Sociology Final Exam

Conspicuous Consumption

- - no - White households spend more than black households with similar incomes Personal spending habits are not driving the racial wealth gap and cannot succeed in closing it - Roots are spread beyond individual merit - It's about historical legacy, public policies, and institutional discrimination

Reducing student loan debt

- Between 25-55 year olds, 39% of blacks, 30% of whites, and 29% of Latinos hold some student loan debt - On average, blacks owe higher amounts

Global examples

- Germany from the Holocaust - US for Japanese internment - South Africa for Apartheid: Truth and reconciliation commission designed to heal the country after Apartheid; reparations were supposed to be a part of that (no dollars have been spent yet) - Canada has issued reparations for indigenous people

Mexican Americans Historical Edu

- Mexican children had to attend Mexican schools because of the language barrier - Shorter school year No high school - Teach these groups to be better subordinate groups - Whites think little education of these groups will benefit whites

Whitopias

- towns that are much whiter than the nation as a whole, research finds that sundown town contributes to current black-white inequality Emergences of all white communities during the first half of the 20th century

Myths Surrounding Affirmative action

--Affirmative action is a quota system—NOT TRUE: these are illegal --It is simply reverse racism because it forces employers to hire unqualified employees at the expense of qualified white males— racism is a group of people are targeted and disadvantaged; changing the language doesn't make a difference?

Political disenfranchisement

2.3% of voters have been kept from voting because of a felony conviction; strategy to make sure blacks couldn't vote, Florida restored voting rights to felons (largest extension since women got the right to vote)

Discouraged workers

those who would like to be employed but have given up the search and/or no longer report to their local unemployment offices

De facto segregation

today residential racial segregation exists but is not enforced by law, it happens by fact rather than as a legal requirement

Forced sterilization

used to achieve eugenics movement goals. It targeted puerto-rican and native american women along with many women of color, coerced into signing consent forms

Race Baiting

using racially derisive language in order to influence the actions or attitudes of a group of people, was blatant prior to the civil rights movement. Health insurance is a privilege in this country

Marital Assimilation

when there is not difference in societal acceptance levels between interracial and monoracial marriages

Moral Panic

whereby Arabs are being perceived as a threat to the social order Since the 9/11 attacks, US leaders and citizens have engaged in a moral panic Result in irrational responses, such as increasing instances of racial profiling

The 13th Movie Notes

● Prison population of 2.3 million ● US has the highest rate of incarceration in the world ● 13th Amendment makes it unconstitutional for someone to be held as a slave ○ Grants freedom to all Americans ○ Exceptions including criminals ● After the Civil War, AA were arrested in mass ● They were arrested for extremely minor crimes ● They had to provide labor to rebuild economy in the south after the Civil War ● The Birth of the Nation was the first film that many whites wanted to tell about the civil war and its aftermath ○ Blacks are seen as cannibalistic and animalistic ○ Blacks are seen as a threat to white women ● Prediction of how race would operate in the United States ● Basically responsible for the rebirth of the KKK ● Thousands of AA were murdered by mobs ● When it became unacceptable to engage in this terrorism, Jim Crow emerged (racial segregation) ● Civil Rights activists were portrayed as criminals ● The goal of the Civil Rights movements was to be seen as full, complicated human beings ● Through sheer demographic change, there become an increase in rising crime rates ● 1970s--defined by mass incarceration ● Nixon period- crime began to stand for race ○ The black political movements ○ Nixon felt compelled to fight back ● Federal spending for local law enforcement will double ● Blacks were being sent to jail for low level drug charges ○ Call for law and order comes to be known as the southern strategy ■ Brought southerners to the Republican party ● Raegan turned war on drugs to a literal war on drugs ● Blacks would likely go to jail for life bc of possession of cocaine but Whites would "get a slap on the wrist" ● It was essentially a war on communities of color ● Raegan promised tax cuts to the rich and would throw black ppl in jail ● Black ppl and black men are shown more than whites in arrests on tv ● Superpredators- no conscience, no empathy ○ Through that lens it becomes much easier to send them to prison ○ Black ppl also believe this ● Bush won the election on the belief that black men are criminals ○ Message of "I will be the savior of the white population" ● 3 strikes and you are out ○ Third felony- sent to prison for the rest of your life ○ 95% of elected prosecutors are white ● Clinton introduced a crime bill which will be used to expand prisons ● 1994 crime bill was a mistake ○ Longer sentences ○ Forced families into prison ● FBI said MLK was one of the most dangerous criminals in America ● Media was used to represent people as dangerous criminals (Angela Davis), even if they weren't ● Bomb Blast in Birmingham, AL killed 4 children; Angela remembers the sounds and experience of this tragedy; "We might expect to be attacked"- finds it incredible when someone asks her about violence because people have no idea what black people have experienced ● Zimmerman followed the suspicious kid after officers asked him not to; he killed Treyvon Martin - 'Stand your ground' law was how he got out of conviction ● American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)- 'write laws and give them to the Republicans' - a partnership between legislators and corporations o Through ALEC, CCA (prisons) had a way of shaping crime policy; CCA left ALEC in 2010; trying to prioritize probation and parole · New solutions: wrist bands/ankle bracelets to keep prisons from overcrowding · One reason why it is so hard to talk about prisons in the US is because of how it has been centered around money · Kalief Browder was charged with a crime that he didn't do; he was too poor to afford the bail; he committed suicide when he got out of prison. He was 22 years old · 97% of the people locked up have plea bargained; violation of rights; if you exercise a right to a trial and you are convicted, you are punished more, if you don't exercise it, you could be sitting for doing nothing wrong · Prison industrial complex "eats black and Latino people for breakfast, lunch, and dinner" · Immediate dehumanization in prison that nobody understands unless you experience it · 30% of the black male population in AL has lost the right to vote due to a conviction · 1 of 17 white men lifetime likely hood of imprisonment compared to 1 of 3 black males (they make up 40.2% of prison population) · Looking at the history of riots, every single one of the riots were a result of police brutality · Everyone's lives matter, even those who enter the criminal justice system · Whose life do we recognize as valuable? Is the question of the BLM movement

Tennessee v. Garner (1983)

Ruled that police can use deadly force if the offender poses imminent threat to the officer or bystander Why police say i felt my life was threatened

Southern Manifesto

White southerners said they had no intention by obeying by the Supreme Court decision

Personal Preferences

Whites overwhelming prefer predominantly white communities - Blacks overwhelming prefer racially integrated communities - Why? Bc predominantly black communities are under funded in amenities - Do not prefer all white communities, not conformable - Not that many truly racial integrated communities - Class tends to block integration of neighborhoods - Some evidence of latino flight into suburbs

Support for Health Care Reform by Race

Whites: 38.4% Blacks: 78.6% Latinos: 52.6% Other Races: 43.6%

Criminogenic condition

a condition that contributes to the occurrence and perpetuation of deviance. Ex. Poverty

Opportunity Hoarding

a. The ways in which a group restricts scarce resources like job opportunity b. Discrimination is illegal, but favoritism is not

Racial Abilities

assumptions we make about the work ethic and capabilities of people based upon their racial ethnic group membership

Median income by race (2017) whites vs. racial minorities

gotten worse over decades- Blacks have lowest median house income by race in 2017

Racial inequalities in educational outcomes

graduation rates, college attendance, etc.: there was a dramatic increase in high school graduation rates and attendance for African Americans and Latinos since the 1970s, although their graduation rates overall were still lower than white graduation rates.

Welfare dependance

in no state does welfare pull you out of poverty (women actually try to limit pregnancy)

Pretextual traffic stops

in which police use minor traffic violations as reasons to stop someone and then use the stop to search for drugs

Interracial relationships on film - implicit censorship

interracial couples fall outside the realm of acceptable subjects. Implicit censorship refers to "operations of power that rule out in unspoken ways what will remain unspeakable". Hollywood stereotypes of Asian women in relationships with white men have long portrayed the Asian woman as submissive, hyperfeminine, and/or hypersexual, from such films as Japanese War Brides (1952) to Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) (Nemoto 2009). Hollywood is sending the message that interracial couples are deviant, with some, particularly black-white couples, so deviant as to be unacceptable.

Explain why measures of joblessness are the preferred measure

joblessness refers not only to those actively looking for work but also to those who have been marginalized from the labor force -Looking at joblessness instead of official unemployment rates paints a much starker picture for urban minority males

Race in the Labor Market Racial Realism

management strategy found in many industries today composed of two primary practices: Racial signaling Racial Abilities

Attitude-receptional Assimilation

marked by a significant decrease in racial/ethnic prejudice (attitudes) in society

Evidence of Education as the path to social mobility

moving up in social class- Most jobs require a college degree and they out earn people with just a high school diploma; advanced degrees pay off even more; Not just about money; once you graduate, you have social networking connections, higher status

Blockbusting

much more rampid in 70's, refers to unscrupulous realtors play on the fears of whites and housing predicaments of blacks encouraging the rapid turnover of a neighborhood; whites were afraid of losing their housing values due to blacks moving in; people called family home phones and pretended it was a black person calling

Hyper-segregation

(and its intersection with concentrated poverty): extreme segregation in which blacks are so isolated that they only rarely share neighborhoods with whites and are concentrated in very small areas. Amplifies other social problems, such as crime, drugs, dysfunctional schools, joblessness, and isolation. Hypersegregation and concentrated povertyare outgrowths of a shift in federal and local housing initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s that emphasized disinvestment of public resources and a 'blind faith' in private markets to solve housing needs

Environmental racism

(define, provide examples of): industry policies and practices disproportionately hurt racial minorities; such as landfills, toxic waste centers, chemical production plants; polluting industries locate to areas of color - Do industries target classes? No- black middle class communities have more exposure than white lower class communities--- race based - Robert Bullard's "Dumping in Dixie" found it is a race based phenomenon - Other examples of environmental racism: our govt. has chosen to bury radioactive waste on tribal lands - Cancer alley: refers to region of LA between NOLA and Baton Rouge along MS river, call it this because of the abundance of petrochemical industries located here and the corresponding rates of cancer in the area; composed of predominately poor rural black communities

Olympic Projection for Human Rights

- African American athletes formed the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) which organized a boycott of the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City as a protest against American Racism. These athletes decided against the boycott and instead decided during the awarding of the Olympic medals, AA track starts Tommie Smith and John Carlos bowed their heads during the US national anthem and, wearing black gloves, raised their fists in a Black Power salute; protested black poverty by being barefoot; protested lynching by wearng a string of black beads around thier next. This silent symbolic gesture stripped them of their medals and expelled them from the Olympic Village - Activism in the NFL: From Dave Eggyesy to Colin Kaepernick: NFL player Dave Meggyesy, for instance, found himself benched for his political involvement with the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War movements. Colin Kaepernick was fired and blackballed for being the first to kneel during the national anthem

Racial Justice Activism in the Sports World- Athletes against racism

- African American track star Jesse Owens' performance during the 1936 olympic games in Berlin was itself a challenge to racism. Owens' four gold medals in one Olympiad countered Hitler's master race theory as Hitler intended the 1936 Olympics to showcase Aryan superiority - Jackie Robinson's subtle resistance to racism as the first black man to cross the "color barrier": was chosen to cross the color barrier in MLB because he was college educated and had been in the military. He experienced verbal and physical abuse by his teammates and fans in hopes to provoke a hostile reaction out of Robinson that would end integration experiments in professional baseball. He was expected to take it without reacting and he did. It was so bad that the city of Philadelphia issued an official apology for the racist taunts robinson endured when the Dodgers played the Phillies

Prison Industrial Complex

- Alliance between the government and private industry where a set of bureaucratic political and economic interests encouraged increased spending on imprisonment regardless of actually need - Lots of money to be made from prisons - Prisons are a way to provide jobs - Industries that make money are laundry, food services, telephones - Private Prisons - Goal to make more money: cut pay of staff, dont fill all staff position, lower quality of food, get rid of extracurriculars - Almost all prisoners get out, so when returning to society its important for growth - Extracurriculars are in societies benefit - Lobby in Congress for more people behind bars - In 2008 slight decrease in incarcerated people, so private prison industry is looking for a new lucrative population which is immigrants

Intersection of gender and race in interracial dating and marriage

- Asian American women have a higher of exogamy than Asian American men- has to do with sexual racism (ex. Appeals of Asian American women as exotic to white men)

McClesky v. Kemp (1987)

- Considers the issue of racial bias in death penalty - Supreme Court rejected McCleskey's claim, stating that he had to prove that the prosecutor in this particular case sought the death penalty for racial reasons or that the jury imposed it for racial reasons - The court dedmanded evidence of intentional racial discrimination - Thus, this new standard of proof could only be met by an admission by a prosecutor, judge, or jury to have sought the death penalty becuase of racial bias-- such evidence is unlikley to ever be available

Incarceration and the Jim Crow era Convict leasing programs

- Convicts forced to work with no pay - Overwhelmingly black men - Forced to clear swaps, work in cotton field, build roads, all while shackled together - Made wardens and state treasuries very wealth Chain Gangs: a group of convicts chained together while working outside the prison.

Social policy solutions to the wealth gap Suggested explanations for the racial wealth gap?

- Educational Attainment? - No. - The median white adult who attended college has 7.2 times more wealth than the median black adult who attends college and 3.9 times more wealth than the median Latino adult

Sum of us

- Explain what is meant by the idea of a zero-sum game and how the belief in this has negatively affected the United States (be able to explain one historical example and one current example), according to McGhee - That racism hurts us all, and it's hurt us economically and socially. McGee uses the draining of the public pools to show how everyone is negatively affected. McGee explains since white people have an us against them approach policies are put in place to hurt minorities. She explains the racial wealth gap and how white high school dropouts have higher household wealth than black college graduates. Closing the racial wealth gap would make our economy 1.5 trillion dollars by 2028. - What does McGhee mean by the solidarity dividend? Give examples - Everyone benefits when we come together. Diverse ideas make for better solutions, students in diverse classes come up with more thoughtful solutions to problems. - What does McGhee mean when she says the US has never been a real democracy Not everyone has an equal say in our democracy, and the dominate group holds a disproportionate majority in Americas government.

creation of HBCUs: Freedman's bureau funded this

- Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) were established to serve the educational needs of black Americans. Prior to the time of their establishment, and for many years afterwards, blacks were generally denied admission to traditionally white institutions. As a result, HBCUs became the principle means for providing postsecondary education to black Americans.

Universal basic income

- Idea that each person in the country would receive approximately twelve hundred a month in income - Out of our tax dollars - Brings every one above the poverty line

African Americans historical edu

- Making sure slaves stayed illiterate - After civil war, AA sought education - Whites threatened by AA education - Harassment by KKK - Only primary schools built for AA - Shorter school year Sharecropper education

Family structure

- NO - The median white single parent has 2.2 times more wealth than a black two parent household

Minority group resistance to educational marginalization- examples of resistance to educational discrimination from each group

- Native American children running away from boarding schools, speaking their language - African Americans pooled their resources to build schools in the face of southern - Minority group court challenges to being denied access to public schools - Promoting Afrocentric education and ethnic studies program

Employment

- No - The median white household with a full time worker has 7.6 times more wealth than a median black household with a full time worker and 5.4 times more wealth than the median Latino household with a full time worker

Race issues in higher education Challenges to affirmative action in higher ed and millennial perspectives

- Ongoing attacks on the sue of affirmative action in higher education admissions - Many whites have viewed affirmative action in college admissions as a form of "reserve racism" Millennials of all races show considerable opposition to that idea

Changes in sentencing policy/ "tough on crime" legislation 1970s

- Passing laws that would require longer sentences for crimes - Parole was elimatemented or shortened - Mandatory minimum sentences opposed for drug crimes - Three strike laws: convicted of three felony then jail for life - Republican party to make a racial appeal to white americans - By 19990s, democrats are on board

Environmental Justice movement

- Refers to coalition of organizations that have mobilized to fight polluters. - Started in Warren County, NC- fighting CAFOs, create massive amounts of pollution - Women are disproportionately exposed, class plays some role in this - Industries assume and target low income people because they aren't going to mobilize or fight against them

Consequences of Stacking

- Reinforces racial ideologies of white intellectual superiority when whites are concentrated in thinking/leadership positions, Individuals who play intercollegiate or professional sports that require speed, quickness, and agility have shorter careers because of the demand of the game on their body, which means lower lifetime income, Shortened careers perpetuate the problem of stacking by reproducing it in coaching and management, since playing at noncentral positions and having a shorter career result in fewer opportunities to become a coach or a manager at the collegiate or professional level

Statistical discrimination individual applicants are disregarded based upon employer assumptions about inner-city black workers in general

- Research finds that even when black and white working class men attend the same vocational high school, black men lack access to job networks that white men take for granted - Job applicants with African American names get fewer callbacks for each resume they send out, regardless of the skills these applicants bring to the table - Applicants with white names get a callback for every ten resumes they send out whereas applicants with African American names need to send about fifteen resumes before getting a callback

Native American Boarding Schools

- Systematic effort to destroy Native American culture - Whites saw NA as salvageable - White red man - Only speak english, indoctrinated to Christianity, dominant group culture

Role of Government Policies in creating the suburbs and the ghetto

- The post-WWII phenomena known as white flight had many contributing factors: housing policies that favored new, suburban construction and privileged white buyers, government investment in the interstate highway system, and white reaction to the Supreme Court decision -Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that declared segregated schools illegal. It should also be understood that those very same policies created the ghetto. -As whites left urban areas and racial minorities moved in, decades of disinvestment followed; under-resourced schools unable to prepare students for the demands of a twenty-first century economy proliferate; lack of decent affordable housing means residents lack the necessary foundation for life; and economic shifts mean employment prospects for urban, minority residents remain grim -Suburban developments began expanding in the post-World War II era, spurred by government support in the form of FHA housing policies, the GI Bill, and later the investment in the interstate highway system beginning in 1956. The suburbs were racially segregated, however, so the affordable loans for these new developments sprouting up around every metropolitan area in the country were closed to blacks

Linking race and crime in the public consciousness Examples of

- This image of young men of color as criminal - George Zimmerman perceived the unarmed Trayvon Martin, a black 17-year-old carrying Skittles and iced tea as a suspect and thus began following him, which led to an altercation and Martin's death. - Police target people of color

US Government and Jewish immigration during WWII

- US immigration laws were influenced by anti-Semitic thought ~During post WWI, members of the US Immigration Bureau were explicit in their anti-semitic beliefs, claiming that Jews were physically and socially deficient and therefore their entry into the US should be restricted ~When the Nazis came to power in Germany, German Jews had to seek refuge in other countries

Emergence of mass education in the U.S.

- US led the world in this idea - Europe thought only elite educated; dangerous to teach subordinate groups - Everyone doesn't mean everyone - Common schools/public schools do not discriminate among the lines of gender or religion Didn't extend to racial minorities - The US we believed that a democracy required a relatively educated population - Educated to have a say in the government, right to vote, be literate -As US industrialized, industrialists pushed for schools because saw the value of education - Literate people - People viewed schools as a way to Americanize new immigrants - Southern schools had to build school systems for all children after the civil war Rise of public schools

Explain the four primary causes of mass incarceration Rising crime rates

- Violent crimes doubled between 1965-80 - Since then, downward trend but the boom continued - 12% of increase can be accounted for by rising crime rates

Tokenism

- admitting only three or four black students into white schools as a minimal form of compliance with the law Passive form of resistance by whites; supreme court refused to hear cases brought forth that challenged tokenism

Informal social sanctions

- against interracial marriage: more effective, ways we send the message to one another through interpersonal interactions that says behavior is unacceptable positive (husband and wife in the mall, people smile) and negative (ex. Lesbian couple in the mall and people look disgusted)

Formal social sanctions

- against interracial marriage: written out a law prohibiting something is negative, a rewarding law to people who don't deviate is positive § Anti-miscegenation laws: Laws that criminalized interracial marriage and sex § Loving V. Virginia (1967): By declaring Virginia's anti-miscegenation law unconstitutional, the Supreme Court ended prohibitions on interracial marriage and dealt a major blow to segregation.

Race, US immigration law, and politics Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

- designed to protect the racial purity of American society by banning Chinese immigrants from entry 1882

Describe the ways race plays and whiteness plays out in the political sphere Superficial representation

- elected officials of color fail to advocate for policies that reflect the interests of their constituency and are generally out of touch with the needed and issues facing minority communities

White-collard crime

- embezzlement, tax evasion, forgery, stock manipulation, and identity theft, is generally engaged in by middle-class and upper-middle-class individuals, often more committed by whites - Street crime is more likely to lead to incarceration because police work is more focused on apprehending street criminals, whose threat to physical safety is more immediate than white collar criminals

Street crime vs white collar crime, racialized nature of enforcement Street crime

- homicide, robbery, auto theft, rape, and aggravated assault - Found that African Americans and Latinos are more likely to commit than whites

Whiteness in sports Ongoing presence of Native American Mascot

- offensive to most people (ex. FSU (has an agreement with Seminoles), previous Washington Redskins, Atlanta Braves) o Redskins is a racial slur; comes from late 1800's when bounties were paid to Indian hunters - Whiteness at the University of Mississippi: known as the Rebels (which are confederate soldiers), people ran around with confederate flags (banned but people still have them at tailgates), dixie song took them about 40 years to change and shows the power of whiteness

Role of federal policies in residential segregations Redlining-

- outline areas in the city that are predominately black or all black are described as risky to predators (you won't get a home loan there)- value of housing declines Government backed mortgages could only be used for new housing developments and single-family homes; made them so black people couldn't have them

Climate Refugees

- people who are forced to leave their communities due to environmental destruction such as droughts, floods, or other climate conditions - Populations will be displaced - First climate refugees- LA tribe - Govt. had to pay to relocate people

Wealth

- refers to a person's assets, which include savings, retirement accounts, and the equity in one's home, minus anything the person owes. - Wealth is a cushion: how long could you live at your current standard of living if your income disappeared... wealth is also transferrable and intergenerational

Stacking

- refers to the unequal distribution of whites and blacks in certain sports positions that cannot be explained by a random distribution - Whites are disproportionately concentrated in positions that require leadership and intelligence - African americans tend to be concentrated in more peripheral positions that involved, speed, quickness, and strength rather than leadership or intelligence - Influence of racial stereotypes concerning black's and whites' leadership capabilities that result in stacking

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

- ruled that as long as juries were provided with specifics as to when the death penalty was acceptable and allowed for mitigating circumstances, the likelihood of arbitrariness and discrimination in sentencing was unlikely - This opened the doors for states to resume their use of capital punishment - Despite guidelines designed to prevent the arbitrary use of this punishment, research still finds that race, not the severity of the crime, remains the greatest predictor of who gets the death penalty - Evidence finds that blacks who murder whites receive a death sentence at disproportionately high rates

White Flight

- the exodus of so many whites from once diverse urban areas became a noticeable phenomenon - Movement of white families to to suburbs that minorities did not live in or go to school in - Example of white privilege in that it highlights white families with options unavailable to people of color State governments tended to establish school district boundaries and funding formulas that favor suburban schools, thus making them better than many of their urban counterparts

History of school desegregation and white resistance to it Brown II-

- with all resistance to it: followed the ruling of Brown in response to the concerns of schools, who were claiming that immediate desegregation would incur untenable financial burdens, Brown II established the constitutionally unique provision that school integration was to proceed "with all deliberate speed" - "All deliberate speed" interpretations varied widely and meant that schools would continue to segregate Critics claim that the supreme court feared resistance and hostility from whites and went out of its way to avoid offending white segregationists with this decision

History of Affirmative Action

--Bipartisan until 80's, democrats and republicans agreed with it and expanded it; by the 80's republicans and courts turned against it --level the playing field (white males had an advantage) --Importance of Networking and getting jobs- jobs went to people you knew --In President Johnson's Executive Order: employers had to get a "good faith effort" to balance their labor force --Nixon: employers had to establish goals and time tables (ex. Out of 5 new open positions commit to having 2-3 positions going to underrepresented minority groups)

Effects of Affirmative Action

--White women benefit the most from affirmative action: reasons- 1. When affirmative action was passed in the 60's, white men were dominating labor force; when faced with these changes they look at white women who they are most comfortable with (ex. Mothers, daughters, sisters); they are diversifying labor force along gender lines and 2. More white women could take advantage of jobs offered (they had college degrees whereas people of color didn't as much) --Middle class people of color also benefit --Poor people of color do not benefit from affirmative action

International sports boycotts of South Africa against Apartheid

-In South African apartheid, sports fell under the same rigid segregation rules and disproportionate investment as other institutions; no racially mixed sports were allowed and international competition was limited to whites only. Even spectators experienced rigid segregation, with people of color banned from some arenas; and in those in which they weren't completely banned, people of color had to use separate entrances, seating, and toilet facilities from whites. Under apartheid, sports were subjected to the Separate Amenities Act, which determined the use of sports facilities for various racial groups. Evidence of the racial disparities found under this provision can be quantified: as of 1987, the province of Natal had six soccer fields, seven tennis courts, and two swimming pools for use by 330,000 nonwhite South Africans. The 212,000 white South Africans of Durban had 146 soccer venues, 15 public swimming pools, and countless tennis courts. Sports are very important to white South Africans; thus, Dennis Brutus and other antiapartheid activists concluded that an international sports boycott could help dismantle apartheid. Brutus fought for twenty-five years to have South Africa banned from the Olympic Games. His activism resulted in his being arrested, shot, and jailed, but he ultimately prevailed. There was a campaign to have South Africa banned from the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, but Avery Brundage and the International Olympic Committee rejected the pleas of the campaign. By 1968, antiapartheid activists had garnered the support of other nations in their campaign, so their appeal to have South Africa banned from the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City was supported because thirty-eight other countries refused to participate in the games if South Africa were not excluded. Other international sporting bodies followed suit, and by the mid-1970s, the only international sport in which South Africa was still allowed to compete was rugby. The all-white South African rugby team, the Springboks, encountered protesters wherever they played. This kind of international pressure helped to isolate South Africa and contributed to the dismantling of apartheid in 1994.

Whiteness in Education

-Lack of critical engagement with race in K-12 schools; if black children are old enough to experience racism, white children are old enough to learn about it -Eurocentrism of curriculum: most people we learn about are predominately white and male -Much historical and sociological research accommodated whiteness by using a passive voice -Colleges and universities are racialized spaces - campus monuments, building names, mascots, etc. -Effects on whites? - we have a sense of entitlement, a misguided sense of our history -Effect on minority students? - they are less likely to feel that their group has contributed, less likely to feel a sense of belonging

Explain the bifurcated nature of income an wealth for Asian Americans

-The economic picture for Asian Americans tends to be bifurcated, with some doing very well economically and many others experiencing desperate poverty. Asian American poverty rates are higher than those for whites, contributing to wealth disparities between the two groups, although exact data on wealth disparities are harder to come by for Asian Americans and Native Americans due to their small population size, as are data on Asian American home ownership rates. The 2008 economic crisis has negatively impacted Asian Americans' median household wealth as well, as it dropped from $168,992 in 2005 to $78,066 in 2009, primarily as a result of the housing downturn

Two shifts with public housing in the 1960s

1. Residents were more likely to be poor rather than working class 2. The population of residents became less white - Reason for the shift: federal government established a different program for whites which involved single-family suburban programs leaving the high-rise urban projects as the program that catered to blacks - Failures of public housing projects lead to the establishment of vouchers, Section 8, which allowed qualifying individuals to use their voucher to supplement their rent almost anywhere - Linkage of public housing with race and crime remained in the public imagination resulting in Section 8 becoming a racial slur

Identify and describe three sociological perspectives on the future of race in the U.S

1. Triracial stratification system (Latin Americanization Thesis): instead of the binary system (white/non-white), the US will develop this system where whites are at the top, an intermediary group of "honorary whites" in the middle, and large non-white group at the bottom 2. George Yancy today says that some groups that are today defined as non-white will become white; most likely candidates are Latinos and Asian Americans, more likely to be united than divided Race and millennial perspective

Criminal Justice Reform Marijuana legalization (medical, recreational)

33 states have approved medical, 17 have legalized recreational—still biased- scholars found that even with medical marijuana the arrest rates for juvenile people of color increased - Idea to remove cannabis from controlled substances and to give funds to communities was blocked by Senate

Reparations Movement

: the push to right the historical wrong of slavery by offering recompense to descendants of slaves oReparations for Japanese Americans: they pushed for reparations in the 1980's and came through under George HW Bush- reparations for Japanese who had lost their homes, money, and businesses and put in internment camps

Ted Talk: Monique

A boy and her got into a fight at school... she was also fighting the culture who told her to be silent and the men and boys who took disadvantage of her · Crisis in which black girls are being pushed away from schools because they are experiencing schools as a punishment · Black girls are overrepresented on the entire continuum of schools · Black girls are more likely to be suspended and to be referred to Juvenile Court · Perception and disparity increases over time and peaks when girls are aged 10-14 · "where can we black if we aren't in Africa?" · Turned away from schools because of the way they style their hair or the way they wear clothes · When schools become locations for healing, they can become places for learning—we need to discontinue the actions that target Black girls because of the way they look, increase the number of counselors in schools · We all have to be freedom fighters; ex. Columbus Prep School for Girls established a restorative justice program want to respond to girls' adverse experiences rather than ignore them

Affirmative Action

A collection of policies that require employers and public universities to take race and gender into account when choosing from a pool of qualified applicants; it encourages employers to not discriminate against qualified women and racial minorities

Percentage of Americans Without Health Insurance By Race (2018)

All races: 9.4% White, non-hispanic: 7.8% Black: 12.2% American Indian/Alaska Native: 26.9% Asian: 7.1% Hispanic: 20.1%

Challenging the idea that the U.S is a post-racial society

Claiming to be post racial society is similar to claiming to be color-blind-- it is a claim that race is no longer a major factor determining one's life chances

Critical race theory and community cultural wealth pt2

Critical race theorists have suggested an alternative to the standard definition of cultural capital, community cultural wealth, which seeks to broaden what qualifies as cultural capital to include the unique assets that communities of color are able to provide to their members: specifically, different sets of skills that tend not to be recognized or valued by dominant institutions. The notion of community cultural wealth exposes how the apparently race-neutral concept of cultural capital reflects white culture and disregards skills and knowledge more likely to be found in communities of color. These theorists, instead of using a deficit model that views children of color and their families as lacking in skills in their interaction with schools and teachers, emphasize that communities of color have knowledge and skills that they draw on and share in order to succeed in the world, and thus bring their own, often unrecognized, cultural competencies to the table. Community cultural wealth factors in skills, such as bilingualism or other communication skills, into the notion of cultural capital. By the community cultural wealth model, a student does not enter school with a deficit but simply a different set of skills.

Racialized nature of mass incarceration

Demographics? Disproportionately by nonwhite men, blacks and Hispanics make up 66% of prison population; American women are being incarcerated at an unprecedented rate

TED Talk: Michael Murphy

Doctors had found terminal cancer in his father's stomach; he finished what he could no longer complete: restoration of old home · Dad says the house saved his life; Michael went to architecture school · Why was it that the best architects are so rare and serve very few? With all of this talent what more could we do? · Paul Farmer: Activist for global health poor- hospital in South Africa had no infection control. Where are the architects? Where are they to help us to design hospitals that allow us to heal? · Michael went to design a new hospital? Put hallways outside instead of inside- simple sight specific designs can make a hospital more successful · "Ubudehe"- community works for the community · Process of building to heal for the entire community as a whole- locally fabricated way: hire locally, source regionally, train where you can, think about every design decision to invest in the dignity for the places you serve · Local Food Movement for Architecture · Hands cut stones put into the walls in the hospital · What if we asked what is the human handprint that made what we used today? · Forced to consider how we can create jobs, source regionally, and invest in communities that we served; architecture can be a transformative engine for change · Built a memorial dedicated to those lynched in Montgomery, AL · Memorial will take us on a journey on a familiar building plan, but columns evoke lynchings that happened in public square so that we can understand and remember the names of those lynched · Ubudehe: we wonder if we could fill the columns with soils from the sites occurred- act of collecting soil has led to a spiritual healing; an act of restorative justice. "If this person left one drop of blood, sweat, hair, I hope I dug it up so that his whole body can be at peace" His dad was referring to the relationship between architecture and oneself; they make visible our personal and collective aspirations and can heal when he said the house saved him

Evidence of Education reproducing the status quo

Ex. Parents tell a black woman that you can be anything if you work hard and study hard; but when you get to college the teacher sends you a different message—reproducing the status quo by changing how the black woman sees herself; she internalizes the message by the teacher

Explain the racialized nature of unemployment rates (and the limitations of official unemployment stats)

Explain the racialized nature of unemployment rates (and the limitations of official unemployment stats)- In addition to the racial wage and wealth gaps, the likelihood of being employed varies by race. Unemployment rates for white men and women are much lower than unemployment rates for blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans. African Americans are twice as likely to be unemployed as non-Hispanic whites; even African American men who have a college education face double the unemployment rate of their white college- educated counterparts

White Racial Frame

Explain the ways in which the beliefs, perspectives, and stereotypes about people of color that are pervasive in our culture help to legitimize forms of systemic racism, which then work to inhibit people from challenging their own racial/ethnic stereotypes and result in discriminatory actions - Cultural ideology rather than an individual attitude in that it both informs and helps legitimize societal racism - Within the criminal justice system, the white racial frame exemplifies how belief about black criminality inform, and even justify, such police practices as racial profiling, which occurs when race is the primary reason for a person to come under police suspicion

Explain the ways poverty is raced

Explain the ways poverty is raced: people of color are disproportionately impoverished (there are more white people in our population (63% approximately) compared to blacks, so there are more whites impoverished... however 8.7% of white population vs. 21.2% African Americans are impoverished

Stigma associated with Affirmative action

Poor but bright kids of color don't have the opportunity to succeed

Racial minorities and criminal victimization

Racial minorities are much more likely to be victimized by crime than are whites, with native americans having the highest rates of violent crime victimization. Yet the stereotype remains of racial minorities as perpetrators of crimes and not as victims - LGBTQ people of color are disproportionately victimized The predominant image of racial minorities as criminals is exemplified in the media coverage

Critical Race Theory

Social scientific theoretical position that focuses on a critical examination of society and culture; is particularly interested in the intersection of race, law, and culture and the ways ideologies of assimilation and color-blindness actually help perpetuate white dominance rather than eliminate it; CRTs argue that racism is an ordinary aspect of our society. - US constitution is presumably color-blind meaning that it does not afford advantages or disadvantages to individuals based upon their race or ethnic group - Responsibility of institutions rather than individuals in the perpetuation of racism, as Faults of law enforcement for such strategies as imposing curfews on young people to curb gang activity because these are only placed in urban minority communities, and thus perpetuate the image of minority youth as criminals

Racial wealth gap (2016)

Sociologists argue that analyzing the racial wage gap is important but not sufficient for fully understanding economic inequality. It is perhaps more enlightening to explore the racial wealth gap, which is the gap in wealth between whites and people of color

Critical race theory and community cultural wealth

Some sociologists challenge Bourdieu's notion of cultural capital because it highlights only the cultural competencies of whites and establishes those competencies as the cultural norm. It overlooks the potential cultural capital of people of color and instead views them as operating from a deficit.

Multiracial families living in a racialized society

Struggles multiracial families face: can pertain to friendship circles, one primary struggle is housing because neighborhoods are racially segregated (want everyone to be comfortable), Biracial people face discrimination because people recognize their nonwhiteness

Home ownership and the racial wealth gap

The racial wealth gap holds true for Latinos and whites as well. For example, there is considerable variation in home ownership within the Latino community, with Cuban American home ownership rates of 52.2 percent, Mexican American rates of 45.9 percent, and Puerto Rican rates of 37.2 percent (Lui et al. 2006). Still, home ownership for non-Hispanic whites at 71.9 percent in 2015 remains much higher than for all Hispanic groups.

First step act

Trump administration released 3100 prisoners for having good behavior, money for increased job training for incarcerated people Conversations we are not having o Engaging with restorative justice: an approach to crime that focuses on healing the victim and establishing a way for perpetrators to atone their crime; using this to rebuild society; focus isn't on punishing offender oRealistic reentry programs: addressing employment options for former felons

The myth of the immigrant criminal

Trump administration used this in targeting policies: research is now overwhelming that first-generation immigrants commit less crime than second- generation immigrants or native-born residents (Hagan, Levi, and Dinovitzer 2008). However, undocumented immigrants are increasingly being treated as criminals and placed in detention facilities, part of the ever-expanding prison industrial complex.

Prejudice

a belief that is not based upon evidence but instead upon preconceived notions and stereotypes that are not subject to change even in the face of contrary evidence. Prejudice relegates racism to the realm of ideas and attitudes rather than actions. Integration is correlated with decreasing prejudice which can help foster assimilation

Race work

a term that refers to the everyday actions and strategies that individuals in interracial relationships use to maintain closeness and intimacy across lines of racial stratification ○ Both heterosexual and same-sex interracial coupls struggle with visibility

White advantages in the Job market Social Network

a. Who you know b. Invaluable in the job search because personal contacts can get you in the door and many job openings aren't advertised

Feminization of poverty

beginning in mid 70's, women (particularly single mother households) are much more likely to be impoverished than single male father households because of rising divorce rates that make women get children, leads to limited work availability and more of income is put towards child

Intergroup contact

can be a prejudice-reducing tool under specific conditions - Racial integration increases the likelihood of intergroup contact - When people are exposed to individuals different from themselves, in certain situations, they learn that the stereotypes and fears they hold about such people are unfounded - If there is a power and status difference between the two groups, a reduction of prejudice is unlikely - Intergroup contact that requires interdependence and cooperation is also necessary for the contact to help reduce prejudice

racial wage gap

demonstrating that white workers earn more than nonwhite workers even when controlling for education, skills, and experience -In 1967, black men earned 65 percent of what white men earned for full-time, year-round work. By 2003, the racial wage gap had narrowed: black men were earning 78 percent of white male wages (Albelda, Drago, and Shulman 2004). After years of steady improvement, the racial wage gap has widened again since 2008 due to the economic crisis: in 2010 blacks earned 62 percent of white income and Latinos earned 68 percent of white income -Median wealth per US household: whites have the highest by far... it comes down to homeownership

current rates of interracial marriage

explanations for such low percentages?- Where you live partially determines your likelihood of seeing many interracial relationships in your daily life. interracial dating is more common than interracial marriage; thus, you may see more interracial couples in your life, but many of these people may not end up getting married. Finally, another variable to consider is age - Interracial marriage type, newly married couples in 2015 o Hispanic/White: 42% o Asian American/White: 15% o White/Multiracial: 11.9% o White/Black: 11% o Other: 21.1%

Reproductive Rights Population control-

government attempts to alter the rate of a nation's population growth. Early proponents of birth control often explicitly claimed that black and immigrant women had moral obligation to limit their family size. All women are not treated equally when it comes to the state and reproductive rights. For women of color, reproductive rights are much about the right to have their children as they are about the right to terminate a pregnancy

Family consequence

increase in single parent households, divorce rates increase, difficulty in maintaining a relationship with an incarcerated parent

Reclaimers

individuals raised as white, with little to no knowledge of their Native American ancestry, who later voluntarily reconnected with their Native heritage - Again disrupts notions of race as fixed and biological

National Origins Act (1924)

inspired by eugenicist ideas and hostility toward Japanese immigrants. The act limited immigration to 2% of each nationality already residing in the US and capped immigration at 186,437 individuals annually

GI Bill

legislation that provided returning GI's with access to higher education through tuition funding and stipends, low-interest home and business loans, job training and placement, disability payments, and unemployment insurance in the post-WWII era. This piece of legislation is considered "America's first piece of colorblind legislation" but it actually supported racial inequality and contributed to widening the racial wealth gap in post-war American society. Southern Democrats only allowed the passage of the bill if its administration of benefits would be at the state level, thus limiting the federal oversight of racist practices.

Amalgamation

marital assimilation as the most crucial stage of assimilation - Dominant groups have historically been slow to accept marital assimilation, preferring to maintain their social distance from subordinate groups in interpersonal, intimate relations

Structural assimilation-

marks the point where subordinate groups are accepted into the dominant group's primary and secondary structures

One-drop rule

meant that a single drop of "black blood" made a person black

Milton Gordon's Stages of Assimilation (1964)- evaluate where the US stands in terms of these seven stages Cultural assimilation-

members of a subordinate group adapt to cultural patterns of the dominant group

More of a public health approach to the opioid epidemic

not a criminal justice approach- addiction is recognized as an illness

White privilege in the criminal justice system

presumption of innocent surrounding white folks that protects us, we are assumed to be innocent; gender, age, and race are all factors white people are complicit and view prisons as solely used to deter people from committing crimes, not as a form of social control and racial oppression

- Discuss the major social policies passed in the 20th century and how these were racialized FDR's New Deal-

racial inequality was woven into this legislation to ensure that it would pass in Congress; policies were designed to protect workers through the establishment of social security and unemployment insurance; to appease southern Democrats, agricultural laborers and domestic workers were excluded from these programs and these jobs were disproportionately done by people of color.

Police brutality

racialized nature of: instances in which police use force beyond what is necessary to make an arrest or address a situation - Women and girls, particularly women of color, are sexually assaulted, raped, brutally strip-searched, beaten, shot, and killed by law enforcement agents with alarming frequency, experiencing many of the same forms of law enforcement violence as men of color, as well as gender- and race-specific forms of police misconduct and abuse - Police brutality is not a new issue, but it is now being caught on camera and the police narratives that they felt their lives were threatened are being challenged

Income and Wealth- describe and explain the radicalization nature of each (racial wage gap and the racial wealth gap) Income-

refers to the amount of money a person earns in a given period of time for work, Social Security, or some other government transfer payment that person might receive.

Racial Battle Fatigue

refers to the physiological and psychological symptoms-such as tension headaches, elevated heartbeat, extreme fatigue, ulcers, hypervigilance, anger, and the inability to sleep--associated with the constant exposure to racial slights, indignities and irritations , unfair treatment, and both subtle and overt racial hostilities

cultural capital

refers to things such as social skills, linguistic styles, habits, and tastes that take the form of credentials, connections, and knowledge

New immigrant destinations

since the 90's, they are found in small towns especially in the south, not just in major urban areas, certain industries, created interesting tensions and interesting opportunities because the south is normally black/white and now has significant numbers to make a difference in voting

Multiracial movement

sought to gain public recognition of the multiracial community, to allow people to legally self-identity as biracial/multiracial, and to end the discrimination they faced - Some individuals who are biracial or multiracial argue that through such self-definition they are rejecting the color lines that have long defined our nation - NAACP was against the changing of the existing census categories because it gathers data used to address inequalities and the data can be used to argue for federal funds directed towards minority communities - Increasing number of people claiming biracial/multiracial identities does not really challenge our existing racial order because it does not challenge whiteness or the racial hierarchy, it DOES disrupt notions of race as fixed and biological Census compromise in 2000: Respondents could check more than one race for the first time

Sociology of displacement

studies the prevalence, causes, and consequences of evictions (Matthew Desmond 2016) - Found that rather than seeing evictions as a result of poverty, he argues that eviction actually helps create poverty - The epidemic of evictions has hit African Americans in the south the hardest, with black renters from Louisiana to Virginia disproportionately bearing the burden of the crisis - 9 out of 10 of the highest evicting large US cities are located in the South and have populations that are at least 30% black Evictions affect black women similarly to the way a felony conviction affected so many black men

Voter suppression

techniques, including voter ID laws that create barriers to voting for poor people and college students, wrongfully purged voter rolls, long lines at the voting booth, provisional balloting, untrained poll workers, confusing polling places, voter intimidation, and faulty voting technology that does not verify your vote, opening the door to fraud

School-to-prison pipeline

term that captures the criminalization of black and brown youth; they are pushed out of schools and into the juvenile justice system by the zero-tolerance policies (mandate harsh punishments for certain behaviors)

Underclass

term used to refer to the new face of poverty that emerged in response to deindustrialization - Members of the underclass are not just poor, they are chronically poor and living in areas of concentrated poverty - Generally able bodied, young, and black - Result of migration of middle-class and working class blacks away from urban areas after the victories of the civil rights movement

Healthcare reform

the US is the only industrialized nation in the world that does not offer healthcare to its citizens as a right. President Obama was able to enact a healthcare reform bill that provides most citizens with access to affordable health insurance. Many people who oppose healthcare reform do so in highly racialized ways. Race was rarely mentioned in Obama's reforms in 2010, however it was mentioned in subtle ways.

Limitations of Achievement Gap data

the data is limited and our interpretations of the data is irresponsible: 1. achievement racial gap is seen as biological, 2. It is presented as if these kids of color have some kind of intellectual inferiority but it in fact represents culturally biased tests, biases that benefit whites, 3. Unequal education environments

Measuring residential segregation

the dissimilarity index (also known as the segregation index): one of the most widely used measures of racial segregation, refers to the evenness with which two groups are distributed across an area. Ranges from zero to one: with zero being the least segregated and one being the most segregated (0-0.3 is integrated 0.3-0.6 moderately segregated 0.6+ very segregated)

Low-income housing crisis Gentrification-

the process of renovating deteriorating urban neighborhoods by means of an influx of more affluent residents, has resulted in fewer low-income housing units - It is a class shift, but it also characterized by a racial shift from a predominantly black neighborhood to a predominantly white neighborhood - Very controversial → it brings with it numerous amenities and improvements that are welcomed in the neighborhood, from parks to bike paths, coffee houses, and grocery stores, yet the process itself results in the displacement of the original low-income residents, as they can no longer afford to live there

Racial steering

the selective showing of houses to blacks and whites regardless of income; purpose to bring a sense of 'fit'; rocking the boat Is not of a real estate agent's interest

Mapping white privilege/residential segregation in the housing market Residential segregation

the separation of racial groups into different spaces, specifically, where urban areas are disproportionately composed of people of color while suburban and rural communities are almost all white - Result of historic and ongoing policies and practices that have restricted housing options for people of color, often with the goal of creating all-white communities

Social reproduction theory (Bourdieu)

the study of the myriad ways that societies reproduce their status hierarchies, particularly class hierarchies; argued that access to economic capital (money) increases people's opportunities because it allows access to social and cultural capital

Flores-Gonzales- street identities

their lack of success in elementary school and subsequent feelings of humiliation, and lack of meaningful relationships with peers and teachers, lead to their disengagement from school in the elementary years. The development of a street identity can contribute to the likelihood of the student's eventually dropping out of high school

Native American Boarding schools

thousands of Indian children were taken from their parents and sent to boarding schools under the leadership of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Native Americans were perceived as uncivilized heathens, and federally controlled boarding schools were intended to civilize them, destroy tribal cultures and identities, and indoctrinate Native Children with white cultural values and beliefs, including Chrisitanity and the English language

Racial Wage (income) gap

we are talking about a gap in income that falls along racial lines between black people and white people, with all other variables constant (education, skills, experience), narrowed over decades

The racial hoax

when a crime occurs, or someone fabricates a crime, and the perpetrator falsely blames someone else because of the person's race -- Place individual black men at risk for wrongful imprisonment and help perpetuate the image of black men as deviant criminals in the public mind

Identification Assimilation

when minority-group members no longer see themselves as distinct and thus have no incentive to fight for their own group's rights - Social acceptance of the children of interracial marriages

Social structural sorting process

where certain areas of the city are excluded from consideration throughout the decision making process, in a narrowing down of options. People's decision making process around housing exists within a larger system of racial stratification which is why residential segregation is perpetuated even through social structural sorting process

Flores-Gonzales - School Identities

which means they learn student role expectations early, perform the role well, and develop meaningful relationships with peers and teachers. The development of a school identity contributes to students' perceptions of themselves as "stayers," students who do not view dropping out of high school as an option.

Gender wage gap

women earn less than men with variables constant (women of color are most disadvantaged)

Real estate industry practices Restrictive covenants

wording on a deed or sales contract that says by signing this you agree not to sell the house to a member of a specific group

Working poor

work full time year round and still fall below the poverty level, don't benefit from support programs, Latinos are apart of this

Conflict perspective

● Argues that the law serves two primary functions: first, it helps to maintain the power of the dominant group in society; second, it is used as a form of social control of subordinate groups - Vagrancy is a criminal charge against someone who lives in public spaces, such as sidewalks or parks ● Is a crime engaged in by poor people ● Vagrancy laws is an example of the conflict theory on crime and law - Racial inequalities in the criminal justice system are a result of economic, social, and political inequalities - Dominant groups effectively influence what behaviors get defined as criminal and how severely certain crimes are punished, which also serves to advantage them and disadvantage subordinate groups

Essentialism in sports Including sports commentators and journalists

● claim that there is a real, true essence to race - Black dominance in basketball, football, and track seems to challenge the idea that race is nothing more than a social construction by emphasizing the essentialist claim - ​​Sports commentators as well as journalists use subtle verbal cues to describe black and white athletes that reinforce racial myths of natural black athletic superiority and white intellectual superiority, what some have referred to as the "black brawn versus white brains" distinction - Research respondents discussed sports in ways that reinforced black physical superiority and white mental superiority as explanations for their athletic success

Voting blocs

● groups of people that tend to vote in ways that support or oppose particular policies, or vote in a specific way as a reflection of a certain aspect of their identity - Latinos as a desired voting bloc: both political parties have sought their vote eagerly; they are against gay rights; tend to be Catholic; they are concentrated in 5 key states: Texas, Florida, NY, Illinois, and CA- they have the least voting rates - African American voting bloc: collectively they vote for democrat- if they are unhappy they don't vote at all Asian American voting trends: 73% voted democratic, one of the reasons why they were most loyal is because under President Reagan he established an amnesty program- made the path to citizenship quicker for undocumented immigrants; they are concentrated on west coast

Race talk

● refers to the ways people use language to construct their social world and to understand race - Disclaimers are verbal strategies designed to deter doubt about the claim one is making and to avoid disrupting the social interaction

Gentleman's agreement

● unwritten agreement between owners to keep black players out of the league because of complaints from white players over the lack of job - Gentleman's agreement in baseball. Jackie Robinson was the first to cross the "color barrier" break the agreement ● Moses Fleetwood Walker: last black player to play in the major leagues until 1947

Asian American historical edu

- "Oriental school" - Wouldn't go to white school, but wouldn't go to the black school - No high school - Underinvested in schools similar to African Americans

War on Drugs

- Began with Nixon with War on Crime, Reagan commits massive amount of federal dollars - Training police to end drug apprehensions, building prison, equipping prisons with essentially weapons of war - Highly racialized, but drug use is not - Black and browns are targeted, - Sentences were extremely racially basis - An individual caught with 5 grams of crack cocaine received the same prison sentence as someone caught with 500 grams of powder cocaine - Cracker users were treated like powder coke dealers

Four proposed solutions to the racial wealth gap Baby bonds

- Giving ever baby born in the US somewhere between $500 and $50,000 on the day they're born and they can't touch it until they turn 18 Money grows, has it for college, house, or business

Effects of mass incarceration Economic

600,000 prisoners are released every year and can't find work because of their felony conviction

The "Great Recession" and the housing crisis

A major symptom of the Great Recession was the high rate of home foreclosures: Great Recession may be more accurate for describing this economic downturn for whites but for Americans of color it was more like a depression

Racial integration in sports (NFL,MLB,NBA)

AA are overrepresented in NFL, NBA, and WNBA, but underrepresented in the vast majority of collegiate sports - Tennis, golf, swimming, softball, volleyball, and other college sports are overwhelmingly white - Most sports were originally integrated, then they were segregated, then they were re-integrated

Emergence of mass incarceration

Began in 1970's and some scholars argued that it ended about 2008, when the rates leveled off; an unprecedented prison boom

Home Ownership rates by race in 2017

Black 42%, Asian 57%, White 68%, Hispanic 46%, overall 54.5%

Federal Job Guarantee

Bold policies aimed at full employment and ending poverty

Racial signaling

Business Owners hire minority group members because they believe their customer base will improve and reward them with loyalty

Funding inequalities

Federal funds are only 10% of any school's funds; evenly distributed on a per-student basis, State funds: 45%- there is some disparity- some states give more money to certain districts than others, Local funds: 45%- disparity is built in; amounts vary radically among localities depending on local property line taxes

Social Policies

Government programs designed to help citizens meet their basic needs; a safety net protecting people from the capitalists market

Tyson critique of oppositional identities; her notion of radicalized tracking

In fact, such research found that both white and black high-achieving students experience negative peer pressure over their academic success and low-achieving black students experience positive peer pressure, such as encouragement to improve their academic performance. Karolyn Tyson's (2011) research finds that the "acting white" phenomenon is found in racially integrated schools but not in predominantly black schools and that it emerges out of the institutional practice of racialized tracking, where higher-level classes (gifted, honors, advanced placement) are overwhelmingly populated with white students while lower-level classes are disproportionately composed of minority students.

History of anti-miscegenation legislation

Laws that criminalized interracial marriage and sex o Protecting whiteness and race mixing was a threat to white purity o 1st was passed in Maryland in 1661 and by 1930's 38 states adopted these laws oAfter emancipation there was increased fear of interracial relationships among whites

History of American Home ownership

Most of Americans rented because the down payment on homes was about 50% ~Access to home ownership changed federal policies - Wilson administration pushed because of communism, owning home would put Americans in the capitalists systems ~Home ownership looked like a good thing to support to try to pull us out of the depression - FHA → Backed mortgages All realtors apart of the FHA were white racist men, and they put their values in the FHA

Most universities as white spaces/ what does it look like at UNC?

Most schools are racialized/white spaces where cultural biases influence perceptions of the space as belonging to white and where people of color feel unwelcome

Negro National League

Negro leagues became a financial success despit the limited mobility to travel due to sunset laws and the use of the Green Book

Responsible interpretations of achievement gap data

No racial groups in this country score above AYP --Asian Americans score higher than whites --Economic achievement is much wider than the racial achievement gap

Current Educational Inequality Resegregation of schools

Schools start to resegregate in the 1980s, courts turn against POC in education

Sharecropping education

Shorter school year for blacks than whites because the expectation that black children had to work in the fields when the cotton needed to be picked

Movie: Segregated by Design

St. Louis, MO- displaced thousands, they built gateway arch, hospitals, highways all unaffordable to people of color · Led to believe that racial segregation in housing is de facto- private prejudice however contributed to segregation, so De Jure segregation is what happens · Policies - Fed Govt. and New Deal pursued policies that segregated areas - Public Housing Program - US Housing Authority- Austin, TX - LBJ: put a project in place in ^ for African Americans-a ghetto - City of Austin closed public facilities and forced Africans to move - FHA: subsidized suburbs, prohibited resale to blacks; Inharmonious racial groups should not live in the same communities. Argued that they did not violate constitution bc of private agreements - Middle class had to make large down payments with high interest rates, but most could not afford it - Redlining: mapping urban areas with color codes for safety- even places where blacks lived or nearby were colored red; justification: if blacks bought homes in or near white neighborhoods, loans would be at risk bc housing value would decline - ½ mile concrete wall that separated 2 neighborhoods - Reality: Racial integration caused property values to increase - 1946: Chicago building divided into 6 cubicles for people to live in a 540 sq. ft. building - Public policy denied effort for blacks to participate in white housing market · Homes became overcrowded and families had to subsidize their homes · Toxic waste plants placed in black communities to protect whites; their neighborhoods slowly turned into dumps · Whites became resistant to blacks moving because they thought they were bringing dumps to their neighborhoods · Blockbusting- all they had to do to stop this was to lift the license · Many de jure policies wanted to keep blacks away, and businesses did not want to be apart of it either · Sugar Hill: wealthy neighborhood turned into a slump whenthey determined it as a black neighborhood · State Sponsored Violence: by media, KKK was painted on walls, Police stood by while this happened · Only people grand jury invited was Harvey Clark, Real Estate agent, naacp agent · Wealth Gap: African American income and wealth are significantly lower than white's; attributable to federal white housing policies · Fair Housing Act: allowed blacks to buy homes in suburbs that had been prohibited; however these houses were unaffordable · Children who come from families who are stressed financially and physically; can't achieve levels of white children who have it made · Constitutional remedy that prohibit actions federal govt. pursued: 5th amendment to treat people fairly, 14thamendment to treat people equally, 13th amendment to abolish practices that came with slavery; ·Focus now should be to integrate society and accept responsibility to fix the problem

Busing

Supreme court ruled that a district could desegregate its schools by busing students from black schools to white schools to achieve a racial balance at each school. Busing was a proposed policy solution because due to white flight, blacks and whites usually did not live in the same communities, and since American public schools have historically been neighborhood based, integration could only be achieved by sending some children to schools that were not in their neighborhoods

Race and social policy "when affirmative action was white"-

The US government invested more than $95 billion on the GI Bill, which disproportionately went to whites. Whites who previously did not have access to higher education were able to obtain their education and white home ownership increased dramatically, all at least partially due to investments from the federal government.

Oriental schools

The court decided that the school board could not force the Chinese American students to go the local black school but instead had to create a separate "Oriental school"; instituted a policy that relegated Japanese and Korean children to so-called Oriental schools in 1906

Race and death penalty Identify variables most likely to result in a prosecutor seeking a death sentence

The death penalty has never been applied objectively; there has been a long history of arbitrary use particularly against racial minorities - One of the major questions surrounding the validity of its use pertains to race: the race of the victim, race of the defendant, and racial makeup of the jury - A jury that includes 5 or more white men is 40% more likely to sentence a defendant to death than isa jury comprising more people of color or more women - The US's use of the death penalty continues to be racially discriminatory though most states still practice

Achievement gap - be able to challenge the standard interpretation of the data

The discrepancy of standardized test scores along racial lines; decreased between 1970-1999; it happens to also be the period of time where schools were most integrated

Immigrants and the radicalization of anti-immigrant sentiment

The idea that immigrants that come from non-white countries; non-white immigrants are problematic (not the right kind of immigrants)

13th amendment loophole

The loophole in our constitution's ban on slavery not only allowed slavery to continue, but launched an era of discrimination and mass incarceration that continues to this day.

The Dream Act

This failed piece of federal legislation would have made the path of citizenship for undocumented immigrants brought to the US as children easier; their citizenship would have been granted upon their obtaining a college degree or through military service

Reparations

To make amends for a wrong

Vagabond laws

Used disproportionately against racial minorities - Laws that outlaw begging, loitering, panhandling, and even looking for work was illegal - Law can be used against anyone - Designed to keep blacks on the land - South wanted to maintain their agricultural economy, as sharecroppers

Fordham and Ogbu- oppositional identities

a collective sense of identity formed in opposition to that of white Americans. This research found that children at a very young age began to perceive succeeding in school as "acting white." Good grades, taking school seriously, and positive attitudes about school were therefore stigmatized as an affront to the African American identity

Discipline gap

a disproportionate disciplinary response to behaviors engaged in by students' behavior or academic performance and has been shown to increase their anger and apathy

Little Rock nine

a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. Governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students' entry into the high school. Later that month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school. It drew national attention to the civil rights movement.

Racial apathy

a lack of feeling or an indifference toward racial/ethnic inequality and an unwillingness to acknowledge or address racial/ethnic inequality

Rosewood and reparations for blacks

a self-sufficient all-black community in rural Florida. An accusation of the rape of a white woman by a black man led to the lynching of an African American man by whites from neighboring communities. Black residents of Rosewood were run out of their community and none ever returned or were compensated. In 2004, the state designated Rosewood a Florida Heritage Site, a site designated by the government as important to the cultural heritage of a community.

Social dominance orientation

an idea introduced by psychology professors Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratoo (1999) refers to people's belief that their group is the dominant group in society and their perception of this dominance as legitimate Definition of excessive force depends on whether one is a member of the dominant group in society

Restorative Justice

approach to crime that emphasizes dialogue, confession, and reconciliation with a focus on healing Reparations movements in the US Our racial wealth gap is an outcome of racist policies in 20-21st century

Spatial mismatch hypothesis

argues that racial minorities don't live where the jobs are

Adultification of Black girls

black girls are viewed as less innocent, needing less support and nurturing, more independent, and knowing more about adult topics like sex. Essentially, black girls are perceived as more adult-like than white girls of the same age→ dehumanization denies black children of innocence in their childhood

Rebound Racism

capture the white partner's hurt and pain associated with witnessing racism directed at someone they love True for white individuals in interracial relationships and for those in multiracial families with biracial children

Boundary maintenance (Childs 2009)

controlling interracial sex and marriage is an integral part of maintainig distinct racial groups -- The policing of sexual boundaries is precisely what keeps a racial group a racial group. From the perspective of white supremacism interracial liasions result in mixed race progeny who slipped back and forth across the color line and defied social control

Behavior-receptional assimilation

declining intentional racial/ethnic discrimination (behaviors) against subordinate groups

Bilingual education

educational programs that cater to non-English speaking students by providing instruction in both their native language and in English - Have come under attack in the last 30 years - The tolerance of the use of foreign languages in public schools ended with WWI as fear of the massive numbers of immigrants entering the country increased - Nativist beliefs reigned at the turn of the 20th century → americanize

Push to end solidarity confinement

ends cruelty

Total Institutions

environments in which every aspect of the inhabitant's lives is controlled; less successful than resocialization according to Goffman. Prisons, the military, asylums, and the Indian boarding schools are examples

Racialization of the state

explains how states policies have interfered with the ability of black Americans to accumulate wealth, from the beginning of slavery throughout American history, while simultaneously supporting white wealth accumulation Ex Oliver and Shapiro (1995), Government support of slavery

Hart-Cellar Act (1965)

face of US changed because this the number of people coming from Asia, Latin America, and Africa, it also allowed for chain (family) migration that meant if one person came, direct family members of that person were also welcome; the vast majority of immigrants here are legal

Gender achievement gap

females outperform males; we say "boys are underachieving"- it says they have potential, but they don't want to

Public housing

housing stock that is owned by the government, specifically HUD

Political socialization

how we are taught to be politically conscious, engaged, and active.

Limitations

it does not include what are referred to as discouraged workers or people who are underemployed

From Sundown towns to Whitopias Sundown Towns-

locals used violence to run blacks out and keep them out by placing signs at their city limits declaring "Ni****, Don't Let the Sun Go Down on You".

Know three explanations for the radicalized nature of poverty rates in the US, including the effects of deindustrialization

manufacturing jobs moved from northern and midwestern cities to the nonunionized South or to Third World locations, to take advantage of cheaper labor. The burden of this economic transition has not been carried equally. African Americans and Latinos were disproportionately affected. For example, research shows that 60 to 70 percent of laid-off workers in 1973 through 1974 were African American, even when they amounted to only 10 to 12 percent of the workforce

recent anti-immigration legislation

migrant farm workers didn't come because of the threat they would go to jail. Various states have laws say that police could arrest you if you couldn't provide documentation—all of the laws were overturned because states don't have rights to pass laws according to constitution; Scare tactic of the migrant caravan- the idea that thousands of Central Americans are marching here; used under Trump administration to approve and pursue border wall

Economic contributions of immigrants

most research proves that immigrants give more than they get, even though we assume that they take more than they give

Racial profiling

occurs when race is the primary reason for a person to come under police suspicion, race is a significant factor in a police officer's decision to pull someone over

Mutual aid societies

people joined together to create formal organizations that provided aid to their members and served as safety nets during times when life circumstances overwhelmed members' individual capabilities to provide for themselves of their families Ex. ancient order of hibernians, the odd fellows, knights of pythias, zulu social aid, pleasure club

Booker T. Washington and industrial education Accommodationism-

posited that blacks could gain more autonomy by cooperating with whites rather than demanding full civil rights

Civic assimilation

power and value conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups disappear

Attempts to reverse mass incarceration act

provided states with incentives to reduce imprisonment while keeping crime rates lower or at the same level

Mass incarceration (hyperincarceration)

rates of imprisonment are so high that incarceration is no longer the fate of deviant individuals but defining feature of entire communities

Welfare state

refers to a collection of programs designed to assure economic security to all citizens by guaranteeing the fundamental necessities of life: food, shelter, medical care, protection in childhood, and support in old age

Boarder patrolling in the housing market

refers to actions by both whites and people of color that send the message that certain behaviors (be they family formation or dating decisions) are against the rules - Helps to maintain white privilege and myth of racial purity - When blacks border patrol they express concerns over race loyalty

Border patrolling

refers to actions by both whites and people of color that send the message that certain behaviors (be they family formation or dating decisions) are against the rules. Helps to maintain white privilege and myth of racial purity. When blacks border patrol they express concerns over race loyalty

Social control

refers to any and all efforts to limit deviance o Laws follow social control

Unemployment Rate

refers to data collected from unemployment offices around the country on people who are actively searching for work and are unable to find it. In general, the unemployment rate in the United States is obtained by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the number of persons in the labor force (employed or unemployed) and multiplying that figure by 100.

social capital

refers to people's social networks: if they know others in positions of power, then they can more easily use those relationships to advance in life

Unconscious Racism

refers to the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs about race that help create and perpetuate negative feelings and opinions about people of color in our culture - Because we are ensconced in a racist culture where we are unconsciously absorb racist beliefs and attitudes, implicit racial prejudices, unless actively addressed, are inevitable

Rule of hypo descent

refers to the practice of assigning racially mixed persons status of the subordinate group

Campaign for Redress

resulted in efforts to memorialize the physical sites associated with the camp experience.

Diversity Penalty

schools serving the neediest students lose fund and are even less able to meet the needs of their students

community cultural wealth

seeks to broaden what qualifies as cultural capital to include the unique assets that communities of color are able to provide to their members: specifically, different sets of skills that tend not to be recognized or valued by dominate institutions.

De jure ségrégation

segregation that is official policy, enforced by law. Much racial residential segregation in the US is an outgrowth of

Deindustrialization

start of manufacturing jobs moving to third world countries to take advantage of cheaper labor

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

the defense challenged the constitutionality of capital punishment by bringing evidence of racial bias to the court ● The Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be unconstitutional, specifically citing its arbitrary, unpredictable, and capricious use ● The court determined that no specific guidelines existed on which to base the sentencing of capital punishment versus a life sentence without parole ● Without such guidelines, Justice Thurgood Marshall declared, the option of imposing a sentence of death was an "open initation to discrimination" ● Between 1972-1976, as a result of this decision, the death penalty was not used in the US

Changing attitudes towards interracial marriage

the extent to which interracial marriages are accepted in a society is an important determinant of a society's level of assimilation. Dominant groups have historically been slow to accept marital assimilation, preferring to maintain their social distance from subordinate groups in interpersonal, intimate relations

Model Minority

the idea that Asian Americans academically excel and achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than other racial/ethnic groups.

Political capital

the organizational and cultural resources necessary to get political systems to work in their favor Minority groups have not generated enough political capital

Latino Flight

the pattern of Latinos' enrolling their children in private schools to avoid sending them to school with black children

Resocialization

the process by which people's environment is controlled in such a way as to get them to abandon their current identity and accept a new one

Underemployment

those who are working part-time or in temporary jobs, and are no longer part of the official unemployment statistics

Endogamy

to become married to or intimately involved with someone of the same group ○ Pressure to be endogamous is very strong ○ Adolescents who are dating someone of a different race are less likely to introduce that person to their parents People are quick to say that they are ok with interracial relationships, but when it comes to their own family it differs

Substantive representation

where politicians work to make the needs of their nonwhite constituents a priority