Sociology Chapter 8

antiracist allies

whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice.

no

Do prejudice ideas always flow from the dominant group to minorities?

White (nonhispanic) 60%, Hispanic or Latino 18%, Black or African American 13%, Asian 6%, American Indian 1%.

Give the percentages of Racial and Ethnic populations in the US

discrimination

Prejudice often but not always leads to

Prejudice and discrimination

Racism can express itself through

symbolic interactionism view of race and racial inequality

Real, physical bodies matter to the process, but it is the meaning attributed to these bodies that determines what racial categories exist, who will belong to them, and what they will mean.

weathering

Researchers use the term __________ to describe the ways that exposure to racism erodes one's health.

double-consciousness

W.E.B. DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States.

all Asians are good at math or all Mexicans are lazy

What are some examples of prejudice?

individual and institutional

What are the two forms of racism?

art, music, dance, dress, language, religious rituals

What cultural elements can cultural appropriation consist of?

race consciousness

What is the alternative to Color-blind racism?

Negroid, Mongoloid, Caucasoid (corresponding to black, Asian, White

What three groups did biologists use in the 19th century for humans

critical race theory

___________ encourages the inclusion of narratives from a multitude of intersecting voices and viewpoints.

pluralism

a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within society.

Assimilation

a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous.

Racism

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic.

minority group

a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though its members are not necessarily fewer in number then the dominant groups.

Ethnicity

a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor.

situational ethnicity

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation.

Prejudice

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it.

race consciousness

an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences.

Color-blind racism

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment. It is usually held by but not limited to whites, that we live in a society where racial prejudice and discrimination no longer exists, even though in reality it still does. Term coined by sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva.

Institutional discrimination

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it.

Racial microaggressions

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups.

ethnocentrism bind people together, even though it will dismiss minorities or people who don't "belong".

how do structural functionalists see racial inequality?

split labor market

in which one group of workers (usually defined by race, ethnicity, or gender) is routinely paid less than those in other groups, keeps wages low for racial and ethnic minorities, compounding the effects of racism with those of poverty.

passing

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong.

miscegenation

romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races.

cultural appropriation

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain.

white nationalism

the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture.

segregation

the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity.

Racial Profiling

the practice of suspecting that someone has committed a crime based on his or her race.

racial assimilation

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage.

cultural assimilation

the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture.

critical race theory

the study of the relationships among race, racism, and power

embodied identity

those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits.

privilege

unearned advantage according to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)

discrimination

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice

Race

a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

symbolic ethnicity

an ethnic identity that is relevant only on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life.

implicit bias

attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions.

individual discrimination

discrimination carried out by one person against another

reverse racism

the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and, therefore, experience social disadvantages

genocide

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group.

Internal colonialism

the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation.

population transfer

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied.