Sociology EXAM 3
Emily Rosenbaum found that Hispanics and Asians in New York City tended to suffer much higher incidents of asthma than their Black counterparts.
False, She found that Hispanics and Blacks in New York City tended to suffer much higher incidents of asthma than their Asian, White, and higher-SES counterparts
By what grade in school are gender norms firmly established?
Fifth
Identify each disease as either acute or chronic.
Acute: Pneumonia - Common cold -Measles Chronic - Heart disease - Breast Cancer - Diabetes
What is hegemonic masculinity?
A masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejections any alternate qualities in men. - Defines a specific standard of manhood to which men must measure up to
What is Men's Liberation?
A movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity
What is the symbolic interactionism perspective on Inequality?
- Believes gender is socially structured and maintained in our everyday lives. - We need to categorize and be categorizable
What is the Structural Functionalism perspective on Gender inequality?
- Believes some social roles are better suited to one gender - Society is more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex - Talcott Parsons: Instrumental role & Expressive role - Instrumental role, the position of the family member who provides material support, often an authority figure · Men best suited in this role - Expressive role: the position of the family member who provides emotional support & nurturing · Crucial for taking care of children & stabilizing personality · Women best suited in this role - Fails to acknowledge that families are often sources of social instability
What is intersectionality?
- Bringing together our study of race, class, gender → A way of understanding & analyzing the complexity in the world, in people, & in human experience * events of life can seldom be understood as shaped by one factor, they are generally shaped by many factors in diverse & mutually inclusive ways * Analytical tool that gives people better access to the complexity of the world & themselves → Axes: race, Class, Gender, Sexuality, Age, Religion (the list goes on)
Identify the true statements about medicalization
- Even birth and death have been medicalized. - Medicalization changes both the meaning of a condition and the meaning of the individual who suffers from it. - In some cases, medicalization takes pressure away from the individual.
Identify True statements about feminism
- Feminism is more than a social movement. - Feminism can be divided into three waves.
What is feminist theory?
- Focused on inequality, and people's lived experiences - Focuses on enhancing scholarly understanding on gender inequality - Judith Butler, Bell hooks, & Catherine MacKinnon link gender inequality with other social hierarchies, race and ethnicity, class, & sexual orientation and argues that gender & power is intertwined
Heels are for who?
- Looking at the Historical context to analyze how meanings & understanding of gender have changed over time through socialization - Pre- 1700s * Persian Calvary used boots with heels to help feet stay in stirrups - 1700s * High heels popular among men - Sign of Masculinity * Heels viewed as status symbol - Symbolized wealth, restricted to mobility - Added height - End of 17th century * Women started wearing heels as a way of showing their equality
Identify the true statements about gender and labor force participation.
- Marriage seems to have opposite effects on women's and men's participation rates. - A higher percentage of men than women participate in the labor force. - Since 1975, the percent of mothers in the labor force has been on the rise.
What is the Conflict theory perspective on Gender Inequality
- Men have historically had access to most of society's material resources & privileges, & seek to maintain their dominant status - View gender inequality as manifestation of exploitation - Some believe it is a derivative of class inequality and originates in private property (Friedrich Engels) - Believes all men benefit from it, they would lose of lot if gender segregation disappeared
What is the Affordable Care Act?
- Obama Care - includes insurance reforms, like allowing kids to stay on parents' insurance until the 26 - Closed loopholes that allowed insurances to deny or limit coverage to pre-diagnosed individuals - created federal & stated run insurance for the unemployed, self-employed & anyone without insurance - Individual mandate: required individuals to purchase basic level insurance or avoid a fine
How do we study medical sociology?
- Social causes & patterns of health & disease - Social behavior of health care personnel & their patterns - Social functions of health organizations & institutions - the relationship of health care delivery systems to other social systems - Use of sociological theory & research techniques to address questions related to health care & the healthcare system Health: A state of complete physical, mental, & social well being & not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is the intersection of class and & health
- Those with higher SES status are bettered informed health consumers & generally enjoy more physical well being than lower statuses - Lower SES status people have higher rates of disease, chronic illness, death rates, & shorter life expectancy - They may have little access to healthcare providers & prescription medications - Educational attainment is a root cause of good mental health
What is the intersection of gender & health?
- Women are generally healthier & enjoy longer life expectancies - In medical research men have been seen as the standard - Women more likely to develop mood or anxiety disorders
Josiah, a 58-year-old man living in California, is diagnosed with a terminal illness. Identify the options that Josiah and his loved ones might consider as he nears the end of his life.
- palliative care - medically assisted suicide - hospice
What is the intersection of race & health
-infant mortality & diabetes rate differ among racial & ethnic groups - Africans & Hispanics less likely to have insurance & afford health care - minorities exposed to unhealthy surroundings - Environmental racism: environment hazards disproportionally affect racial minorities - disparities linked to systematic racism & discrimination - Weathering
Match each term to the corresponding example 1. hegemonic masculinity 2. Toxic Masculinity 3. Discrimination
1. Car advertisements usually feature men who are heterosexual, economically successful, and physically fit. 2. In 2014, Elliot Rodger wrote a 140-page manifesto linking himself to the incel movement, before killing six people and injuring fourteen more in Isla Vista, California (near the University of California, Santa Barbara), and then killing himself. 3. A woman is paid less than her male co-worker for the same job.
Match each theoretical perspective to the corresponding approach to gender inequality. 1. Structural Functionalism 2. Conflict Theory 3. Symbolic Interactionism
1. Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to perform. 2. Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance. 3. Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media.
1, What is complimentary medicine? 2. What is Alternative medicine?
1. a group of medical treatments, practices, & products that can be used in conjunction with conventional western medicine 2. a group of medical treatments, practice, & products that used instead of conventional western medicine
Parson's contribution on the sick role
1. people who are sick are not responsible for their condition. Assumed that being sick is not a deliberate & knowing choice of the sick person 2. Those who are sick are temporarily exempt from normal roles & organizations 3. People who are sick must want to get well. It is temporary & a role that must be relinquished once a condition improves sufficiently 4. People who are sick must seek competent help from a medical professional to hasten their recovery - Physicians act as gate keepers due to specialized knowledge * doctor - patient relationship * patient expected to heed doctor's orders Criticism: Can parson's model for social class, gender, racial & ethnic variations in how people view & experience illness?
Match each example to the appropriate approach to health care. 1. Preventative 2. Curative or crisis 3. Palliative
1. quitting smoking & increasing exercise 2. setting a broken bone 3. Hospice care & morphine drip
In what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages?
2004
What is sex?
An individual's membership in one of two categories- male or female- is based on biological factors -Biological factors that distinguish between male & female includes chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs - Biological/anatomical differences between male & female - Physical differences
conflict perspective
Emphasis on political, social, & economic forces that affect health & health care delivery - Ability of all people to obtain healthcare - inequalities by race, class, & gender - power of relationships between doctors & other health care workers - Role of profit in the health care system - Medical industrial complex - industries of medicine & health care * quality of care linked to ability to pay & position within class structure
What are microagressions?
Everyday uses of subtle verbal & nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups - May be intention & unintentional
Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female?
Intersex
What is toxic masculinity?
a masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men - Most extreme expression is "Incel" short of involuntarily celibate, a man who feels aggrieved because he can't find a willing sex partner
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Physical differences between males & females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction - amount of breast tissue
What is the Symbolic Interactionist perspective of health & illness
Socially construct health & illness & how we should be treated - Subjective component in defining illness * Medicalization process in which non-medical problems become defined & treated as illnesses or disorders * Demedicalization: "Problems" cease to be defined as an illness or disorder
What is the functionalist perspective on sickness
Society must function as a stable system: sickness viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society - Sick Role: Set of patterned expectations that defines norms & values appropriate for individuals who are sick & for those who interact with them
What is gender binary?
a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories
Sociologist Arlie Rothchild has studied how two-parent households handle the division of labor for the many tasks of domestic life. In the context of her studies of gender norms and household labor, what does "second shift" refer to?
The after work home-making chores of a wage earning wife
Which statement highlights the idea that mental illness can be socially constructed?
The meanings & definitions of mental illness can vary over time & place
What is gender?
The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male or female members - Some societies expect men to be more aggressive and competitive and women to be more emotional & nurturing - Culturally & Socially constructed - Found in meaning, beliefs, & practices associated with feminity & masculinity( variations across cultures) - Reinforces the idea that males & females are "opposites" & fundamentally different from one another * Gender Binary
What is the second shift?
The unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor
Why are there generally more old women than old men in a given population?
There is a longer life expectancy for female children & adults than for females
Identify each statement as applying to either the Zika virus or HIV/AIDS.
ZIKA VIRUS: - In 2015 Brazil was hit with the largest outbreak ever recorded. -It is associated with more serious symptoms, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, a neurological problem that can cause temporary paralysis. HIV/AIDS - Only about 4 percent of all cases are in the developed world—places like the United States, Western Europe, Japan, and other wealthy industrialized nations. - In many places, it is a concentrated epidemic, with the majority of cases transmitted by a particular method and among a particular subpopulation within a given country.
What are food deserts?
a community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh affordable healthy foods usually located in densely populated urban areas - Often in neighborhoods predominantly low income & nonwhite - Health effects include increased risk of obesity, diabetes & heart disease
What is homophobia?
a fear of or a discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
What is preventative medicine?
a type of health care that aims to avoid or forestall the onset of disease by taking preventive measures, often including lifestyle changes - Exercise, diet, etc.
What is eugenics?
an attempt to selectively manipulate the gene pool in order to produce and improve human beings through medical science - Ethical issues about the use of genetic profile - stigmas that can come along through genetic testing
What is prejudice?
an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of evidence against it - Often rooted in stereotypes & generalizations - Leads to discrimination
What is gender expression?
an individual's behavioral manifestation of gender
What is gendered identity ?
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender - May not correspond with sex assigned at birth
What is misogyny?
an ingrained prejudice, against women, dislike, contempt, or hatred of women
What is the Men's rights movement?
an offshoot of male liberation whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men.
What is the pro-feminist men's movement?
an offshoot of male liberation whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women - Argue that men need to share more of childcare responsibilities and contest economic disparities and violence against women
What are vector organisms?
animals like mosquitos, ticks, & birds that carry & spread pathogens (germs or other infectious agents) in an area
What is feminism?
belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes, also the social movements organized around that belief - Goals focused on bringing greater gender equality
What is cisgenderism?
belief in the superiority of cisgender persons or identity
Heterosexism?
belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals
What are primary sex characteristics?
biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs that distinguish males from females
What are chronic diseases?
develop over a longer period of time and may not be detected until later in their progression, when symptoms occur - Sometimes Related to the environment, lifestyle, & personal choices - most important factors governing health today (cancer & cardiovascular disease)
What is an acute disease?
diseases that have a sudden onset, may be briefly incapacitating, and are either curable or fatal, typically linked to germs, virus, or parasite that infects the body & disrupts the normal functioning of one or more areas - Often caused by organisms and are contagious
Transphobia
fear of or discrimination toward transgender & other gender non-conforming people
What is LGBQT?
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer - Some believe I and A should be added for intersex and asexuality
What is patriarchy?
literally meaning "rule of father" - a male dominated society - Gender inequality can be traced back to biological differences
What is a pandemic?
occurs when a significantly higher number of cases of a disease also spreads though an especially large geographical region spanning many countries & even continents
What is an epidemic?
occurs when the number of cases of a particular disease during a particular time is significantly higher than might otherwise be expected - the opioid epidemic has resulted in an uptick in unintentional accidental death *Drug overdose is defined as accidental when the intent of the use of drugs was not to end a life
What is coming out?
openly declaring one's identity to those who might not be aware of it, short for: coming out of the closet" a phrased used to describe how LGBTQ persons have felt compelled to keep their sexual orientation or gender identity a secret
What is homosexuality?
sexual attraction toward members of one's own gender
What is heterosexuality?
sexual attraction toward members of the other gender - Straight
What is bisexuality?
sexual attraction towards members of both genders
What is queer theory?
social theory about gender and sexual identity emphasizes the importance of differences and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories - Queers implies a questioning of societies traditional gender and sexual arrangements
What is a recession?
the practice by insurance companies of canceling coverage only after a person gets sick - Banned by Obama care
What is gender- non conforming?
term used when gender identity and or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles
What is Cisgender?
term used when gender identity/expression aligns with sex assigned at birth
What is transgender?
term used when gender identity/expression is different from sex assigned at birth
What is heteronormativity?
the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm
What is sexism?
the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other - Used to justify gender inequality & reinforce the status quo
What is sexuality?
the character or quality of being sexual - Can best understand sexuality through fluid continuum that can change over the course of a person lifetime
What is integrative medicine?
the combination of conventional medicine with complementary practices and treatments that have proved to be safe & effective
What is the first wave of feminism?
the earliest period of feminist activism from the mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 - Suffrage moment: the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women - It was associated with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. - Its key event was a convention held in Seneca Falls, New York. - Its main cause was the campaign to win the vote for women, or the suffrage movement.
What is the feminization of poverty?
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of childcare →the gendered gap in wages → 2 - fold - occupations that are predominately held by women often have lower pay - in some occupations women holding the same positions as men make less * higher proportions of single women taking on the financial responsibility of children * increase cost of childcare
What is sexual orientation or identity?
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender
What is asexuality ?
the lack of sexual attraction of any kind, no interest or desire for sex
What is gender role socialization?
the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine & what it means primarily through agents of socialization
What is the third wave of feminism?
the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess - Marginalized concern for women of color, lesbians, and working-class women - it introduced a focus on intersectionality. - Its main cause was globalization.
What is the second wave of feminism?
the period of Feminist activism during 1960/70 often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment & education - Betty Friedman the Feminine Mystique (1963) - Establishment of National Organization of Women (1966) - Its main causes were equal access to education and employment. -Its key event was the establishment of the National Organization for Women. - It was associated with Betty Friedan.
What is medicalization ?
the process by which behaviors or conditions that were once seen as personal problems are redefined as medical issues - Changes the meaning of the condition and the meaning of the individual who suffers from it - Understanding that disease is socially constructed allows us to see how meanings change over time
What is social learning?
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
What is bioethics?
the study of controversial moral or ethical issues related to scientific & medical advancements - Human genome Project: Ethical concerns about genetic testing
What is epidemiology?
the study of disease patterns to understand the cause of illnesses and how they are spread and what interventions to take - In the last century a major shift in the leading cause of death from acute to chronic diseases - Combines data & methods from the biological & social sciences to answer an important question about the origins and spread of disease - Identify the role of global climate change in spreading disease
What are essentialist?
those who believe Gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed - Belief that gender is 2 categories (binary) system determined by chromosomes, hormones, & genitalia - This binary determines the way you see yourself, interact with others, & the activities you engage in everyday life - Believes culture & socialization play little to no role in gender
What are constructionist?
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many - concept shaped socially by the culture & historical time period - Meaning of masculinity & femininity may differ in different societies and historical periods - Emphasizes the role of culture & socialization * Majority of sociologists follow a constructionist approach
What is palliative care?
type of health care that focuses on symptom and pain relief and providing a supportive environment for critically ill or dying patients
What is curative or crisis medicine?
type of health care that treats the disease or condition once it has manifested
What is discrimination?
unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group usually motivated by prejudice - Can occur on an individual level and institutional level
What is privilege ?
unlearned advantage according to members of dominant social groups ( males, whites, physically able, heterosexuals, etc.)
What is intersex?
used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor female - 17 in every 1000 babies are born intersex - Some cases do not appear to puberty or adulthood - Georgian Davis has critiqued the practice of calling intersex a medical disorder rather than a biological variation
What is deprivation amplification?
when our individual disease risk (based on our heredity & physiology) are amplified by social factors Sick Role: the actions & attitudes that society expects from someone who is ill
