Sociology Chapter 2

What is the BEST definition of a nation-state? A. A government led by a king or a president, which unites many, otherwise disparate regions and cultural groups B. A political community with clearly defined geographical borders and a shared culture C. A small, geographically determined community under the direction of a sovereign government ruling over a larger society D. A symbolic community consisting of people with shared interests and perspectives who are interested in establishing self-rule

A political community with clearly defined geographical borders and a shared culture

What is colonialism? A. The era during which groups of adventurers began perfecting sailing technologies that allowed them to discover increasingly distant parts of the world B. A process in which people from populated areas move to uninhabited parts of the world to set up their own societies C. A process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories D. The establishment of new forms of punishment enables by travel technology, in which renal work colonies were established in remote areas

A process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

Which statement BEST summarizes the general sociological approach to the 'nature/nurture' debate? A. Sociological understandings of human behavior can allow us to rise above what could otherwise be biological destiny B. Although genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment C. Social forces can be understood as macrocosms of biological forces and interactions D. Genetics and biology are essentially irrelevant compared to determining force of social forces

Although genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment

Which statement about individualism BEST exemplifies the relationship between norms and values? A. Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for people ages eighteen and older to move out of their parents' house B. The norm of individualism in the United States as led us to place more value in people who disagree with mainstream ideas than in those who agree with them C. Individualism in the United States is valued because of its link to innovation in American culture, which is also highly prized D. Beliefs in individualism in the early United States were developed out of the need for relatively few English immigrants to learn to survive in an unfamiliar environment

Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for people ages eighteen and older to move out of their parents' house

Babies a few minutes old will turn their heads in response to patterns that resemble human faces but not in response to other patters. This is an example of _____________ A. An instinct B. Learning C. A value D. Socialization

An instinct

Norms are to _______ as values are to _________ A. Consistency, change B. Attitudes, behavior C. Change, consistency D. Behavior, attitudes

Behavior, attitudes

Stan believes that boys are naturally better at math than girls are. Stan's attitude is an example of_________________ A. Cultural relativism B. Ethnocentrism C. Biological determinism D. Sociobiology

Biological determinism

Many sports organizations are now banning Native American mascots because of the demeaning stereotypes they portray. Several campuses have banned students from wearing certain halloween costumes. sociologists refer tot he phenomenon of one group borrowing from another group's culture as____________ A. Multicultural correctness B. Subcultural adaptation C. Cultural relativism D. Cultural appropriation

Cultural appropriation

A common argument made against bans on face-covering veils, such as the islamic burqa, is that each culture has different values. This argument is an example of _________________. A. Cultural scripts B. The high/low culture debate C. Cultural relativism D. Subcultures

Cultural relativism

What might be considered a cultural universal? A. Decorating one's body B. Having conflicts with one's in-laws C. Teaching children how to be self-sufficient D. Using smartphones and the internet

Decorating one's body

Although the majority of countries in the Global South lag well behind societies of the West, some are now undergoing the process of industrialization. these countries are referred to as ______________ A. Eastern economies B. Emerging economies C. Nationalist D. Multicultural economies

Emerging economies

When your friend returns from study abroad, she reports back to you the different foods people in the host country ate. She explains that to them it's normal, but she found their foods and traditions appalling. this is known as____________ A. Subcultures B. Ethnocentrism C. Countercultures D. Cultural relativism

Ethnocentrism

Which statement might be derived the linguistic relativity hypothesis? A. Learning a different language can be a very good way of understanding the culture and experiences of the group by which that language was developed B. Forms of language developed by groups different from one's own and inapplicable to one's own experience C. The larger the variety of experiences available to people in a culture, the more likely they are to develop larger and more complex vocabularies D. People who have small vocabularies are unable to manage complex thoughts

Learning a different language can be a very good way of understanding the culture and experiences of the group by which that language was developed

The internet, computers, iPhones, and Mcdonald's are examples of the globalization of_____________ A. Signifiers B. Material culture C. Nonmaterial culture D. Subcultures

Material culture

______________ consist(s) of the physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live A. Scientific technology B. Infrastructure C. Material goods D. Artistic propaganda

Material goods

An example of material culture is ______________. A. Money B. Norms C. Values D. Behavior

Money

What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies? A. Agrarian societies predated pastoral societies by at least several thousand years B. Pastoral societies only existed in Africa and the Middle East, whereas agrarian societies were spread across the entire globe C. Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, whereas agrarian societies relied on agriculture D. Agrarian societies were marked by much more divisive than pastoral societies

Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, whereas agrarian societies relied on agriculture

Goths, Rastafarians, and fans of hip-hop are examples of___________ A. Globalization B. Post-modernism C. Countercultures D. Subcultures

Subcultures

What is the relationship between colonialism and global inequalities in industrial development? A. Colonial powers concentrated on taking over countries with populations that were uninterested in industrial development and were unwilling to force industrialization upon them B. Because some parts of the world are very rich in natural resources and others are stronger in technological development, colonization helped create a balances globalized system of production that played to the respective strengths of each part of the globe C. The wealth obtained from colonized areas, often in the form of raw natural resources, was funneled back tot he home countries of colonial powers instead of being invested in the development of the colonized areas D. Although certain radical sociologists have proposed that colonialism contributes to global inequalities in development, there is no proven connection between the two

The wealth obtained from colonized areas, often in the form of raw natural resources, was funneled back tot he home countries of colonial powers instead of being invested in the development of the colonized areas

Which statement applies to hunting-and-gathering societies? A. The primary social divisions between members were along lines of race and ethnicity B. Religious values and rituals were not developed by such primitive groups C. There is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed in the text D. They were small but had more elaborately developed social divisions than even industrial societies

There is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed in the text

What is true of the majority of countries that constitute the Global South? A. They have no political relevance or relationship to the United States B. They are not sufficiently industrialized to even be considered developing nations C. They suffer from incompetent political leadership D. They were formerly under colonial rule

They were formerly under colonial rule

If _________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ___________ are how they are out into play A. Values; norms B. Countercultures; subcultures C. Subcultures; countercultures D. Norms; values

Values; norms