Sociology Chapter 14

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

A central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it.

Metropolis

A central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs.

Mega cities

A city of 10 million or more residents

Suburb

A community adjacent to a city.

Redlinging

A decision by the officers of a financial institution not to make loans in a particular area.

Demography

The study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of human populations.

Demographic Variables

The three factors that change the size of a population: fertility, mortality, and net migration.

Enterprise Zone

The use of economic incentives in a designated area to encourage investments.

Disinvestment

The withdrawal of investments by financial institutions, which seals the fate of an urban area.

Zero Population Growth

Women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population

Population Pyramid

A graph that represents the age and sex of a population

Edge City

A large cluster of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there.

Exponential Growth Curve

A pattern f growth in which numbers double approximately equal intervals, showing a steep acceleration on the later stages.

City

A place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food.

Demographic Transition

A three-stage historical process of change in the size of populations: first, high birth rates and high death rates; second, high brith rates and low death rates; and third, low birth rate and low death rate; a fourth stage of population shrinkage in which deaths outnumber births has made its appearances in the most industrialized nations.

Malthus Theorem

An observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically, population grows geometrically.

Megalopolis

An urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many suburb

Gentrification

Middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes.

Alienation

Lack of connection to the product of their labor, the general sense of not feelings a part of something.

Human Ecology

Robert Park's term for the relationship between people and their environment (such as land and structure); also known as urban ecology.

Crude death rate

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 population

Crude birth rate

The annual number of live births per 1,000 population

net migration rate

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population

Basic Demographic Equation

The growth rate equals birth minus deaths plus net migration

Suburbanization

The migration of people from the city to the suburbs.

Growth Rate

The net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths and either adding or subtracting migration; can result in a negative number.

Fertility Rate

The number of children that the average women bears.

Fecundity

The number of children that women are capable of bearing.

Population Shrinkage

The process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate.

Urbanization

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cites and has a growing influence of the culture.

Deindustrailization

The process of industries moving out of a country or region.

Urban Renewal

The rehabilitation of a rundown are, which usually results in the displacement of the people who are living in that area.

Invasion-Succession Cycle

the process of one group of people displacing a group whose racial- ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own.