Sociology exam 1
A hypothesis can be defined as: A testable proposition Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them An attempt to explain large-scale relationships A way to explain different aspects of social interactions
a
A paradigm can be defined as: Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated
a
A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________. The Authority Effect The Hawthorne Effect The Cognizant Effect The Regressive Effect
b
A student notices that very few women in his university are studying to become engineers. What sort of sociological question could be based on this observation? Is there a neurological pathway in the female brain that causes women to avoid studying engineering? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, are there invisible barriers in higher education that prevent women from studying engineering? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, why are men logical thinkers, as opposed to women, who are emotional thinkers? Why are women biologically unequipped to compete with men in engineering?
b
Family, marriage, education, government, and religion are all examples of __________. subcultures social networks prejudices social institutions
d
In order to be deemed reliable, the results of a scientific study must be able to be __________. operationalized published validated replicated
d
Which of the following is an example of secondary data analysis (also called nonreactive research or unobtrusive research)? Gathering data from government studies Educating classrooms on the necessities of safe sex Interviewing heroin addicts and providing them with clean needles Volunteering at a local food bank and interacting with homeless persons
a
After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups. Feminist conflict theorist Symbolic interactionist Structural functionalist Conflict theorist
b
A small number of people that are used to represent a much larger population is called a: target group. sampling frame. sample. closed-format group.
c
Sebastian completes an experiment and records the results. Anna completes the same experiment, following the same steps as Sebastian, but gets different results. This means that the experiment is __________. spurious not theoretically motivated not valid not reliable
d
Tamara analyzes data from 300 randomly selected schoolchildren throughout the state of Wisconsin and finds that children from wealthy families are more likely to receive extra help from teachers than children from poor families. When asked by a reporter, Tamara claims her findings actually describe the entire population of schoolchildren in Wisconsin. This is an example of __________. hypothesizing a causal inference validity generalization
d
Which of the following illustrates a researcher obtaining informed consent? A researcher promises not to reveal the name of a subject. A researcher informs a subject about the values that led to the creation of the study. A researcher asks a subject to agree not to tell anyone about the details of the study. A researcher helps a research subject understand the risks and benefits of participating in a study before enrolling the subject.
d
Which sociological research method is best used to study what cannot be directly observed, such as attitudes and values, among large numbers of people? experiment secondary analysis participant observation survey
d
Which sociological research method is most likely to produce quantitative data that will identify cause-and-effect relationships? secondary analysis survey participant observation experiment
d
A sociologist plans to study how the clothing Americans wear has become less and less formal over time. To get a sense of how clothing choices have changed over time, the sociologist examines thousands of historical photographs and carefully takes notes about where the photo was taken, when it was taken, and what the people in the photo were wearing. This study is an example of __________. content analysis ethnography experiment survey
a
Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress created during economic downturns would be considered the ____________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____________ variable. independent; dependent independent; control dependent; control dependent; independent
a
Angela observes that children from poor families tend to have higher rates of lead poisoning, but she doesn't know if being poor makes people more likely to be exposed to lead, or if people who already have high levels of lead in their bodies are more likely to become poor. Which of the following characterizes what Angela knows about the relationship between poverty and lead poisoning? There is a correlation between poverty and lead poisoning. There is a causal relationship between lead poisoning and poverty. As poverty is a social condition and lead is a physical element, the relationship between the two cannot be statistically significant. Any claim that there is a relationship between lead poisoning and poverty is wrong.
a
In the following hypothesis, what is the independent variable?: Students from low-income families are less likely to apply to college compared to high-income families, controlling for other factors such as ability, test scores, etc. income status of family ability and test scores of student whether or not student applies to college low-income families
a
Qualitative sociology can be defined as: In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data. Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants. Door to door sales pitches, cold calls, and press conferences. Virtual interactivity, online polls, and online gaming.
a
Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. Pathos Quantitative Qualitative Logos
b
Which of the following statements is the best example of a researcher making a causal inference? A researcher concludes that 85 percent of all CEOs in the United States have annual incomes of over $200,000. A researcher concludes that 20 of the 35 people in her sample are suffering from depression. A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies was negatively impacted by the high levels of stress their mothers experienced during pregnancy. A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies co-varies with the amount of stress their mothers received during pregnancy.
c
eremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? Structural Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism Conflict Theory Behaviorism
c
Sociologist C. Wright Mills suggested that the sociological imagination is a concept that lets us think systematically about the relationship between the personal and the social. Using your sociological imagination, how might the personal problem of unemployment be tied to greater social issues? A person will face unemployment if he or she has mental health issues that make the person a poor worker. A person may face unemployment if he or she is not sufficiently motivated to work. A person will face unemployment if he or she is not willing to put in extended hours. A person may face unemployment due to a recession that resulted in fewer available job openings for job seekers.
d
The social sciences were first founded in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Why was this the case? Rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time resulted in many social problems, which led to the need to study society and its groups. The social sciences formed to address this need. Western societies were undergoing a period of great continuity and stability, and the social sciences were founded in order to understand why. People first started to have questions about society during that period because large-scale changes in the economy and the labor market led people to experience more leisure time. Sociology was going through a process of "spinning off" new social science disciplines, such as African American studies. As other social science disciplines formed, sociology became more clearly focused as a true social science discipline
a
C. Wright Mills coined the phrase "the sociological imagination", which allows one to connect personal troubles to public issues. Mills explains that the sociological imagination "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society" and "to grasp the connection between history and biography." In other words, Mills notes that all of our life chances are shaped by the intersections of our own personal biographies and history. Given what you know about the sociological imagination/perspective, which of the following best describes what it means to connect individual biographies to history? Connecting biography to history means understanding how sociology was created by historians. Connecting biography to history means recognizing how an individual's problem can in part be connected to a social problem affecting many individuals, within a given time period in history. Connecting biography to history means understanding how history can be understood by analyzing biological differences between different social groups. Connecting biography to history means understanding how biographers have systematically altered our understanding of history.
b
Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. Micro-level; macro-level Macro-level; micro-level They are both micro-level. They are both macro-level.
b
How did urbanization lead to the development of sociology? Urbanization caused sociologists to move their practices from the countryside to the city. Urbanization caused various social problems, such as growing levels of poverty, and governments and scholars wanted to understand these problems. Urbanization led to the creation of urban planning as a science, and a small group of urban planners created sociology. Urbanization led to the Great Depression, and sociology was originally developed to study the Great Depression.
b
In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____. secondary data analysis participant observation secondary data analysis experiment
b
In the following hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? : People in less democratic countries are more likely to say China and Russia respect personal freedoms. the level of personal freedom in China and Russia the perceived level of respect for personal freedoms in China and Russia less democratic countries the level of democracy
b
Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination. The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure. A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams. The theory that man evolved slowly over time.
b
Sociology is defined as the: Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. Systematic study of society and social interaction. Quantitative analysis of social transgressions. Theoretical examination of life's origins.
b
What process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable? reliability operationalization conceptualization validity
b
When research questions have more to do with how people interact and less with how they say they interact, what research method is usually best? secondary data analysis ethnographic observation in-depth interviews survey
b
Which of the following men coined the term positivism, and is widely considered the father of sociology? Max Weber Auguste Comte Émile Durkheim Karl Marx
b
Which of the following statements best describes why a sociological imagination is important for understanding society? The sociological imagination allows us to explore differences in characteristics between individuals (e.g., personalities; preferences; beliefs; etc.) to explain patterns of human behavior. The sociological imagination enables us to see how larger issues and social conditions in society relate to personal problems. The sociological imagination gives us the creativity to examine whether personal problems are real or fake. The sociological imagination allows us to use large scale patterns to conclude something about specific individuals based on their membership in that group.
b
_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. Social Individualists Structural Functionalists Symbolic Interactionists Conflict Theorists
b
If you were trying to measure the "social class" of various people, you would have to keep in mind that: you must measure "social class" in every way possible. there is no way to measure "social class." it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring. everyone agrees on what "social class" means.
c
Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. manifest; manifest latent; manifest manifest; latent latent; latent
c
The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as: Dramaturgical analysis Latent functions Figuration Dynamic equilibrium
c
Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological hypothesis? The higher one's involvement in a mainstream religious community, the less likely one is to abuse drugs, including binge drinking. People in relationships where each partner contributes equally to the relationship are more likely to be satisfied with their relationship compared to people in an unequal relationship. The more CDs Gail buys, the less money she has in her bank account. The longer an inmate spends in prison, the more difficult it is for him to adapt to the outside world.
c