.4 trillion

What percentage of Americans live in extreme poverty, meaning at near-starvation levels?

6.7%

According to the text, in 2013, high-income countries had just 18 percent of the world's population. How much of the world's total income did these same countries have?

68%

Agricultural giant Monsanto is a leader in technology and the world's food supply. It is estimated that it has widespread influence on genetically modified crops because the amount of food sold in grocery stores that has some type of genetically modified ingredient is about:

70 to 75 percent

d

76. Which two theories explaining deviance are classified as interactionist? a. strain theory and differentional association b. labeling theory and delinquent subcultures c. labeling theory and conformity theory d. differential association and labeling theory e. strain theory and delinquent subcultures

b

77. Labeling theorists interpret deviance as: a. a tool for the preservation of power in the ruling class b. a process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants c. something that anyone would do given the opportunity d. a genetic component of personality and socialization e. a macrosociological phenomenon determining social construction

b

80. Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification? a. If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his or her category, he or she is no longer classified at that level. b. A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his or her position. c. Ranks tend to fluctuate rapidly and significantly over time. d. Wealthy people are always ranked higher than poorer ones. e. Upward mobility is a norm that is valued in all societies.

a

81. A stratification system in which certain people are owned as property and more or less deprived of all rights by law is known as: a. slavery b. caste c. estates d. socialism e. capitalism

b

82. Which of the following stratification systems incorporates marital endogamy as one of its tenets? a. slavery b. caste c. class d. communist e. capitalist

According to the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS):

83 percent of Americans had one or no sexual partners in the preceding year

a

83. In which country was caste based on broad occupational groupings? a. India b. United States c. South Africa d. Russia e. Saudi Arabia

a

84. Which of the following conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background? a. life chances b. life course c. caste d. reincarnation e. relations of production

b

85. According to the Kuznets curve, inequality in capitalist societies: a. decreases at first, stabilizes, then decreases again b. increases at first, declines, then stabilizes at a relatively low level c. decreases at first, increases rapidly, then stabilizes at a relatively high level d. increases at first, stabilizes at a high level, then declines gradually e. starts out stable for a long time, then gradually increases to a high level

b

86. The money a person gets from a wage or salary or from investments is ________; the assets an individual owns are ________. a. wealth; property b. income; wealth c. wealth; income d. income; income e. property; property

d

87. What factor accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income? a. education b. parents' social class c. discrimination d. all of the above e. none of the above

a

88. Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income, and wealth in later life? a. educational attainment b. religious background of parents c. the performance of the stock market d. access to technology, like the Internet e. all of the above

e

89. People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the: a. lower middle class b. upper middle class c. old middle class d. new middle class e. working class

Given past and recent rates of exploding population growth, what is the most widely accepted official prediction for the global population in 2050?

9-10 billion

According to your text, the wealthiest 0.1 percent of the population holds the same amount of wealth as the bottom __________ percent?

90%

c

90. Social mobility refers to: a. the migration of people to town from the countryside b. the migration of people from the countryside to town c. the movement of individuals and groups between class positions d. the ability of people in a society to engage in protest movements e. the transportation system of a society

a

91. How far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in her lifetime is called: a. intragenerational mobility b. intergenerational mobility c. life course d. life history e. structural mobility

d

92. In their classic study of social mobility in the United States, Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan found that: a. the rags-to-riches story was quite common b. vertical mobility was common, but usually between occupational positions quite close to one another c. surprisingly, educational attainment was not a factor in vertical mobility d. there has been little upward mobility e. all of the above

b

93. The condition in which people do not have adequate resources to maintain their health is called: a. relative poverty b. absolute poverty c. downward mobility d. exchange mobility e. the poverty line

d

94. The fastest-growing group among the homeless population in the United States is: a. substance abuser b. the mentally ill c. elderly men d. families with children e. Vietnam veterans

d

95. How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society? a. Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. b. Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low-wage labor pool and pushing wages down. c. Labor unions have been weakened by globalization. d. all of the above e. None of the above; inequality is not increasing in the United States.

c

96. Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income? a. While income is influenced by race, education, and age, wealth is independent of these variables. b. Wealthy people almost always inherited their money, thus there is no relationship between wealth and income. c. The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth. d. Income disparities between rich and poor have increased in the past three decades, whereas wealth disparities have decreased during the same time. e. Education has a strong connection to income, but a weak relationship to wealth.

b

97. Mortgage companies that offer subprime mortgages tend to target minority communities because it is more difficult for racial minorities to obtain mortgages. This is due to: a. bad credit b. discrimination c. unwillingness for minorities to move to "white" suburbs d. structural social positioning e. geographic location

d

98. Consumerism and consumption have blurred class differences to some extent in our society. Television and widespread mall stores reinforce the idea that there are no intense class boundaries. Consumerism and consumption, however, do NOT alleviate: a. the strain of credit card debt that most Americans have b. the need to spend all the time c. a "mass society" is the twenty-first-century reality d. the reality of economic inequalities that continue to grow in our society e. the pressure on low-income families to spend beyond their means

c

99. The estimated net worth of Microsoft's Bill Gates in 2007 was: a. $6 billion, on par with the number of people in the world b. $8 million, as he gave much of his money away. about 80 percent of the GDP of India c. $56 billion, and he was the wealthiest individual in the world for thirteen years running d. nearly $100 billion, making him one of the five richest people in the world

1. Which of the following is a social group? • A couple married less than one year • Everyone in your sociology class who has brown hair • People waiting at Terminal C for Flight 18 • Passengers on Flight 181 • Microsoft stockholders

A couple married less than one year.

Which of the following would be classified as sexual harassment, according to the 1998 Supreme Court decision?

A man has a severely hostile female supervisor.

Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification?

A person's life chances are significantly influenced by a social position

1. Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification? • If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his category, he is no longer classified at that level. • A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position. • Ranks tend to fluctuate rapidly and significantly over time. • Wealthy people are always ranked higher than poorer ones. • Upward mobility is a norm that is valued in all societies.

A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position.

Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification?

A person's life chances are significantly influenced by social position

Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification?

A person's life chances are significantly influences by his or her position.

Which of the following characteristics could be found within the traditional American family from colonial times to about the 1950s?

A sexual double standard existed that allowed promiscuity for men but strongly restricted the sexuality of women

What is inequality - is there still slavery ? Give an example of a food/ drink we consume regularly that uses child slaves to produce Examples of slavery -

A social condition in which privileges, opportunities and substantial rewards are given to people in some positions in society buy not others. - 6.3 million children < 5 died worldwide with almost ½ dying of malnutrition Slavery: When an individual or a family bound in servitude as the property of person or household, bought and sold, and forced to work An estimated 21-36 million people are slaves (women and children from poor families in poor countries) -Coffee -Chocolate

Black feminism

A strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of nonwhite women. They reject the idea of a single, unified gender oppression that is experienced evenly by all women and are that early feminist analysis reflected the specific concerns of white, middle-class women

Occupational crime. Types (4)

A violation of the law committed by an individual or group in the course of a legitimate, respected occupation for financial activity -Crimes against companies (employee theft) -Crimes against employees (wage theft) -Crimes against consumers -Crimes against the public

Abortion rates

About 22% of pregnancies end in abortion. The abortion rate has decreased since 1980. It is most common among young, never-married women.

Homosexual, Bisexual Percentages in US

About 6% of Americans identify themselves as homosexual and almost 8% describe themselves as bisexual. 18% have had same-sex sexual contact.

What do Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have in common?

Abraham figures prominently in each religion.

Absolute vs. relative poverty.

Absolute poverty: not having sufficient resources to meet basic survival needs (food, shelter, clothing) Also no prestige, power, or accumulated wealth Relative poverty: having an income below the poverty line, and an inadequate standard of living relative to others in the same country Also poorer health, shorter life expectancy, greater infant mortality than others in the same country Feminization of poverty: trend in which single females, often young and with children, make up a growing proportion of those in poverty

Gender in space

Afghan bacha posh: if a family has all girls, they may turn one daughter into a male so they can have better advantages. Some cultures have multiple genders. Like the "third gender".

During the twentieth century, industrial development in the North and the mechanization of agriculture in the South resulted in a substantial migration to northern urban areas by:

African Americans

Racism is increasingly based on cultural differences as opposed to "scientific" racism. Which of the following examples illustrates "new racism," or cultural racism?

African Americans who do not value family because of the high rates of single-parent households

The main economic activity in most low-income countries is?

Agriculture

Problems of bureaucracies Example of conflicting loyalties of professionals, alienation, oligarchy ( iron law of oligarchy) .

Alienation: workers with boring, dead-end jobs feel uninvolved, uncommitted, unappreciated Oligarchy: concentration of power in a small group The iron law of oligarchy Goal displacement: original purposes are displaced by new, secondary goals

*6. In what way has the AIDS epidemic contributed to global hunger and food shortages? • Too many people of prime working age are dying of the disease. • Most of the AIDS cases are found in low-income countries. • Countries with the highest rate of AIDS are also agricultural countries. • With few people able to work on farms because so many die from AIDS, fewer crops are harvested. • All of the above.

All of the above.

Why would an administrative assistant in a larger, multinational corporation who decided to falsify financial data for personal gain not be seen as an example of corporate crime?

An administrative assistant doing so for personal gain is not acting on behalf of the corporation.

*8. In what way(s) is the plight of American women similar to that of women in less-industrialized countries? • When a woman is employed, she has more options for ending an unhappy marriage through divorce. • Education provides one of the best opportunities for a woman to leave an impoverished life. • Women all over the world must complete a second shift after working in their paid jobs. • Regardless of what country you examine, women are underrepresented in upper management—that is, their advancement is often blocked by a glass ceiling. • All of the above.

All of the above.

2. Which of the following is an example of a caste system? • Requiring Jewish families to live in a separate part of European cities, known as a ghetto. • Giving political and economic rights in South Africa only to people who were genetically completely white. • Forcing children to accept their parents' status as their own in India. • Denying all civil rights to blacks in the United States. • All of the above.

All of the above.

3. Which of the following is a criticism of the human capital theory made by feminist sociologists? • Due to childhood socialization in traditional gender roles, women are not as free to choose their occupations as the theory suggests. • Women are prevented from entering certain occupations due to discrimination by "gatekeepers" on the job. • The difference in power between men and women in society limits women from redefining their occupations as skilled. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

5. How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society? • Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. • Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low-wage labor pool and pushing wages down. • Labor unions have been weakened by globalization. • All of the above. • None of the above; inequality is not increasing in the United States.

All of the above.

5. Which of the following has been offered as a sociological explanation for the gap between women's and men's work in the home? • Women do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men. • Men do the jobs that give them the most control over when to do them. • When the daily tasks of work in the home are divided along the traditional gender lines (woman-as-server, man-as-provider), men and women "do gender" and reproduce the gender roles with which they were socialized. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

7. According to sociologists, education is important for economic development. With what reason(s) do they argue for expanded educational access? • Educated workers can become skilled workers for high-wage industries. • Education is a reliable avenue for escaping harsh working conditions and low-wage, unskilled jobs. • Educated people tend to have fewer children, slowing the global population explosion that contributes to global poverty. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

8. What factor accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income? • Education. • Parents' social class. • Discrimination. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

9. The Internet fosters the creation of relationships that often do not come with the emotional and social baggage or constraints that are involved in traditional face-to-face interactions. This allows participants to: • Offer and receive support that people may not be able to find in their communities. • Participate in impersonal and fleeting relationships. • Participate in off-limits or intimate encounters that could be deemed inappropriate in face-to-face contexts. • Find information or answers to questions that people may be too embarrassed to ask their teachers, parents, and/or friends. • All of the above.

All of the above.

5. There is significant evidence that the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries reflect the: • Lack of willingness of African people to practice safe sex. • Lack of willingness of African people to get medical treatment. • Already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases. • Inability of the United States to help with the crisis. • All of the above.

Already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases.

Which of the following is true of single-parent households?

Although most single-parent households are headed by women, there is a great deal of economic and social diversity within female-headed, single-parent households.

Who Rules America? is the title of a book in which William Domhoff applies and updates C. Wright Mills's theory of the power elite. How would you respond to this question: "Who rules America?" Would you use democratic elitism, pluralism, or the power elite as your theoretical basis? Justify your choice by using concepts and terms from the text.

Although the power of groups can change over time, I would use the power elite as my theoretical basis to respond to the question, "Who rules America?" power elite- mainly whites from wealthy families who all went to the same prestigious schools, belong to the same clubs, have closely connected concerns, etc

Division on abortion

Americans are almost equally divided on the issue of abortion. Slightly more described themselves as pro-life. In spite of claims by the pro-life side, no research evidence supports the argument that abortions are physically or mentally dangerous.

Functionalist approaches in to explain the nature of gender inequality at the level of society

Approach Parsons believed that supportive families are the key to successful socialization. family operates most efficiently with a clear cut sexual division of labor in which females act in expressive roles, providing care and security to kids and offering them emotional support, and men perform instrumental roles - namely being the breadwinner in the family.

Modernization theory

Argues that low-income societies can develop economically only if they adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values

Criminologists have suggested that among the reasons for the decline in reported crime rates in the 1990s are the improved economic conditions and lower unemployment. How might a sociologist explain this in regard to the idea of anomie?

As more people find jobs, there is a corresponding decline in the numbers of people who feel disoriented.

Warren S. Thompson (1929) described a three-stage process governing changes in population growth rates as societies move from a pre-industrial to an industrial stage. What is the central principal guiding his theory?

As societies develop, one mode of population stability is replaced by another.

Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality?

As the technology gap between countries widens, eliminating poverty is more difficult.

2. Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality? • People in low-income countries lack a strong Protestant work ethic. • As the technology gap between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty. • As AIDS continues to rampage throughout high-income and middle-income countries, they will have fewer technology workers. • Whatever medical and technological aid is given to low-income countries is hoarded by corrupt government officials. • Capitalism is innately unequal, and socialism is innately equal.

As the technology gap between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty.

Social Status ascribed vs. achieved

Ascribed status: a status that is assigned at birth and does not change during an individual's lifetime Achieved status: a status that is chosen or earned by decisions one makes or by personal ability Master status

Ascribed vs. achieved social mobility - caste system/ estate systems - examples.

Ascribed stratification systems: individuals' positions in society are determined by characteristics they are born with Estate systems: one is born into the nobility, the political-military elites, or into the peasantry, whose labor supports the elites Peasants receive protection and enough food to survive from the nobility Peasants are tied to a noble's land and are rarely able to become independent land-owners Ranks and rights are clearly spelled out The system is bolstered by arranged marriages Achieved stratification systems: individuals earn their positions through ability and effort Social class system: social class is defined by property, power, and prestige; it is officially achieved, but actually inherited in part Property: income and assets Power: ability to control or influence others (Power Elite vs. Pluralism models) Prestige: recognition, esteem, respect given those whose occupation and lifestyle are socially valued Class members share similar lifestyles, education, culture, and interaction patterns Caste systems: the caste one is born into determines one's occupation, potential marriage partners, residence, group memberships, and prestige level

Christianity is a very small minority in:

Asia

According to U.S. Census, which racial-ethnic group has experienced the largest population growth during 2000-2010?

Asian

Which group has a strong commitment to family interdependence, networks of family and friends that help members financially, and higher median incomes than non-Hispanic whites?

Asian Americans

Which of the following groups has the highest median household income?

Asians

Which sociological theorist first used the word sociology to describe the science that seeks to understand human behavior?

Auguste Comte

The country that best illustrates the classic model of immigration is:

Australia

What term refers to the legitimate use of power?

Authority

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

Banning of discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and agencies giving funds.

What is one of the reasons that critics of classical views on religion suggest that in modern societies, religion is losing its ability to create widespread social solidarity?

Because modern societies are more often marked by religious pluralism than religious domination, there is no longer a single set of religious values that unify the entire society.

The text names trade unions, ethnic groups, and business organizations as examples of interest groups. Which of the following is the best critique of the view of some pluralist theories that the more pluralistic a society, the more democratic it is likely to be?

Because some interest groups are extremely powerful with nearly unlimited financial resources and others have very few resources, interests groups do not always provide the balance suggested by pluralist theories

Dara and her fiancé are contemplating whether they should move in together before the wedding (a year away) or wait until they are married. Neither of them have cohabited before. Although they are anxious to begin their lives together, Dara has heard that living together before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce. What is one reason Dara may have little to fear?

Because they are beginning the period of cohabitation already having made a serious commitment, Dara and her fiancé will not be conditioned by cohabitation to see relationships as easily dissolvable.

Why are world-rejecting religious movements more likely to display characteristics of total institutions than other kinds of religious movements?

Being in direct opposition to the outside world, they must take far more care to maintain separation from it by regulating many aspects of followers' lives.

4. When businesses such as State Farm Insurance and Wal-Mart deny women the ability to advance in their companies, the textbook refers to these companies as: • Being workplace gatekeepers. • Equitable places for women to work • Practicing sound management. • Corporations that may discriminate, but there is nothing that can be done to remedy the discrimination. • None of the above.

Being workplace gatekeepers.

What is the explanation offered by Chris Kollmeyer for why unemployment in Europe has been somewhat higher than in the United States?

Better social services and unemployment benefits in Europe allow unemployed individuals to wait for a relatively good job, thus making unemployment spells longer.

The theory offered by Simon Kuznets regarding the relationship between inequality and economic development is challenged by which of the following facts?

Between 1990 and 2004, CEO pay increased by 300 percent, while production worker pay increased by only 4.5 percent.

Women face disadvantages in a broad array of social and cultural areas. Which strand of feminist theory focuses primarily on the disenfranchisement of a particular group, as well as the historical legacies that have shaped the experience of not just that group but of all women?

Black feminism

10. Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages faced by women? • Liberal feminism • Radical feminism • Black feminism • Parsonian functionalism • Marxism

Black feminism.

Feminist and conflict perspectives on gender are similar in that they both emphasize a. that gender is less important than social class in terms of stratification. b. women's vulnerability to daily violence. c. that gender stratification is beneficial to men and capitalism. d. that men and women should be seen as equals. e. patriarchy as the cause of violence and conflict.

Both feminist and conflict theorists emphasize that gender inequality is beneficial to men and to capitalism. c. that gender stratification is beneficial to men and capitalism

A growing number of sociologists have argued that:

Both gender and sex are socially constructed

Which of the following generally describes the attitude of women and of men about careers?

Both men and women are socialized to believe that a man's career is more important than a woman's

Which of the following generally describes the attitude of women and of men about careers?

Both men and women are socialized to believe that a man's career is more important than a woman's.

Rosie, a woman from a working-class family who works as an administrative assistant, won a huge lottery jackpot. She decided to apply for membership at an exclusive country club in the next town over but felt unwelcome after ordering the "wrong" wine at a prospective member dinner and receiving stares from members when she smoked a cigarette outside. What does Rosie's experience demonstrate about class?

Class is not only determined and expressed economically but also through lifestyle choices and personal tastes.

Mislabeling of behavioral problems in school, according to sociologists, may have resulted in the placement in special education programs of dramatically higher numbers of:

Boys

In regards to academic achievement, a. boys are more likely to graduate from high school than are girls. b. girls are less likely than boys to earn a college degree. c. girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed as having a developmental disability. d. boys and girls perform very similarly in math and reading when they enter kindergarten. e. by high school, girls and boys are now performing the same in math and science.

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with a developmental disability and are less likely to graduate from high school and college; boys and girls enter kindergarten with similar abilities in math and reading. d. boys and girls perform very similarly in math and reading when they enter kindergarten.

Which theory of crime contends that any social disorder in a community encourages more serious crimes to flourish?

Broken Window Theory

Which type of organization causes problems for effective democratic participation, according to Max Weber?

Bureaucracy

The idea of a sociological imagination originated with:

C. Wright Mills

In a ________System a person's social status is set at birth and is unchangeable.

Caste

Caste as a stratification system affects inter individual contact in what manner?

Caste systems limit or structure individual contact between different caste levels

Caste as a stratification system affects interindividual contact in what manner?

Caste systems limit or structure individual contact between different caste levels

Based on the data discussed in the text about income, population, and the kind of economy each region has, where would you be apt to find the most hunger?

Central Africa

What is the most significant difference between children raised by straight parents and those raised by gay parents?

Children raised by gay parents were less likely to adhere to gendered expectations and norms.

Biological difference between males and females

Chromosomes: men have XY while women have XX Women have more Estrogen while men usually have more testosterone

Out of the types of rights associated w/the growth of citizenship, __________ refer to individual rights.

Civil rights

What is one trend that is apparent with respect to cohabitation?

Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is increasing in many other countries as well as in the United States

Criminal justice process - How do conflict theorists look at prison - what do they say is the purpose?

Conflict perspective: the justice system supports the powerful by depicting crime as a threat from poor people and minorities Structural-functionalist perspective: the justice system is important for maintaining order in society Policy should focus on deterring deviance Policy should focus on the injustices of the system

__________ argues that gender roles and gender inequality is the consequence of capitalism. a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Feminist theory e. Labeling theory

Conflict theory argues that gender roles and gender inequality is the consequence of capitalism. c. conflict theory

Strain: five ways of adapting (Merton)

Conformity: embracing society's goals and adhering to approved means of achieving them Innovation: using illicit means to reach approved goals Ritualism: strict adherence to social rules, but with no hope of achieving goals Retreatism: giving up on both the goals and the means Rebellion: rejecting socially approved goals and means and replacing them with alternative goals and strategies

US Women in elected offices 2011

Congress - 17% of 535 Senate - 17% of 100 House - 17% of 435 State elective offices Govenor - 12% of 50 State Legislature - 24% of 7382 Attorney General - 14% of 50 Secretary of State - 22% of 50 State Treasurer - 14% of 50 State Comptroller - 8% of 50 Mayor (100 largest cities) - 8% of 100

What are consensus crimes?

Consensus crimes: members of society agree about the seriousness of the deviant acts

An important underlying part of the secularization debate revolves around which of the following?

Correctc. the level of power and influence held by religious beliefs, officials and organizations in the larger society

Neoliberalism argues that global free trade will enable all countries to prosper. What is needed in order for this to happen?

Countries must eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow minimum wage and other labor laws

What is crime?

Crime: deviance that violates laws and is punished with formal penalties

6. Which of the following is an example of a sociological explanation for deviant behavior? • The physical characteristics of criminals help explain their behavior: for example, large, muscular men are more likely to commit crimes than smaller, thinner men. • Withdrawn individuals are more often lone deviants, whereas gregarious individuals lean more toward gang behavior. • By understanding the family's history, we can predict who will become deviant and who will not. • Criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms. • All of the above.

Criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms.

The group that has the highest income among Latinos is composed of:

Cubans

The term Pierre Bourdieu uses for the advantages that a good home confers; such as parent involvement with a child's homework is:

Cultural Capital

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart.

When it comes to work in the home, women do most of the _____ while men do most of the _________

Daily chores, occasional tasks

Compare and contrast Marx's theory of stratification with that of Weber. Which theory do you think best explains stratification in the United States?

Differences: Weber thought class divisions derive from control or lack of control of the means of production AND economic differences that have nothing to do with property like people's skills and credentials, Weber distinguished status (positive or negative), and Weber recognized that social classes differ with respect to their power, or ability to enact change. Both theories said class influences people's lives but Weber focused on class plus other dimensions and his best explains stratification in the United States

Gender from other cultures

Different cultures have different opinions on gender. Some cultures have men and women reversed where women handled business and men just gossiped

The digital divide today. What county has the lowest inequality in the world? What helped shrink the digital divide more than anything?

Digital divide: the gap between those with and without access to information technology. Results from differences in socioeconomic status, minority group status, and urban versus rural residence Individuals with insufficient computer and internet access or skills face barriers to many professions and opportunities Public and private organizations are developing low-cost technologies that may help level the digital playing field

Which of the following is true regarding discrimination?

Discrimination is an action

2. Which of the following arrangements facilitate relationships and social interaction? • The economic homogeneity of gated communities, where like-minded people relate to one another. • The universal planning architecture of the 1980s and early 1990s workplace environments. • Diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic. • Workplace situations where different activities and workers are segregated, building camaraderie among similar employees. • Communities in which the activities are directed toward the backyard rather than the street.

Diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic.

Work has become divided into a number of different occupations in which people specialize. Sociologists call this:

Division of Labor

At least according to some sociologists, when we choose an outfit to wear for the day, and consider the context—work, play, or something else—we are:

Doing gender

- Dramaturgy - front stage/ backstage , impression management.

Dramaturgy: -Analyzes interaction as if it were a staged play with audiences, parts, scripts, props, and settings -We perform different parts for different audiences -We learn parts and scripts through socialization -"Impression management": we attempt to convey a positive, advantageous image of ourselves -"Front stage" behavior: public, scripted, presents an image we hope others will take as real -"Back stage" behavior: we relax, let feelings show

Which crime are the most people in prison for? Purpose of prisons - functional . What is the trend with private prisons? Do they make $? How?

Drugs -Inmate labor -Prisons can be a source of jobs for communities -More prisons are now operated by for-profit companies -Privatizations of prisons has grown over time -Profits are found through inmate labor

8. Neoliberalism argues that global free trade will enable all countries to prosper and therefore it is necessary to: • Continue to promote the logic of growth. • Eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws. • Loan money with interest to the NIE countries so they have capital to invest in their economies. • Ignore political and military power. • Enable third world governments to regulate wage and labor laws.

Eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws.

Which sociologist showed that social factors exert a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior?

Emile durkheim

Identify the correct concept: sex, gender, gender identity, gender role, or gender stereotyping: Emma believes that it is the mother's responsibility to care for the children. Steven was born with a penis and testes. Three-year-old Valerie announces that she will be a cowboy when she grows up. John believes that all females are alike and not qualified to be president.

Emma: Gender roles Steven: Sex Valerie: Gender identity John: Gender stereotypes

5. Merton's functional analysis of deviance and crime addressed one of the pressing questions in the study of deviance. He focused on the issue that society has become much more affluent but crime rates continue to rise. Merton responded to this quandary by: • Emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation. • Emphasizing the rigid nature of social structure; he uncovered the genetic processes that are illustrated in criminal minds. • Emphasizing the morality socialized into particular groups. • Indicating that when we have deviant peers we are more likely to participate in deviant behavior. • Indicating that we have reached an acceptable level of equality in income; he determined that deviance was no longer relevant to crime.

Emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation.

According to the human capital theory, why do women earn, on average, less than men?

Employers are less likely to invest in their female employees because they believe the women will have more interruptions in their careers such as child rearing.

Rapid economic growth in East Asia in the 1980s and 1990s was accompanied by___________

Environmental degradation, demands of work force labor (all of the above)

Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologist who developed microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:

Erving Goffman

In several parts of former Yugoslavia certain ethnic groups are subjected to harassment, threats and campaigns of terror forcibly expel them and create ethnically homogenous regions. This is called:

Ethnic cleansing

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RACE AND ETHNICITY?

Ethnicity is a matter of culture

The majority of immigrants to the U. S. in the 1900s were from________ and the majority of immigrants in the 1990s were from______.

Europe, Latin America & Asia

The first large wave of immigrants to the United States from the time of independence until the 1880s was of ________ origin.

European

Evolutionary theories ( combine which theories = what do they say - is it true today in the U. S. ? ) What % of people go to college ( worldwide/) How does the US compare with other countries regarding health/ life expectancy/ social class?

Evolutionary Theory of Stratification -To survive people must cooperate, but conflicts occur when important decisions advantage one group over another -Valued items are always in demand but short supply; struggle over these scarce items is likely -Custom shapes the distribution of scarce resources, but after basic societal needs are met, power determines distribution of surplus U.S. 1% owns more wealth than 90% 7% world college degree better edu = poli involvement, better health, reli, marry, longer life expectancy

Which of the following statements best illustrates Howard S. Becker's labeling theory of deviance?

Ex-offenders are much less likely to be called back by employers than men with similar resumes but no criminal record.

Permissive parenting is one important problem that a family faces in the United States. Why do you think this is important? Apply one of the three theoretical perspectives (functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory) to explain this problem.

Functionalism says that social events can best be explained by the contributions they make to the continuity of a society. order and balance are considered a normal state of society. If a parent doesn't set many rules, there won't be order and balance and the child will not learn in a responsible way the lessons he or she needs to learn in order to be a contributing member of society. Just like a heart's pumping of blood is a vital role in the continuation of life of an organism, a parenting style is vital in the continuation of a child's safety and well-being

Sociological Explanations of Gender and Sexuality

Functionalism views the division of gender roles as functional for society. Males play an instrumental role. Females play an expressive roles. Orderly sexuality is critical for reproduction of society.

From the perspective of conflict theory, human capital provides the best explanation for the gender gap in earnings. a. True b. False

Functionalists explain the gender gap in terms of human capital. b. false

What is a common criticism of the functionalist theories of crime and deviance?

Functionalists tend to presume that everyone has middle-class values.

9. Sexual minorities experience a high incidence of violent crime and harassment. More often than not they are perceived as being deserving of crime rather than innocent victims. This is because: • Gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public. • "Homosexual panic" is often used successfully as a legal defense. • Crimes toward gays and lesbians don't qualify as "hate crimes" and so carry less severe punishments. • Gay and lesbian couples who aggressively display their sexuality are seen under the law as asking for trouble. • In the past, the law has done little to recognize crimes against sexual minorities, thus they are victimized without penalty.

Gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public.

Scholars use the term _________ to refer to the physiological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

Gender

Men are experiencing greater work-family conflict than in the past.

Gender roles

Gender in Time

Gender roles have changed throughout the years. Pink used to be manly

By third grade, boys outperform girls in math and science while girls excel at reading. More females than males earn college degrees. Women earn only 24% of undergraduate STEM degrees (science, technology, engineering, and math)

Gender stratification

Gender Stratification

Gender stratification: people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources

What do we know about the difference in experience between girls and boys when considering both a stepfamily and a divorced household?

Girls tend to suffer more in a stepfamily, while boys suffer more in a divorce

More than 1/2 of graduates from colleges for BA are women and usually find decent entry level positions. However, for women, their mobility up the corporate hierarchy is thwarted. This barrier is called:

Glass ceiling

Global crime

Global Crime: acts that violate international laws, treaties, and agreements

How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society?

Globalization has encouraged people to immigrate to America; lower wages, less job demand etc.

Female owned firms

Globally, female owned firms account for 40% of all privately held businesses. Only 16% of U.S. corporate board members are women. Worldwide, 19% of seats in national legislatures are held by women.

*5. For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria? • The group must have active members. • It must be considered a primary group. • The group members must interact. • Group members must spend five to ten hours a month with group leaders. • Group members must identify with each other or the group's goal.

Group members must identify with each other or the group's goal.

Support for same sex marriage

Half of Americans support the right to same-sex marriage. Voters in 31 states have passed laws limiting marriage to a man and a woman.

Who was the first sociologist to look at previously ignored issues, such as domestic life and race relations?

Harriet Martineau

Hate crimes - why , who?

Hate crimes: criminal offenses motivated by the offender's bias against a particular social group -Hate crimes are committed on the basis of religion, ethnicity or race, national origin, gender, and sexual orientation and are often under-reported

10. Which of the following would NOT be considered cultural capital? • Reading to your child and encouraging her educational endeavors. • Sending your children to summer camp. • Having your child work at a fast-food restaurant after school. • Living in the right neighborhood and coming from a "good" home. • Enrolling your child in after-school activities, such as piano lessons

Having your child work at a fast-food restaurant after school.

Why did Marx call religion the "opium of the people"?

He argued that a belief in afterlife rewards for living a meek and humble life encouraged people to accept their oppression in this life, rather than struggling against injustice.

Briefly discuss Pierre Bourdieu's theory of Class. How can we apply this theory to understand different dimensions of inequality in the United States?

He saw social class groups as identifiable according to their levels of "cultural and economic capital" We can apply this theory to understand inequality in the U.S. because individuals distinguish themselves on the basis of cultural tastes & leisure pursuits but some people may not be able to afford to shop at higher-end stores and dine at gourmet restaurants

Variations of transgender and homosexual rights vary

Homosexual and transgender rights vary widely throughout the world. Australian passports allow people to select "transgender" as their sex.

The metric used to define political office as "man's work" is defined by:

How far from home the political office is

What was one of the most significant conclusions of the fifth assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

Human activity is the dominant source of the observed changes in the global climate since the mid-twentieth century.

International organizations established by treaties between governments for purposes of conducting business between the nations making up their membership. (page 549)

IGO's

What is one reason sociologists are concerned with civil inattention, which appears to be a rather unconscious behavior?

If an individual implies to another person that he is not suspicious of the other's behavior, there is no reason to be hostile toward the other person whose social life is allowed to proceed in an orderly fashion

Sexual violence in other countries

In many countries, women experience sexual violence and male dominance because of custom, laws, or minimal government protection.

What is the principal difference between participatory democracy and liberal democracy

In the former, decisions are made collectively with the participation of all citizens, whereas in the latter, the people elect individual representatives who in turn make decisions.

What is the key difference between a sociological definition of income and that of wealth?

Income is earned, while wealth is held or inherited

What is the key difference between a sociological definition of income and that of wealth?

Income is earned, while wealth is held or invested

Which of the following accurately characterizes the concept of stratification?

Income, wealth, education, lifestyle, and occupation often are correlated, but there are notable exceptions

Symbolic Interaction theories - labeling (primary/ secondary)

Individuals and behavior become deviant because they are labeled as such -Societies define behaviors as deviant and impose sanctions -Primary (isolated) deviance—actors are not labeled deviant: a violation of a norm that may be an isolated act or an initial act of rule breaking. -Secondary (ongoing) deviance—actors are labeled: If an individual continues to violate a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity. -Being labeled reinforces deviant behavior -Those with less power and status are more likely to be labeled as deviant Self-fulfilling prophecy

Rational choice theory- social control theory. 4 ways people are bonded to others - internal vs. external controls.

Individuals make choices about deviance based on costs and benefits to themselves Positive sanctions: rewards (benefits) for socially approved behaviors Negative sanctions: punishments (costs) for breaking social norms Social control occurs when costs of deviance are higher than benefits People are bonded to society in 4 ways: 1)Attachment to others 2)Commitment to conventional activities 3)Involvement in activities that keep them busy 4)Belief in the social rules of their culture Internal controls: voices within that tell us when a behavior is acceptable or unacceptable External controls: society's formal or informal controls against deviant behavior

Which of the following best describes the health conditions in high- and low-income countries?

Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries

4. Which of the following best describes the health conditions in high- and low-income countries? • While the services available in high-income countries are more accessible, the life expectancy is similar in both groups. • Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries. • The AIDS epidemic has ravaged both groups of countries equally and placed a serious strain on their resources. • Conditions have worsened in high- and low-income countries as more government resources are spent on the military. • All of the above.

Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries.

Zenzele is interested in comparing population growth between developing and industrialized countries. She notices that in certain countries there has been a great deal of population growth, despite the fact that fertility rates have remained the same. What is one potential explanation for this apparent contradiction?

Infant mortality rates have gone down in these countries.

Which of the following statements is true?

Infants have facial expressions similar to those of adults.

Robert Merton uses what to characterize organized crime members?

Innovators

Racism that includes not simply the opinions of a small segment of the population, but systematically pervades all of a society's structures and operations:

Institutional Racism

What do sociologists look at to explain deviance ( not biology or psych).

Interactionist Theories: focus on relationships and meanings Rational Choice Theories: focus on individual choices, costs, and benefits Social control theory: why people obey social norms. -Attachment to other people -Commitment to conventional activities -Involvement in activities -Belief

As the global economy becomes more knowledge-based, the likely outcome is that:

Internet access will become the new line of demarcation between the rich and the poor

1. Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States this is called: • Interpersonal aggression • Feminized aggression • Friend aggression • Relationship violence • Relationship aggression

Interpersonal aggression.

How do fertility rates influence mobility and what did I discuss in class related to this? What about gender and ethnicity? Cross cultural mobility - how has globalization impacted this? What types of jobs are most prevalent in the US?

Is there a "land of opportunity"? -Comparing mobility across cultures It is difficult to identify opportunity-rich countries due to the complex factors that influence mobility -Opportunities for upward mobility are changing due to globalization -Manufacturing jobs are now in developing countries, leaving less-educated US workers with fewer opportunities -The US has high-tech jobs, providing opportunity for those from small, educated families that value individual achievement -u.s. jobs providing services

Which of the following statements about the position of women in religion is true?

Islamic doctrine places women at a level of far greater subordination than Christian doctrine.

In India, individuals who fail to carry out the duties of their caste are doomed to be reborn in an inferior caste in the next life. How does this describe how social status is held in India?

It is held for life

Why did the 2010 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission change the concept of what we define as an interest group?

It recognized the right of corporations to express an opinion on a candidate.

Why has Taylorism been associated with the de-skilling and degradation of labor?

It took control and knowledge of the production process out of the hands of laborers and into the hands of managers.

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the urban ecology approach as developed by Robert Park?

It understands the formation of urban arrangements as analogous to the way plants and organisms adjust to the physical environment.

The ethnic group in the United States that was forcibly removed to "relocation centers" in World War II is:

Japanese American

The religious denomination that has the highest percentage of college graduates in the United States is

Judaism

Dependency theories rely on theories developed by:

Karl Marx

The main argument of Thomas Picketty's book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, that increasing wealth inequality is an inevitable feature of most capitalist economic systems, is MOST akin to the ideas of which theorist?

Karl Marx

Which early theorist saw class conflict as the main source of social change?

Karl Marx

1 out of 1 points Émile Durkheim argues that deviance is necessary for a society, as it has an adaptive function. In suggesting this, Durkheim felt that society should respond to deviance in what way?

Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.

1. Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose? • Eliminate all deviance through social cohesion. • Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries. • Allow deviance to flourish and it will burn itself out. • Legalize certain types of deviance and heavily regulate the rest. • Ignore deviance and focus on similarities and society will have equilibrium.

Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.

Who argued that social stratification is functional, ensuring that the most talented people fill the roles they are best suited for by rewarding them accordingly?

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore

The term "prison-industrial complex" has been used by critics to describe the current American prison system. What does this fact refer to?

Large numbers of people have vested economic and political interests in the expansion of the prison system.

During the Great Recession, Jerry was laid off from his banking job. As a result his wife went from part-time to full-time work, and Jerry spent the term of his unemployment taking care of most of the domestic responsibilities. What can be concluded about family structure from stories like Jerry's?

Large-scale social and economic changes yield changes in family structure and dynamics.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability?

Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group

Which of the following explanations does your text give to explain, in part, why blacks and Hispanics were particularly hard hit by the recession of 2008?

Lenders of subprime loans tend to focus on minority communities that were often passed over by prime lenders.

Gender pay gap by education

Less than HS: men 25,792, women 20,436 HS graduate: men 37,492, women 28,964 Associates degree: men, 43,576, women 34,112 Bachelor's degree: men, 60,788, women 48,048 Advanced degree: men 81,744, women 59,592

Type of feminist theory that concerns with sexism and discrimination against women in the workplace, educational institutions, and the media. They work through the existing system to bring about reforms in a gradual way

Liberal feminism

Liberal feminism, radical feminism, multicultural feminism

Liberal feminism maintains that gender equality can be achieved through equal civil rights and equal opportunities. Radical feminism contends that patriarchy is the reasons for women's oppression. Multicultural feminism maintains that gender, race, and social class intertwine to form a hierarchical stratification.

Individual Social Status Individual Lifestyle

Lifestyle: one's attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns, which depend on socialization into one's culture and status Factors affecting lifestyle: -Attitudes toward achievement -Family life and child rearing patterns -Religious membership -Political involvement -Status inconsistency

Which of the following statements is true about low-wage work?

Low-wage workers in the United States not only have declining real wages, but also have little access to various kinds of employment benefits or job security.

Despite the fact that men earn more than women in most instances, sex segregation results in what for both women and men in jobs that are "typed" as female?

Lower pay for both men and women

World systems theory

Made up of core, semiperiphery, and periphery countries

glass elevator

Males have it easy by climbing past women in corporate ranks. Men can get to the top easily.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the risks we now face as we enter a postindustrial age?

Manufactured risks are becoming more common than natural risks.

According to Edin and Kefalas's study of low-income, single mothers, why do so many women continue to have children out of wedlock?

Many low-income women feel that marriage could cause more problems, both financial and emotional, than it would solve.

Marx. Are there any classless societies?

Marx described two economic classes The bourgeoisie, capitalists, or "haves" The proletariat, working class, or "have nots" Conflict arises from struggle between classes: Capitalists remain in control because: They control the norms and values of society They use their power to make inequality seem "fair" and justified This system will last until: The working class develops class consciousness, or shared awareness of the causes of their low status They may be aided in this by intellectuals Based on class consciousness, the working class will overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a classless society in which wealth is shared

Dependency theory

Marxist theory of economic development

Characteristics of ideal type bureaucracies.

Max Weber Studied growth of bureaucracy in the 20th century Developed "ideal types," or conceptual models Ideal type bureaucracy characteristics: -Division of labor based on technical -competence -Administrative hierarchy -Formal rules and regulations -Impersonal relationships -Emphasis on rationality and efficiency -Provision of life-long careers Bureaucracies also have an informal structure, unwritten rules and relationships

Weber - what are the 3 P's?

Max Weber, also a conflict theorist, critiqued Marx's sole focus on economic factors. His stratification theory included power and prestige, as well as property. are 5 social classes: Capitalists Managers Petty bourgeoisie Workers Underclass

The first systematic interpretation of modern organizations was developed by:

Max weber

In general, men in our society have been socialized into __________ roles and women into __________ roles. a. functional; instrumental b. private; public c. expressive; instrumental d. instrumental; expressive e. formal; informal

Men in our society have typically been socialized into instrumental roles and women into expressive roles. d. instrumental, expressive

Meso - Structure functional -5 basic elements. *Conflict theory -what causes stratification?

Meso- and Macro-Level Theories -Structural-Functional Theory Stratification within societies is inevitable -The stratification system provides each individual with a position in the social world -The stratification system motivates individuals to carry out their roles -As a result, each individual contributes in some way to the maintenance of society The Davis and Moore Thesis Some positions are more highly valued because people feel they are very important Rewards for these positions are high because society must motivate talented individuals to undertake the necessary but difficult preparation for them Differential rewards for positions result in unequal distribution of resources; stratification is inevitable Conflict Theory -Karl Marx originator of conflict theory Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance and scarce resources Individuals and groups act in their own self-interest, taking advantage of others Conflict—between those trying to hold onto existing advantages and those trying to gain new advantages—is inevitable 1)what a person wants 2)what a person needs 3)what a person earns 4)what a person can take

The largest group of Latinos that resides in the United States is described as:

Mexican American

Microlevel theories - symbolic interaction -*What do upper class families stress for their children ? *What is an example of conspicuous consumption?

Micro-Level Theory -Symbolic Interaction Individuals take up social positions through socialization, in which they learn the appropriate cultural capital -Cultural capital influences children's school and home environments -Social positions are represented by symbols -Conspicuous consumption: displaying goods in a way that will be noticed and will earn the owner respect

Rational choice theory -delayed gratification.

Micro-Level Theory Rational Choice People make decisions influenced by their perception of costs and benefits . In order to take this view, one needs a sense of delayed gratification—delaying rewards or benefits until a later time.

Sharon and Luke, both IT workers, make a point to read to their children every night before putting them to sleep. Which explanation of the achievement gap does this example best illustrate?

Middle- and upper-middle-class parents tend to invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development.

Why is a job important to most people?

Money, activity level, variety, structure time, social, personal identity, shape lifestyle.

What was the main finding in Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers's survey regarding the most desirable working conditions?

More than any other one thing, workers want more influence at work.

Of the 101 individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, __________ have been women. a. 33 b. 5 c. 25 d. 15 e. 49

Only 15 of the 101 individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize have been women. d. 15

3. Functionalist theories emphasize connections between conformity and deviance in different social contexts. A common criticism of this approach, however, is that: • There is no sense in connecting the macrosociological to the microsociological. • Most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle-class values. • It is outdated as their premises no longer apply in the information age. • American society no longer experiences internal contradictions. • The aspirations held by groups in society do not coincide with available rewards.

Most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle-class values.

Social class in the US - don't need to know numbers for this but general idea ( example on board I discussed). What has happened with our social class? Where are most people? What has happened with the gap between top and bottom? How many people in the US are hungry?

Most people in the U.S. identify as "middle class" or "working class" The gap between the richest 1% of U.S. households own more wealth than all of the bottom 90% combined

Macrolevel - networks - what has happened? ( ex. Of Apple)

National and global networks -New transportation and communication systems, including the internet, are generating global networks -Multinational corporations make their own rules, without oversight bodies - Profit, efficiency, and calculability are highly prized - National and international organizations are governed through rational, bureaucratic systems

2. When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture and remain silent. The professor's behavior is an example of: • Deviant behavior • Role playing • Civil inattention • Negative sanction • Positive reinforcement

Negative sanction.

Which gender is the dominant and aggressive one among the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert?

Neither men nor women because aggressive behavior is discouraged for both genders in !Kung society.

The first cities emerged about 3500 BCE in the:

Nile River valley

Police forces have grown steadily in the past 30 years in response to public demands for more protection. How has this affected the rate of violent crime in the United States?

No causal relationship between the number of police and violent crime rates has been identified.

Which of the following best describes the medical community's beliefs about gay or lesbian behavior?

No scientific research has proved that homosexuals as a group are psychologically less healthy than heterosexuals

Verbal/ nonverbal interaction - what is most important - know how we learn.

Non-verbal communication: interactions using facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body posture, gestures, touch, walk, status symbols, and personal space Non-verbal communication are: Culturally specific Learned through socialization Used in all cultures

What is meant by " deviance is socially constructed?"

Nudity Illegal in some places, legal in others

What happens to crime when societies modernize? Fraud / ( medicare).

Occupational or white-collar crime: violation of the law committed by an individual or group in the course of legitimate, respected occupational or financial activity (medical fraud-Medicare and Medicaid)

What proportion of the world's population lives in poverty?

One fourth

Agents of socialization

People, organizations, and institutions that enable us to learn the beliefs, values, and behaviors of our cultures - Micro-level: family, peer group, local organizations (Japan example) - Meso-level: educational, religious institutions; media - Formal: socialization is stated goal (e.g., the family) - Informal: socialization isn't a stated goal but occurs anyway (e.g., the media) Agents of socialization shift over the life course Different agents' messages may concur or conflict

Natural resources flow from the_______ to the____________according to the world-systems theory.

Periphery , Core

Personal space 4 different types and what it varies by.

Personal space communicates social positions People in higher positions have greater control of physical space Gender differences -Cultural setting -Gender -Status -Social context

Which of the following research findings supports the chivalry thesis?

Police are less likely to arrest women than men for similar activities

Comparable worth

Policies that attempt to remedy the gender pay gap by adjusting pay so that those in female-dominated jobs are not paid less for equivalent work. Aim to remedy the pay gap.

The type of feminism most likely to reject the statement that "sisterhood is universal" would be:

Postmodern

All political life is about_______.

Power

What do men usually have more of than women, which frequently makes women the victims of sexual harassment?

Power

Predatory crime vs. crimes without vicitms ( examples).

Predatory or street crime: crimes against individuals or property Victimless or public order crimes: criminal acts committed by or between consenting adults (prostituation, gambling, drug use) Conflict crimes: not everyone agrees acts ought to be criminalized

What is an important difference between premodern cities and the kinds of cities that are characteristic of modern, industrialized societies?

Premodern cities were relatively small and had little to no connection with the surrounding rural areas or other cities, whereas modern cities are large and deeply connected with other cities, as well as with rural agricultural production.

In industrial society, what determines one's class position? Micro factors: cultural capital, social capital. - why important? What do we look at in the meso level - institutions. *Macro - core vs. periphery - where are most of the periphery nations located?

Prestige and Influence Property, power, and prestige are accorded to individuals with: Micro Cultural capital: knowledge and access to important information Social capital: networks with others who have influence Meso Access to Resources -Individual status is shaped by access to resources and reinforced by the family through socialization -Our treatment by educational, religious, political, and other institutions often depends on our status, and also reinforces it -Our experiences of life are shaped by our status Macro-level influences on stratification: -Economic systems and resources within a particular country -Position of that country within world systems of economic stratification

Primary/ secondary - examples,characteristics.

Primary groups: Close, personal relationships Sense of belonging, caring, identity, loyalty Strong influence on behavior Small membership, lasting relationships Have intrinsic value: belonging is the goal Secondary groups: Formal, impersonal, businesslike relationships Exist to accomplish a task or goal Specialized tasks and communication Large membership; may be short or long-term

prisons - what do they do to people? what do they say is the purpose? * Zimbardo study. Recidivism rates -

Prisons and Jails -Total institutions: completely control prisoners' lives and regulate all their activities -Inmates' lives are changed through Degradation: marks inmate as deviant Mortification: breaks down inmate's original self as he/she experiences resocialization -Rigid social systems develop within prisons -Jails as "catchall" asylums for the poor, marginalized -U.S. incarceration rates have increased due to "get tough" policies The purposes of prisons -From the functional perspective, prisons serve many purposes: -Revenge or retribution -Removing dangerous people from society -Deterrence -Rehabilitation -However, the recidivism rate is high -More than half of all men who do time in prison will be confined again for a crime -Suggests deterrence and rehabilitation functions are not working very well Zimbardo: college students -Gaurds mean to prisoners

During summer 2008, gas prices climbed to unprecedented levels. Demand for larger SUVs and trucks declined as consumers opted for smaller cars. Why is it difficult for car companies to make the shift in their production plants to accommodate this demand?

Production planning, changing inventory, and supply chain problems.

As rank increases the number of female faculty members decreases

Professor - 28% women Associate Professor - 41% women Assistant Professor - 48% women Instructor - 55% women Of the almost 729,000 full-time faculty members in 2009, 43% were women

Which type of sexual harassment involves the demand for sexual favors as a condition of the job or in return for work related benefits?

Quid pro quo

After five years in the same job, you receive a nice promotion. As you leave your first meeting with your new boss, he smiles and suggests that to really cement your position, you should go out on a "date" with him this evening. You have been subjected to:

Quid pro quo sexual harassment

As a result of differential treatment in schools, girls are socialized to be:

Quiet

Historically, europeans classified individuals they came into contact with in various parts of the world according to physical attributes. These then became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is called:

Racialization

these type of feminists theorists believe that gender equality can be attained only by overthrowing the patriarchal order because patriarchy is a systemic phenomenon.

Radical feminism

Which of the following hypotheses might be derived from Mark Juergensmeyer's research on the relationship between religion and violence?

Rather than causing violence, religious ideas are often used to justify and/or escalate violence that began as a material, real-world struggle.

The goal of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment is to:

Recognize that equality for women and girls is a human right and a social and economic imperative

Reference groups, in/ out, peer.

Reference group: members act as role models for one another and establish standards against which members measure their conduct In-group: members feel a sense of loyalty and belonging; often a reference and/or a primary group Out-group: a group that exists in competition with or opposition to an in-group

Rational choice - principle of least interest, reciprocity - what are the assumptions of rational choice theory?

Relationships are formed and maintained based on individual rewards and costs Assumptions about interaction: -Are based on calculations of self-interest (current or eventual payoff) -Are guided by reason -Involve expectations of reciprocity (individual contributions will balance out over time)

Research indicates that __________ of male college students view online pornographic material daily or nearly every day. a. one in 20 b. half c. three-quarters d. one-fifth e. nine in ten

Research indicates that 20 percent of male college students, compared with 3 percent of female college students, view online pornography daily or nearly every day. a. one in 20

*4. Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) engaged in a mail bombing spree that spanned nearly twenty years, killing three people and injuring twenty-three others. In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse. Utilizing Merton's functionalist framework, Kaczynski could be classified as a(n): • Conformist • Innovator • Ritualist • Retreatist • Rebel

Retreatist.

6. When 3 best friends—Jose, Martin, and George—get together every Friday night Jose usually decides what the group will do. However, one night when Jose said he wanted to go bowling Martin and George told Jose that they decided the group was going to the movies. This is known as: • Transformative leadership • Negative alliance • Dyad coalition • Revolutionary coalitions • A threat to group stability

Revolutionary coalitions.

Social Status Role strain, role conflict.

Role strain: tension between roles within one status Role conflict: conflict between the roles of two or more statuses

Social Status Status and roles

Roles: the expected behaviors, rights and obligations associated with a status Statuses can be formal or informal -Statuses connect us to meso-and micro level organizations.

Countries with more women as legislators

Rwanda: 56% Sweden: 46% South Africa: 45% Cuba, Iceland: 43% Netherlands: 42% Finland, Norway: 40%

Reaction to the behavior of an individual meant to ensure that the individual complies with a given norm is called:

Sanction

Gender and Sexuality Across Cultures

Saudi arabia is the only country that bans women from driving

Women as a percent of total employed in selected occupations

Secretaries/administrative assistants 2. Registered nurses 3. elementary and middle school teachers 4. bartenders 5. physicians and surgeons 6. lawyers 7. police and sheriff's patrol officers

What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social traits

What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social traits.

What are we referring to when we talk about women and men being concentrated in different occupations?

Sex segregation or gender typing

What is the difference between "sex" and "gender"?

Sex: biological Gender: social, psychological etc.

Anomie. Durkheim/ suicide study - do not memorize types but know in general what he found it was usually related to ( egoistic).

Showed how groups impact individual behavior by comparing different groups' suicide rates Group conditions leading to suicide: Anomic suicide - the group lacks norms or rules Egoistic suicide - bonds tying individuals to the group are too weak

Of the types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship, ____________refers to the right of individuals to enjoy a certain minimum standard of economic welfare and security.

Social Rights

Social status

Social Statuses: positions that individuals hold in the social world

When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society they refer to that structure as:

Social Stratification

The way in which social structure limits the range of activities and opportunities in individuals' lives is called

Social constraint

Social Interaction 3 components.

Social interaction consists of two or more individuals purposefully relating to each other -An action -A common goal -A social context governed by norms

What is one implication of Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital?

Social mobility is less about how hard you work and more about the kinds of tools you work with.

What is social stratification? What 3 main assumptions underlie the concept of stratification?

Social stratification: individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess 3 main assumptions: -People are divided into ranked categories -Desired resources are unequally distributed -Each society determines how individuals are ranked, depending on: History Geographic location Level of development Political philosophy Decisions of those in power

Which of the following is true about the sociological study of religion?

Sociological analyses of religion privilege social forces as explanatory factors for its appeal, rather than spiritual or psychological forces.

Characteristics of a nation-state:

Sovereignty, military control, nationalism.

Which statement below is an accurate description of the pattern(s) of remarriage among divorced people?

Statistically, the divorce rate among second marriages is higher than for first marriages

Social Status Status Set

Status set: an individual's combination of statuses

________, consideration in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, often involves the psychological mechanism of ________, directing hostility or anger toward objects that are not really the source of those feelings.

Stereotypical thinking; displacement

According to world systems theory, why must the global economic system be approached as a single capitalist unit?

The current system of world capitalism is not a collection of independent countries

Structural functional/ anomie, strain theory.

Structural Functionalist Theories: focus on anomie and strain Anomie: -a breakdown of norms caused by lack of shared, achievable goals or lack of socially approved means of achieving those goals -Anomie is likely in conditions of rapid urbanization, war, or economic change Strain: -frustration resulting from gap between socially shared goals and access to legitimate methods of achieving those goals -Strain causes some people to turn to deviant ways of achieving goals

Synthesis of functionalist and conflict theories Life chances Life chances - For each institution ( education, health, etc) how is our social status and social class related to our experience/ access?

Structural functionalism Talented individuals need to be motivated Conflict theory Individuals will attempt to control as much wealth, power, and prestige as possible, resulting in potential conflict Exploitation contributes to creating inequality The micro-level: Individual Life Chances Life chances: one's opportunities, which depend on achieved and ascribed statuses Important factors affecting life chances: Education Health, social conditions, and life expectancy

A major weakness of symbolic interactionist perspectives is that they do not explain a. the role of interaction in forming one's sexual identity. b. why globally women are considered more vulnerable to sexual exploitation and violence. c. how gender is socially constructed. d. cultural variations in gender roles. e. how attitudes toward sexuality may change over time.

Symbolic interactionist perspectives do not explain why throughout the world women are more vulnerable than men to sexual exploitation and violence. b. why globally women are considered more vulnerable to sexual exploitation and violence.

__________ are the least likely to examine how the social structure serves to create and maintain gender inequality. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists c. Postmodernists d. Functionalists e. Liberal feminists

Symbolic interactionists focus on the role of social interaction in creating gender differences; they are the least likely to emphasize how structure creates and maintains inequality. a. Symbolic interactionists

Electronic Media: Meso-Level Socialiation

TV, computers, internet, ect. -78% of homes have computer/internet -75% teens own cellphones Concerns: -Influence -Radicalization of young people

7. In what way(s) do teachers show a bias against girls in the classroom? • Teachers punish girls more often for their misbehavior, whereas boys' bad behaviors are more generally tolerated. • Teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems. • While it is true that teachers have a bias against girls, female teachers are less likely to show this bias. • Teachers are more likely to call on girls for answers, which often causes embarrassment for the girls. • All of the above.

Teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems.

1. The ________ are regions of the world that apply technology invented elsewhere in their own production and consumption systems. •Technology innovators •Technology adopters •Technologically disconnected •Technologically discombobulated •None of the above

Technology adopters.

According to the text, what is one reason that processes of nation formation have been so problematic in postcolonial states?

Territorial boundaries in the colonial world were imposed externally on areas that often had no prior cultural or ethnic unity, leading to problems that are difficult to overcome.

examples .Terrorism - what is state organized crime? * How is Japan different than the U. S. in terms of crime and why?-

Terrorism: premeditated, politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience State organized crime: criminal acts committed by government officials E.g., complicity in smuggling, assassination, torture, eavesdropping, accepting bribes, corruption

The assumption shared by all schools of feminist thought is:

That women have an unequal position in society

__________ is directly challenged by the idea that structural forces shape the way resources are distributed.

The "culture of poverty" thesis

What do the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries suggest?

The African people already experience high rates of malnourishment, poor water quality, and other infectious diseases.

According to world systems theory, why must the global economic system be approached as a single capitalist unit?

The current system of world capitalism is not a collection of independent countries.

*What is meant by status inconsistency? Be able to recognize examples. Social mobility ( micro-meso connection). What is it?What factors affect an individual's mobility? Types of Social Mobility

The Micro-Meso Connection: Social mobility: the extent to which people move up and down in the class system Four issues dominate analysis of mobility: -Types of social mobility -Methods of measuring social mobility -Factors that affect social mobility -Whether there is a "land of opportunity" Factors Affecting Individual Mobility Micro-level factors -Family background, socialization, marriage, and education Macro-level factors -National population trends and economic vitality -Gender, race, ethnicity, and earnings -The interdependent global market Many of these factors are interrelated Intergenerational mobility: change in status compared to parents' status, usually resulting from education and occupational attainment Intragenerational mobility: change in status within an individual's life, whether up or down Vertical mobility: movement up or down the stratification hierarchy, sometimes including a change in social class

Gender quality gaps by country

The U.S. ranks 19th in gender equality. The biggest gaps are in the Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in U.S. prisons?

The United States has the highest incarceration rate per capita in the world.

At present, the United States has the highest incarceration rate per capita than any other country. What is one of the biggest challenges of this approach?

The annual cost of housing a prisoner is so high

3. Which of the following statements about class systems is NOT accurate? • The boundaries between classes are very clear-cut. • Class systems are fluid. • Class positions are in some part achieved. • Class is economically based. • Class systems are impersonal.

The boundaries between classes are very clear-cut.

6. What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "second shift" for working women? • The shift of women workers from industrial jobs to service jobs. • The movement of women from teaching primary grades to high school or secondary teaching. • The fact that most women found it more acceptable to work from 5:00 P.M. to 1:00 A.M. rather than the first shift from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. • The burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work. • The fact that women are mothers from 3:00 P.M., when school is over, to 9:00 P.M., when the children go to sleep, followed by the wife role from 9:00 P.M. until the morning.

The burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work.

9. Who among the following is most likely to experience intergenerational mobility? • The child of a university president. • The child of two university professors. • The child of a high school teacher. • The child of a school cafeteria worker. • The child of a university groundskeeper.

The child of a high school teacher.

Neoliberalism

The economic belief that free-market forces, achieved by minimizing government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth

Most Americans would agree that education is the key vehicle for economic success. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between race and educational achievement?

The educational level of Hispanics continues to lag behind that of whites and blacks in the United States

Boundaries between genders are not universal, as the text suggests. Both "sex" and "gender" can present differently in different contexts. What is the difference, from a social construction perspective, between the nádleehí and someone identifying as intersex?

The former is a male-bodied person with a strongly feminine nature; the latter possesses both male and female physical characteristics.

Figure 10.3 below shows the gender pay gap from 1980 to 2010. Looking at the data for Ratio of Women's to Men's Earnings, what can we conclude about the changes in pay for women in the labor force?

The gap has narrowed, but overall, women continue to make substantially less than men did in 2010

Figure 10.3 below shows the gender pay gap from 1980 to 2010. Looking at the data for Ratio of Women's to Men's Earnings, what can we conclude about the changes in pay for women in the labor force?

The gap has narrowed, but overall, women continue to make substantially less than men did in 2010.

The "glass ceiling" prevents women from improving their salaries and positions. At the same time, men who enter a field that is usually dominated by women find that they encounter:

The glass escalator

The text notes both a rising popularity in conservative Christian denominations and increasing numbers of both Catholics and Muslims in the United States. How do explanations for these phenomena differ?

The increase in number of conservative Christians seems to be largely a result of conversion from mainline Protestant churches, whereas the rise of Catholicism and Islam is largely a result of immigration.

The trend toward marriage at a later age is unmistakable, and scholars have suggested many reasons for this. How has the increase in women's participation in the labor force along with career establishment played a role in accelerating this trend?

The increased economic independence of women has helped foster a deterioration in men's economic position and their desirability as mates

Your text points to several factors that support the idea that the internet has important potential to facilitate widespread democratic participation. What is the underlying theme of those factors?

The internet creates pathways for communication and collective action that subvert or exist outside of established power structures

According to research on class and the family conducted by Annette Lareau, why might working-class families be more likely to follow the "accomplishment of natural growth" model, rather than the "concerted cultivation" model of child rearing?

The lack of financial resources held by working-class families prevents them from engaging their children in organized, developmental activities such as music lessons that they otherwise might choose to do.

Gender socialization

The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, media, and family. Begins prior to birth

Which of the following best explains why the wealth gap is greater than the income gap between blacks and whites?

The legacy of discrimination provided little or no opportunity to accumulate wealth

9. Which of the following statements accurately describes the political status of women in the United States? • Equal rights for women is important in American ideology, which explains why the United States leads the world in the number of women participating as elected officials. • The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world. • Using the United Nations' gender power rankings, the United States ranks highest among Western industrialized countries. • Women's representation in the U.S. Congress mirrors their proportion in the total population. • None of the above; women have no political status in the United States.

The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the political status of women in the United States?

The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world.

How did Jane Jacobs argue that cities meet the challenge of incorporating strangers in a way that does not overly compromise the sense of safety experienced by inhabitants?

The presence of many different, but respectable, people on the street ensures a constant succession of eyes and ears that tend to reinforce safe and acceptable behavior.

How has women's participation in the paid labor force changed during the past 50 years?

The presence of women in the paid labor force has risen steadily, with a slight drop since 2009.

Why do sociologists often call poor inner-city neighborhoods ghettos, rather than calling them slums?

The present racial and spatial configuration of inner-city neighborhoods was created through coercive practices in the past, such as redlining, that forced racial and ethnic minorities into particular neighborhoods.

Colonialism

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

10. Why has illegal drug use in the United States continued to escalate even though billions of dollars have been spent to curb its use? • Some people are genetically deviant, and their numbers are growing as more and more people become addicted to drugs. • The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more drugs are being sold. • The U.S. officials in charge of the so-called war on drugs have been corrupted by the Russian mafia. • Drug users are mostly political neophytes who enjoy taunting the legal system. • None of the above; drug use in the United States has declined, thanks to the work of the Office of National Drug Control Policy and other government programs.

The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more drugs are being sold.

*8. Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in U.S. prisons? • Because of the excellent job the prisons are doing in rehabilitating inmates, the number of people incarcerated in the United States continues to decline. • The United States may have more people in prison than other countries, but it has a larger population than other countries. • The ethnicity of prisoners in any state resembles the proportion of citizens in that state. • The proportion of people in U.S. prisons is at least five times that of western European countries. • Because many activities have been decriminalized, the number of people arrested and incarcerated in U.S. prisons is at an all-time low.

The proportion of people in U.S. prisons is at least five times that of western European countries.

William J. Goode's research into changing family patterns reveals a great deal that subsequently has been shown to be true. What do we know about the relationship of family patterns and geographical factors such as the growth of cities and the changes in rural demographics?

The rate of change in family patterns differs substantially between urban and rural areas

Scholars have shown that the nature of the family in premodern times was very impermanent. What is one of the likely reasons that this was true?

There was a high rate of overall mortality, which tended to dissolve family structures more frequently

4. Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income? • While income is influenced by race, education, and age, wealth is independent of these variables. • Wealthy people almost always inherited their money; thus there is no relationship between wealth and income. • The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth. • Income disparities between rich and poor have increased in the past three decades, whereas wealth disparities have decreased during the same time. • Education has a strong connection to income, but a weak relationship to wealth.

The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth.

How does divorce impact the living standard of the spouses following their dissolution?

The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men.

The term for people born with ambiguous genitalia, neither clearly male nor clearly female, is __________. a. intersexual b. asexual c. transvestite d. transsexual

The term intersexual replaces the outmoded term hermaphrodite to refer to persons born with mixed or ambiguous genitalia. a. intersexual

How did Weber theorize the connection between Protestantism and economic development?

The value of worldly asceticism inherent in Protestantism favored the accumulation of wealth, which facilitated the concentrated resources needed for the spread of capitalism.

Other explanations for the pay gap

The wage gap can be partially explained by differences in education and experience, but about 41% of the gap is the result of sex discrimination.

Social Class: Meso-Level Socialization

The wealth, power, and prestige rankings individuals hold in society. -Parents socialize kids to meet expectations -Middle class: Autonomy, creativity, self-direction -Working class: rule-following, respect authority.

One of the differences between the nature of household work among men and women is that women's work around the home often:

Ties them down to a regular schedule

Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose?

To not eliminate it but keep it in acceptable bounds.

7. Rupert is the president and CEO of a multinational corporation. The corporation has made a substantial profit since Rupert's presidency. What type of leader is Rupert? • Bureaucratic • Transactional • Transformational • Network • Mechanistic

Transactional.

Socialization and Macro-Level Issues

Transnationalism: the situation of individuals or families who have national loyalty to more than one country, often a result of migration -may result in conflicting messages Global communication and events -interacte "we" vs. "they"

Political gender differences

U.S. lags behind many other countries in women's political empowerment. 83% of the U.S. Congress are men.

Which country is the exception to the general pattern of shorter working weeks in industrialized countries since the mid-1980s?

US

Dependent development

Under certain circumstances, poor countries can still develop economically, although only in ways shaped by their reliance on wealthier countries

How do we measure crime?

Uniform Crime Reports - FBI Type I crimes: murder, rape, robbery, etc. Type II crimes: fraud, simple assault, vandalism, etc. Self-reported criminal participation surveys Self-reported victimization surveys Each method has flaws; triangulation of data leads to the most accurate results

8. Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than forty years ago. Scientists do not replicate Milgram's experiment and update the findings because: • More students are working away from campus and would not be available to participate. • Universities are increasingly under pressure to reduce costs on lab and experiment work. • Once the findings of a study are published, duplicating the research is a waste of time and money. • Universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects. • The findings were so conclusive that there is no need to replicate the experiment.

Universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects.

William lives in Chicago but is visiting his sister, who lives in a small town some distance from the city. Driving through her town, he notices a skateboarding park built in the corner of a field. A little further on, he sees a large, colorful piece of graffiti art covering one wall of the town's power plant. The existence of these sights in a small town far from the metropolitan center is an example of what concept put forth by Louis Wirth?

Urbanism expresses and influences the nature of the wider social system.

How important is cultural capital in determining class status? Support your conclusion with examples.

Very important in addition to economic factors in determining class status. The amount of individuals distinguishing themselves on the basis of cultural tastes and leisure pursuits instead of economic and occupational factors is increasing according to Pierre Bourdieu. This is due to the growth in occupations convincing consumers that true happiness requires looking a certain way, buying a specific product, or being loyal to a particular brand (fashion designers, marketers, etc)

Who said about American society, "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line"?

W.E.B DuBois

4. Which of the following is a social aggregate? • An unmarried couple who have been living together for less than one year • Middle-class Asian American women • Waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181 • Your family • All of the above

Waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181.

"Doing" gender

We learn how to present ourselves as "male" or "female" through our choices of behaviors, clothing, hairstyle, stance, body language, and even tone of voice.

What does the example in the text about baby Storm suggest about gender socialization as a process?

We should treat children as one gender or the other from the moment they are born.

2. Which of the following assumptions is (are) commonly held about women and work? • Women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions. • Women have natural leadership skills that are best displayed in emergency situations. • Women are naturally more capable than men in executive situations that require quick responses. • Women have a more global perspective on economic issues than men do. • All of the above.

Women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions.

Feminist theory. . # of women globally who are sexually assaulted.

Women are often victimized or defined as deviant due to secondary social status 7/10 sexually assaulted

Explanations for the pay gap

Women choose fields with lower earnings. Women get stuck under a glass ceiling. Mothers are more likely than fathers to make work adjustments for children.

Which of the following assumptions is commonly held about women and work?

Women do better in supporting roles rather than managing positions.

Which of the following has been offered as a sociological explanation for the gap between women's and men's work in the home?

Women do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men.

Women and the workplace

Women have increased in joining the labor force. Probably because marriage age rose, birth rates, declined, women's educational attainment increased. Many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force.

South China has been turning into the?

Workforce capital

6. People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the: • Lower middle class. • Upper middle class. • Old middle class. • New middle class. • Working class.

Working class.

7. In which class does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation? • Lower middle class. • Upper middle class. • Old middle class. • New middle class. • Working class.

Working class.

Which theory looks at the whole world economy as integrated web relations, rather than focusing on individual countries?

World Systems Theory

world systems theory/ core vs. periphery nations

World systems theory: sees the cause of global crime as economic inequality and competition between countries Core nations take unfair advantage of peripheral nations. Periphery nations may resort to unconventional means to meet their goals to survive

10. Which theory uses the concept of global commodity chains to describe how manufacturing has become globalized? • World-systems theory • Market-oriented theory • Neoliberalism theory • State-centered theory • Modernization theory

World-systems theory.

Global commodity chains

Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product

intersectionality

You can't look at one social category, you have to look at multiple social categories. Part of black feminism

Which of the following explanations for not cheating on this exam is supported by control theory?

You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught

7. Which of the following explanations for NOT cheating on this exam is supported by control theory? • None of your friends cheat, so you never really learned how to cheat. • You know that cheating is morally reprehensible. • You always receive an "A" on exams, so you have no reason to cheat. • You have been genetically programmed not to cheat. • You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught.

You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught.

Heterosexism

a belief that heterosexuality is superior and natural

The reason that a majority of Americans claim to be part of the middle class is due to:

a belief that the United States is free of class distinctions

The sociologically defined characteristic of minority group is:

a disadvantaged group

Whereas psychologists study the emotions and behaviors of one person, sociologists study the patterns within groups. What is the smallest size that can make up a social group?

a dyad

Judith Stacey argues that the model perpetuated by Popenoe and others is a "dated and oppressive institution." Stacey suggests that this broken, outdated model of the so-called modern family is usually defined as:

a father as breadwinner and a child-rearing mother

Evangelicalism is:

a form of Protestantism characterized by a belief in spiritual rebirth (being "born again")

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

a high school girl's clique

The job that most closely illustrates the informal economy is:

a housekeeper paid "under the table" (not reported for tax purposes) in suburban communities

A person who has the ability to influence other members of a group is called:

a leader

Globalization in the twenty-first century is:

a level of interconnectedness that is historically unprecedented

Which of the following characterizes the shift to a global rather than a national outlook?

a man with a decidedly Italian accent telling a reporter he is from Europe

According to differential association theory, which kind of person is more likely to be a delinquent?

a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime

Gender identity

a perception of self as either male or female

Glass ceiling

a promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization. This is particularly problematic for women who work in male dominated occupations. Women's progress is not blocked by virtue of innate inability or lack of basic qualifications, but by not having the sponsorship of well placed, powerful senior colleagues to articulate their value to the organization or profession. Women tend to not do any better than the mid level management positions

The person most likely to participate in the New Age movement is:

a recently divorced man who just dropped out of college

What does the term social structure refer to?

a regularity or pattern in people's behavior and relationships

What is the definition of civil religion?

a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality

Feminist theories

a sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the experience of women. There are many strands of this, but they all seek to explain gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them

Bureaucracy

a specific type of large, formal organization that attempts to maximize efficiency by establishing formal relations, clear procedures, and stated goals

Reference groups provide us

a standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors

What is union density?

a statistic that represents the number of union members as a percentage of the number of people who could potentially be union members

What is the definition of democratic elitism?

a theory of the limits of democracy that holds that in large-scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the election of political leaders

What is state overload?

a theory that modern states face major difficulties as a result of being overburdened with complex administrative decisions

Since 1979 the gender pay gap has a. decreased some. b. disappeared. c. reversed so that now men are earning less than women, on average. d. increased sharply. e. remained the same.

a. decreased some. Since 1979 the gender pay gap has decreased by 19 cents; on average, women earn 81 cents for every dollar earned by men.

The sociological term for the socially expected characteristics, attitudes, feelings and behaviors assigned to males and females is __________. a. gender role b. sex role c. sexual identity d. gender identity e. social role

a. gender role

The sociological term for unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources on the basis of sex is __________. a. gender stratification b. gender roles c. social stratification d. sexism e. sexual stereotyping

a. gender stratification

Generally, the gender pay gap increases as the level of educational attainment a. increases b. decreases c. neither of the above because it depends on how hard a person works d. neither a nor b because such data are not available

a. increases

Which of the following is a practical benefit of the study of sociology?

ability to assess the effects, including unintended consequences, of public policies

You might want to be part of a secondary group to:

accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

The use of the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites such as Facebook:

adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life

The belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties is known as ______.

affective individualism

Although social behavior is guided to some extent by forces such as roles, norms, and shared expectations, microsociology shows us how individuals also have:

agency

Both men and women of the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert are active participants in child care, and because they are so opposed to violent conflict, children learn that:

aggressive behavior is not tolerated in either men or women

The phenomenon that explains why rural places have a disproportionately higher number of older adults is called:

aging in place

Among other factors, population decline in rural areas is in part caused by a phenomenon in which young people leave rural areas in search of opportunities, leaving older adults behind. This phenomenon is called

aging in place.

According to Karl Marx, capitalism reduces many people's work to dull, uninteresting tasks, over which workers have no influence or control. He referred to this situation and the feelings it engendered as:

alienation

What is wealth?

all of one's assets minus what one owes on them

Harriet Martineau is significant to sociologists today for insisting that an analysis of society must include:

all of society's members, including women

The United States is a liberal democracy because:

americans can choose between two or more political parties

Erving Goffman refers to an instance of focused interaction as:

an encounter

One of your girlfriends, who is very active and fit, takes a new job as a forklift operator. She tells you that despite a lack of workers to unload the large pallets, her supervisor refuses to allow her to do this because, in his view, women are naturally unsuitable for heavy lifting. A sociologist might observe that the supervisor takes his cue about male and female differences entirely from:

animal behavior studies

According to Émile Durkheim, the rapid process of social change gives rise to many social difficulties that he linked to

anomie

Sexual harassment

any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature Includes: Verbal behavior Nonverbal behavior Physical contact

In the United States, the major feature of the development of modern health care systems is:

applying Western science to medical diagnosis and cure

Class is most often used to analyze stratification in industrialized societies because industrialized societies:

are characterized by income, wealth, occupation, and education

Karl Marx argues that workers in capitalist societies:

are dehumanized by tedious and demeaning labor processes over which they have no control

Charles Darwin believed that basic human emotional expressions:

are innate and the same in all human beings

Education is correlated with inequalities in health and illness because people with higher levels of education:

are more likely to exercise and less likely to smoke

A commonly held assumption about women and work is that women:

are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions

The recent rise of ISIS or ISIL—the Islamic State movement—in the Middle East has led to a broad attempt to exert forceful, military and cultural control over different parts of the region. The reason that ISIS cannot be considered a modern state is because they:

are not an authority backed by a legal system and governmental apparatus

Although today sociologists tend to use the terms interchangeably, ghettos are areas where particular people are forced to live whereas slums are:

areas populated by poor people

Karl Marx differs from Émile Durkheim in that Marx:

argued that social change is caused by economic influences as opposed to values and ideas

The parts of the U.S. economy in which the entrepreneur is still common are:

big corporations

Gender socialization begins at

birth

Theory that argue that black women are multiply disadvantaged on the basis of their color, their sex, and their class position

black feminism

Women face disadvantages in a broad array of social and cultural areas. Which strand of feminist theory focuses primarily on the disenfranchisement of a particular group, as well as the historical legacies that have shaped the experience of not just that group but of all women?

black feminism

A growing number of sociologists have argued that:

both gender and sex are socially constructed

Mislabeling of behavioral problems in school, according to sociologists, may have resulted in the placement in special education programs of dramatically higher numbers of:

boys

Alisa's neighborhood is usually quiet, but the local newspaper reported an increase in criminal activity there. One morning, Alisa found her garage vandalized and covered in paint and eggs. She did not have time to clean up the mess right away. Her neighbors offered to help clean up her garage in the hope that the crime might stop. Later that week, Alisa's neighbor found his car windshield shattered. What type of theorist would be the most likely to agree with the idea that a vandalized garage could lead to more crime?

broken windows

Which theory explains why focusing on minor crimes like traffic violations, drinking, or using illegal drugs in public underpinned proactive policing in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

broken windows

When sociologists refer to the "second shift" for working women, they mean the:

burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work

When sociologists refer to the second shift for working when they mean:

burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work

According to Max Weber, all large organizations tend to be:

bureaucracies

Minzee has just been promoted to head assistant of Technology Innovations for the Department of Sociology. She now reports directly to the chairperson of the Technology Committee. Minzee is in charge of digitizing movie clips and sending them to the chairperson, who then loads the clips onto the department website. This chain of command is an example of:

bureaucracy

Approximately __________ of Americans identify themselves as homosexual. a. 11 percent b. .5 percent c. 6 percent d. 2 percent e. 25 percent

c. 6 percent

Which of these statements about recent changes in family life is false? a. Women are spending less time on childcare and housework than they have in the past. b. More women are having their first child in their 30s instead of in their 20s. c. Men and women today spend relatively equal number of hours on domestic tasks. d. Seventy percent of married women are in the paid workforce. e. Men are more likely than women to believe it is okay for a man to be a stay-at-home dad.

c. Men and women today spend relatively equal number of hours on domestic tasks.

Gender identity is typically developed a. during adolescence. b. after puberty. c. early in life. d. when one becomes sexually active. e. during young adulthood.

c. early in life

Discuss the three types of rights that develop with the growth of citizenship. Explain how such rights are manifested in your country.

civil rights- rights of the individual as established by law including privileges that took a long time to achieve & are not fully recognized in all countries (ex: freedom of speech and religion), political rights- the right to participate in elections & to run for public office (U.S. is the only place where full voting rights are not so recent, even for men), social rights- the right of every individual to enjoy a minimum standard of economic welfare & security (sickness benefits, unemployment, & guaranteed minimum wage)

Ownership of wealth, occupation, income, and education are the four main bases of which kind of stratification system?

class

Explain the relationship between cohabitation and divorce.

cohabitation is less stable than marriage and there are higher percentage rates of separation for cohabitation couples than for married (1st marriage) couples. 1st marriage ending in divorce after 5 yrs is 20%, cohabitation ending in break up after 5 yrs is 49%. 1st marriage after 10 yrs is 33% and cohabitation after 10 yrs is 62%

What was the original cause of underdevelopment in the low-income countries according to dependency theory?

colonialism

In what is called ______ _____ they try to objectively rank jobs according to skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions. After such a ranking, pay is adjusted so that equivalently ranked male and female dominated jobs receive equivalent pay.

comparable worth

When sociologists talk about comparing pay rates for different jobs based on a presumably objective assessment of skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions, they are referring to:

comparable worth

Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the gender gap in pay has not been eliminated but has been partially changed by the implementation of:

comparable worth policies

The policy that would pay employees based on the worth of their work rather than the personal characteristics of the majority of workers in that job is called:

comparable worth policy

As both men and women increasingly work outside the home, there is more frustration over women's "second shift" housework. As a result, men are doing more housework than they did in the past.

conflict

In a patriarchal society, men wield more power both inside and outside the home, which demotes women to subordinate statuses and tasks.

conflict

Sexual norms are a mechanism of control used to benefit those who fit the dominant heterosexual ideals.

conflict

The battle over same sex marriage is about who controls sexual norms. Denying same sex partners full marriage rights economically marginalizes people who do not follow mainstream sexual norms.

conflict

What type of theorist might argue that even the definition of crime is class biased, for example, that the crimes listed in the Uniform Crime Reports are crimes disproportionately committed by members of the lower class in the United States?

conflict

Famine and hunger are a result of natural and social forces. While drought affects nearly 100 million people, the social force that is increasingly affecting hunger is:

conflict and warfare

understanding and charting the transformations of family forms

contemporary perspectives

Isis King, born Daniel Walls, was the first transgender

contestant on America's Next Top Model

As world hunger has grown global food production __________

continues to increase above the growth of population

A researcher's study of the text messages exchanged among a group of friends can be referred to as:

conversation analysis

The technique used by Mitch Duneier and Harvey Molotch to compare interactions between street people and passersby in New York City was:

conversation analysis

In recent years, participants in social movements have learned to do something that is particularly worrisome to governments, which is the ability to:

coordinate international political campaigns by using the internet and other technology

According to the logic of Davis and Moore's functionalist theory of stratification, which of the following occupations must be functionally most important to society?

corporate lawyer

What does Elijah Anderson call racially and ethnically diverse spaces that offer "a respite from the lingering tensions of urban life as well as an opportunity for diverse peoples to come together"?

cosmopolitan canopy

Which of the following is a social group?

couple married less than one year

Much of the contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focuses on cities as:

created environments or social constructions

Heaven's Gate

cult

Religion can be a cause of social change and is considered to be:

cultural

John is from an upper-middle-class home and has the benefit of extracurricular activities and the latest technology. He is a good student, but does not have an exemplary record. Clorista is a bright and energetic student who loves math and science. Her grades are strong, but they would be better if she had more time and resources. She has limited access to a computer and often has to care for her younger siblings while her mother is at work. John and Clorista both applied for positions on the Yearbook Committee. John was appointed, and Clorista was offered membership in the "Day of the Dead" committee, which is headed by the Spanish teacher. She is unable to accept because of her commitments at home. Sociologically speaking, in comparison to Clorista, John possesses more:

cultural capital

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

Lutheran Church

denomination

Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?

dependency

After Jamaica gained independence from its colonial ruler, Britain, it was able to develop its banana industry by having access to the banana market in Britain. How would a dependency theorist describe this process?

dependent development

The sociological imagination encourages us to look at the way in which an individual's life is shaped by his or her social role, class, gender, and race. This emphasis on the position a person is born into is considered a(n):

deterministic framework

Nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a significant number of people in a community is called:

deviance

Sociologists would classify a drug-dealing gang that follows some dominant social norms as:

deviant subculture

1 out of 1 points If you live in a high-crime area, many of the people you see in the course of a day and possibly get to know may be involved in criminal activities, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as:

differential association

The two theories explaining deviance that are classified as interactionist are:

differential association and labeling theory

Some claim that our rapid advances in communication technologies are creating a "devoiced" society, which suggests that there is a decrease in:

direct interaction

Behavior that disqualifies members of one group from opportunities available to others is:

discrimination

Mortgage companies that offer high-interest subprime mortgages tend to target minority communities because it is more difficult for racial minorities to obtain mortgages due to:

discrimination

Conditions for which most people seek alternative medical treatment are often the result of:

dissatisfaction with modern health care systems

Which of the following arrangements facilitate(s) relationships and social interaction?

diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic

According to Émile Durkheim, the following would gradually replace religion as the source of social cohesion in society:

division of labor

Chapter 6 defines a bureaucracy as a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, in which each position has a specific and clearly defined set of tasks. A bureaucracy is a good example of a formalized ______.

division of labor

_____________ negatively impacts women's class position far more than it impacts men's class position.

divorce

Most lower-class people in the United States:

do not vote

From a sociological perspective, women who are homemakers:

do work, although they are not part of the paid labor force

n regards to academic achievement, a. by high school, girls and boys are now performing the same in math and science. b. girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed as having a developmental disability. c. girls are less likely than boys to earn a college degree. d. boys are more likely to graduate from high school than are girls. e. boys and girls perform very similarly in math and reading when they enter kindergarten.

e. boys and girls perform very similarly in math and reading when they enter kindergarten.

J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books, rose from near poverty to substantial wealth. This is an example of __________. a. intergenerational mobility b. diagonal mobility c. horizontal mobility d. lateral mobility e. intragenerational mobility

e. intragenerational mobility

Modern societies have thousands of occupations and therefore a great deal of:

economic interdependence

Wilson primarily explained urban poverty as a result of __________, while Massey and Denton argued that it is mostly caused by __________.

economic restructuring; racial segregation

What is one of the strongest predictors of income and wealth in later life?

education

Regarding bureaucracies, Max Weber concluded that the closer they were to the ideal type, the more they would become:

effective in achieving their objectives

`The most far-reaching economic influence on social change is considered to be the:

effects of industrial capitalism

According to Richard Wilkinson, the healthiest societies in the world are those with the most:

egalitarian distribution of income

The most significant political factor in speeding up patterns of change in the modern world was the:

emergence of the modern state

The rapidly growing economies of the world are known as newly industrializing economies (NIEs), but more recently are termed what?

emerging economies (EEs)

in the colonial model of migration

emigration but not migration is allowed

Functionalism holds that the husband in the "conventional family" is the breadwinner, playing what sociologists refer to as the instrumental role, while the wife manages the home and children in the affective role. What does this provide?

emotional support

Jared Diamond's explanation of the collapse of Rwandan society:

emphasizes environmental factors and minimizes political and cultural factors

An "opening" is necessary for the type of focused interaction that Erving Goffman calls a(n):

encounter

Strategic alliances formed among the largest corporations for the purposes of planning production and managing problems are known as:

enterprise webs

In 2010, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment was established in order to help develop ties among women's movements in countries around the world. The major tenet of the action held that:

equality for women is a human right

No Western industrialized nation has ever had a female President or head of state. a. True b. False

false Great Britain and Germany have had female Prime Ministers, as have India, Israel, Pakistan, Chile and other nations.

abortion has few physical dangers, but research links it to increased emotional problems such as depression and other mental illness. a. True b. False

false Studies consistently find that abortion does not increase the risk of physical or emotional injury among adolescents or women.

What is ethnic integration? Why is it important? Compare and contrast two models of ethnic integration (Assimilation and Pluralism). Which model do you think is more prevalent in the United States? Explain.

ethnic integration is when ethnic diversity is accommodated and ethnic conflict averted during the mixing of populations. It is important because ethnic tensions and conflicts continue during the mixing of populations, threatening the existence of some multiethnic states and hinting at protracted violence in others. assimilation is the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values & norms of the dominant culture, while pluralism is a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in the U.S. retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights & powers of citizenship.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity? Do both of these concepts have their basis in culture? Explain.

ethnicity refers to cultural practices & outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically & that set people apart. race is a classification system that assigns individuals & groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical. Yes, they both have their basis in culture because race depends on the degree of contact among different cultural groups and ethnicity focuses on cultural distinctions from other groups

Technologies like 3D printing that allow mass-customization of products are created in part in response to which of the following?

ever changing demands of consumers as they are shaped by advertising

After failing to show up on time for a month straight, Joseph, the boss's nephew, was fired and replaced by Rodney, who had worked his way up from an entry-level position in the company.

exchange mobility

Gender stereotypes

expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex

gender stereotypes

expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.

According to Weber, in a modern, bureaucratized democracy what is one of the most important characteristics for a government official to have?

expertise

Dependency theorists argue that low-income countries are locked in a downward spiral of poverty. This is due, they argue, to what process?

exploitation by wealthy countries

According to dependency theorists, colonialism played a vital role in the impoverishment of poorer countries because powerful countries:

exploited others for their raw materials

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor, with the males being the breadwinners and females providing care and security as well as emotional support, something he referred to as the:

expressive role

Your best friend lives with her mother and father, her two sisters, and her grandmother and aunt, all in the same household! A sociologist would refer to this as a/an ________ family.

extended

Tasha lives with her mother, father, and her father's parents. She lives in a/an _____.

extended family

Dangers that spring from the natural world and are unrelated to the actions of humans. Examples of external risk include droughts, earthquakes, famines, and storms. (page 554)

external risk

A person's gender identity is relatively fixed throughout that person's life. a. True b. False

false

Boys are more likely than girls to graduate from high school and to earn a bachelor's or masters degree. a. True b. False

false

Few jobs today are still segregated by sex. a. True b. False

false

Sexism is generally overt and blatant discrimination against women. a. True b. False

false

Sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual behavior are same, or perfectly correlated with each other. a. True b. False

false

The gender pay gap has narrowed so considerably that men and women now earn the same amount of money for the same type of work.

false

negatives of comparable worth

it is very hard to objectively rank jobs. People are biased.

When did modern organizations form? Rationality Formal organizations

formal, rational, bureaucratic; originated during industrialization in the 1700s Rationality: the attempt to reach maximum efficiency Formal organizations: complex secondary groups formed to pursue and achieve certain goals Contrast: traditional organizations are run on the basis of custom or whim)

When your professor is delivering a lecture, she usually displays professional behavior; that is, she does not scream, yell, or use excessive profanity. Erving Goffman refers to these behaviors as characteristic of:

front regions

assessing the role of the family within industrialized society

functionalism

Marriages with legal and social supports stabilize relationships. Government recognition of unions (marriage, civil union) must be extended to all to stabilize society.

functionalist

Social norms channel and control sexuality and are sanctioned by social institutions.

functionalist

Stable societies have clear roles and expectations for each gender.

functionalist

The traditional home, with a male breadwinner and a female homemaker, mimics the division of labor in the professional world. As gendered workforce roles have blended, so have their domestic roles at home.

functionalist

Evangelicals who are highly anti-modern in many of their beliefs and adhere to strict codes of morality and conduct are called _____.

fundamentalists

When we talk about the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men, what are we actually referring to?

gender

is a social category

gender

gender

gender learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men.

gender identity

gender identity a perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine.

Differences in status, power, and prestige between men and women in groups, collectives, and societies is known as:

gender inequality

According to the text, the upper class in the United States:

has a variety of differing lifestyles and is easily able to influence politics

A skeptic believes that globalization:

has been occurring for more than a century, and its effects are overstated

Gender inequality in politics

has gotten better. Typically, the more local the political office, the more likely it is to be occupied by a woman. Men still outnumber women in politics at all levels, but the gender gaps is smaller among mayors and elected members of city and county governing boards.

Over the last 50 years women's participation in the paid labor force __________

has risen steadily

For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria?

have members who identify with each other or the group's goal

A status message allows people who are participating in unfocused interaction to:

have more control over how they are perceived

Human capital theorists reason that women choose occupations that are easy to move in and out of while still providing a decent income because women:

have primary allegiance to home and family

The gap in economic growth between the poorest and the richest countries could be best described a

having widened from about 10 to 1 a hundred years ago to more than 209 to 1 today

According to Durkheim, what is the most significant distinction in any religion?

he distinction between the sacred and the profane

The concept of global commodity chains attempts to describe what characteristic of the global economy?

he increasing globalization in manufacturing

heterosexism

heterosexism belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality.

those who are sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.

heterosexuals

According to your text, two main reasons for the higher urban growth rate in the world's less industrialized cities are __________ and __________

high fertility rates; internal migration from rural areas

Jonathan Kozol's (1991) study of American schools found that:

high levels of segregation within schools and great inequalities between them exist

The National Crime Victimization Survey has found that compared to rates reported by official agencies, actual crime rates are:

higher for both property and violent crime

dismantling overly romanticized views about previous family forms

historical perspectives

The idea of using understandings of history as a basis for creating informed social change is known as ______.

historicity

Studying the sexual behavior of white Americans in the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey found that:

huge differences existed between public standards and private practices

One theory suggesting that people who invest more in their schooling, on-the-job training, and work experience are paid more is known as ________ theory.

human capital

Sociological critics of gender socialization point out that:

humans participate in their socialization, and "gender programming" is the product of multiple agents of socialization

sociological critics of gender socialization point out that

humans participate in their socialization, and gender programming is the product of multiple agents of socialization

The fact that cultures are neither wholly isolated nor entirely distinct, but instead constantly borrow from one another. (page 541)

hybridity

Which of the following believe that globalization is challenging the power of nation-states?

hyperglobalizers

According to Max Weber, economic factors are very important to social change in society. What other variable is involved in social change?

ideas and values

Dyads are fragile social groups because:

if one person leaves, the group disappears

The foundational figures in sociology developed theories to address social inequality, exploitation, and stratification, but at the same time they:

ignored women and minorities

Because of tightened immigration laws, it is increasingly common to find that many industrialized countries have ________ models of immigration.

illegal

A major legacy of colonialism in the developing world is the high level of:

illiteracy

Global migratory patterns are a result of the combination of two separate forces—the movement of people into a country to settle, and the process by which people leave a country to settle in another, and these are a known as:

immigration and emigration

According to functionalist theorists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, stratification is necessary to ensure that:

important positions are filled by most qualified people

According to functionalist theorists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, stratification is necessary to ensure that:

important positions are filled by the most qualified people

When a student texts his friends with familiar abbreviations and acronyms but e-mails his professors with carefully written and edited messages, he is using the media for:

impression management

At Jamie's high school, the "jocks" made fun of the drama club members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the jocks; therefore, we could consider the jocks a(n):

in - group

Corporations become more defined economic entities as managers gain a much more central position than owners.

managerial capitalism

What is the difference between intergenerational and intragenerational mobility? What factors influence the amount of each? Refer to specific research on the topic, including cross-national studies & comparisons of mobility for women and men.

intERgenerational: social movement across generations; we can analyze where children are on the scale compared with their parents or grandparents. intRAgenerational: how far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale during his or her working life. Educational attainment influences the amount of each. Downward intergenerational mobility has increased for male-dominant professions like finance and construction. A study showed that divorced women were more likely to fall down the economic ladder

A sex worker repeatedly tries to initiate conversation with a businessman despite his obvious unwillingness to respond. This is an example of:

interactional vandalism

A student who sends a photograph of himself drinking with a suggestive message to his boss can be considered to be engaging in an electronic form of:

interactional vandalism

Emma is a partner at a large law firm in New York City. Her mother was a secretary at a bank, and her mother's mother cleaned offices for a living. This family history illustrates what concept?

intergenerational mobility

Rosario's working-class parents saved money for years to send her to college, where she developed an interest in law; in the private firm she works for now, she earns more than both her parents combined.

intergenerational mobility

The work of gender scholars discussed in this course demonstrates how gender is performed differently by those embedded in variant, sometimes overlapping, statuses (age, race, class, sexuality, etc.). This approach to the analysis of social status is referred to as __________________.

intersectionality

After being laid off from her well-paying job in 2009, Anita was unable to find another job like it, and eventually had to sell her house and move into a small apartment.

intragenerational mobility

The campaign for global justice:

is a movement to protest the World Trade Organization's emphasis on economic issues over human rights issues

Acceptance of gay rights

is growing.

In the movie "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest," one of the patients in the mental hospital tells the other inmates that they are not crazy and they should not act as though they are just because the head nurse tells them they are. Which of the following theories best explains the patients' behaviors?

labeling

Lower-class households typically have an annual household income below $20,000, and due to their employment being unstable, are most likely to:

lack health care and Social Security

Schools originally arose:

largely as a result of the development of printing and the ensuing need for broader literacy

Gender

learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other Based on social and cultural expectations

Same-sex marriage

legally recognized marriage between 2 people of the same sex Same-sex marriage is legal in 8 states and 10 countries.

Worker strikes are a means of ________.

leveraging collective power over employers

The examination of gender inequalities in terms of social and cultural attitudes and the argument that gradual reform is the best way to avoid these inequalities stems from:

liberal feminism

Which of the following does an interest group use to try and accomplish its goals?

lobbying member of legislative bodies

Texas is famous for the strong state pride held by its inhabitants. The importance of the shared identity of being a Texan could be thought of as an example of ______.

local nationalism

Based on the information shown in the infographic entitled "Global Inequality", we would expect to see the greatest increase in the rate of poverty in which types of countries?

low-income

Which types of countries contained 12 percent of the world's population but produced only seven-tenths of a percent of the world's GDP in 2013?

low-income

What kinds of jobs are primarily replacing the disappearing blue-collar manufacturing jobs in the new economy?

low-skilled service-sector jobs

Despite the fact that men earn more than women in most instances, sex segregation results in what for both women and men in jobs that are "typed" as female?

lower pay for both men and women

What did Max Weber liken bureaucracies to?

machines operating according to rational rules

Which of the following is most likely to significantly increase voter turnout in the United States?

making voting legally compulsory

Of the theories of global inequality discussed in the text, which would you see as most ethnocentric? Explain.

market-oriented theories is the most ethnocentric (seeing a different culture through the eyes of your own, therefore misrepresenting the other culture) because the blame low-income countries for their poverty instead of recognizing outside factors like business operations of more powerful nations

A socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals is called:

marriage

The Internet is an exciting tool that facilitates communication between people. A latent advantage to electronic communication is that it:

masks a person's membership in a traditionally disadvantaged group

Reyna and her husband are starting a family and decide to move closer to either her or his own family. Reyna's family lives on the West Coast, but her husband's family lives on the East Coast. If Reyna and her husband decide to move to the West Coast, what would their decision be considered in the context of family?

matrilocal

In Karl Marx's theory, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the:

means of production

What are conflict crimes?

members of society disagree about the seriousness of the acts, and/or the law disadvantages a particular group

Women are so often the targets of sexual violence because:

men are socialized to feel sexual entitlement and insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex

Ming Wei has been given an assignment to write a paper explaining how Christianity and Islam spread across the world. What are the most important explanatory factors she should include in her paper?

military force and missionary work

Neoliberalism holds that only through unfettered global free trade will the world economy prosper and allow all countries to grow. What theory does neoliberalism originate from?

modernization

Which type of theorist would argue that a low-income society can develop if people give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and values?

modernization

Most Western societies do not sanction marriage to more than one other person at the same time, often passing laws to enforce this. This approach to marital relations is referred to as:

monogamy

Belief in a single, all-knowing, all-powerful god is called:

monotheism

According to estimates by the United Nations, approximately how many people worldwide lived in urban slums in 2010?

more than 1 billion

It is difficult to know how many rapes actually occur b/c:

most rapes go unreported

It is difficult to know how many rapes actually occur because:

most rapes go unreported

Mothers vs. non mothers

mothers are less likely to be hired than non mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non mothers for the same job.

In the preceding 350 years or so, there have been at least four massive population shifts. The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is the:

movement of Europeans to other parts of the world

In the preceding 350 years or so, there have been at least four massive population shifts. The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is the:

movement of europeans to other parts of the world

Social mobility refers to the:

movement of individuals and groups between class positions

When ethnic groups have achieved a distinct but equal status, the society is said to exhibit:

multiculturalism

Sociologists use the phrase "racial literacy" to refer to the fact that:

multiracial children can learn methods of dealing with racial hierarchies

Sociologists use the phrase "racial literacy" to refer to the fact that:

multiracial children can learn methods of dealing with racial hierarchy

Research indicates that ___________ families are most likely to have elders playing active roles in rearing their grandchildren?

native american

When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture, remain silent, and stare at the students. What is the professor's behavior an example of?

negative sanction

What is the most common type of child abuse?

neglect

A common criticism of labeling theory is that labeling theorists:

neglect the processes that lead to acts being defined as deviant

For a religious movement to survive after its leader dies, usually the:

new leaders establish regulations and formalize structures

The statement "Protest is an end in itself. It helps us establish who we are and what we are about," accurately reflects the underlying attitude of:

new social movements

evangelical political activism is an example of

new social movements

According to sociologist William Julius Wilson, one potentially negative consequence of the civil rights movement is that black middle-class families have left the central cities, leaving only poor black families in the urban areas. This happened because:

newly won civil rights opened up new chances outside of ghetto environments

As a form of social interaction, the exchange of information and meaning through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called:

nonverbal communication

One of the ways in which electronic media changes impression management is that:

nonverbal language plays much less, if any, part in many communications

Most rapes in the United States are

not reported to the police

Since the 1950s, women's participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously, and now women

now outnumber men in the labor force

Since the 1950s, women's participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously, and now women:

now outnumber men in the labor force

"The discourse of family values tends to privilege the ____________, regardless of the fact that it represents only 38% of American households. "

nuclear family

What type of family consists of two adults living together in a household with their own or adopted children?

nuclear family

What are the effects of divorce on children? Be sure to put them in the context of sociological research on this topic.

often suffer marked emotional anxiety right after their parents' separation but the effects are relatively short-lived, most resume normal development w/o serious problems within 2 years of the separation, a minority of children experience some long-term problems as a result of the breakup that may persist into adulthood

The domination of a small number of firms in a given industry is known as ______.

oligopoly

At the time of the Revolutionary War, ______ Americans belonged to a religious organization. In the 1990s, that number was ______.

one in six; two in three

n a counterargument to the claims made in The Bell Curve, a team of sociologists from the University of California, Berkeley asserted that the factor that is more important than intelligence in determining how well people do in life is:

one's parents' socioeconomic status

A large group of people that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve specific objectives is called a(n):

organization

As people in modern societies, what do we depend on to take care of everything from how we are born to our daily supply of running water, and even to the way we die?

organizations

Sexual identity

our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways that we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs

The rich and varied group life of societies reflects:

our need to congregate and belong

Sociologists use the term organization to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose. What is most likely to make up an organization?

out - group

Class systems differ from slavery in several ways. Class systems allow for movement within the social structure, are economically based, are large and impersonal, and are built around income, ownership of wealth, education, occupation, and lifestyle. Which of these characteristics of class as a system is most closely tied to the defining characteristic of slavery as a system?

ownership

According to the leading research findings on academic achievement, which of the following has the greatest influence on a student's success in school?

parents' socioeconomic status

Historical and cultural differences that exist between men and women is one of the reasons that some scholars contest the prevalence of ________ as a blanket description of gendered inequality.

patriarchy

One common characteristic of all societies with regard to gender relations is that they are systems of:

patriarchy

Recent sociological studies on the relationship between social networks and health outcomes such as obesity demonstrate that:

people develop their ideas about what is acceptable behavior by looking at those in their social groups

Most rapes are committed by....

people the victim knows

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181

Within those of the same age group, who is more likely to get married?

people who have been married and divorced compared with people who have never been married

Research (see Klinenberg's study) suggests that people who live alone do not tend to feel lonely and socially alienated, because:

people who live alone actually tend to have more social interactions than their married counterparts.

gender stratification

people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources because of their sex.

A country's annual output of goods and services per person is referred to as:

per-person gross national income (GNI)

According to Émile Durkheim, societies must have organic solidarity based on cooperation and a general agreement on basic values and customs in order to:

persist over time

The family plays an important role in adults' lives by giving them emotional support. Sociologist Talcott Parsons called this:

personality stabilization

As a sociological concept, race refers to:

physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant

Sociologists have found that many societies sanction marriage between more than one individual at the same time. What do we call this system when it is allowed?

polygamy

In most countries, the establishment of social rights takes place after the exercise of other rights. This is due to the fact that in most cases, civil and political rights were something that:

poor and underrepresented groups had to achieve prior to obtaining social rights

In which places is one most likely to encounter a food desert?

poor, inner-city neighborhoods, which tend to have fewer grocery stores and health food outlets

Who are the most common victims of murder and other violent crimes?

poor, young african americans in large cities

The rate that is calculated by subtracting the number of deaths per thousand from the number of births per thousand in a year reflects:

population growth or decline

A notion advocated by those who believe that processes of social change are taking us beyond the industrialized order. A postindustrial society is based on the production of information rather than on material goods. According to postindustrialists, we are currently experiencing a series of social changes as profound as those that initiated the industrial era some 200 years ago. (page 560)

postindustrial society

The type of feminism most likely to reject the statement that "sisterhood is universal" would be:

postmodern

What are the two types of feminism that reject the idea that women have a unified identity and experiences?

postmodern and black

What are the two types of feminism that reject the idea that women have a unified identity and experiences?

postmodern and black (wrong I think)

Quality of a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. (page 560)

postmodern society

Those who would argue that we have come to the end of history are the:

postmodernists

What is relative poverty?

poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

What do men usually have more of than women, which frequently makes women the victims of sexual harassment?

power

President Dwight Eisenhower delivered a farewell address in 1952 that warned of an impending change in the nature of our democracy, and suggested that the large corporations and the military, in cooperation with the government, would soon run the United States and exercise a huge amount of power. Just as sociologists have suggested, this same unified group is referred to as the:

power elite

Preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another are defined as:

prejudice

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? How are both related to racism and institutional racism?

prejudice: opinions or attitudes held by members of 1 group toward another. discrimination: actual behavior toward another group. Racism is a specific form of prejudice focusing on physical variations among people & institutional racism involves patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions

When listing countries in the order of money spent on the military, the United States spends more than 15 countries combined. The public figure who warned the country to beware of the expanding military and the industries that cater to it was:

president Dwight D. Eisenhower

A mother and daughter enrolled in a large introductory sociology class would be considered a:

primary group

Which is more likely to be an in-group?

primary group

Labeling theorists interpret deviance as a(n):

process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants

The case of Rachel Dolezal, former head of the Spokane, Washington, NAACP chapter, generated controversy in 2015 when she was outed as having white parents despite having publicly identified herself as black. Her case brought to the fore the ways in which race is not only biological but also performed and enacted in daily interactions. Her case could thus be analyzed through which type of theory?

processual

Word gap and children. Who actually graduates from college ( is it connected to social class)?meritocracy.

professional parents use 3 times more words 3 year old prof: 1,100 words work:700 low income:500 College: middle/top class Meritocracy: positions would be allocated in a social group or organization according to individuals abilities and credentials.

Postmodernists argue that we have reached the end of history because:

progress is no longer unified and linear

Teachers often show a bias against girls in the classroom by:

providing girls with the correct answers, but helping boys solve the problems

After five years in the same job, you receive a nice promotion. As you leave your first meeting with your new boss, he smiles and suggests that to really cement your position, you should go out on a "date" with him this evening. You have been subjected to:

quid pro quo sexual harassment

As a result of differential treatment in schools, girls are socialized to be:

quiet

The theory that offers an understanding of race as a form of inequality that emerged through past political struggles establishing and contesting white dominance is:

racial formation theory

Historically, Europeans classified the individuals with whom they came into contact in various parts of the world according to categories based on their physical attributes. These categories became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is known as:

racialization

A specific form of prejudice based on socially significant, physically inherited characteristics is:

racism

A strand of feminist theory that considers the subordination of women as central to the social construction of gender inequality is:

radical feminism

Recent media analysis of police departments across the United States found a huge backlog of "rape kits" in evidence rooms. There are many reasons for this, including the cost of testing and the difficulty in linking forensic evidence to the crime. One other aspect to this problem might be that:

rape is often seen as a sexual offense and not a violent crime

According to Robert K. Merton's structural strain theory, anomie results from the strain on behavior that is imposed through norms that conflict with social reality. Looking at the figure in the text (Figure 7.2, Merton's Deviance Typology), in which of the four types listed would we see the higher levels of anomie (note that conformity is excluded on the basis of this group being the largest)?

rebellion

In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement drew large numbers of people to New York City to protest rising income inequality. To make their point, these protesters marched on the city streets, built tent cities where they lived and slept while the demonstrations were ongoing, and actively worked to disrupt the flow of life. In Robert K. Merton's view, these people would be what kind of deviants?

rebels

The goal of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment is to:

recognize that equality for women and girls is a human right and a social and economic imperative

Audience segregation allows people to:

reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world

The gender pay gap

refers to the income difference between males and females.

Protesters against the World Trade Organization claim that it:

reflects only the interests of the richest nations

Evidence that social advantage results in higher IQ scores ________ Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's view on intelligence.

refutes

Your friend has requested you as a bridesmaid at her wedding, and asks that you wear a full-length dress, something that is physically uncomfortable for you. When you tell her you plan to wear a knee-length version, she is mortified, and says that she expects you to agree to her request. To get you to comply, she may use a:

sanction

The scenario in which students sleep in their bedrooms from 2:00 A.M. to 9:00 A.M., rush to a 9:30 A.M. class at the university, grab a quick lunch at the cafeteria, nap on the grass at about 3:30 P.M., return to class at 4:00 P.M., collapse in bed at 6:30 P.M., study in a library study room from 8:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M., and go to a club from 10:15 P.M. to 1:30 A.M. illustrates the sociological concept of:

regionalization

Education institutions are active participants in social reproduction because they

reinforce the cultural advantages of upper- and middle-class families

The process of bringing community and family members into court to publicly state their condemnation of a criminal's behavior and to accept the responsibility for reintegrating the offender back into the community is called:

reintegrative shaming

Sociologists would term a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community and that incorporates symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices as:

religion

Martina's church slowly began losing members several years ago to a new, nondenominational worship center that opened in the same community. As a result, her pastor made some changes designed to appeal to a wider, more contemporary congregation, including changing the music selection and beginning a spiritual study group open to all members and nonmembers that became a dynamic weekly group. This is an example of ___________.

religious revitalization as a consequence of competition

What played the fundamental role in developing the capitalistic outlook, according to Max Weber?

religious values

Social change is a unique type of change because it

requires a significant transformation of society's institutions and culture

A student drops a spoon on the floor as she carries her dish to the kitchen. As the spoon clatters loudly on the tile floor, she exclaims, "Ooooooh, sorry!" This is an example of

response cry

The "race to the bottom" in relation to the global economy means that:

retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere to find the lowest wages

Ideal bureaucratic systems that Weber describes tend to reinforce the:

rise of numerous unofficial ways of doing things because of the lack of flexibility in completing tasks in a bureaucracy

"A group of sociologists are collecting data on single-parent families and comparing thier lives to two-parent families. in the same communities They are focusing on the who does the housework, cooking, bill paying, and home repairs. These variables are what is referred to as the family ____________. "

roles

Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as social:

roles

Bad things on functionalist theory

roles of men and women change so not always do women have to take care of emotional needs etc..

Oligarchy means

rule by the few

Formal systems of education developed in modern societies because:

schools promoted the development of personality traits such as self-discipline and obedience, which employers needed in their employees

The "socialization of nature," the phenomena that what used to be natural processes are increasingly socially controlled, reflects the changed relationship between:

science and technology and the body

What should knowledge of society be based on, according to Auguste Comte?

scientific evidence

In 2010, women held 96 percent of the jobs in which of the following occupations?

secretary

Early Mormanism

sect

Conflict theory

sees gender inequality as built into the social structure. Capitalism explains complementary roles. Men's domination of women is the result of gender power differences.

The physical separation of a racial or ethnic group is called

segregation

The physical separation of a racial or ethnic group is called:

segregation

In terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that individuals will experience a:

self-made career path with several changes over their lifetime

Brazil is industrializing more than other Latin American countries, but it is not fully industrialized like the United States. A world systems analysis would say that Brazil is a ________ country.

semiperiphery

A concept related to postindustrial society, it refers to a social order distinguished by the growth of service occupations at the expense of industrial jobs that produce material goods. (page 560)

service society

Social networks:

sets of relationships between individuals, groups, and/or organizations Micro-, meso-, and macro-level networks: -Friends and family -Local civic, sports, and religious organizations -Alumni groups, political parties, subcultures -The nation -Global entities

How do scholars refer to the biological differences between men and women?

sex

Is a biological category

sex

What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social traits

What are we referring to when we talk about women and men being concentrated in different occupations?

sex segregation or gender typing

The significance of a sociological imagination is that:

sociology attempts to connect individual experiences to a conception of a larger social structure

When we look at the micro and macro connections that shape social issues such as the harassment of women on the street, we see that the:

solution must address the larger underlying issues, such as gender inequality

The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area is called ______

sovereignty

The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area is called ______.

sovereignty

A sexual script

specifies the formal or informal norms for legitimate or unacceptable sexual activity, who are eligible sexual partners, and boundaries of sexual behavior. Gender, race, and ethnicity shape sexual scripts.

Elijah Anderson would most likely characterize a ________ as a cosmopolitan canopy

state fair

The potential of the internet to encourage democratic exchange that may oppose or question existing power structures is most challenged by which of the following observations?

states are able to use the internet to spy on and control their own citizens

Max Weber identified a second aspect of stratification that was based on the amount of social honor, which referred to difference, another way of defining something that others give individuals or groups. He called these:

status and prestige

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living in the home or nearby, is known as a/an _____.

step-family

Elijah Anderson's study (1990) of everyday life in two adjacent urban neighborhoods showed that tensions in social interaction are often based on the:

stereotypes about the presumed statuses of the individuals involved

_____________, consideration in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, often involves the psychological mechanism of _____________, directing hostility or anger toward objects that are not really the source of those feelings

stereotypical thinking; displacement

During the post-World War II economic boom in the United States, the quality of life and financial resources of the average American rose considerably.

structural mobility

Harold Garfinkel developed "ethnomethodology," which is the:

study of folk or lay methods people use to make sense of what others say and do

Information about our lives is gathered by all types of organizations. This might be called a ________ society.

surveillance

The extent to which information about our lives is gathered by all kinds of organizations today has led some analysts to conclude that we now live in what kind of society?

surveillance

Putting locks on mailboxes is an example of

target hardening

Which of the following is part of the hidden curriculum in schools?

teaching students to respect authority

Harnessing science to machinery to achieve greater productive efficiency is known as:

technology

A characteristic of the Tea Party is:

that it is not actually a party at all

The high rates of births to unmarried women in African American, Puerto Rican, and Native American communities suggests ___________.

that people who live in poverty are less likely to get married, even when they have children or cohabitate

The assumption shared by all schools of feminist thought is:

that women have an unequal position in society

The current global wave of gay and lesbian civil rights movements initially grew out of:

the 1960s social movements in the United States

In China in 2012, an estimated 538 million people used the Internet. The authoritarian Chinese government has banned the publication of "state secrets" online. Much of the Internet filter is facilitated by companies in

the US

Sociologically speaking, what is the definition of power?

the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold

What is the definition of power?

the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold

According to the text, what does biological sex refer to?

the anatomical differences distinguishing males from females

sex

the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males

Sex

the biological characteristics with which we were born Chromosomes, anatomy, hormones

Karl Marx defined the relationship between those who own the means of production and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage as two classes that he referred to as:

the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

In matrilocal societies, newly married couples set up their household with or near ______.

the bride's family of orientation

Jeremy buys a new iPhone each time a more advanced model is introduced. His discarded phones are sent out to a recycling company that ships them to India, where poorly paid workers disassemble them, releasing toxic materials into the land and water as well as into their own bodies. This is one way in which

the environmental hazards of consumption patterns in rich countries are disproportionately borne by poor countries.

second shift

the excessive work hours borne by women relative to men; these hours are typically spent on domestic chores following the end of a day of work outside the home.

Nonverbal communication is:

the exchange of information through facial expressions and movements of the body

Abortion

the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus Abortion was outlawed in the 1800s and legalized again in 1973 with Roe v. Wade.

abortion

the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.

Researchers of social mobility, from Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan in the 1960s to Pierre Bourdieu in the 1980s, have shown that:

the family's social status affects the child's educational attainment

Homophobia

the fear and hatred of homosexuality

rape

the forcing of nonconsensual vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse

A large, well-known Wall Street investment banking firm is seeking good candidates to fill a newly created position in upper management. Among the criteria are that the individual must have had at least 15 years of experience and an advanced degree. One factor that may affect the chances of a woman being hired into this position might be:

the glass ceiling

More than one-half of the graduates from colleges of business administration are women. In most cases, these graduates are able to find fairly good entry-level positions. However, women's mobility up the corporate hierarchy is often thwarted by:

the glass ceiling

The "glass ceiling" prevents women from improving their salaries and positions. At the same time, men who enter a field that is usually dominated by women find that they encounter:

the glass escalator

Pornography

the graphic depiction of images that causes sexual arousal The pornography industry brings in more revenue than Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay, Yahoo, Apple, and Netflix combined.

According to the text, which of the following was arguably a consequence of the third religious disestablishment in the 1960s and 1970s?

the growing strength of conservative religious denominations during and after that period

To what do Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton attribute the continuation of black poverty in the urban ghettos of the United States?

the history of racial residential segregation

The concept of global commodity chains attempts to describe what characteristic of the global economy?

the increasing globalization in manufacturing

Alan Krueger and Stacy Dale found in their 2002 study comparing the average yearly income of students who had been admitted to and attended an Ivy League college with the average yearly income of students who had been admitted to but did not attend an Ivy League college that:

the individual matters, despite an apparent disparity in opportunities between Ivy League and non-Ivy League colleges

The specialization in producing goods for the world market that divides regions into zones of industrial or agricultural production or high- or low-skilled labor is called ______.

the international division of labor

Social construction of gender

the learning of gender roles through socialization and interaction with others. Theorist who believe in this reject all biological bases for gender differences. Gender identities age, they argue, in relation to perceived sex differences in society and in turn help shape those differences.

Religious nationalism is _________.

the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny

Sexual harassment

the making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant. Also includes behaviors that are offensive to the recipient and cause discomfort or interfere with job performance.

The term economic interdependence implies that ___________________.

the modern division of labor has made individuals dependent on many others to produce many or most of the goods they need to live

The feminization of migration patterns refers to the fact that:

the number of women migrants has increased in part because of changes in the global labor market

gender pay gap

the overall income difference between women and men in the workplace (also called the wage gap, pay gap, and gender wage gap).

One serious ethical consequence of the technological changes in childbirth is that:

the parents can learn of any abnormalities in their child before birth and then decide on their options

bisexuals

those who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes.

asexuals

those who lack any interest in or desire for sex.

One of the differences between the nature of household work among men and women is that women's work around the home often:

ties them down to a regular schedule

According to Michel Foucault, organizations "efficiently distribute bodies" and activities through the use of:

timetables

Henry Ford paid his workers well. He did this to ensure compliance in the workforce and:

to enable workers to afford to buy the products they made

A reason why having a job is important to people is

to make social contacts

those who are transsexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites.

transgender

Business corporations located in two or more countries. (page 550)

transnational corporations

What is the primary legacy of colonialism from the perspective of a dependency theorist?

transnational corporations

Although abortion is legal, it is virtually impossible for women to get access to legal abortion in 10 states. a. True b. False

true

As the level of educational attainment increases, so does the gender pay gap. a. True b. False

true

Because sexuality and gender are socially constructed, attitudes and behaviors are open to change. a. True b. False

true

Cross-culturally, arranged marriage is most common. a. True b. False

true

Despite the decreasing gender gap in pay, men still earn substantially more than women.

true

In 2011, a majority of Americans believed that society should be accepting of homosexuality. a. True b. False

true

Men are more than twice as likely as equally-qualified women to consider themselves qualified to run for political office. a. True b. False

true

Sexual characteristics influence but do not necessarily determine a person's behavior. a. True b. False

true

Today, despite family obligations, a majority of women of all educational levels work outside the home during their child-rearing years.

true

In the classical period of sociology, ________ were rarely allowed to hold academic positions or to do sociological research, so their contributions have been neglected.

women and minorities

housework

unpaid work carried on in the home, usually by women; domestic chores such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. also called domestic labor. Women still do most of the housework compared to men, but the gap has lessened a little

Industrialization generated the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities, which is known as:

urbanization

W. W. Rostow's modernization theory suggests economic growth as a series of stages, beginning with traditional and culminating with high mass consumption. What underlying characteristic is an important factor in shaping each of these different stages?

values

The connection between religion and violence is that:

violence exists in most religions and is couched in terms of the forces of good against the forces of evil

In Marxian analysis, which group makes up the largest component of society?

wage workers

In general, what kind of ties do women within the job market tend to have in comparison to men?

weaker

Consciously or unconsciously, a person may use impression management to influence other people's reactions to them. An example of this is:

wearing a business suit to a community business meeting

Corporations provide social goods and securities to employees, rather than leaving such provisions to unions or the state.

welfare capitalism

There is often a clash of ideas when a government attempts to provide material benefits for those who are unable to support themselves, and the result is what we refer to as a:

welfare state

A stereotype threat occurs:

when people believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a group

Organic solidarity is:

when the institutions of society function together as a whole

According to sociologists of religion, under what circumstances do cults flourish?

when there is a breakdown in well-established societal belief systems

The most essential type of employee in the postindustrial order, according to Daniel Bell, is a ________ worker.

white collar

An unintended consequence of school busing is that:

white families fled from the city into suburban areas, leaving the center cities to decay

Central to human capital theory, and a source of criticism of that same theory by feminist sociologists is the idea that:

women's primary allegiance is to home and family

Women are more likely to hold seats in national legislatures when:

women's rights are a strong cultural value

Providing a meaningful sense of social identity, and constructively structuring people's time are two of the individual benefits of _______.

work

What are portfolio workers?

workers who are able to move easily from one job to another because they possess a diversity of skills and/or qualifications

People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the ________ class.

working

People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the _____________ class.

working

The text refers to companies such as State Farm Insurance and Walmart that deny women the ability to advance in their companies as:

workplace gatekeepers

Mae just joined a religious group that holds weekly support groups for divorced people; has workshops on bringing spirituality into our everyday lives; and provides life coaches who help members learn to invest, train for new jobs, and set and maintain goals in their lives. This religious group would be an example of a:

world-affirming religion

Who are the most common victims of murder and other violent crimes in the United States?

young African American urban males

One significant conclusion that can be drawn from the recent research on sexuality in the United States of both Lillian Rubin (1990) and Edward Laumann et al. (1994) is that:

young people are more sexually active before marriage than was true in the past

When sociologists analyze the contexts of social interaction, it is often helpful to look at how people move through

zones of time and space