Sociology Exam 2

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? a. A community where neighbors don't know each other very well b. A neighborhood with mostly elderly citizens c. A city with a large minority population d. A college campus with students who are very competitive

A. A community where neighbors don't know each other very well

Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? a. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. b. A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. c. An associate professor is afraid that she won't be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. d. A construction worker is laid off and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before.

A. A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way

Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? a. Embezzlement b. Larceny c. Assault d. Burglary

A. Embezzlement

Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. a. functionalist b. conflict theorist c. symbolic interactionist d. rationalist

A. Functionalist

A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control. a. Informal negative sanctions b. Informal positive sanctions c. Formal negative sanctions d. Formal positive sanctions

A. Informal negative sanctions

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Friedrich Engels

A. Max Weber

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? a. Role strain b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Status conflict d. Status strain

A. Role Strain

Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? a. Software engineer b. Coal miner c. Children's book author d. Sharecropper

A. Software Engineer

A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? a. The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. b. The offender has returned to his old neighborhood and so reestablished his former habits. c. The offender has lost the social bonds he made in prison and feels disconnected from society. d. The offender is poor and responding to the different cultural values that exist in his community.

A. The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________.

A. habitual actions

A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________. a. primary deviance b. positive deviance c. secondary deviance d. master deviance

A. primary deviance

Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States? a. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing. b. Rates of violent crimes are decreasing, but there are more nonviolent crimes now than ever before. c. Crime rates have skyrocketed since the 1970s due to lax corrections laws. d. Rates of street crime have gone up, but corporate crime has gone down.

A. rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing

Which statement represents stratification form the perspective of symbolic interactionism?

After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop that a French restaurant.

Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. While she wants to be popular, she also knows she would disappoint her family back home if she did. Which of Hirshi's control theory concepts apply to Susie

Attachment

According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? a. A war veteran b. A senator c. A professor d. A mechanic

B. A senator

During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ________. a. An act of social control b. An act of deviance c. A social norm d. Criminal mores

B. An act of deviance.

According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? a. Because his parents committed similar crimes b. Because his fame protects him from retribution c. Because his fame disconnects him from society d. Because he is challenging socially accepted norms

B. Because his fame protects him from retribution

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? a. Hunter-gatherer b. Industrial c. Agricultural d. Feudal

B. Industrial

What factor makes caste systems closed? a. They are run by secretive governments. b. People cannot change their social standings. c. Most have been outlawed. d. They exist only in rural areas

B. People cannot change their social standing

What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? a. The NCVS doesn't include demographic data, such as age or gender. b. The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. c. The NCVS doesn't address the relationship between the criminal and the victim. d. The NCVS only includes information collected by police officers.

B. The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones.

Societies practice social control to maintain ________. a. formal sanctions b. social order c. cultural deviance d. sanction labeling

B. social order

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________.

B. the looking glass self

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? a. Industrial b. Hunter-gatherer c. Horticultural d. Feudal

C. Horticultural

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? a. The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles b. The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries c. The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses d. The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family

C. The Hunti, a wanderer group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses

According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. a. proletariat b. vassals c. bourgeoisie d. anomie

C. bourgeoisie

One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______. a. deviance b. formal sanctions c. informal sanctions d. positive sanctions

C. informal sanctions

______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labeled a deviant. a. Secondary; does not b. Negative; does c. Primary; does not d. Primary; may or may not

C. primary; does not

Spousal abuse is an example of a ________. a. street crime b. corporate crime c. violent crime d. nonviolent crime

C. violent crime

In a mechanical solidarity society social order is maintained by the _____________________ of its culture.

Collective conscienscous

A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy.

Conflict theory

Violations of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called ________

Crimes

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? a. Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws. b. Deviance's definition is determined by one's religion. c. Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. d. Deviance is socially defined.

D. Deviance is socially defined.

The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. a. performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven b. salvation is only achievable through obedience to God c. no person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior d. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

D. God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. a. power b. master status c. family values d. wealth

D. wealth

Andrea is an aspiring associate editor for a major publisher. She is single, but feels married to her work. Last year, she received a $20,000 bonus for the excellent work she did in promoting new textbooks published by her employer. Based on this information, Andrea's ascribed status is ________ and her achieved status is ________

Female ; associate director

Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States?

First-generation college student

A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure.

Functional

The control theory states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds. Hirschi identifies four types of social bonds that connect people to society. Which type bond suggests participation in socially legitimate activities lesson a person's likelihood of deviance?

Involvement

The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

what factor makes castes systems closed?

People cannot change their social standings

Which statement regarding status is most accurate?

Status provides the guidelines for how we are to act and feel

What is the significant difference between the class system and the caste system

The class system has fluid boundaries

Milo, a highly successful attorney, just received a $200 ticket for speeding. Jim, an unemployed father of six, received a $50 fine for parking in a restricted area. Milo considers his $200 ticket an inconvenience, but Jim sees his $50 fine as a financial disaster. Why do Milo and Jim feel so differently about their fines, even though Milo's is four times greater than Jim's?

Their location in the social structure has created the difference between Milo's and Jim's reactions

which statement illustrates low status consistency?

a college dropout launches an online company that earns million in its first year

global stratification

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole

intergenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

intragenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

class

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupations

Structural mobility occurs when:

a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes

primogeniture

a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

downward mobility

a lowering of one's social class

class system

a social standing based on social factors an individual accomplishments

social stratification

a socioeconomic system that divide society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige

caste system

a system in which people are born inter a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

According to Merton's strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is access to socially _________ goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates.

acceptable

class traits

also called class markers, the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class

Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility?

an executive belongs to a different class than her parents

meritocracy

an ideal system in which personal effort- or merit- determines social standing

John desires the best things in life - a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered that he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?

an innovator

conspicuous consumption

buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

which of these systems allows for the most social mobility?

class

The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are know as:

class traits

Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were ____ higher-level jobs positions.

denied the opportunity to obtain

The theory that suggests people learn deviance from the groups with whom they associate?

differential association theory

When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers:

do no feel connect to their work

Bases on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would:

ear a pay raise for coin excellent work

Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would

earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

In an organic solidarity society social order is maintained by the accepted_____________________ of society.

economic and social difference

In some societies, closely related members of the ruling class and the upper class marry to preserve their power and wealth within their families. This is a practice known as

endogamy

which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States?

first-generation college student

Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification?

flag poles

Conflict theorists view capitalism as those who

get rich while workers get poor

Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who:

get rich while workers stay poor

Crimes based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics are known as __________

hate crimes

The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ________ theory

labeling

In the US, most people define themselves as:

middle class

In the United States, most people define themselves as:

middle class

Occupational prestige means that jobs are:

not equally valued

Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification

pyramid

Social stratification is a system that:

ranks society members into categories

the basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification:

serves a purpose in society

What is a group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?

social control

The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as ________.

social institutions

what two main keys determine social standing

social status of parents and occupation

The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige is referred to as

social stratification

The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women, or students and teachers, and gives direction and sets limits on behavior are referred to as

social structure

social mobility

the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

The GNI PPP figure represents:

the average annual income of a country's citizens

status consistency

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

The spread of an economic system based on investing to make profits, which is becoming the world's dominant economic system, is referred to as ________

the globalization of capitalism

standard of living

the level of wealth available to acquire material good and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle

income

the money a person earns from work of investments

wealth

the value and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance

Davis-Moore thesis

thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity

what factor makes class systems open?

they allow for movement between the classes

endogamous marriages

unions of people within the same social category

exogamous marriages

unions of spouses form different social categories

The difference between status and role is that ________

we occupy a status that gives responsibioities and benefits, while a role is the expected behavior of a person's social status

structural mobility

when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder