Sociology Exam 4 (final)

authortarian

A system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include the representation of ordinary citizens

dictatorship

A type of authoritarianism in which the leader typically seize power rather than being selected or elected

Radical Feminism

Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.

What are the two components to the functionalist perspective on gender and equality?

Instrumental role and Expressive role

______ feminism focuses on how women's oppression contributes to the acts of domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment against women.

Radical

Second Wave Feminism

The feminist movement starting in the 1960s, particularly in America, women's equal access to employment and education

mommy tax

The lost wages, benefits and social security contributions that come with taking time out of the workforce to raise small children and then re-entering with less momentum

Tolitarianism

The most extreme form of authoritarianism in which the government seeks to control every aspect, public, and private, of citizens lives

Asexuality

a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex

motherhood penalty

a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother

Toxic Masculinity

a masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men

andocentric pay scale

a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of the job

mommy track

a workplace euphemism that refers to expecting less from mothers, with the understanding that they are sacrificing the right to expect equal pay, regular raises, or promotions

Essentialists

see gender as biological or genetic and believe that gender is: a simple, two-category (binary) system determined by your chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia permanent and unchanging

Constructionists

see sex, gender, and sexuality as social constructs. created through our interactions with other members of society

Bisexuality

sexual attraction to people of both sexes

Heterosexuality

sexual attraction to someone of the other sex

Sexuality

sexual behavior, desires, and fantasies

hegemonic masculinity

the culturally normative idea of male behavior, which often emphasizes strength, domination, and aggression

feminization of poverty

the economic trend that women are more likely than men to live in poverty

Politics

the methods and tactics of managing a nation or state, as well as administering and controlling its internal and external affairs

Gender

the norms, roles, and behavioral characteristics associated in a given society with being male or female

expressive role

the person who provides the family's emotional support and nurturing

Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?

an essentialist perspective

gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender

glass escalator

an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

gender roles

attitudes or behaviors that are considered appropriately masculine or feminine in a particular culture

primary sex characteristics

biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females

gendered job segregation

the practice of filling occupations with mostly male or mostly female workers

What are the ideological pressures?

intensive mothering and gender & social norms in media

_______ feminism focuses on the socialization of women.

liberal

secondary sex characteristics

physical differences between males and females

instramental role

provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure

masculinization of wealth

the concentration of men in high-earning occupations

What is the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on gender and equality?

the concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everyday lives. Gender is shaped through our culture and our interactions with others.

hostile sexism

the condemnation of women with negative instead of positive stereotypes and the use of threats and violence to enforce women's subservience to men

glass ceiling

the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations

gender identity

the individual's sense of being male or female

gender role specialization

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family

second shift

Unpaid labor performed at home in addition to the paid work performed in the formal sector

According to "Unequal Childhoods," which social class is most likely to use accomplishment of natural growth for childrearing?

Working class

glass cliff

a heightened risk of failing, compared with similar men

Transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

What are the two components of institutional pressures?

economy and time

Third Wave Feminism

evolved around the late 1980s and into the 1990s; diversity among women's experiences and identities

Homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as

gender identity

Cisgender

individuals whose gender identity matches his or her biological sex

Feminism

the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women

Sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

Intersex

one whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor female

issues in voting access

*Disenfranchisement: being stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently * Voter registration * Election day * Voter ID Laws * Gerrymandering: redrawing voting districts to benefit one party over another

benevolent sexism

the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men

Patriarchy (Feminism)

A form of social organization in which males dominate females in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and/or control of property

institutional pressures

A gender-balanced solution to time constraints is that both spouses retreat to lower-paying, less demanding occupations or work part-time but this is often not possible

Democracy

A political system in which all citizens have the right to participate

Gender and social norms in media

Advertisers target moms for cleaning products, healthy foods to feed their families, and ways to "do it all"; Media portrays men as incompetent, lazy and immature

time

Commutes contribute to the division of labor, and are influenced by zoning laws

Systems of Government

Democracy, monarchy, and authortarism

economy

Features of the economy and laws make it difficult for both parents to share responsibilities; Health insurance: most families require at lest one parent to work full-time to receive healthcare benefits for the family; Tax incentives for single income houses

Liberal Feminism

Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex. Liberal feminists tend to seek solutions through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected.

What happens if gender inequality disappears according to the conflict perspective?

Men would lose a great deal

men's rights movement

Men's liberation originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity; Sought to free men from oppressive gender roles

Mothers (economic effects)

Moms make significantly less money than dads in almost all developed countries

Which of the following describes the loss in wages associated with becoming a mother?

Motherhood penalty

As discussed in "Doing Gender," what do Candace West and Don Zimmerman mean when they say that women can be seen as unfeminine but that does not make them "unfemale?"

One's gender performance might be called into question, but one's sex categorization is assumed to be fixed.

For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biological; gender is social.

Homosexuality

Sexual attraction to the same sex

gender discrimination

Singling out or excluding a person based on gender

sex

The anatomical and other biological characteristics that differ between males and females and that originate in genetic differences

socialists feminism

The belief that women's inequality results primarily from capitalistic economic relations, arguing that must be fundamentally transformed before women can achieve equality

First Wave Feminism

The feminist movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth century focused on de jure (officially mandated) inequalities, primarily on gaining women's suffrage.

What is the functionalist perspective on gender and equality?

There are social roles better suited to one gender than the other and that societies are more stable when certain tasks are done by the appropriate sex.

Traditionalism

Those who believe that men should be responsible for earning the income and women should be responsible for house work and child care

egelitarianism

Those who prefer relationships in which both parents do their fair share of breadwinning, housekeeping and childrearing

Neotraditionalism

Those who think a woman should be able to work if she desires, only if it does not interfere with her "real" duty to take care of her husband and children

What are the Ideological approaches?

Traditionalism, Neotraditionalism, and egalitarianism

Transsexual

a person who has changed sexes

fatherhood premium

a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers

misogyny

ingrained prejudice against women

What is the conflict perspective on gender and equality?

men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges, so it is their interest to try to maintain their dominant position

intensive mothering

mother should be primary caretaker of their children, child-rearing should include "copious amounts of time, energy and material resources