Sociology Chapter 8, Sociology Chapter 9, Sociology Chapter 10, Sociology Chapter 11, Sociology Chapter 13, Sociology Chapter 14

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2. Walter is part of the richest 20 percent of the world's population. This group controls of world income. a. 82.8 percent b. 9.9 percent c. 4.2 percent d. 1.0 percent

50. When Bob deviates from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender he is . a. transgendered b. hermaphrodites c. sexually differentiated d. pansexuals

21. According to the World Bank, people live in extreme poverty. a. 7.8 million b. 21.1 million c. 308.7 million d. 1.4 billion

95. The fastest growing segment of the homeless population is . a. unemployed men b. victims of domestic violence c. single women d. families

2. refers to the process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society. a. Social differentiation b. Social stratification c. Social inequality d. Social mobility

20. Religious extremist movements a. Are highly patriarchal. b. Are typically Christian-based. c. Include violence in most cases. d. Assume a demonic nature of individuals.

1. If Beth decides to become a man she would most likely see which of the following happen? a. A gain in income, power, and social standing. b. A loss in income, power, and social standing. c. Little change in social standing d. A gain of income by 50 percent.

10. According to modernization theory, some countries are poor because: a. they have traditional values and institutions. b. they are agrarian countries. c. their government reinforces inequality. d. their population is too large.

10. In a caste system, one's place in the stratification system is a(n) status. a. ascribed b. achieved c. temporary d. ambiguous

100. The study of all the factors associated with disease in society is called . a. epidemiology b. etiology c. entomology d. social gerontology

102. Research indicates that faith-based organizations a. enhance the participation of traditionally disadvantaged groups in the democratic process. b. violate the principle of separation of church and state. c. serve to make government more fundamentalist Christian. d. have had no significant influence on public life in the U.S.

102. Research on gender and health finds that a. older women are more likely than older men to suffer from stress, hypertension and chronic illness. b. as women age, health status improves so they are less likely to contract disease. c. men and women now have about the same average life expectancy. d. throughout their life span men are more likely to be overweight than women.

102. The poverty line established by the U.S. government is a measurement of . a. relative poverty b. absolute poverty c. international poverty d. irreversible poverty

102. has radically altered the opportunities available to women athletes and laid the foundation for many of the coeducational programs that are now an ordinary part of college life. a. Title IX b. Affirmative action legislation c. Comparable worth legislation d. The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision

103. According to the United Nations, absolute poverty is defined as a situation in which people live on less than a day. a. $1 b. $5 c. $10 d. $20

105. Comparing the health care system of the U.S. with those of other industrialized countries, the text notes that a. the U.S. spends more money and coverage is less comprehensive than in other industrialized countries. b. the U.S. has the indisputably best health care delivery system among industrialized countries. c. it is not possible to provide health coverage for the majority of the population for less than 13% of the gross domestic product. d. the U.S. leads in cost-efficient management of health care.

105. Evaluations of the welfare reform of 1996 (PRWRA) have found that a. the number of people receiving welfare has decreased. b. the amount of poverty in the U.S. has decreased. c. the wages earned in workfare programs are keeping women and their children out of poverty. d. fewer Americans are poor.

107. According to the text, increased economic globalization has a. expanded the system of capitalism. b. eliminated hunger in third-world countries. c. decreased poverty throughout the world by redistributing profits of the world system to have-not countries. d. created hospitals, roads, and other social services to improve life in underdeveloped countries.

11. A student examining dependency theory is interested in documenting which of the following? a. neocolonialism b. modernization c. how values shape development d. class struggles within developing nations

11. Which of the following statements about race is true? a. Official recognition of race by the government matters. b. Racial formation occurs in youth. c. Biological characteristics are the major determinants of race. d. Individuals may have a single race but multiple ethnicities.

11. are intended to measure what has actually been learned. a. Achievement tests b. Standardized tests c. Predictive tests d. Placement tests

12. What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society? a. The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society. b. The amount of difference in ancestry or "blood" that different groups have. c. The degree to which members of different groups differ from each other biologically. d. The language that each group speaks.

13. According to Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve, a. the distribution of intelligence closely approximates a normal distribution. b. the majority of intelligence is environmental. c. family background has almost no influence in predicting intelligence. d. genetics and environment play equal roles in determining intelligence.

14. The historical process in any society by which a group comes to be defined as a race is called . a. racial formation b. immigration contact theory c. the principle of physical salience d. engendered racism

15. In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education that a. separate but equal was unconstitutional. b. segregation within schools was legal. c. racial segregation was illegal, but social class was legal. d. resegregation is constitutional.

16. Estimates of the extent of domestic violence are unreliable because a. most cases go unreported. b. most victims are in shelters. c. more victims are children. d. more cases are not severe enough to report.

16. Which of the following reflects the effects of population growth on development? a. Population growth leads to economic stagnation. b. Population growth leads to development. c. Population growth can lead to development or can lead to stagnation, depending on the country. d. Population growth is unrelated to economic development.

17. Health care is . a. a matter of science and an elaborate social structure b. a social system of behaviors and a for-profit only business c. a cultural reflection and a social structure d. a medical matter and a flawed enterprise

17. If an individual discovers he has certain opportunities to succeed, he is examining his . a. life chances b. social setting c. ascribed status d. status symbols

17. The United States is responsible for approximately of the global energy use. a. one-fourth b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds

18. People at a party are comparing clothing, automobiles, and personal possessions. They are comparing elements of . a. social class b. social status c. social standing d. social caste

19. Elderly care in the modern family is best characterized by . a. a diversity of experiences due to family size and variation b. a standard cultural approach c. a dependency on governmental support d. all of the above

19. Violence against women occurs: a. in every country in the world. b. only in underdeveloped countries. c. only in countries with authoritarian regimes. d. only in countries with fundamentalist societies.

20. Terrorism is difficult to predict because: a. it is done by third world populations. b. terrorist operate outside the bounds of normative behavior. c. terrorist are not likely to be caught. d. it is a global offense.

21. Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes a. the different gender roles found in different countries. b. the lack of gender variability generally. c. studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits. d. the common gender expectations across all social classes.

24. Othermothers are a unique form of an extended family that reflects the specific experience of . a. African American women b. Caribbean women c. Latin American women d. European women

25. As a women, Jane is ___________ . a. more likely to receive subprime mortgages b. less likely to receive subprime mortgages c. unaffected by subprime mortgages d. none of the above

25. The health care crisis in the United States is largely a question of . a. cost b. quality c. education d. discrimination

25. When an individual is born with both male and female biological sex characteristics, this is referred to as . a. intersexed b. fetal sex differentiation c. transgenderation d. bisexual variation

26. The example of toy manufacturers is used in the text to illustrate a. the fact that goods like toys and clothing link the U.S. to the rest of the world. b. that the manufacture of toys in the U.S. is a growth industry that protects American jobs. c. how popular protests against outsourcing have been successful at protecting American jobs. d. how children are valued around the world.

27. Jan is adding up her wages earned, child support received, and interest. She is calculating her . a. income b. wealth c. assets d. tax receipts

28. Because of the rise in divorce and remarriage, stepfamilies have become fairly common in the U.S. Despite how common stepfamilies have become, a. there is still little institutional support for stepfamilies. b. the number of children in stepfamilies is declining. c. the legal status of the nonresidential parent is not well understood. d. the percent of stepmothers remains low.

28. When an individuals look back on their lives, is/are most likely the most important influence on their gender socialization. a. parents b. peers c. teachers d. religion

29. Occupational prestige ratings a. are subjective evaluations of the value of jobs. b. are determined by sociologists who measure income and education requirements for the jobs. c. are not related to overall socioeconomic status. d. are based on economic potential.

29. Research on socialization during childhood has found that a. boys and men are featured in children's books more often than girls and women. b. toys for both boys and girls today tend to promote cooperation rather than aggression or competition. c. girls are encouraged to play outdoors as much as boys are. d. gender is likely not formed until adolescence.

29. Studies of gay and lesbian couples have found that a. gay and lesbian partners tend to be more flexible and less gender-stereotyped in their household roles than heterosexual couples. b. money has a strong influence on who has the most power in gay and lesbian households. c. lesbian parents lack any type of social support. d. children raised by gay parents are more likely to be gay themselves.

30. What do England's Eleven Plus test, the German test called Arbitur, and the U.S. SAT standardized test have in common? a. The results of all three exams have a similar impact on directing the futures of the young people who take them. b. Students from all social classes achieve equally well on these types of tests. c. They have all been discontinued having been found to be too discriminatory. d. They are all the main method for predicting future occupation.

30. What is the origin of the racial component to global inequality? a. the history of Western colonialism b. the racist nature of global capitalism c. the cultural differences between different populations d. the varied definitions of race around the world

31. Standardized ability tests are intended to measure . a. potential b. skill c. intelligence d. performance

32. In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike? a. both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented b. both are equally likely to view work as an expected part of a woman's role c. socialization for both places a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency and independence d. gender conformity is strongly encouraged for both.

32. The likelihood of divorce is greater for couples who a. marry young. b. have two incomes. c. do not have children. d. are White.

34. Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society? a. Work is highly segregated according to sex. b. Women have access to education. c. Women's work is central to the economy. d. Men make a contribution to household responsibilities.

35. According to modernization theory a. economic development is dependent on technological change. b. governments should make economic policies that, when necessary, restrict business activities and free trade. c. poor countries really have no control over being poor. d. poor countries will remain poor.

36. John has diabetes. The cost of treating it is . a. more expensive than preventing it b. less expensive than preventing it c. unrelated to preventing it d. more important than preventing it

37. Which of these statements about economic inequality is true? a. The gap between the income of Whites and the income of Blacks and Hispanics has remained unchanged since 1967. b. The median income of Blacks and Hispanics has remained very flat since the 1950s. c. Although still unequal, per capita income for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics has been growing at the same rate since 1967. d. There is little data on the relative incomes of Whites and members of minority groups.

5. Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of: a. the expectations of others. b. the strong role of biology. c. the changing nature of gender. d. socialization.

38. According to William Julius Wilson, the "underclass" is a. the result of structural transformations in the economy. b. the product of a welfare system that is so generous that going to work is not an attractive option. c. actually comprised of unemployed individuals from rural, more than urban, areas. d. mostly found in the suburbs of big cities.

38. According to dependency theorists, multinational corporations a. play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor. b. are good for the domestic economies of less developed countries. c. provide a valuable market for raw materials for poor nations. d. alleviate some global inequality.

38. If the Joneses need palliative care such as hospice the current healthcare system . a. does not cover it because of an emphasis on treatment b. covers the cost c. provides support from the medical community d. none of the above

39. Re-drawing the boundaries of school districts and election districts in order to maintain racial segregation is called . a. gerrymandering b. redlining c. outsourcing d. out-lining

4. Which of these statements regarding race is true? a. Race is a socially constructed category. b. Racial categories in a society reflect differences in the biological makeup of individuals. c. Race is assigned based on scientific investigation. d. Racial categories are the same in countries throughout the world.

40. World cities are those that are a. closely linked in a system of international commerce. b. the locations of most of the refugee camps in the world. c. the oldest cities in the world. d. benefited from multinational corporations.

41. Sociologists find that racism a. is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior. b. is limited to individual behavior. c. involves actions, not attitudes. d. has practically disappeared in the U.S. since Barack Obama was elected president.

42. Research on the relationship of social class to health care finds that a. people with lower incomes do not generally rate their health as excellent. b. those in lower social classes have rates of infant mortality and stillbirths roughly equal to those of upper- class people. c. lower income people are less likely to smoke than upper-class people. d. those using Medicaid are healthier than those not using Medicaid.

44. When researchers calculate a basketball star's net worth they are measuring the star's . a. wealth or net worth b. wages and income c. income and wealth d. total value

45. How is environmental degradation related to global stratification? a. The type of environmental degradation and its impact depends on the location of the country in the global stratification system. b. The wealthiest nations are unaffected by environmental degradation. c. The poorest nations are not developed enough to experience problems with environmental degradation. d. Environmental degradation is not related to the global stratification.

45. One percent of the U.S. population controls approximately of the total net wealth in the nation. a. one-third b. one-quarter c. one-half d. two-thirds

45. Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of "doing gender"? a. It ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society. b. It focuses too much on race and class-based gender differences. c. It does not allow for social change. d. It encourages radical changes within society.

46. Which of these is the best definition of extended family? a. a network of parents, children and other relatives who form a family unit b. a set of relatives who live together in the same residence c. a group of people who are related to each other by "blood" or ancestry d. grandparents, parents, and children of the same lineage

47. About eighteen percent of Americans have zero or negative wealth, meaning a. their debt exceeds their net worth. b. their debt exceeds their annual income. c. their tax burden is more than double their income. d. their education debt exceeds their potential income.

47. Gender expectations begin to influence how children are treated a. from the moment of birth. b. after eighteen months of age. c. at three years of age. d. when they reach preschool age.

48. Jeff wants to home school his children. Statistically he . a. is average in income and a minority b. has an advanced college degree c. has a low to median income and is white d. is from a wealthy neighborhood

48. Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination? a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others. b. A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section. c. Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn't even notice the color of her students' skin. d. A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin.

49. According to the text, global stratification a. has contributed to political instability and the threat of terrorism. b. creates a core group of strong nations able to ensure world peace. c. results in cooperation as countries work together to overcome poverty. d. has undermined the military power of wealthy nations.

49. The family wage system a. paid men more than women based on the assumption that they were the breadwinner. b. was based on the assumption that all members of the family would need to work in wage labor. c. forced all women to begin to work outside of the home. d. made families more self-sufficient.

49. The four types of education in the U.S. are parochial, public, private and home schooling. How does home schooling compare with other forms of education? a. Ninety-five percent of the elementary aged children who were home schooled in 2000 were White. b. Almost all home-schooled children are Catholic and Mormon. c. Children who are home-schooled score lower on standardized subject tests than children from public schools. d. Lower income students tend to be home-schooled more than upper-income students.

49. What does economic restructuring refer to? a. the decline in manufacturing jobs in the U.S. b. the process of consumers consolidating their debt c. a shift in the percentages of Americans in each social class d. the passing of wealth from one generation to the next

51. According to a fairly old psychological theory of prejudice and racism, the tendency to rigidly categorize other people, to rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity is part of a(n) . a. authoritarian personality b. repressed personality c. subordinate personality d. stereotypic personality

51. How is social class related to the context of terrorism? a. Suicide bombers are often recruited from among the poorly educated and impoverished groups in a society. b. The leaders of terrorist movements come from the poorest classes and bear a great of resentment toward those in wealthier countries. c. Rates of terrorism increase significantly when a country begins to develop economically. d. The negative consequences of terrorism are experienced more dramatically by the upper class.

51. are particularly interested in the way in which families create stability by teaching people the norms and values of society. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Exchange theorists

51. emphasizes that education unifies and stabilizes society. a. Functionalist theory b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Feminist theory

52. About of the world's population comprises what the United Nation's calls the global underclass. a. one-fifth b. one-fourth c. one-third d. one-half

52. During periods of rapid social change, families experience social disorganization and this creates social problems. This is part of the view of families. a. functionalist b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. exchange theory

53. One's definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one's . a. gender identity b. sexuality c. sexual identity d. gender attribution

53. Regarding race and class, which of the following is true? a. Blacks have less wealth than whites, Asians, and Latinos. b. Latinos have been unable to move into the middle class. c. Racial minorities do not aspire to be part of the middle class. d. The race-class debate has largely been concluded.

55. In recent years, both the African American and Latino middle class have expanded because of a. increased access to education and middle-class occupations for people of color. b. increased intermarriage rates with White Anglos. c. legislation that has brought an end to de facto discrimination. d. a significant upturn in the U.S. economy during the past decade.

56. In the United States, the concept of the "model minority" a. is based on a stereotype of Asian Americans being the most successful minority group in the United States. b. takes into account the successes of other minority groups. c. changes based on the experiences of racial groups. d. hides the successes of whites.

57. The teacher expectancy effect occurs independently of a student's actual ability. What explains this effect? a. the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy b. teachers' greater ability than testing to predict academic success c. the type of students the teacher has d. the economic environment of the school district

59. In addition to the high divorce rate, the other primary cause of female single-parent households is a. the high rate of pregnancy among unmarried teens. b. the death of a spouse. c. having a spouse who is incarcerated. d. the high unemployment rates for men.

59. Per capita GNI is only a reliable measure when used for countries that a. are based on a cash economy. b. make extensive use of bartering and non-cash transaction. c. have a socialist economic system. d. are not very economically developed.

59. The situation for women in society should be studied separately within each social class because differences between men and women are not the same in every racial or class group. This is an argument of the perspective. a. intersection b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. social exchange

6. Compared to Sweden the U.S. Gini coefficient reveals . a. the U.S. has a high degree of inequality b. the Swedes have a high degree of inequality c. the U.S. has a high degree of equality d. the Swedes are a highly stratified society

6. How does the concept of race differ between Brazil and the U.S.? a. In the U.S. a person with any amount of Black ancestry has historically been designated as Black; this has not been the case in Brazil. b. In Brazil a person with any amount of Black ancestry has historically been designated as Black; this has not been the case in the U.S. c. In the U.S. and in Brazil one's racial categorization is strongly influenced by one's social class status. d. In Brazil, race is determined by religious standards.

6. The United States is no longer the world leader in student math and science achievement scores. According to the text, what explains this decline in the nation's standing? a. inequality within the education system b. poorly trained teachers c. No Child Left Behind d. shorter school years

60. Level of formal education achieved is strongly correlated with . a. occupational prestige b. income c. wealth d. life satisfaction

60. When teachers of either sex respond more to boys (positively and negatively) than to girls, they a. heighten boys' sense of importance. b. are ignored. c. create confusion among boys since they are rewarding both conformity and deviance. d. have little, if any, effect on how boys or girls perceive themselves.

61. According to , social change is a slow and gradual process. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

62. Researchers on the influence of television has found that a. both boys and girls rate aggressive toys seen in commercials as desirable. b. viewing stereotypical images of women has no impact on attitudes toward traditional roles. c. there is a link between viewing sexist images and holding stronger feminist attitudes. d. watching television results in a rejection of popular culture stereotypes of both men and women.

62. Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be divided economically into three levels. Those with the most power are the . a. core countries b. peripheral countries c. semiperipheral countries d. cornerstone nations

62. What is the relationship between income, gender, and education? a. At every level of education the average income of men is higher than the average income of women. b. When a woman has more education than a man she can be expected to earn more than he does. c. Women with a bachelor's degree consistently earn more than men with only a high school diploma. d. There is no relationship between income, gender, and education.

63. Unlike his father, Johnny has been able to go to college and enter a high paying profession. He has experienced mobility. a. intergenerational b. intragenerational c. extragenerational d. co-generational

64. Using power as a basis of stratification, those that control and profit most from the world system are the . a. core countries b. peripheral countries c. semi-peripheral countries d. hybrid countries

64. Which of the following is an example of intergenerational mobility? a. A daughter rises above the class of her parents. b. A man's class status changes due to a bad investment. c. A woman's class status changes as a result of business success. d. After having children, a couple's class status drops.

65. Research on race, gender and eating disorders, by Meg Lovejoy, found that a. Black women are less likely than White women to engage in excessive dieting and are less fearful of fat. b. White women are much more satisfied with their bodies than originally thought. c. Both Black and White women tend to overestimate their weight. d. Black women do not suffer from eating disorders such as overeating.

66. The boomerang generation refers to people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four who a. return home to live with their parents. b. enter college for a few years, then drop out, and re-enter. c. hook up and break up with the same person multiple times. d. marry and divorce before the age of 25.

66. Which of the following is false about social mobility in the United States today? a. In the U.S. anyone who works hard enough can get ahead. b. Social mobility occurs in the U.S., but less often than the myth asserts and over shorter distances from one class to another. c. Most people remain in their class of origin. d. Social mobility is greatly influenced by education.

67. According to , poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs. a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. world systems theory d. social exchange theory

67. How is homophobia related to gender socialization? a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations. b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism. c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated. d. Research on homophobia indicates that the "social construction of gender" is a myth.

68. Sociological research on the division of labor within married couple households indicates that a. the allocation of housework is greatly influenced by men's and women's experiences in their families of origin. b. Latino men rarely get involved in domestic tasks. c. young professional couples are the most egalitarian. d. African American men and White men are equally likely to participate in housework.

68. What is a standardized ability test? a. a test intended to measure a person's potential b. a test of what one has learned over time c. a test to determine what occupations a person is best suited for d. a test of physical fitness and development

69. In the U.S. a. the rate of marriage is higher than in western European countries. b. one out of two marriages ends in divorce. c. women are more likely to remarry following a divorce than are men. d. the divorce rate has been steadily increasing since the 1950s.

7. In school, children learn knowledge and skills, as well as gender roles. Schools are: a. gendered institutions. b. gendered apartheid. c. discriminatory institutions. d. patriarchal systems.

7. The Smiths compare their wealth, income, and lifestyle to others in their neighborhood. Which of the following are they comparing? a. Life chances b. Ascribed statuses c. Achieved statuses d. Class systems

70. When members of the subordinated classes internalize the views of the dominant class and justify inequality, Karl Marx termed this . a. false consciousness b. class consciousness c. normative consciousness d. stratified consciousness

70. Which of the following is not considered one of the central aspects of a gendered institution? a. the personal opinions and attitudes of the individual members of the institution b. stereotypical role expectations for men and women c. stratified of the positions within the institution based on sex d. organizational structure that gives advantages to men

71. The original entry of Mexican Americans into the U.S. was the result of a. military conquest. b. treaty terms negotiated at the end of the Spanish American War. c. flight from a repressive political regime. d. illegal migrations across the border into California and Texas.

73. Elements of the everyday world that are not considered sacred are called . a. profane b. sanctified c. sacred d. revered

73. Professional women experience a significant loss of income if they leave and reenter the workforce after raising children. This has been termed . a. the mommy tax b. the double shift c. double jeopardy d. dual labor market

73. Which of the following is not a criticism of using standardized testing to measure cognitive ability? a. The tests measure ability in too many different areas, such as creativity and musical ability. b. The tests have at least some degree of cultural and gender bias. c. The SATs do not predict school performance very well. d. Only a limited range of abilities is measured by the tests.

74. Operation Bootstrap was launched after WWII to attract U.S. corporations to Puerto Rico. What was the overall outcome of Operation Bootstrap? a. rapid overall growth in the Puerto Rican economy b. reduced unemployment in Puerto Rico c. significantly higher wages for workers d. decreased wages for both Puerto Ricans and U.S. workers

104. According to the United Nations, most of the children between five and fourteen years of age that are in the labor force throughout the world are in . a. Africa b. Asia c. Latin America d. North America

75. Max Weber analyzed the connections between a. the economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification. b. class, race, and gender as the basis for social stratification. c. cooperation, competition, and conflict as social processes effecting social mobility. d. ability, ambition, and sponsorship as factors impacting on social mobility.

76. The labor force participation rate for White women a. has only recently reached the rate for women of color. b. has always been much higher than that of women of color. c. has been stagnant for the past 50 years. d. is significantly lower than that for women of color.

76. The term secular means a. having to do with ordinary, nonreligious life. b. being held sacred. c. being prohibited. d. having to do with the supernatural.

77. According to Weber, what is the relationship of the dimensions of stratification to each other? a. The economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification are usually related. b. A person's social, political, and economic statuses are always consistent with each other. c. Political status is much more important in determining one's position in the stratification system than are economic or social status. d. There is no relationship between the economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification.

79. A politician describes inequality as a motivator of people to fill the different and necessary positions in society. He is using an example of . a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist theory d. social exchange theory

79. The control of poor countries by rich countries without the use of direct political or military involvement is referred to as . a. neocolonialism b. postmodernism c. postdependency d. neoimperialism

8. Gender stratification is supported by: a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature. b. individual sexism, not institutional sexism. c. the matriarchal structure of our society. d. norms and values encouraging gender equality.

8. Sociologists refer to the process by which something or someone is perceived as having racial characteristics as . a. racialization b. racial formation c. ethnogeneration d. ethnicity identification

80. According to the perspective, the most vital jobs in society usually receive the greatest economic rewards. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

80. Which of these statements about the application of dual labor market theory to the gender pay gap is false? a. It is hard to determine cause and effect in regards to the low pay for jobs in which women are more concentrated. b. While equal pay for equal pay is applied in principle, men and women do not do equal work. c. The informal labor market is exclusively female. d. Women tend to be employed in the second tier of the primary labor market.

81. Which of these theories explains wage inequality between men and women using the individual characteristics of workers? a. human capital theory b. dual labor market theory c. both human capital theory and dual labor market theory d. neither human capital theory or dual labor market theory

81. believe that the greater rewards attached to some positions in society help ensure that people will make the sacrifices necessary to acquire the training those positions demand. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Social exchange theorists

82. In practice, sexual harassment in the workplace a. is an example of overt discrimination. b. has no real impact on women's employment. c. happens to men as often as it does to women. d. is an inevitable product of men and women working together.

84. Relatively few men work in jobs that are traditionally considered women's work. When they do a. they tend to be more upwardly mobile than women in historically male-dominated jobs. b. they are subject to the same types and amounts of sexual harassment as women in male-dominated professions. c. wages for those jobs start to fall. d. they are accused of taking jobs away from women.

85. Which of these countries has the largest population of Jews? a. the U.S. b. Israel c. Poland d. Russia

85. Which type of theorist would be most likely to see inequality in the social system as fair, because everyone has an equal chance of getting ahead? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction d. social exchange theory

86. Emile Durkheim argued that religion is a. functional for society because it reaffirms the social bonds that people have with each other. b. a distinct threat to social cohesion. c. a tool for class oppression. d. an institution that exists in direct opposition to the other institutions that exist in society.

87. According to the perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are the prevention and treatment of disease. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

87. The National Origins Quota Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants a. to the percentage equal to the numbers already in the U.S. b. from Mexico and Central America. c. who were Jewish. d. who could enter the U.S. on temporary working visas.

87. Which of these is not a criticism of the functionalist perspective on social inequality, from a conflict perspective? a. The belief that economic interests are the primary force shaping social organization is overly simplistic. b. It is a mistake to believe that the greatest rewards always go to the most talented. c. Some of the most vital jobs for the survival of society are very low status and low-paid. d. The system of inequality leads to underutilization of the skills of those people at the bottom.

87. Within world systems theory, the term for the network of production and labor processes by which a product becomes a finished commodity is . a. commodity chain b. manufacturing model c. division of labor d. product development route

88. According to Durkheim, in particular are vehicles for the creation, expression, and reinforcement of social cohesion. a. rituals b. mantras c. totems d. priests

88. The poverty line refers to a. the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household, as determined by the government. b. the minimum amount of money a household needs to be considered middle class. c. the amount of money a family needs to be comfortable. d. the average hourly wage of the poorest workers in a society.

89. According to , men and women fill complementary gender roles and this arrangement benefits society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. social control theory

89. Persons with the perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minority person needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible. a. assimilation b. acculturalist c. cultural pluralism d. blending

9. According to modernization theory, a. social change involves increasing complexity, differentiation, and efficiency. b. social change leads to an international division of labor. c. social change results from neocolonialism. d. social change is the result of some nations having more power than other nations.

9. The feudal societies of Europe in the Middle Ages are an example of a(n) system of stratification. a. estate b. caste c. class d. socialist

90. A problem with the assimilation model of analysis of group relationships is that it a. takes no account of the time that it takes certain groups to assimilate. b. places too much emphasis on the different histories of Black and White immigrants to this country. c. places too much emphasis on the salience of skin color as a factor affecting the assimilation process. d. focuses too much attention on the social class of the immigrants.

90. According to the perspective, the fundamental problem of the health care system is that it produces some problems that contribute to disharmony in society. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

90. Which of the following groups represent the largest number, not percentage, of people in poverty? a. White. b. African American. c. Hispanic. d. Native American.

91. The refers to the number of live births a woman will have over her lifetime at the current rate in her country. a. total fertility rate b. fecundity rate c. total growth rate d. composite growth rate

91. Weber's analysis of the Protestant ethic demonstrates a. that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture. b. the matriarchal nature of Protestantism. c. the weaknesses of Emile Durkheim's views on the functions of religion. d. that religion does serve as a type of drug for people who are disadvantaged in life.

91. emphasizes the way in which government, science, and health care are all interrelated and contribute to the stable nature of society. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Exchange theory

93. The percentage of women and children living in poverty has been increasing. Sociologists refer to this phenomenon as . a. the feminization of poverty b. gendered poverty c. the gender gap d. the Titanic phenomenon

93. The perspective of feminism has been used to support many legal changes to bring about greater equality for women in the United States. a. liberal b. socialist c. radical d. multiracial

94. Most scholars of international development believe a. that fertility levels are affected by levels of industrialization. b. that there is no relationship between development and population. c. that large populations impede development. d. that agriculture affects fertility but industrialism does not.

97. A popular perspective on poverty among policy makers is that poverty is caused by bad habits and values. This perspective is called the . a. culture of poverty perspective b. value-stretch perspective c. delinquent culture thesis d. situational perspective

98. Immunization against childhood diseases is widely taken for granted. In reality, how is immunization distributed throughout the U.S.? a. Many inner city and rural residents are suspicious of or don't understand the importance of immunizations for children. b. Government health care programs have been particularly effective in reaching children in urban areas. c. Special attention is always given to the Appalachian region of the U.S. where a larger percentage of children are vaccinated than in other parts of the country. d. Childhood immunizations are the one type of health care service that is not extremely stratified in terms of its distribution.

98. Research studies about the religiosity of Asian Americans indicate that a. religious practice and belief among Asian Americans frequently changes between generations. b. the youngest generation currently worships more intensely than their parents and grandparents did. c. assimilation has had little effect on religious beliefs. d. traditional Hindu and Confucian practices have all but disappeared among Asian Americans.

98. The Civil Rights Movement a. was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi. b. was the first movement working for the rights of African Americans in the U.S. c. was originally motivated by the establishment of Affirmative Action legislation. d. was large but ineffective.

99. How is access to health care in the U.S. distributed throughout the population? a. Health care is more available in urban and suburban areas than in rural areas. b. Native American reservations have more health clinics for the population than most other areas of the country. c. Women are seen as needing more help and receive far more attention than men. d. Health care is one thing that members of minority groups and Whites have fairly equal access to.

99. Which of the following is false in regards to Western influence in the Middle East? a. Cultural influences are not connected in any way with stratification. b. Western influence is considered degenerate by some traditional leaders. c. Exposure to Western ways of life is a threat to traditional ways of life. d. The influence of Western culture has been pervasive.

104. The program begun in 1938 under the Franklin Roosevelt administration that provides medical care for the poor, those on welfare, and for the disabled is called . a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Health Maintenance Organization d. Social Security

1. A college graduate examines her income and wealth in relation to others. She is interested in a. Social differentiation b. Social stratification c. Social equality d. Social change

10. Approximately of children live with one parent. a. one-fifth b. one-fourth c. one-third d. one-half

10. percent of women are in the paid labor force; percent of men are in the paid labor force. a. 77; 40 b. 60; 72 c. 40; 90 d. 72; 60

100. If a Jim as a sociologist is focused on how the absence of work values is a cause of poverty for a population. He is using a argument. a. structural causes of poverty b. culture of poverty c. class analysis d. natural disasters.

100. The types of religious organization that tend to be seen by society as primary and most legitimate are . a. sects b. churches c. cults d. factions

100. Which of the following is true about the situation in Iraq and terrorism? a. Al Qaeda leaders come from the poorer classes which is part of their resentment against the U.S. b. Prior to the U.S. war on Iraq, Iraq had a thriving middle-class economy. c. Terrorism is never premeditated. d. The families of suicide bombers do not benefit from their loved ones' deaths.

101. The generally held primary objection to Affirmative Action is a. that it has not been effective. b. the use of quotas. c. it doesn't go far enough to equalize education. d. the fact that it doesn't apply to the private sector.

101. is the situation in which human beings do not have enough money for basic survival. a. Relative poverty b. Absolute poverty c. Irreversible poverty d. Official poverty

103. Under the rules for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) there is a lifetime limit of years for people to receive welfare benefits. a. two b. five c. eight d. ten

43. What type of marriage is most common in the U.S. today? a. serial monogamy b. monogamy c. polygamy d. polygyny

106. Newly industrializing countries (NICs), a. with large populations have not developed much. b. have shown rapid economic development. c. are located primarily in Africa. d. are the result of governmental, not individual, investments.

11. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 a. requires married fathers to be paid more than unmarried men. b. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work. c. requires companies to pay men and women equally within the company. d. requires education and experience to be the only factors used to determine pay.

11. The number of single-father households is and are likely than single-mother families to experience severe economic problems. a. increasing; more b. increasing; less c. decreasing; more d. decreasing; less

11. What type of system did black workers experience during South Africa's period of Apartheid? a. estate b. caste c. class d. socialist

12. Colonization ended soon after . a. World War I b. World War II c. the Industrial Revolution d. the Enlightenment

13. Class systems differ from caste systems in that one's status in a class system may be , to some extent; while in a caste system it is not. a. ascribed b. achieved c. economic d. social

16. One of the major goals of No Child Left Behind was a. to limit racial segregation in schools. b. to narrow the racial achievement gap. c. to increase funding to minority schools. d. to rewrite curricula to be more racially diverse.

16. The United Nations estimates that the value of women's unpaid work amounts to at least . a. $800 billion b. $11 trillion c. $50 billion d. $140 trillion

16. Which of these is an illustration of the concept of out-group homogeneity? a. Members of some minority groups are perceived as being very similar to the dominant group in society. b. Members of a set of minority groups, such as Laotians, Chinese, Japanese, and Indonesians, are perceived as being similar enough to share a general category (Asian). c. Members of all groups considered minority groups in a society are perceived as having the same biological backgrounds. d. Members of some ethnic groups, such as Italian, German, and French, are considered similar enough to the dominant group so they are no longer considered minority groups.

17. Which of the following does not apply to all minority groups? a. possessing characteristics generally considered different from the dominant group b. being smaller in number than the dominant group c. sharing a sense of group identity d. experiencing prejudice and discrimination in society

17. is unusual in that there is far greater sharing of household responsibilities than in most other nations. a. Japan b. China c. Britain d. the United States

18. What has been the outcome of No Child Left Behind? a. The racial achievement gap has narrowed. b. The racial achievement gap has widened. c. Test scores have improved for most students. d. There has been no change in test scores.

18. When Bob is engaged in work that sustains life such as elder and child care he is doing . a. nonwage labor b. care work c. public labor d. non labor work

18. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the informal education system in many poor nations? a. It does not prepare students for agricultural work. b. It does not prepare students for the modern world. c. It reinforces gender inequality. d. It ignores the role of government in education.

19. Recently, obesity has become a. a minimized problem. b. defined as a public health problem. c. an individual issue. d. largely solved.

2. Gail is arguing that women are more hormonal and men are more aggressive. She is using which of the following arguments? a. Social constructionist. b. Biological determinism. c. Gender Socialization. d. Intersexed.

2. Schooling refers to a. informal education. b. formal, institutionalized education. c. mandatory education. d. luxury education.

20. Stereotypes are a. generally only applied to a few groups within any society. b. oversimplified statements of belief about members of a particular group. c. understood to apply only to a few members of any particular group. d. generalizations about minorities groups by the dominant group.

21. John shows off his new car and clothes to other students. He is exhibiting an example of . a. class consciousness b. conspicuous consumption c. social differentiation d. social stratification

21. Sects are a. fundamentalist organizations. b. offshoots of establishes churches. c. followers of charismatic leaders. d. devoted to a specific cause.

21. The impact on an individual's social identity when they are devalued due to an identifiable characteristic is termed . a. disability b. stigma c. minority d. accommodation

22. The principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent and obvious about them. a. stereotypic b. salience c. prejudice d. perception

23. Religion has been the basis for social movement activity in what major social movement? a. Gay Rights Movement b. Civil Rights Movement c. Equal Rights Movement d. Church versus State Movement

23. Which of the following is not a salient characteristic specified by the text? a. hair texture b. tone of voice c. skin color d. nose shape

24. Double deprivation refers to a. women and children being disproportionately impoverished. b. women bearing a larger share of global poverty than men. c. the result of a cycle of poverty. d. the likelihood of men to control to means of production.

24. In biological terms, the combination of an X and a Y chromosome establishes a person's sex as . a. female b. male c. hermaphrodite d. transgender

65. Which of these statements about peripheral countries is false? a. they are the largely agricultural countries b. they lack natural resources c. they are often politically unstable d. they exercise little world power

24. In the United States a. it is very common for people to start out poor and yet achieve great wealth. b. most people live their entire lives as members of a social class very close to the one they were born into. c. a person's individual achievements have no effect on their social class. d. most individuals move down the social class ladder during their lifetimes.

25. The highest incidence of poverty anywhere in the world is in . a. East Asia b. sub-Sahara Africa c. Eastern Europe d. the Arctic

26. Beth a sociology major is trying to determine what she owns and how much she owes in debt. From this she will be able to determine her . a. class position b. wealth c. income d. prestige

26. The principle of holds that stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often applied interchangeable from one group to another. a. cultural relativism b. stereotype interchangeability c. selective identity d. universal applicability

27. Jokes that use humor to stereotype a group as stupid or inept are often repeated substituting different ethnic groups. This is an example of the concept of . a. cultural relativism b. stereotype interchangeability c. selective identity d. universal applicability

28. A traditional stereotype of African Americans is that they are inherently lazy. This stereotype has also been applied to Hispanics, Polish, and Irish groups. This is an example of . a. cultural relativism b. the principle of stereotype interchangeability c. ethnic inferiority d. retrospective determinism

28. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the change in the governments of Eastern Europe, what changes have most of the second-world countries undergone? a. They now have democratically elected governments. b. They have moved toward a market economic system. c. They have returned to a more agricultural type of society. d. They have grown substantially in size.

28. income is defined as the midpoint of all household incomes. a. Mean b. Median c. Modal d. Measured

3. A relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth is called . a. social differentiation b. social stratification c. social inequality d. social status

3. Betty lives with her husband, their daughter, and her grandchildren. Betty lives in a/n family. a. matrilineal b. extended c. nuclear d. patrilocal

3. Which of these statements regarding the variability of a group's ethnic identity is true? a. A group's ethnic identity is constant; it does not change over time. b. Ethnic identity may form or is strengthened when a group is excluded from participation by more powerful social groups. c. Ethnic identity can only change when one changes their place of residence or marries someone of another ethnicity. d. Ethnic identity is always imposed involuntarily.

30. Prejudice is a. always positive. b. usually negative. c. neither positive nor negative. d. equally positive and negative.

30. When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about: a. gender equality. b. gender differences. c. female dominance. d. conservative sex differences.

31. Research on cohabitation has found that a. the likelihood of cohabitation is greatest among suburban residents. b. couples who cohabited prior to marriage have lower levels of marital quality than couples who did not. c. cohabiting is decreasing as younger people are returning to traditional values. d. few cohabiting households have children.

31. is the evaluation of a social group based on misconceptions about the group. a. Racism b. Prejudice c. Discrimination d. Bias

32. A prejudiced person is likely to have: a. positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and positive attitudes toward members of an out- group. b. positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes toward members of an out- group. c. negative attitudes towards members of an in-group and positive attitudes toward members of an out- group. d. negative attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes toward members of an out- group.

32. Which of the following characterizes wealthy countries? a. Industrial and rural b. Industrial and oil producing nations c. Newly industrialized countries d. Nations with large populations

33. Most of the wealth represented by the Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest people and families in the U.S. a. has been earned in the oil industry. b. is inherited. c. belongs to major athletes. d. is earned by an individual during their lifetime.

34. Research on socialization into prejudiced attitudes indicates that a. children tend to be free of prejudice until around the ages of 9 or 10 years old. b. there is a close correlation between the racial and ethnic attitudes of parents and those of their children. c. children and young adults who believe they can think for themselves are able to avoid taking on their parents racial or other prejudices. d. most people today are unaffected by parental prejudices since the media has become so important.

34. Sociological studies of patterns of family violence have found that a. violence in lesbian and gay relationships is as common as in heterosexual relationships. b. the most common form of child abuse is neglect. c. most perpetrators of elder abuse are men. d. overall, violence in the family has been declining.

34. The Parkers are in the upper class and earned all their wealth in the last year from a very successful business. The Parkers are considered part of the: a. upper-upper class. b. nouveau riche. c. achieved class. d. ascribed caste.

34. The research that The Bell Curve by Hernstein and Murray was based on is considered flawed by many because a. the studied included only fraternal twins, not identical twins. b. twins raised in similar social environments were more similar than those raised in very different social environments. c. the twins that were studied were too diverse in terms of sex and racial or ethnic background. d. only White, middle-class twins were studied.

35. When germ theory first became established as the foundation of medicine, a. there were still no American physicians. b. the practice of medicine was transformed into a science. c. more people could help prevent illness so doctors become less important. d. the American Medical Association took credit.

35. While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is . a. internal b. overt behavior c. hidden d. disposition

36. Durkheim's emphasis on rituals and shared meanings fits with which types of sociological theory? a. conflict theory and functionalism b. functionalism and symbolic interactionism c. symbolic interactionism and conflict theory d. exchange theory and functionalism

36. Modernization theorists argue that developing countries benefit greatly when they a. encourage government intervention in the economy to spur economic development. b. let the natural forces of competition determine which individuals become successful and which do not. c. colonize weaker nations on their borders. d. stem from a single economic system.

37. Breast cancer is most likely to afflict a. African American women. b. White women. c. Latina women. d. Asian women.

37. It is the belief of that religion was developed by the oppressed to relieve their distress. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

37. Martha works in a female dominated occupation and makes less than most men in the labor market. Her lower pay can be explained by . a. differences in human capital b. a dual labor market c. differential association d. the existence of a power elite

37. Neocolonialism, the continued control of low-income countries by wealthier nations, is maintained primarily through a. military intervention by the industrialized powers. b. the indebtedness of the poorer countries to wealthier nations. c. political sanctions imposed by core countries. d. multinational corporations

38. In the U.S., social factors are correlated with religious identification. For example, a. older people are more likely than younger people to express no religious preference. b. those in higher income brackets are most likely to identify as Jewish or Catholic than those in the lower income brackets. c. fundamentalist Protestants are most like to have the highest incomes. d. Asian-Americans are the most likely racial-ethnic group to say that religion is very important in their lives.

38. In the primary labor market a. there is a high turnover rate and low wages. b. jobs are relatively stable, wages are good, and there are ample opportunities for advancement. c. women and racial-ethnic minorities are more likely to be employed than in the secondary labor market. d. jobs are short-lived and workers suffer poor work conditions.

4. The emergence of the nuclear family in the United States was a result of which major event? a. The American Revolution b. The Industrial Revolution c. The Civil Rights Movement d. World War II

4. Which of the following is true regarding graduation rates? a. Since 1940, Hispanic students have had the highest graduation rates. b. Since 1940, White students have had the highest graduation rates. c. Since 1940, Black students have had the highest graduation rates. d. Since 1940, Hispanic, White, and Black students have had equal graduation rates.

40. As a result of gerrymandering, remains a problem in the U.S. a. economic inequality b. residential segregation c. racism d. the digital racial divide

40. The sociological perspective that defines classes in terms of their structural relationship to other classes and their relationship to the economic system is the . a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. symbolic interactionist perspective d. exchange perspective

41. According to Marxian conflict theory, as capitalism progresses a. the professional-managerial class will become part of the elite. b. many of those in the middle class will drop into the working class as they are pushed out of managerial jobs into working class jobs. c. corporate mergers will redistribute wealth from being in the hands of the few to society's "havenots." d. the classes will become polarized with no overlap or mobility.

41. Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women's employment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false? a. Sociologists see sexual harassment as a means that men use to protect their power in the workplace. b. Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women. c. Women in traditionally male-dominated jobs experience the most harassment. d. Men's preserving of their advantage in the workplace is evidence that women are viewed as sex objects.

42. According to the text, there are different forms of racism. Overt, obvious racism, such as physical violence or the use of racial slurs is termed . a. aversive racism b. old-fashioned racism c. covert racism d. neo-racism

42. Demographic statistics indicate that the world's poorest countries have: a. the highest death rates and the lowest birth rates. b. the highest death rates and the highest birth rates. c. the lowest death rates and the highest birth rates. d. the lowest death rates and the lowest birth rates.

42. While Marx predicted a specific set of events, which of the following actually occurred? a. The middle class was pushed into the working class. b. The middle class remains fragile while the upper and lower classes grow. c. The upper class has been overthrown by the working class. d. The working class is growing in size and power.

42. Within the U.S., polygamy a. is widely practiced among Mormons. b. is illegal. c. is legal for some Native American groups. d. does not exist.

43. Consistently avoiding contact with people of different races than one's own would be considered an example of , a. old-fashioned racism b. aversive racism c. neo-racism d. traditional racism

43. How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women? a. Women experience overt discrimination. b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages. c. Women's work is devalued in comparison with men's. d. Women have less power than do men.

45. What is the general pattern for marriage within the U.S.? a. Marriages are across social classes as often as within the same social class. b. Most people marry someone who shares similar social characteristics. c. Americans marry without regard to race or class. d. People in the U.S. tend to marry people whom they think will help them achieve a higher social class.

46. Attitudes toward gender roles have changed so that today a. only 10 percent of men think that one parent should stay at home while the other is working. b. both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household. c. women no longer believe they will be discriminated against in employment. d. men and women both agree that gender discrimination should be illegal.

46. The most important predictor of Bobby's class location is . a. his income b. his wealth c. his inheritance d. his debt

46. Which of the following is the measure used to address women's development status by sociology of development theorists? a. commodity chain b. gender inequality index c. capability index d. human poverty index

47. High school and college graduation rates are not the same for all racial-ethnic groups. In fact, a. Blacks have the lowest graduation rates compared with Whites and Hispanics. b. Hispanics have the lowest graduation rates, compared with Whites and Blacks. c. Hispanics have graduation rates that are equal to those of Whites. d. Blacks have graduation rates that are equal to those of Whites.

47. Prior to industrialization, a. the nuclear family was the cultural ideal in the U.S. b. the household was the center for production and distribution of goods. c. men were responsible for economic life and women were responsible for domestic life. d. men worked in wage labor outside the home, and women and children labored at home.

48. According to the concept of biological determinism a. the physiology of any person may be manipulated in order to alter that person's sex. b. social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics. c. the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg and the sperm meet during human reproduction. d. the interplay of culture and biology is what makes shapes human behavior.

48. What impact did industrialism have on the family in the U.S.? a. it brought more production work into the household b. it created an economy based on cash instead of domestic production c. small family businesses took the place of production for household use only d. women were able to earn as much or more than men for the first time

49. Educational tracking and racial profiling are both examples of . a. color-blind racism b. institutional racism c. aversive racism d. Jim Crow racism

49. The condition that has generally been called hermaphroditism is now often termed being . a. transgendered b. intersexed c. transsexual d. dichotomized

5. What is the difference between stratification and differentiation? a. Differentiation is based on different social status, stratification is not. b. Differentiation is not necessarily unequal, but stratification is. c. Stratification develops in many groups and organizations, but differentiation is less common. d. Stratification exists in modern societies, and differentiation exists in previous societies.

5. families may find it necessary to have all family members working. a. Migrant b. Poor c. Extended d. Fictive

50. A poor community in the U.S. wants to increase the life chances of its best students. It must contend most with school _____________ . a. curriculum b. funding c. unresponsive teachers d. socialization

50. is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration. a. Contact theory b. Scapegoat theory c. Pluralist frustration theory d. Functionalist theory

51. From a sociological perspective, what is the relationship between sex and gender? a. Physical differences determine one's gender. b. Biology alone does not determine a person's gender. c. Gender is completely socially created. d. There is no relationship between gender and biology.

52. According to functionalist schools provide along with learning skills. a. stratification b. social control c. labeling d. equality

52. The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society members of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory? a. conflict theory b. functionalist theory c. symbolic interactionism d. authoritarian personality

53. According to the family as an institution reinforces and supports power relations in society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. exchange theory

53. According to the text, what is the role of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in world poverty? a. They have lent money to political dissidents causing political instability. b. They have required restructuring that limits government spending on human services in nations that have borrowed money to support their failing economies. c. They have limited the amount of food that may be grown using funds they have lent to developing countries. d. They have drastically reduced funding for the poorest nations.

53. From a(n) perspective unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. interpretivist

54. The process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society is called . a. cultural relativism b. assimilation c. amalgamation d. cultural affiliation

54. theorists view families as essential to maintaining inequality in society. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Social exchange

83. believe that the more stratified a society, the less likely that society will be to benefit from the talents of all its citizens. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Feminists

55. The examples of India and China as newly industrializing countries are notable because they demonstrate a. that communist countries can develop economically. b. that countries with large populations may experience successful economic development. c. that economic development may take place without industrialization. d. how economies can improve without government investment.

55. theorists argue that families serve to socialize children into being obedient workers and good consumers to fit the needs of capitalism. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Social exchange

56. The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called . a. sexual differentiation b. gender socialization c. gender polarization d. sexual norm internalization

57. The idea that Asian Americans are a "model minority": a. is accurate. b. obscures obstacles to success. c. underestimates the contributions of other minorities. d. acknowledges poverty among Asian American groups.

58. In regards to the intersection of race and class, Black Americans a. in the middle class are not segregated from whites as are poorer Blacks. b. are more likely to be working class than are whites. c. are more likely to be middle class than working class. d. look more like Asian Americans that Whites.

58. The view that race intersects with class to shape one's experience in the social structure is a perspective related to . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

59. Measured by their average education and income levels, most women would be considered a. poor. b. working class. c. middle class. d. upper class.

6. According to functionalists, families serve all of the following basic social needs, except: a. socializing the young. b. providing education to members. c. providing physical care for members. d. regulating sexual activities.

60. Sociologists have found that most of the problems faced by households headed by women are primarily the result of a. the absence of male authority figures. b. the threat of poverty that is connected with being a single mother. c. the psychological pressure of heading a household. d. excess media attention that creates the perception of a problem.

60. The perspective that argues that minority groups' life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called . a. functionalism b. the intersection perspective c. social interactionism d. social exchange theory

60. Which of the following is true about the effects of gender on stratification? a. Based on their own income and education levels, most women would be considered middle-class b. The median income for women is far below the national median income level. c. When women have as much education as men, they have jobs that pay as well. d. Women are more likely than men to work in upper-middle class jobs.

60. Which of the following is true about using annual per capita gross national income (per capita GNI) to measure the wealth of nations? a. It accurately reflects what individuals actually receive in wages. b. Per capita GNI reflects each person's share of their country's production, not wages or pay. c. It effectively measures informal exchanges and bartering in which resources are exchanged. d. It accurately reflects what families actually receive in wages or pay.

61. As a consequence of women's greater labor force participation a. families are taking more time for "quality family time" than ever before. b. families are experiencing a significant increase in the pace of life. c. families are finding they do not need men's income and they have more flexibility. d. families have become increasingly affluent.

61. Since the passage of Title IX in 1972 a. gender inequality in the schools has disappeared. b. discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal. c. boys and girls receive the same treatment by teachers. d. while treatment by teachers is still unequal, books now feature equal numbers of boys and girls.

61. What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status? a. There is none; many people are "selftaught" and work their way up the corporate ladder. b. The higher one's occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal of formal education. c. Many years of formal education virtually guarantees one will have a high prestige job. d. Many high prestige jobs require little formal education.

62. believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms of resistance to oppression. a. Functionalists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Social exchange theorists

64. At the time of their "discovery," Native Americans had: a. a common language. b. heterogeneous cultures. c. suffered devastating diseases. d. shared values.

64. When Jake adheres to traditional male gender roles he is more likely to: a. ignore gender roles b. take risks and produce physical daring c. become gender neutral d. none of the above

64. Young people establishing relationships today a. tend to follow the pre-established norms of dating. b. have replaced the process of dating with hooking up. c. have no desire for long-term relationships. d. get involved sexually without concern about the stigma of a bad reputation.

65. Being single in the U.S. a. is still a stigmatized status for women in particular. b. is increasingly not due to divorce, but to never having been married. c. is preferable to being married. d. is still rare once a person reaches the age of 30.

65. How are occupation, class, and education related? a. One's social class is heavily influenced by level of formal education. b. One's occupation is heavily influenced by social class background and formal education. c. Elite boarding schools that prepare students for elite occupations are attended by members of all social classes in equal proportions. d. Education provides upward social mobility for all, regardless of class.

65. Social mobility occurring within a generation is called mobility. a. intergenerational b. intragenerational c. extragenerational d. co-generational

65. Which of these statements regarding the position of Native Americans in this country is false? a. Native American populations were devastated by European diseases from which they had no immunity b. Only about one-fourth of Native Americans live on or near reservations today. c. Historical accounts have underrepresented the vast cultural and social heterogeneity of tribes prior to European conquest. d. Today Native Americans have the highest poverty rate of any group in the U.S.

66. Central to the operation of slavery was the belief that: a. People can change castes. b. Human beings could be property. c. Domination of slavery did not involve the relationship between men and women. d. Individuals are less efficient than a whole society.

66. During its early years of nationhood Brazil declared itself a "racial democracy." What was the effect of this? a. Brazil does not have any racial problems, unlike other South American countries. b. People continue to be stratified according to their color. c. Separate parliaments exist for each of the several designated racial categories. d. Most of the leaders of Brazil have been Afro-Brazilian.

66. What is the relationship between educational test scores (e.g. SAT and ACT) and social class? a. There is no relationship between educational test scores and income. b. As average family income goes up, so do SAT scores. c. SAT scores are unpredictable, regardless of parents' social class and income. d. Social class does not have much effect on SAT and ACT scores.

67. The sociological view of marriage is that it a. is a romantic and loving union of two individuals. b. involves a complex set of social dynamics. c. is a private matter separate from other institutions. d. cannot be studied using sociological methods.

68. Conceptually, modernization theory is an outgrowth of theory. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. social control

68. The perception that a class structure exists and the feeling of shared identification with others in one's class is referred to as . a. false consciousness b. class consciousness c. normative consciousness d. stratified consciousness

69. According to theory, countries remain poor when traditional customs and kin relations discourage individual achievement. a. dependency b. modernization c. world system d. social exchange

7. The countries are typically poor and largely agricultural. a. core countries b. peripheral countries c. semi-peripheral countries d. hybrid countries

70. Demographic changes have increased the likelihood of divorce in the U.S. the primary example of this is a. the aging of the U.S. population which results in later age at first marriage. b. longer life expectancy which increases the length of many marriages beyond what they would have been in the past. c. the decreasing number of children that forces couples to focus more on each other. d. the skewed sex ratio that gives women many more choices for potential partners.

70. The extent to which standardized tests accurately predict future college grades is called the of the tests. a. reliability b. predictive validity c. assessment capacity d. analytical viability

71. What was the basis of the definitions of class identified by Karl Marx? a. level of education b. relationship to means of production c. ownership of agricultural land d. amount of net wealth

71. While it does not apply in every case, modernization theory does help explain how became successful through an emphasis on a national work ethic. a. Brazil b. Japan c. the United States d. Indonesia

72. According to the text, individual people do not need to be sexist in order for there to be sexism. How do sociologists explain this? a. Sexism is a natural part of life and of being human, so it doesn't matter what the individual does. b. Sexism has become embedded in the structure and ideology of social institutions. c. Even when people are not consciously being sexist, it is part of their subconscious so it still comes out in different ways. d. Sociologists do not agree that it is possible for there to be sexism without individuals being sexist.

72. Which of the following is most true about a college student entering a college today? a. They come from high schools that are less segregated than in 1980s. b. They come from high schools that are more segregated than in the 1980s. c. They come from high schools that have mixed classes. d. They come from schools where busing continues to integrate students.

72. created a class system within the Chicano community. a. Capitalism b. Wealth being concentrated in the hands of a few ranchers c. Slavery d. A social structure of exclusion

73. According to , poverty results from the dependence of low-income countries on wealthy nations. a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. world systems theory d. social exchange theory

73. The Jones Act of 1917 a. banned further immigration from Puerto Rico. b. extended U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans. c. closed the border with Mexico. d. permitted Cubans to enter following the Cuban Revolution.

74. What is the primary difference between Marx's and Weber's views of social class? a. Weber disagreed that classes were formed around economic issues. b. Weber disagreed that economic forces are the primary basis for stratification. c. Weber disagreed that there could be more than one dimension to stratification. d. Weber did not believe that economic forces had any impact on other aspects of life.

74. Which of these statements about patriarchy is false? a. The term refers to a society in which men have power over women. b. Patriarchy refers to interactions and ideology in the public sphere only. c. Patriarchy is very common throughout the world. d. Forms of patriarchy vary from society to society.

75. According to dependency theory, today's global system of inequality originated a. with the emergency of agricultural societies. b. in the 1600s as European countries began to industrialize. c. in the 1850s as the U.S. began to industrialize. d. at the end of World War II (1945).

96. William Julius Wilson rejects the explanation in favor of a social/economic explanation of racial differences. a. Moynihan b. culture of poverty c. cultural deficiencies d. inner city

75. When unemployment became very severe in Puerto Rico, during the early to mid-1970s the U.S. government responded by a. encouraging Puerto Ricans to migrate to the U.S. to find work. b. attempting to reduce the Puerto Rican population to the extent of promoting sterilization of women. c. providing more opportunities for millions of Puerto Ricans to obtain a college degree. d. banning further immigration from Puerto Rico.

76. Separating students according to some measure of cognitive ability (ability grouping) is most commonly called . a. cognitive differentiation b. tracking c. classroom stratification d. student leveling

76. Weber believed that a. class and access to life chances are totally unrelated. b. while power is linked to economic standing, economic standing alone is not always the source of people's power. c. systems of stratification are not part of the social structure. d. microlevel analysis is more valid than macrolevel analysis.

76. is a system by which Western nations became wealthy by taking raw materials from colonized societies and reaping profits from products finished in the homeland. a. Profiteering b. Colonialism c. Imperial dependency d. Royal exploit

78. According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) what has been the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation? a. Although a gap in achievement scores still exists between students of color and White students, the gap has decreased some. b. A gap between the achievement scores of students of color and White students not only still exists, but has gotten wider. c. The gap in achievement scores for students of color and White students in secondary school has virtually disappeared. d. There has been no change in relative achievement scores for more than 10 years.

78. Which of these statements regarding the validity of the human capital theory as it applies to the pay gap is true? a. There is no evidence that human capital theory explains the difference in men's and women's earnings. b. While factors such as education and age do affect earnings, the earnings of men and women with the same levels of education and prior experience are still unequal. c. Women earn less than men because they work fewer hours. d. Research indicates that there is actually no difference in men's and women's wages when the type of work is taken into account.

79. The 1913 Alien Land Law of California limited ownership and prohibited land from being inherited. This law was aimed at preventing from establishing themselves in the U.S. a. Mexican b. Japanese c. Chinese d. Irish

79. The labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion ladders, and few benefits. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. fringe

79. Which of the following would a student likely focus on if they are interested in reforming the U.S. approach to healthcare? a. A lack of specialist for surgery b. A lack of preventive health care c. A lack of medicine for disease d. None of the above

8. According to , education supports the needs of a capitalist economy. a. functionalists b. conflict theorists c. symbolic interactionists d. feminists

8. Countries that are partly industrialized but extract profits from poor countries to pass on to core countries are called . a. Third world countries b. Semi-peripheral countries c. Exploitative countries d. Core zones

80. The increased prestige of medicine and status of physicians coincided with a. the founding of the U.S. as an independent nation. b. the establishment of medicine as a science. c. the immigration of physicians to the U.S. from other countries. d. the discovery of penicillin.

80. The largest concentration of Koreans in the U.S. today is located in a. San Francisco. b. Los Angeles. c. Washington, D.C. d. New York.

80. What is the relationship between Christianity and governance within the U.S.? a. The U.S. effectively separates all religion from government. b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion. c. The U.S. incorporates holidays and rituals of all faiths equally into its public observances. d. The government of the U.S. prohibits religions other than Christianity.

81. Sociologists sometimes measure the intensity and consistency of a person's faith. This is termed . a. theism b. religiosity c. devotion d. fundamentalism

81. Which of these countries was made a commonwealth of the U.S.? a. Mexico b. Philippines c. Korea d. Vietnam

81. are examples of former colonies that have achieved economic success. a. Ethiopia and Somalia b. Singapore and Hong Kong c. France and Great Britain d. Japan and China

82. Like other immigrant groups, Middle Eastern immigrants . a. spoke primarily English upon their arrival b. formed ethnic enclaves c. have very high poverty rates d. were of higher classes than most Americans

83. As medicine became a profession in the late 19th century, it also developed into a stratified system. How was medicine stratified in terms of race and class? a. Only white women of all classes were taken seriously as physicians. b. Folk medicine, including midwifery, became identified with rural and lower social classes. c. Black men were recruited to be trained as physicians to serve in rural areas. d. Attending medical school was widely used by men of all classes to raise their social status.

83. In terms of religious identification the U.S., the largest recent increases have been for people who identify as . a. Catholic and Lutheran b. evangelical Protestant and Muslim c. Buddhist and Hindu d. atheists

83. The group collectively referred to as White AngloSaxon Protestants (WASPS) who settled in the "New World" did not include the . a. English b. Irish c. Scotch d. Welsh

83. What does the text conclude about the causes of inequality in wages between men and women? a. Human capital is the best explanation of the wage gap. b. Wage inequality is the result of multiple factors that operate together to put women at a disadvantage. c. Dual labor market theory offers the best explanation for unequal wages. d. Overt discrimination is the best explanation for the gender wage gap.

84. Which sociological theory argues that the elite shape societal beliefs and practices in order to make their own privileges appear legitimate and fair? a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction d. Social exchange theory

85. Christianity would be categorized as a religion. a. polytheistic b. patriarchal c. matriarchal d. land-based

85. Studies have found that lesbian women are more likely to be open about their sexual identity at work when they a. work in occupations traditionally defined as "men's work." b. work predominantly with other women and have women as bosses. c. become the targets of sexual harassment. d. are stereotyped as lesbian and have their "true gender identity" questioned.

86. A new addition to World Systems Theory is a focus on which explains how differential profits are attached to the production of goods and services in the world market. a. the neo-Marxists b. the new international division of labor c. differential association d. public policy

86. Sociologists believe that the most important factor in reducing the incidence of AIDS is a. new drug protocols for treatment. b. understanding the social networks and social norms for transmission of the disease. c. a great deal more funding for health care clinics worldwide. d. education for protection against the disease.

87. What term did Durkheim give to the body of religious beliefs that give people a sense of belonging? a. false consciousness b. collective consciousness c. ritualized consciousness d. interactive identity

87. Which of these statements regarding the second shift is false? a. A large number of men and women report that they find emotional gratification and social support at work. b. The gender gap in the amount of domestic work done by men and women has virtually disappeared. c. Women are more likely than men to be caring for aging parents. d. Women report stress as one of their greatest concerns.

88. From the perspective, the inequality inherent in our society is responsible for the unequal access to medical care. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

89. Today, about what percent of the U.S. population was officially categorized as poor? a. 3 b. 14 c. 31 d. 44

89. are most likely to believe that health care reflects the inequalities in society. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction theory d. Social exchange theory

9. The Minangkabau society in Indonesia is one where women have power over men. The Minangkabau is an example of a/n society. a. patriarchal b. matriarchal c. sexist d. apartheid

90. From a perspective, men have historically had the power to benefit from women's labor and devalue women's work. a. symbolic interactionist b. conflict c. functionalist d. social exchange

90. Weber believed that the search for signs of religious salvation supported the development of . a. religion b. capitalism c. socialism d. Protestantism

90. Which of these statements about the world economic system is true? a. Everyone in core countries benefits from the world system. b. Low-wage sweat shops are found in all countries. c. No one in peripheral countries benefit from the world system. d. World systems theory no longer has any usefulness for understanding global inequality.

91. The Jones family's income is $500 dollars above the poverty line. Which of the following is most accurate about their circumstances? a. The poverty line is a good indicator of their circumstances. b. The poverty line is misleading and only a cutoff for antipoverty programs. c. People below the poverty line are different than those above it. d. None of the above.

92. A Latino family lives in a neighborhood with only other Latino families. This is referred to as . a. Cultural amalgamation b. Hypersegregation c. Cultural accommodation d. Cultural co-optation

92. According to the perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization has lead to excessive cost. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

92. The rate of poverty among people in the United States has since 2000. a. been steadily decreasing b. been steadily increasing c. remained the same d. been impossible to measure

92. Which of these is a problem for countries with high birthrates? a. competition among adults over custody of the younger generation b. strains on public services such as schools and hospitals c. a lack of workers and the need to import labor d. a low death rate

93. According to the perspective, structural inequality is a major source of problems within the health care system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. interpretivist

93. When an Amish family maintains its traditions in America it is an example of . a. assimilation b. cultural pluralism c. integration d. amalgamation

94. According to the text, of families headed by women live below the poverty line. a. one-fourth b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds

94. Which of these statements about segregation in the U.S. is true? a. De jure segregation still exists. b. De facto segregation still exists. c. There is very little segregation in the U.S. today. d. Segregation is more vital today than in the past.

94. feminism is a more radical perspective that interprets the origins of women's oppression in the system of capitalism. a. Liberal b. Socialist c. Multiracial d. Conservative

95. Which of these is most likely to be a problem for low-income countries? a. lack of a labor supply b. infant death due to dehydration c. overproduction of greenhouse gas d. an aging population

96. Which type of feminism is most concerned with the interrelationship of race, class and gender? a. socialist feminism b. multiracial feminism c. gendered institutions d. "doing gender"

97. Symbolic interactionists who have studied the meanings conveyed during interaction between health care providers and the poor have found that a. the poor are more likely to be given careful, accurate health care information. b. the poor are treated as if they should be happy with whatever care they get. c. relationships between health care workers and the poor are more positive than those with higher income patients. d. the poor have more options than middle-income people about where to go for care.

97. The largest religion in the world (measured in numbers of followers) is . a. Islam b. Christianity c. Hinduism d. Buddhism

97. The major force behind the most progressive social change in race relations in the U.S. was a. an upturn is the economy during the 1960s and 1970s. b. the Civil Rights Movement. c. the end of the "Cold War." d. the "Bakke decision" ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court.

97. Which of these statements is true about the global division of labor? a. Women are less affected than men by the globalization of manufacturing. b. Women and children are often the cheapest laborers. c. The only corporations that do not exploit women's labor are U.S.based multinationals. d. Women are not as much a part of the workforce as men.

98. Which of the following is false in regards to the status of women globally? a. In general women's status is lower in lowincome countries than in wealthier countries. b. Poverty is usually experienced more by men than by women. c. The status of women globally is monitored by the United Nations. d. Poverty among women has declined in some places around the world.

99. Religious extremism a. is not found anywhere except the Middle East. b. frequently fuels violent behavior, and is fed by religious intolerance. c. only pertains to Christianity. d. is only an individual phenomenon; it has no connection to social groups.

99. Research aimed at evaluating the culture of poverty argument has found that a. most of the poor are chronically poor, over several generations. b. a major event such as divorce, illness or death is often the cause for falling into poverty. c. the majority of the poor are poor throughout their entire lives. d. the poor are most often unemployed, regardless of their ability to work.

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding global stratification? a. Global stratification is stratification of individuals on the basis of income only. b. Global stratification exists in most countries. c. Global stratification is a hierarchy of countries on the basis of wealth. d. Global stratification is a recent phenomenon.

10. Since education became mandatory, a. education has had no influence on inequalities in society. b. education has increased inequality in society. c. education has reduced many inequalities in society. d. education has been the primary cause of inequality in society.

10. What is the current practice of the U.S. Census for reporting one's race? a. A person may select a single race as their identity. b. A person may select what they consider their primary, and also their secondary, racial identity. c. A person may select as many racial categories as they feel applies to them. d. A person may select a single race or a single ethnicity.

101. According to the text, which of these groups is least likely to utilize health services? a. Whites b. African Americans c. Hispanics d. Native Americans

101. Cults form around leaders with great , a quality attributed to individuals believed by their followers to have special powers. a. humility b. intelligence c. charisma d. compassion

101. The current generation has grown up taking many of the accomplishments of the women's movement for granted. Which of the following is not one of these accomplishments? a. laws against sexual harassment b. access to birth control c. equal pay between men and women d. more participation in politics

102. Current welfare policy was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act (PRWRA) in a. 1930 b. 1964 c. 1996 d. 2010

102. Research indicates that Blacks who have been admitted to selective colleges and universities under affirmative action programs a. later dropped out in large numbers because they were unqualified. b. completed their degrees without any significant achievement. c. had high rates of social and economic success after graduation. d. were not told they were enrolled under affirmative action guidelines.

103. What is the role of religion in the process of social change? a. religion may be oppressive, but not liberating b. religion may be liberating, but not oppressive c. religion may have a conservative influence, but may also be liberating d. there is no connection between religion and social change.

104. According to the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act (PRWRA) a. all states must offer the same level of benefits to their residents in poverty. b. states may offer welfare benefits that are more generous than those of PRWRA, but they must not provide any less. c. states have the right to be more restrictive in terms of benefits than the guidelines offered by the PRWRA. d. welfare benefits are now only provided at the federal level.

104. In the U.S., current attitudes toward the role of women in religion a. have changed very little over the past 25 years. b. keep women from attending divinity school. c. support the ordination of women clergy. d. favor keeping women out of religious roles.

105. International data on poverty and hunger indicates that a. for many it is possible to live a somewhat healthy life, even on just $1 a day. b. there is not enough food in the world to feed the hungry. c. the current trend is a reduction in the number of malnourished people worldwide. d. rapid population growth is the biggest cause of poverty.

108. How do the textbook authors assess the overall impact of globalization? a. it has done more harm than good b. it has done more good than harm c. it has had both positive and negative impacts d. the impact of globalization is neutral

12. Mrs. Thompson often feels like there is too much to do and too little time to do it. Mrs. Thompson is experiencing: a. parenthood. b. a commuter marriage. c. social speedup. d. role stress.

13. According to world systems theory, poverty is the result of: a. adherence to traditional values and customs. b. dependence on wealthy nations. c. core nations extracting labor and resources from peripheral nations. d. racial inequality.

13. Which of the following statements is true regarding work and family life? a. Men, but not women, have increased the number of work hours over the past several decades. b. The expectations of men in the home have decreased over time. c. Men are more involved in family life than in the past. d. Women are moving away from the labor force for the first time in many years.

14. Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as: a. gender socialization. b. overt gendering. c. doing gender. d. matriarchy.

14. John lives and works in Mississippi. He is part of a commodity chain because a. he makes a product that is produced only in his town. b. he works at a company making brass plates sold around the world c. he is part of global production and labor process connecting him with other regions of the world d. all of the above

14. The position one holds in relation to the economic, political, social and cultural resources in a society is called one's . a. social achievement b. social organization c. social class d. cohort

15. Which of the following is false regarding social class? a. Social class shapes one's access to resources in society. b. It is not possible to directly observe social class. c. It is not possible for people to change whatever social class they are born into. d. People in the same social class share similar opportunities.

16. Max Weber called the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class . a. strata indicators b. social attributes c. life chances d. social anomalies

17. Which of the following best describes U.S. maternity leave benefits? a. Supportive of working class families b. Comparatively better support than developing nations c. Unsupportive of families d. In the middle of all countries in terms of support

19. Which of these statements about social class is false? a. Social class may be observed in the everyday habit of a person. b. The social class one is born into has enormous consequences for one's life. c. Social class is personal and individual, not social structural. d. Social class is major determinant of life chances.

2. In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must a. look different than the members of other ethnic groups. b. speak the same language as other members of the group. c. share an identity they see as different from that of others in society. d. have a shared system of norms and values.

2. In the United States, interracial marriage is: a. illegal. b. decline for all social groups. c. increasing, but infrequent. d. common among the lower classes only.

20. When a child learns social expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female, s/he is engaging in the process of addressing: a. sexuality b. role playing c. gender d. sex

22. Which of the following is not a component of the multidimensional poverty index? a. health b. education c. access to technology d. standard of living

33. When a student takes a standardized ability test administrators learn . a. about their political and creativity b. about their spatial ability c. about their aptitude ability d. about their athletic ability

23. Research on biological determinism has found that a. a strong correlation exists between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels. b. changes in testosterone levels predict changes in levels of men's aggression. c. there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood. d. children born with mixed biological sex characteristics are more aggressive than other children.

23. What is the sociological term for the process by which people end up in any given position in the stratification system? a. stratification achievement b. ascription c. status attainment d. goal orientation

24. Which of the following statement is true about salient characteristics? a. Salient characteristics are not culturally specific. b. Salient characteristics change over time. c. Salient characteristics differ in various countries. d. Salient characteristics are constant over time.

25. Barbara is a very close family friend - she is actually considered part of the family. Barbara may be considered a. an othermother. b. compadrazgo. c. fictive kin. d. extended family.

25. When it comes to gender stereotypes, a. men are generally stereotyped more negatively than women. b. the same stereotypes are most often applied to both men and women. c. stereotypes about women are more negative than those about men. d. men are not subject to stereotyping.

26. The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except: a. require all people to purchase a health insurance plan. b. prohibit insurers from rejecting customers based on preexisting conditions. c. provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18. d. require employers to provide health insurance for employees.

27. According to the text, which of the following would be considered a latent function of education? a. socialization b. occupational training c. social control d. credentialism

27. In order to address the complex causes behind an individual's identity, sociologists emphasize: a. sex only. b. gender only. c. both sex and gender. d. neither sex nor gender.

27. The stepfamilies that are often created by divorce and remarriage a. rarely involve stepchildren. b. receive a great deal of institutional support. c. take many different forms today. d. utilize existing social norms and institutional support to help them through conflict.

27. The total volume of goods and services produced by a country each year, divided by the size of the population is called the . a. production index b. the net national product (NNP) c. per capita gross national income (per capita GNI) d. the consumer index

28. In the U.S., one's SAT score may be used is a "proxy" measure of one's social class. What does this mean? a. The SAT score is a more realistic measure of social class than income or education. b. SAT scores are the best predictors of how well a student will do in college. c. Family income is strongly correlated with scores on the SAT exam. d. SAT scores are more related to race than income.

29. In general, are likely to attribute poverty and lower class status to individual disposition or personality, while are more likely to attribute the cause of poverty to discrimination and lack of opportunity. a. lower-income people; middle-class people b. women; men c. middle-class people; lower-income people d. middle-class people; member of the upper class

3. The majority of the wealthy countries, as measured by the GNI in 2007 were in: a. North America. b. Asia. c. western Europe. d. the Middle East.

30. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2010) about percent of the population over the age of 15 is single. a. one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds

30. How is the measure of occupational prestige determined? a. Employers are asked how prestigious they believe their businesses are. b. Employees are asked to evaluate the prestige of their jobs. c. A nationwide sample of people are asked to evaluate a series of different jobs. d. Jobs are ranked according to how much they are paid.

31. If a study abroad student was to go to a county with high levels of equality he or she will go to: a. Trinidad b. Brazil c. Sweden d. China

31. In 2007, in order for a person to be in the top 400 wealthiest people in the U.S. one had to have more than in wealth. a. $1 million b. $100 million c. $1 billion d. $100 billion

31. When Bob assumes all women should have the same status and behave in the same way his expectations about gender: a. Only influences females. b. Only influences males. c. Influences both males and females. d. Positively influences males

32. When the SAT was first introduced in the late 1940s, it was supposed to be an objective predictor of academic ability. How well does the SAT predict future achievement? a. High school grades are much better at predicting future performance than results of the SAT. b. The SAT has proved to be a good predictor of future academic achievement. c. Results of the SAT are a better reflection of class and social environment than academic ability. d. The SAT, while not perfect, is much more accurate and objective than high school grades as a predictor of future achievement.

33. How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way? a. Some people seem to just naturally have negative feelings about others who are not like them. b. Children are rarely prejudiced until they enter school and are influenced into prejudice by their peers. c. Socialization into prejudiced attitudes occurs in the family, as well as through the media and peers. d. Deviant individuals are more likely to be prejudiced than conforming individuals.

33. The Jones divorce was less likely to be negative on their children because . a. they used lawyers b. they when through long debates involving the children c. they remained amicable. d. they involved their children in financial solutions

33. What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender? a. gender apartheid b. gender roles c. gender stratification d. gender assignation

33. Which of these statements related to global stratification is true? a. All people in poor countries are poor. b. Poor countries lack natural resources. c. The majority of the world's population lives in poor countries. d. Poor countries are more urban than wealthy countries.

34. If a student visits a country with a high gini coefficient the population is characterized by: a. equal income distribution b. high levels of wealth distributed to the bottom earners c. inequality d. little wealth

36. Research on discrimination in housing has found that a. discrimination in housing is less important than other forms of discrimination. b. when two people of different races apply as tenants for the same housing both are equally likely to be accepted or turned down. c. members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing in situations in which a White person is not. d. reverse discrimination, or discrimination toward a White person is equally as common as discrimination against minority group members.

38. Measurements of economic inequality indicate that a. the income gap between Blacks and Whites has closed in recent years. b. net worth among all groups is now relatively equal. c. the poverty rate is higher for Blacks and Hispanics than it is for Whites and Asians. d. poverty among members of racial minority groups has been increasing since the 1960s.

39. Sociologists who analyze class using a conflict perspective a. see class basically as a continuum. b. argue that class is basically a matter of what individuals possess in terms of income and prestige. c. see class as defined by the relationship of the classes to the larger system of economic production. d. base their views on the early work of Emile Durkheim who pointed out the dysfunctional consequences of division of labor.

39. Which of the following is an example of a primary labor market job? a. seasonal work b. retail sales c. a corporate management position d. a waiter or waitress

4. The example of the Navajo berdaches serves to illustrate what concept? a. biological determinism b. hermaphroditism c. social construction of gender d. gender stratification

4. The majority of the poorest nations, as measured by the GNI in 2007 were in: a. Asia. b. Europe. c. Africa. d. North America.

4. Which of the following mostly likely happened to the Joneses if they were in the top 1 percent of earners in 2009? a. They saw a decrease in income. b. They saw a large tax increase. c. They saw little or no decline in net worth. d. None of the above.

40. Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of family? a. a social unit of those related through marriage, ancestry or adoption b. a group who are committed to maintaining the group over time c. a social unit related by blood and bound together by love d. a group who engage in economic cooperation

40. Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation? a. Most women work in occupations that have roughly equal numbers of male and female employees. b. Men are concentrated in fewer occupations that women are. c. The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay. d. Legislation has had little effect on gender segregation.

41. A pattern of relationships that define people's family relationships to one another is the definition of a(n) . a. institution b. relational network c. kinship system d. social organization

41. Increasing diversity in society creates new challenges for the health care system. The text notes that immigrants to the U.S. a. are generally treated better than native born Americans. b. tend to feel most satisfied with their health care when their physician is White. c. experience social distance from health care providers that makes them reluctant to seek care. d. seek out medical professionals from their home countries.

41. When workers work in one country and live in another county they represent . a. global culture b. political exiles c. transnational communities d. global outsourcing

42. Gender segregation in occupations a. is not very prevalent, although it does exist. b. tends to disadvantage men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations. c. reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women. d. advantages the most experienced women over men.

43. Compared with other countries, the populations of the world's richest countries are a. getting larger. b. younger. c. getting smaller. d. staying the same.

43. Comparing the health status of high income people and lower income people is used by the text to demonstrate that a. illness and disease may strike anyone from any particular social class. b. the effects of social class are less dramatic in the area of health than in other areas. c. social circumstances have an effect on health. d. poor people do not care about taking care of themselves.

44. A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that a. functionalism is a macrosociological perspective and conflict theory is not. b. conflict theory recognizes the role of gender within the social structure and functionalism does not. c. conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender. d. functionalism advocates for change more than conflict theory.

44. According to the text, the U.S. currently spends about of its gross domestic product on health care. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent

44. In some societies a married couple is expected to move in with the husband's family. This is called a system. a. patrilineal b. matrilineal c. patrilocal d. matrilocal

44. Which of these is most likely to be a problem for the overall population of high-income countries? a. inadequate sewage system b. lack of access to clean water c. overproduction of greenhouse gas d. low-birth weight for newborns

45. Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in . a. 1778 b. 1860 c. 1900 d. 1920

58. When expectations are converted into reality or actual performance, this is called . a. reality tracking b. performance prophecy c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. predicted expectations

45. Holding the belief that one does not notice racial differences, and that discussing race only perpetuates racism, would be considered . a. old-fashioned racism b. traditional racism c. color-blind racism d. institutional racism

47. According to the United Nations, a. throughout the world women's poverty has been decreasing. b. women's share of representation in governments has been decreasing, despite some gains in education. c. women have achieved near-equity with men in terms of primary education. d. women continue to lag behind men in education outcomes.

47. If an administrator engages in institutional racism he or she is is able to apply which of the following? a. party b. class c. power d. prestige

48. According to the United Nations, how does violence affect women in different countries? a. Violence against women has become much less of a problem in the developed or industrialized world. b. It is not possible to discuss violence cross-culturally because it is such an individualized problem. c. Violence against women results at the societal level from gender roles and norms that tolerate violence. d. Income is a much more important determinant than gender in regards to violence.

5. As measured by the GNI, the United States is: a. very poor. b. poor. c. wealthy. d. very wealthy

5. Bob is going to a private school. He is most likely attending a . a. a secular school b. a school for alternative students c. a religious or parochial school d. homes school

50. As of 2008 the pattern of home foreclosures in the U.S. is a. that foreclosures are occurring at the same rate in all neighborhoods. b. middle-class neighborhoods have been able to avoid foreclosures. c. that greater the proportion of Blacks in a neighborhood the higher the rate of foreclosure. d. five foreclosures for Black families for every one foreclosure among Whites.

50. Historically, family structure in the U.S. a. has been essentially the same for all social classes and racial-ethnic groups. b. has remained strongly nuclear, despite varying social conditions for different groups. c. has been shaped by slavery, migration, poverty, and laws that impeded family formation. d. has been unaffected by public policies.

52. When Barbara was a child her view of femininity was shaped by her family but also the media. The media is an example of a(n) ___________. a. objective perspective b. neutral perspective c. cultural gatekeeper. d. total identity

53. Contact theory argues that under certain conditions interactions between Whites and members of minority groups will reduce prejudice within both groups. This theory is a type of theory. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. social exchange

54. How is the pattern of wealth distribution in the U.S. influenced by race? a. Asians are a "model minority." b. Black families have lower levels of wealth than white families. c. Discriminatory practices in banking and housing have resulted in inequality of wealth, even after several generations. d. The patterns of wealth distribution in the U.S. is not influenced by race.

54. The perspective focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students and teachers interact. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

54. Which of these statements regarding social and physical differences between men and women is true? a. Gender differences are the same in every culture. b. All perceived differences between men and women are natural and biological. c. For any given trait there is as much or more difference within a given gender group as between groups. d. Biological makeup is more important than social influences in creating differences between men and women.

55. Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one's appearance. Studies of gender identity and body image have found that a. among preschool children, girls have lower self-concept related to body image than boys do. b. in early adolescence boys compare their bodies with others' of the same sex more than girls do. c. by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance. d. once men and women reach the stage of being in college they are equally likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies.

55. Which theoretical perspective is the concept of the teacher expectancy effect associated with? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminist theory

56. A teacher believes that Latinos are poor at math. Interaction between a Latino student and the teacher has the affect of encouraging the Latino student to fail. This phenomenon is called . a. sorting b. a latent function c. the expectancy effect d. tracking

56. Which theory argues that race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories? a. functionalist theory b. social conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

57. In the debate over whether class or race are more important as the source of inequality, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that a. the disadvantaged status of minority groups is more a matter of race than class. b. ignoring skin color and cultural differences is the only way to solve the country's problems of racism. c. changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life chances of different groups. d. the social construction of race is a myth.

57. focus on the processes through which people learn social identities through their interactions with others in a family. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction theory d. Feminist theory

58. From a(n) perspective, married couples create for themselves an identity that is influenced by the definitions others in society have of marriage, in addition to their own definitions. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. exchange theory

58. Gender socialization a. only affects men and women in their relationships with others. b. is consistent and uniform for all men and women. c. influences all aspects of society and daily life. d. may be completely avoided if a person is conscious of it.

59. The process of labeling a student a "good student," the attention the teacher pays to that student, and the adjustment of a student's behavior to meet expectations is explained by theory. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

61. Which of the following is false about multinational corporations in the global economy? a. They have contributed to the exploitation of the poor peripheral nations. b. Multinationals' search for cheap labor has encouraged lowskilled workers to immigrate from poor to richer nations. c. Multinationals have created a poor and dependent workforce that is predominantly white. d. They have contributed to racial tensions between people from different countries.

61. Which of the following is most accurate if Bobby is under the age 10? a. He is less likely to be poor because he is under the age of ten and teens make up most of youth poverty. b. He has the same chance of being poor because all age groups are equally likely to be poor. c. He is more likely to be poor because children are the age group most likely to be poor. d. He is less likely to be poor because the elderly are the age group most likely to be poor.

62. Regarding commuter marriages the text notes that a. commuter marriages are among the most affluent types of families. b. transportation costs have resulted in a significant decrease in commuter marriages. c. many poor and working class couples have commuter marriages that do not fit the common stereotype of the commuting professional couple. d. despite the stereotype, this type of marriage is still very rare.

62. The United States is assumed by many to be a , a system in which one's status is based on accomplishments. a. democracy b. pluralist society c. meritocracy d. status attainment society

63. According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is not a negative consequence for men the results from conformity to gender roles? a. Gender norms discourage intimacy with other men, affecting friendships. b. Conformity to gender norms increases risk-taking behavior that may result in death or injury. c. Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being as diagnosed with eating orders as often as women. d. Traditional norms of aggressiveness can lead some men to act violently against women.

63. Research on children in gay and lesbian households has found that a. children of gay and lesbian parents are more likely to be gay or lesbian than the children of heterosexual parents. b. children of gay and lesbian parents are far greater psychological problems than the children of heterosexual parents. c. there is very little difference in outcomes for the children of gay and lesbians and the children of heterosexuals. d. children of gays and lesbians tend to hold very stereotypical ideas about gender norms.

63. Sociological research on the effect of education on occupation and income has found that a. for all groups, getting an education makes it possible for one to move into the upper classes. b. public education has ensured that people from all social classes have an equal chance of achieving higher incomes. c. for middleclass Whites, education improves one's chance of getting a middleclass job, but entering the upper class is unlikely. d. scholarships have enabled working class students to attend elite schools in large number, significantly improving their chances of securing elite positions.

63. Understanding race and ethnicity as social constructions is a significant contribution of . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

63. Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be stratified on three levels. The countries that comprise a kind of middle class in this stratification system are the . a. core countries b. peripheral countries c. semi-peripheral countries d. hybrid countries

66. Research indicates that men and women of different races have different expectations regarding gender roles. Which of these statements regarding expectations of different groups is true? a. Hispanic men have stronger beliefs than White men that men and women should have different characteristics. b. African American men are more likely than African American women to support feminism and egalitarian views of men and women's roles. c. Asian American women are more likely than Asian American men to value egalitarian roles for men and women. d. African American women are socialized to be more dependent on men than are White women.

68. A problem with the terms "Latino" and "Latina" is that they a. only refer to Mexican Americans and are not inclusive. b. refer only to Latin Americans in the U.S. for several generations. c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category. d. are not used by sociologists.

69. A major criticism of standardized ability tests is of what they consider "standardized" knowledge. In fact, research indicates that they a. predict future school performance for African Americans better than for Whites. b. predict future school performance for women better than for men. c. predict future school performance for White males better than for others. d. are not able to predict future school performance for people with any particular social trait.

69. In regards to homophobia and gender socialization, the text argues that a. homophobia plays little role in gender socialization. b. there is no connection between homophobia and gender norms. c. homophobia may have serious negative consequences for both heterosexual and homosexual men and women. d. while homophobia has an influence on male socialization it has not affect on the socialization of women.

69. Which of these statements is true about the status of Puerto Rico relative to the U.S.? a. Puerto Rico is a state in the United States of America. b. Puerto Rico is a colony of the U.S. c. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth with its own constitution. d. Puerto Rico has no formal relationship with the U.S.

7. Which of these statements regarding the racial system in Brazil is false? a. In Brazil a person is considered Black only if they have no discernible White ancestry. b. A person who might be considered Black in the U.S. would be considered white in Brazil if they had high socioeconomic status. c. Brazil has successfully created a nation in which there is no social inequality based on race. d. The racial system in Brazil is different from that of the U.S.

70. Modernization derives some of its thinking from the work of who argued that the value of individual achievement emphasized by Protestants promoted economic development during the Industrial Revolution. a. Emile Durkheim b. Herbert Spencer c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx

71. Comparative research finds that women are more nearly equal to men in societies where a. women perform a lot of the domestic labor. b. women have responsibility for child care. c. women have access to education. d. work is highly segregated by sex.

71. Mothers in transnational families a. in general spend as much time with their children as other mothers. b. generally are able to take their children with them from place to place. c. have expanded their definition of motherhood to include breadwinning. d. earn less than had they stayed in their native countries.

71. The SAT and IQ tests a. were meant to measure achievement, not potential. b. are not used much within the U.S. education system. c. were designed by middle-class White males. d. have had an equalizing effect on education for women and minorities.

72. Which of these groups best corresponds to the "lumpenproletariat" identified by Marx as subdivision of the working class? a. managers and administrators b. workers c. the homeless and permanently poor d. the owners of the means of production

72. Which of these is not a criticism of modernization theory presented in the text? a. it is based on the assumption that wealthier countries like the U.S. have superior values b. it ignores factors that are outside of the control of the poorer nations c. it places too great an emphasis on the role of government in influencing economic development d. it does not take into account the relationships that exist among countries

73. Karl Marx used the concept of to explain why people who do not benefit from a capitalist system would still support it. a. surplus value b. power and prestige c. ideology d. lumpenproletariat

74. A Zuni fetish, a Christian communion wafer, and Native American sacred land are all examples of . a. sacraments b. the secular c. totems d. deities

74. According to dependency theory, under colonialism European powers a. promoted the development of their colonies as a way of increasing profits. b. helped colonies to improve the production of their goods in order to sell them on the global market. c. kept colonies underdeveloped to avoid competition from them. d. fostered the political independence of colonies so they could protect colonial investment.

74. Natural differences in ability between people do exist. The general pattern is that differences in natural ability exist a. between racial-ethnic groups. b. between men and women. c. among the members of any particular group; they are not connected with group membership. d. between the U.S. population and other industrialized countries.

75. Moral proscriptions for behavior established by religions a. are always followed by adherents. b. are recognized as guides with no consequences for non-compliance. c. often come to be viewed as right and inviolable. d. are not typically taken seriously.

75. Until recently matriarchal societies have not been widely noted or discussed in the social sciences. Why not? a. Sociologists agree that matriarchal societies have never existed. b. Matriarchal societies existed prior to Christianity, but there are not contemporary matriarchal societies. c. The identification of matriarchal societies has been obscured by the application of Western ideas about power. d. There is no interest in matriarchal power within the social sciences.

76. The 125,000 Cubans who entered the U.S. in 1980 during the "Mariel boat lift," were largely . a. professionals b. skilled workers c. persons considered by the Cuban government as "undesirable" d. middle class and college educated

77. Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages a. as created by the different occupations men and women work in. b. by taking into consideration women's tendency to drop out of the workforce in order to have children. c. as the result of individual characteristics of workers. d. as being overstated.

77. Which of these statements does not describe one of the functions of religion? a. Religion establishes norms for behavior. b. Religion establishes moral proscriptions for behavior. c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism. d. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.

78. Weber's concept of is the political dimension of stratification. a. prestige b. class c. power d. status

78. Which of these statements about colonialism is false? a. Colonialism began as early as the 1600s. b. Much of Africa, Asia, and the Americas was colonized. c. All colonial powers were western European countries. d. Colonialism came to an end soon after WWII.

79. The United States is commonly described as being based on a(n) heritage. a. non-sectarian b. manifest destiny c. Judeo-Christian d. Anglo-Protestant

8. is concerned with how people define and negotiate family relationships. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. feminism

80. Which of these is not generally characteristic of multinational corporations? a. They conduct business across national borders. b. They buy materials and manufacture goods wherever it is cheapest. c. They have executives from each country in which they conduct business. d. They sell their products wherever they can make the highest profits.

81. When the American Medical Association was established in 1847, a. women who worked as midwives were some of the first members. b. it competed with several other organizations to influence medicine in the U.S. c. the organization worked to outlaw or delegitimize any alternative therapies. d. it influence on medicine in the U.S. was minimal.

82. As the practice of medicine became an upper-class profession, a. it attracted African American and Hispanic students. b. more women became doctors. c. it also became white and male. d. it embraced folk medicine.

82. Church membership and attendance in the U.S. a. is higher for men than for women. b. is higher for younger people than for older people. c. is higher for women than for men, and for older more than younger people. d. is fairly uniformly spread throughout the population.

82. Which of these statements best reflects the functionalist perspective on social inequality? a. The people with the most power set the rules to the benefit of themselves. b. Society is made up of various groups that are in constant struggle with each other over resources. c. The occupations that require the most training and involve the highest risk work are paid the highest. d. Some occupations are as important as others, but they do not receive as much pay because they tend to be occupied by women.

82. theory explains global inequality using the characteristics of individual nations; theory argues no country or set of countries may be understood in isolation from the others. a. Dependency / modernization b. World systems / modernization c. Modernization / world systems d. Modernization / dependency

83. The belief that poverty is the result of core nations extracting labor and natural resources from peripheral nations is central to . a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. world systems theory d. social exchange theory

84. More than of the world's Jewish population lives in the United States. a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 40 percent d. 50 percent

84. Which of these major world religions is polytheistic? a. Catholicism b. Protestantism c. Hinduism d. Buddhism

84. World systems theory focuses on a. internal factors in individual countries. b. patterns of migration and other population issues. c. the belief that there is a world economic system that must be understood as a single unit. d. neocolonial relationships between individual countries and their former colonizers.

85. According to , social change leads to an international division of labor that benefits the few who receive profits, while exploiting those in the poorest and least powerful nations. a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. world systems theory d. social exchange theory

85. Most women who acquire AIDS do so a. through intravenous drug use. b. through same-sex sexual contact. c. through heterosexual contact. d. through blood transfusions.

86. Anti-Semitism is the term for a. hatred of people of other races. b. fear and hatred of foreigners. c. hatred of Jewish people. d. hatred of Arab people.

86. Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is . a. the dual labor market b. gender segregation c. the second shift d. familial inequity

86. theory emphasizes cohesion in society, while theory emphasizes friction between groups. a. Conflict / functionalist b. Symbolic interactionist / conflict c. Functionalist / conflict d. Functionalist / symbolic interactionist

88. The term "transnational" refers to a. people who immigrate to another country seeking a better life. b. factories that are shipped to other countries where labor is cheaper. c. individuals who divide their time between countries, or families with members in different countries. d. refugees in camps waiting to return to their homes.

89. Which of these is not a criticism of world systems theory? a. Countries (like England) that were once the most powerful are no longer at the center of the world system. b. Core nations may be hurt by the world system through the loss of jobs. c. The world is no longer a set of economic interconnections between nations. d. Not everyone in a core nation benefits from the world system.

89. argued that cultural beliefs inspired by religious faith support other institutional systems within society. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx

9. The major cause of marital disruption today is: a. death of the wife. b. death of the husband. c. divorce. d. remarriage.

9. Which of the following conclusions is accurate regarding social mobility and education? a. Education is the strongest predictor of social mobility. b. Education is unrelated to social mobility. c. Education is related to some social mobility. d. Education is related to social mobility for those in the middle class only.

91. The feminist understanding of "doing gender" is a type of perspective within sociology. a. conflict theory b. structural functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. macrosociological

93. To , religion promotes stratification since it generally supports a hierarchy of people on earth and the subordination of humankind to an imagined divine authority. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber

93. Which of these statements best describes the relationship between population growth and economic development? a. It is clear that large populations have a negative impact on development. b. The relationship between population growth and development is consistent across all countries. c. The cases of China, India, and the U.S. indicate that high birth rates do not necessarily prevent development. d. Population size effects development, but development has no impact on population size.

94. The perspective highlights a number of socially constructed problems in the health care system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist

94. theory sees religion as a socially constructed belief system that emerges in different social conditions. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. Feminist

95. From a perspective, many types of social behavior may be based on the meanings that religion holds for people. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. feminist

95. Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory

95. William Julius Wilson believes the cause of the emergence of an urban underclass is a. the "culture of poverty." b. prejudice and racism. c. economic and social structural deficits in society. d. too much immigration from some areas.

96. The World Bank warns that about of the world's population will face severe water shortages by the year 2025. a. 5 percent b. one-fifth c. one-half d. two-thirds

96. The relationship between health care providers and patients, for example the patronizing use of "we" by some nurses, and calling patients by their first names, is most likely to be studied by the perspective. a. functionalist b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. social control

96. Which theoretical perspective best explains the process of religious socialization or how people become religious? a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. feminist

97. Which of the following statements regarding education and literacy is false? a. In high-income nations, education is almost universal. b. In nations people without education have little chance for success. c. In most nations throughout the world elementary school is mandatory. d. In low-income countries education takes place outside of formal schooling.

98. The culture of poverty explanation of poverty contends that poverty is the result of a. economic restructuring in the U.S. b. the status of women in the labor market today. c. a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor. d. the welfare system as it presently exists.

98. Throughout the world, where women are increasingly working as paid laborers, a. the division of household chores is usually equal between men and women. b. they do not do as much unpaid labor as men. c. they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly. d. they still do not make a significant contribution to the global economy.

99. The landmark Supreme Court case that established that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional was . a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Roe v. Wade c. Brown v. Board of Education d. none of these

1. A social category of people who share a common culture (i.e., language, national background or religion) is referred to as a(n) . a. minority group b. dominant group c. racial group d. ethnic group

1. The types of education in the U.S. include all of the following except . a. charter schools b. home schooling c. private education d. vocational education

1. Which of the following is not a feature of a kinship system? a. who is permitted to marry whom b. how property is passed on c. how power is distributed d. who cares for children

100. According to the United Nations, violence against women worldwide a. is an epidemic and one of the most pervasive violations of human rights. b. is difficult to document accurately in terms of the incidence. c. has been perpetrated by an intimate partner or family member against between 20 and 50 percent of all women. d. All of these choices are true.

100. The Black power movement of the late 1960s a. rejected assimilation. b. recognized the institutional power that Whites had over Blacks. c. advocated separatism, under the leadership of Malcolm X. d. all of the above

101. Which of these statements regarding the restructuring of the U.S. economy is false? a. manufacturing jobs are disappearing b. fewer men are the sole support of their families c. new jobs being created are low-paid d. men are filling the newly created service positions, leaving women unemployed

103. Social conditions have a significant effect on health. In fact, a. male occupational roles put them at greater risk than women of infectious disease. b. perceived discrimination against oneself is related to psychological and physical health. c. housewives have higher rates of illness than women who work outside the home. d. All of these choices are true.

106. According to the text, which of these is a not major contributor to skyrocketing health-care costs in the U.S.? a. increasing costs of hospital care b. the costs of malpractice insurance c. third party payment system d. high rates of uninsured

12. Group differences in IQ tests and SAT scores are related to all of the following, except: a. parental education b. childhood socialization c. social class status d. peer groups

12. In a caste system, one's place in the stratification system is an status; in a class system, one's place in the stratification system is an status. a. achieved; ascribed b. master; achieved c. ascribed; master d. ascribed, achieved

12. Today, women make up 97% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of: a. overt discrimination. b. sex stratification. c. patriarchy. d. occupational segregation.

13. An individual's ability to influence decisionmaking within a marriage is largely established through: a. social class. b. religion. c. the length of the marriage. d. the amount of money one earns.

13. In the 1890 U.S. Census, which of the following was not a racial classification? a. Chinese b. Quadroon c. Black d. Hispanic

14. Research on tracking has found all of the following, except: a. students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less. b. even students with the same test scores are put into different tracks according to their race and social class. c. less is expected of lower track students and so their academic performance is lower. d. detracking penalizes high achieving students.

14. Since 1960, the rate of divorce has , although it has since 1980. a. tripled; increased b. doubled; increased c. been cut in half; declined d. doubled; declined

15. Anita believes that the oppression of women is based on the capitalist economy. Anita is a: a. liberal feminist b. functionalist c. conflict theorist d. socialist feminist

15. Global migrants are characterized by which of the following? a. Victims of war b. Legal and illegal workers searching for work c. Low wage workers d. All of the above

15. The Barkers live in the U.S. Which of the following is true about their child care options? a. U.S. family leave policies cover all families b. U.S. family leave policies cover most family expenses c. The costs are reasonable for most families d. U.S. family leave policies do not address ongoing needs for child care

15. The process of racial formation is supported by: a. family members. b. the government. c. religious organizations. d. social institutions.

18. The Equal Rights Amendment: a. was passed in 1918. b. was passed in 1963. c. will be passed in 2012. d. has not been passed.

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group? a. They possess characteristics considered different from those of the dominant group. b. They suffer prejudice and discrimination within the society by the dominant group. c. Group members share a sense of solidarity and identity. d. Group members share common beliefs.

19. Which of these statements about the differences between men and women, as discussed in the introduction to the chapter, is false? a. Men earn 23 percent more than women. b. Men are more likely than women to die a violent death. c. Men interrupt others in conversation more often than women. d. Men live longer than women.

19. Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make about others is false? a. People make quick assessments and judgments about others in order to save time. b. The judgments people make enable them to process a great deal of information very quickly. c. Quickly categorizing the people one meets is a very common and widespread practice. d. Most of the time the quick judgments that people make are remarkably comprehensive and accurate.

20. What do sociologists use to measure social class? a. education level b. occupation c. income d. all of these

20. Which geographic region of the United States has the highest obesity rates? a. Northeast b. Northwest c. Southwest d. Mid-South

21. Ryan is assumed to be like all Lebanese people by a teacher. He is experiencing . a. a in-group homogeneity effect b. racial formation c. ethnicization d. out-group homogeneity effect

22. Substantial differences in the construction of gender may exist in all of the following, except: a. across social classes. b. between subcultures within a single society. c. among different racial and ethnic groups. d. within a single individual.

22. The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers and schools to provide . a. "rational aid" b. "equitable assistance" c. "practical help" d. "reasonable accommodations"

22. The Shakers were formed by breaking away from the Quakers. They are an example of a a. charisma. b. church. c. cult. d. sect.

22. Which of these statements is the best description of social class in the United States? a. There is a very simple class structure: a very few wealthy landowners and the majority of the population having no property. b. The social class system is very simple because throughout society there is relative equality. c. Social class status is determined almost exclusively by the occupation that one has. d. The U.S. system is elaborate; it could be depicted by a ladder with a different social class at each rung.

23. Medicare provides all of the following, except: a. medical insurance b. prescription drug plans c. hospital care d. dental care

23. Which of the following is false? a. High fertility rates are related to lower life expectancy for women. b. High fertility rates are related to women's degree of empowerment in the society. c. High fertility rates are lowered by providing women with education, property, and voting rights. d. High fertility rates are no longer a major factor in the context of poverty.

24. Which of the following countries spends the highest proportion of their gross national product on health care? a. Canada b. Greece c. Italy d. United States

26. In general, men and women differ physically from each other in all of the following ways, except a. men tend to have a lower resting heart rate. b. women tend to have lower blood pressure. c. men tend to have greater muscle density. d. women have greater endurance than men.

26. Which of the following statements is false about contemporary American families? a. There are fewer births today than in the past. b. The number of single-parent households has increased dramatically. c. Childbearing occupies a smaller percentage of parents' adult lives than earlier. d. Married-couple families have become the minority form of the family.

29. A comparison of the world's richest and poorest countries reveals that the poorest countries tend to be/have all of the following, except: a. be largely rural. b. be heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture. c. have large populations and high fertility rates. d. have a socialist government.

29. Which of the following is not a consistent outcome of SAT scores? a. on average, women of any ethnic group score lower than men of that group on the quantitative portion of the exam. b. African Americans, Latinos, and American Indians score, on average, lower than Whites. c. Asian Americans, as a group, have recently scored higher than Whites on the quantitative portion of the exam. d. Historically, racial minorities have scored higher than Whites.

3. Which of the following statements is false? a. Sex refers to biological identity, male or female. b. Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex. c. Gender is a more important concept to sociologists than sex. d. The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.

32. The Bakers are part of the upper class. Which of the following scenarios are they most likely to fit? a. They achieved their wealth. b. They were born in the middle class c. They are a family who have held wealth for generations. d. None of the above.

35. Religiosity is measured by sociologists using all of the following, except a. by asking about people's religious beliefs b. surveying people about their membership in religious organizations c. asking how often people attend religious services d. collecting information through the Census.

35. When a society excludes women from institutions in that society, it is practicing: a. religious sexism b. theological patriarchy c. economic segregation d. gender apartheid

35. Which of the following does not represent a reason why "middle class" is difficult to define? a. A very large portion, with widely varying lifestyles and resources, consider themselves middle class. b. Being middle class tends to mean more than just economic status. c. Calling oneself middle class is the norm in the U.S. d. The middle class is a very large and diverse group.

36. In the United States, the lower class a. has little formal education. b. is disproportionately people of color and women. c. includes the working poor. d. all of these

36. Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap? a. Men and women have different levels of prior experience and training. b. Men and women tend to be employed in different types of occupations. c. Women are discriminated against in employment and in wages. d. Women and men have been affected differently by legislation.

37. The urban underclass differs from others among the lower class in a number of ways. Which of the following is not one of these reasons? a. The urban underclass have no means of economic support. b. The working poor are more likely to engage in illegal activities. c. The urban underclass is very likely to be dependent on public assistance programs. d. The urban underclass consists of mostly recent immigrants.

39. Critics of dependency theory note all of the following, except: a. not all former colonies are impoverished today. b. some very poor nations were never colonized. c. it has been possible for former some colonies to improve their economic status. d. some nations have fought against colonialism.

39. Which of the following does is true about the Affordable Care Act? a. It is designed to include doctors in care. b. It is based on the idea that healthcare cannot be provided to everyone c. It provides support for the medical community. d. It extends coverage to the uninsured.

39. Which of the following is not a critical function that churches for African Americans? a. a defense against the damage caused by racism. b. a source of social and community services. c. as community centers and political units for their members. d. an educational tool for urban youth.

40. Which of these is not a problem within the U.S. health care system, as discussed by the text? a. unequal distribution of health care by race/ethnicity, social class, or gender b. unequal distribution of health care by geographic region c. inadequate health education of inner-city and rural parents d. inadequate health care for the elderly

43. Which of the following is false regarding social class in the United States? a. Social classes are becoming more polarized with the wealthy increasing their wealth and the middle class stagnating. b. Rising debt among the middle class has increased inequality between the classes. c. The lower class has little power to control their working environment. d. Tax policies favor the middle and lower classes.

44. Which of the following is not an element of laissez-faire racism? a. subtle and persistent negative stereotyping b. a tendency to blame blacks for the gap in economic standing c. resistance to policy efforts to alleviate racially oppressive practices d. an inability to understand non-racist viewpoints

46. Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered . a. traditional racism b. aversive racism c. color-blind racism d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism

46. In the past, state laws in the South and West prohibited education for . a. female children b. young children c. disabled children d. minority children

48. Class inequality in the United States have been growing due to all of the following, except a. the recent economic restructuring. b. the loss of savings and income. c. global economic changes d. Americans have unrealistic expectations of wealth.

5. Racial groups are defined by: a. Religious beliefs. b. The cultural and social norms within a society. c. Biological characteristics. d. How the groups have been treated historically.

50. According to the text, global stratification contributes to the threat of terrorism, particularly against the U.S. Which of the following is not one of the reasons why this is the case? a. Western culture is perceived as degenerate by some traditional religious leaders. b. The consumerism of American culture is seen as threatening to the traditional way of life in some countries. c. The sexual freedom and relative equality of Western women is seen as undermining traditional values in other countries. d. Religious extremists do not recognize the economic dependency of poor countries on wealthy countries.

51. Who benefits most from U.S. tax policies? a. the wealthy b. the poor c. the government d. corporations

52. The Black middle class a. does not experience racism. b. earns wages equal to those earned by the white middle class. c. is becoming more like the model minority. d. continues to experience segregation.

54. According to the text, world poverty is caused by all of the following except: a. unstable governments unable to provide basic services. b. economies reorganized to pay debt decreasing resources for human services. c. changes in the world economic system that have favored some economies over others. d. there is not enough food grown in the world to feed everyone.

55. Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on the part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except: a. the parties interact on equal ground. b. the contact is sustained. c. social norms favoring equality are agreed upon by the participants. d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.

56. The theoretical perspective that is most concerned with the fact that families are gendered institutions that reflect the gender hierarchies in society is . a. functionalism b. exchange theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. feminist theory

57. Which of these statements about gender socialization is false? a. Gender socialization impacts the self-concepts of both women and men. b. Gender socialization influences the social and political attitudes of both men and women. c. Gender socialization shapes the perceptions that men and women have about other people. d. Gender socialization causes all members of society to conform to gender expectation of society.

58. Global inequality is apparent in . a. life expectancy b. rates of infant mortality c. access to health services d. All of these choices are true.

59. Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that a. for boys and girls peers reinforce age and racial norms as well as gender expectations. b. gender norms are applied more strictly to boys than to girls. c. homophobia serves to reinforce gender norms. d. All of these choices are true

6. When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except: a. any religion interpreted in a fundamentalist way may be oppressive to women. b. the most devout believers of any faith tend to have the most traditional beliefs about the proper roles for men and women. c. both Christian and Islamic women have organized to resist sexist practices. d. Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.

6. Which of the following is true about stratification systems? a. Most societies do not have true stratification systems. b. Most societies share the same amount of complexity in their stratification systems. c. Stratification systems are somewhat unusual in modern societies. d. Stratification systems vary in degree and complexity of stratification.

64. The stratification function of schools includes . a. drawing on existing stratification b. sorting people into different categories c. sorting people into existing social categories d. all of the above

67. An overall assessment of the impact of compulsory education in the U.S. since inception in the 19th century would be that it a. deepened inequality between African Americans, Latinos and Whites. b. increased the amount of inequality between men and women. c. has equalized circumstances for women, and members of all groups in society. d. has reduced many inequalities in society.

67. Which of these statements about social mobility in the U.S. is true? a. Social mobility is most influenced by the characteristics of individuals. b. Being born into a particular generation may significantly influence chances for social mobility. c. Social mobility within the U.S. is virtually impossible. d. Most people remain in the same social class as their parents.

67. Which of these statements regarding the slavery system and the position of African Americans in the U.S. is true? a. Enslaved Africans passively accepted their positions as slaves. b. The Emancipation Proclamation marked the end of the economic exploitation of enslaved Blacks in southern agriculture. c. The northern migration of Blacks from the South to the North in the U.S. only served to worsen conditions due to the creation of urban ghettos. d. Pieces of the slavery system remain in the U.S. today.

68. Which of these statements regarding homophobia and gender expectations is false? a. Fear of being perceived as gay drives greater conformity to male gender norms. b. Homophobia has the affect of discouraging feminine traits, such as gentleness and empathy, in men. c. Men who endorse the most traditional masculine roles tend to be the most homophobic. d. While homophobia encourages gender norm conformity, it is not likely to promote hostility toward gays and lesbians.

69. Which of these statements about class consciousness in the U.S. is false? a. Americans do not tend to be very conscious of social class. b. In the U.S. the importance placed on individualism diminishes the existence of class consciousness. c. There is widespread belief that everyone has access to the same types of material comforts. d. Despite the absence of class consciousness, most Americans are aware that there is little upward social mobility.

7. According to functionalists, education accomplishes all of the following, except: a. socialization. b. occupational training. c. social control. d. teacher expectancy.

7. Unlike , see the gender division of labor as being based on stereotypes about men's and women's roles. a. functionalists; conflict theorists b. conflict theorists, symbolic interactionists c. feminists, symbolic interactionists d. functionalists; feminists

70. Which of the following is not considered a Latino group? a. Puerto Ricans b. Cubans c. Mexicans d. Hawaiians

72. Religion is an institutionalized system of by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning. a. symbols b. beliefs c. values d. all of the above

75. In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray estimate that intelligence is about percent genetically heritable. a. 30 b. 60 c. 40 d. 70

77. Chinese immigrants began migrating to the U.S. in the mid-19th century because: a. they desired the "American Dream." b. the Chinese government pushed them out. c. they were seeking religious freedom. d. the U.S. needed workers.

77. Colonization worked best for the industrial countries when the colonies a. were economically developed and producing their own goods for market. b. were given substantial autonomy making social and political decisions. c. had large educated the populations. d. kept underdeveloped so that they would not compete with the home country.

77. Critics of tracking argue that a. students in the higher tracks do not learn as much as others. b. the tracks are not properly divided; there should be different categories used. c. the lower track students get most of the teachers' attention. d. the students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.

78. According to the text, what proportion of Americans believes that religion can solve all or most of society's problems? a. one-fifth b. one-fourth c. one-half d. two-thirds

78. The most recent Asian Americans to migrate to the U.S. have come from . a. China b. Japan c. the Philippines d. Laos and Cambodia

8. Which of the following is not one of the groups within a feudal system? a. nobles b. priesthood c. commoners d. doctors

84. Obesity was first included in the Medicare Program as a disease in . a. 1920 b. 1965 c. 1996 d. 2004

88. Functionalists have been criticized for a. ignoring gender roles. b. emphasizing symbols in their approach to the study of gender. c. failing to see the merits of a conflict approach to the study of gender. d. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.

88. In order to limit the number of immigrants, the U.S. government did all of the following, except: a. created ethnic quotas that limited the number of immigrants from places other than western and northern Europe. b. subjected potential immigrants to literacy tests. c. applied I.Q. tests in English to immigrants who were not English-speaking. d. literally closed doors to keep immigrants out of the U.S.

9. John has a mixed-race background. He is most likely to experience which of the following? a. He fits well into categories of race. b. He is able to define his own social category of race c. He is someone who determines how he is categorized. d. He defies biological categories typically used to define race.

91. Which of these is not a criticism of the assimilation model? a. It does not consider the amount of time that it may take some groups to assimilate. b. It fails to recognize that the histories of Blacks and Whites in this country have been very different and have long-lasting effect. c. It ignores the fact that immigrants entering the U.S. at different times have faced very different economic conditions and demands for labor. d. It does not account for language barriers between groups.

92. "Religion is the basis for intergroup conflict." This statement most closely reflects . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. feminist theory

92. Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through social interaction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed . a. gender orientation b. feminist interpretivism c. institutionalized gender d. "doing gender"

95. Which type of feminism is most likely to view rape, domestic violence, and sexual harassment as mechanisms that men use to assert their power within society? a. liberal b. multiracial c. socialist d. radical

96. According to the text, the great majority of the homeless are on the streets because of unemployment and/or . a. substance abuse b. divorce c. poor mental health d. the lack of affordable housing

99. Which of these statements about the status of women worldwide is true? a. Although there have been few female heads of state, women's representation in parliaments worldwide has reach almost 50 percent. b. Recent trends toward the greater employment of women outside of the home has resulted in a decrease in the rates of violence against women globally. c. Across the board, women's status is higher in Western than in nonWestern countries. d. The global division of labor is gendered, with women providing cheap labor for manufacturing.

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