Sociology Final Exam

Zhang, Li "Anxious China"

"Anxious China: Inner Revolution and the Politics of Psychotherapy" by Li Zhang is an ethnographic study that explores the growing popularity of psychotherapy and self-help practices in contemporary China. The book delves into the intersection of psychology, mental health, and Chinese society, shedding light on the cultural, social, and political dimensions of this phenomenon. Here is a bullet point summary of the main themes and ideas discussed in the book: The Rise of Psychotherapy: Zhang examines the increasing popularity of psychotherapy and self-help practices in China, particularly in urban areas. She explores the reasons behind this rise, such as societal changes, globalization, and the influence of Western ideas and practices. Individualism and Self-Exploration: The book explores how psychotherapy and self-help practices in China contribute to the emergence of individualistic values and the cultivation of self-awareness and self-expression. It discusses how individuals seek to navigate personal issues and find a sense of agency and fulfillment through therapeutic interventions. Cultural and Historical Context: Zhang situates the development of psychotherapy in China within its cultural and historical context. She explores the influence of traditional Chinese beliefs, philosophies, and social norms on the reception and interpretation of psychotherapeutic approaches. Politics of Mental Health: The book critically examines the political dimensions of psychotherapy in China. It discusses how the Chinese state regulates and controls the practice of psychotherapy, including issues of licensing, censorship, and the influence of state ideology on therapeutic interventions. Indigenous Meanings and Adaptations: Zhang highlights how Chinese individuals and practitioners adapt psychotherapeutic approaches to fit within their cultural and social contexts. She explores how indigenous meanings and practices are incorporated into psychotherapy, including the integration of Chinese philosophies, concepts, and traditional healing methods. Ethical Considerations: The book addresses ethical issues in the practice of psychotherapy in China, including concerns about professional standards, confidentiality, informed consent, and power dynamics between therapists and clients. Intersectional Perspectives: Zhang emphasizes the importance of considering intersectionality in understanding the experiences and challenges faced by individuals seeking psychotherapy in China. She explores how factors such as gender, social class, and ethnicity intersect with mental health and access to therapy. Overall, "Anxious China: Inner Revolution and the Politics of Psychotherapy" offers a nuanced exploration of the cultural, social, and political dimensions of the rise of psychotherapy in contemporary China, shedding light on the complex interplay between individual experiences, societal changes, and the state's role in shaping mental health practices. How does she do the indigenous meanings: By drawing on traditional Chinese concepts and values, we can gain a deeper understanding of the anxieties discussed and explore potential paths towards resolving them in a way that aligns with the cultural heritage of the Chinese people. She follows people like Zhu Ling and draws upon their life of the anxiety and showing how therapuetic treatments like the one Zhu did when they went to Tibet for the retreat, many people within China also do that. How Zhang exemplifies this work is by giving exact examples of how people did this. For example, like Zhu's and then drawing conclusions based on what other people were saying and doing. Self work among chinese, and why people do what they do based on their culture - She is putting their culture into perspective on how these people live their lives She gives definitions of things that specifically only people in China would know, and emerge us in it, and emerge herself in it, so the best field work can be done looking at the perspective of the people- like sandplay therapy and why that is important to China (versus here in teh US we might think its dumb but that is a way for Chinese people to help themselves balance their mental health which is intertwined with physical health). She is also explaining why many people are applying for this psychology counselor, even though it was not in their original plan, and they don't actually wanna do it- they want to do this just for their own personal development - while in the US this might never happen - SANDPLAY - going to individual people and then drawing conclusions from talking to many many people - also using terms from China to emerse people more into the culture.

How can we address stereotyping effectively?

"Apparently, good will and education are not sufficient to subvert the power of stereotypes. If people treat others in such a way as to bring out behavior that supports stereotypes, they may never have an opportunity to discover which of their stereotypes are wrong" (Snyder, p. 159).

C. Wright Mills: The Power Elite

Comprised of the top leaders in three areas: 1. Corporate elite (execs of large corporations) 2. Military elite (senior officers) 3. Small political elite (presidents, top officials) 4. [Celebrities] Influence of power elite on other institutions ● Economic, political, and military domains are the most powerful in American society today, among other institutions ● "Families and churches and schools adapt to modern life; governments and armies and corporations shape it" (375). ● In so doing they mobilize these other institutions for their agenda ("means for their ends") ○ Chaplains in armies to increase effectiveness of morale to kill ○ Schools train students to be i-bankers for Wall Street ○ Example: Colbert on hospitals, abortion, and politicians Karl Polanyi's "Embeddedness" ● Economic sociology ● Economic institutions always constrained by other institutions ● Embeddedness as key concept Great Gatbsy Curve o In income inequality - means intergerational mobility- this means what are your statistical chances of living in a nother envionrment than in the US o Coefficient of 1 that means there is absolutely a zero chance to change the economic values of your parents (closer to peru) o If you have .15 that means that parents income vs. kids income you can change incomes (Norway) - Capital Bullying o We pay attention to schoolyard bullying but not bullying of vulnerable workers o Capital bullying: bullying inherent to Western and American capitalism ▪ Macroscietal lens: capitalism as a bullying system ▪ Unequal power inherent to capitalism: inequality isn't about market imperfection, but the opposite (Thomas Piketty) • It is working at its most perfect, is its most abusive

What are the broader implications of these two different parenting models?

Concerted Cultivation ● Encourages an emerging sense of entitlement ● Assertiveness in interactions with professionals Accomplishment of Natural Growth ● Encourages an emerging sense of constraint ● Deferential and outwardly accepting in interactions with professionals such as doctors/teachers ● More distrustful of professionals

Ni, Vincent. 2022 - Stop Nagging! : Why China's Young Adults are Resisting Marriage and Babies

● Background context of dropping birth rate (at a 61-year low) ● Efforts to encourage Chinese couples to have children ● Rate of never-married Chinese women in their 20s is 8x higher than in 1990 ● Women raised in developed Chinese cities have fewer ambitions of marriage ● "Just let me live my own life" ● "Stop nagging me Why does Cherlin argue we still marry? It's not structural functionalism, not evolutionary.... Marriage Gains (rational choice theory): ● Enforceable trust

What are Williams and Mohammed's arguments about cultural racism?

● Cultural racism contributes to negative racial stereotypes and absence of positive emotion for stigmatized racial groups ● This, in turn, can shape policy preferences of society and lack of political will to address racial disparities in health, among other negative consequences of racism ● Internalizing such stereotypes impacts health negatively ○ E.g. activating inferiority stigma increased blood pressure for African American but not white students ○ Also negatively impacts patient-provider relationship

What is the importance of technological dependence?

● Dialysis is a technology to allay effects of slow, toxic death ● Tied intimately to debates over governmentʼs relationship to vulnerable citizens ● "Dialysis entitlement" in 1972 committed government to cover dialysis for all patients with end-stage renal disease ○ This in turn prompted growth of private/commercial dialysis centers ● New Orleans as a city outside the narrative of American technological progress, "a city left behind" (521). ○ Links to the sociology of technology: explores the ways in which culture and social structures shape the design and use of technology, and how technology in turn influences cultural and social experience

Family Functions

● Family formation and membership ● Economic support ● Education ● Health and mental health ● Protection of vulnerable family members ● Social responsibility ● Affection and caring ● Identity ● Cultural socialization ● Recreation ● Religion

Wailoo - Conseuqences of the Health crisis after Katrina

● Historical case study of US government and medical official responses to critical needs of dialysis patients before, during, and after the massive storm and power outage caused by Katrina ● Wailoo uses the case as a "metaphor for the nationʼs unfulfilled political and economic commitments" (515), particularly with respect to health promises. ● All of Louisianaʼs health problems leading into Katrina had social origins ● Kidney failure 3-4x higher for blacks than whites = convergence between dialysis experience and African American experience

How does Rubin historically contextualize homelessness?

● Homelessness previously a transient phenomenon, e.g. "hobos" of the Great Depression ● Large structural forces changed the face of homelessness ○ Increasingly stratified society ○ No living minimum wage ○ Unemployment/underemployment ○ Skyrocketing urban rents ○ Cuts to public assistance

Wailoo- A slow, toxic decline

● Morbidity: Rates of sickness ● Mortality: Rates of death ● Comorbidity: the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient

How does Wailoo's research relate to stroke belt?

● New Orleans located in the "stroke belt," suffering from higher rates of stroke and hypertension-related disorders ● Multivalent connections between end-stage renal disease (ESRD), diabetes, being black, and being low-income

Racial Domination

institutional racism (systemic) and interpersonal (individualized) racism

Social Institutions: The family

● A primary social institution ● Constantly undergoing changes that prompt media and political debates ● Associated with moral social facts ● As various family dynamics change, this prompts redefinitions of social facts around family, e.g. how stepfamilies should act toward each other

Feagin, Joe R. and Melvin P. Sikes. "Navigating Public Places," in MSL, pp. 409- 19.

"Navigating Public Spaces" Chapter ● Focus on middle-class African American experiences in traditionally white public spaces ○ Upscale restaurants ○ Department stores ○ Streets in formerly white-only areas ● In these spaces, they often experience hostility, mistreatment, and general questioning of their presence ● Not isolated events Why focus on middle-class African American's, according to Feagin & Sikes? Research Design: Middle-class African American sample ● Helps us understand the "racial backwardness" of US society today: "no amount of hard work, money, and success can protect a black person from the destructive impact of racial stereotyping and discrimination" (p. 412). ● Middle-class African Americans, like other black Americans, have terrible experiences with everyday racism ● But also: Racial stereotyping can operate independently of the real identities and achievements of specifically targeted black individuals. What's the law got to do with all this? The Sociology of Law ● How does law shape social interactions on the ground...and vice-versa? ● Despite 1964 Civil Rights Act, black customers still encounter poor (or refused) service. ● In interviews, many respondents mention black "rights" linked to worldviews centering the civil rights struggle and civil rights laws Embeddedness ● Economic vs. political vs. other institutions: ● White business owners' conflict between "taking the dollars blacks can spend and recoiling from dealing with blacks" (p.411). Systemic racism takes on new forms in public spaces: Not outright exclusion of the past, but rejection in the form of poor service - Relates to Claude Steele, Whistling Vivaldi - to make clear that certain stereotypes attached to the group don't apply.

Goffman's Reality and Contrivance

"There is, then, a statistical relation between appearances and reality, not an intrinsic or necessary one" ----- Performances as reality

Colorism vs. Racism

- As US becomes less white and the multiracial community continues to expand, color will be even more significant than race in both public and private interactions. - ● As US becomes less white and the multiracial community continues to expand, color will be even more significant than race in both public and private interactions. Why? - A person's skin color is an irrefutable visual fact that is impossible to hide, vs. race as constructed, quasi-scientific classification often only visible on government forms. ● If racism didn't exist, discussions about varying skin hues would be conversations about aesthetics. ● Colorism sometimes framed as internalized racism ● Both perpetuate prejudice against people based on the color of their skin and operate on belief that some shades of skin are superior to others. ● Racism is systemic discrimination based on racial identity, a big part of which is defined by skin color. Colorism, while based on racist ideas, is not the same form of discrimination. ● Understanding this difference allows us to identify and address types of discrimination correctly. ● While both are disturbing, it is crucial to understand that colorism does not amount to racism

Cookson, Peter W., Jr. and Caroline Hodges Persell. "Preparing for Power: Cultural Capital and Curricula in America's Elite Boarding Schools"

- Cultural Capital valued by middle and upper classes that are reproduced in education institutions, particularly boarding schools in the US - how do they relate cultural capital to cirriculum historically: Greek/latin - middle/upper class, reinforce class differences , modern stock market Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and cultural assets that individuals possess, which are acquired through socialization and educational experiences. It encompasses both tangible and intangible aspects of culture, including language proficiency, educational attainment, social manners, networks, and familiarity with cultural practices and norms. In the case of elite boarding schools, Cookson and Hodges Persell argue that cultural capital plays a significant role in shaping the curriculum. These schools often cater to students from privileged backgrounds who possess a high level of cultural capital. The curriculum is designed to reinforce and enhance the cultural capital already possessed by these students, thereby reinforcing their social status and privilege. Historically, these boarding schools have focused on teaching a curriculum that is aligned with the cultural preferences and values of the dominant social class. This curriculum often emphasizes subjects such as literature, art, classical languages, and history, which are considered markers of high culture and social distinction. The curriculum aims to transmit and perpetuate the cultural knowledge and practices that are valued by the elite. Moreover, Cookson and Hodges Persell argue that boarding schools provide a socialization process that immerses students in an environment where cultural capital is highly valued and rewarded. The schools cultivate an atmosphere that reinforces particular cultural norms, expectations, and behaviors, shaping the students' identities and social positioning. The curriculum and educational practices at these boarding schools can perpetuate social inequalities by prioritizing the cultural capital associated with the dominant class, often neglecting or marginalizing the knowledge and experiences of marginalized groups. This further entrenches existing social hierarchies and limits opportunities for social mobility. Cookson and Hodges Persell's work highlights the role of cultural capital in shaping the curriculum and educational experiences in elite boarding schools. It underscores how these institutions play a role in reproducing social inequality by reinforcing and privileging the cultural capital of the already privileged students. What is the importance of sports at these boarding schools? - Connection to nature (school) Spirit of victory Excellences, elevates schools, social standing, winning is all that matters, high morale, something not academics How do boarding school students differ from public school students in their extracurricular participation? - Largely ignored in public schools, lots of extracirricular in boarding schools, financial support, elitists extracuriculars + horseback riding -Breadth and Depth of Offerings: Boarding schools often provide a wide range of extracurricular activities and opportunities that go beyond what is typically available in public schools. These activities can include athletics, performing arts, clubs, community service programs, and special interest groups. Boarding schools have the resources and facilities to offer a more extensive and diverse range of extracurricular options, allowing students to explore various interests in greater depth. Higher Participation Rates: Boarding school students tend to have higher participation rates in extracurricular activities compared to their public school counterparts. Due to the residential nature of boarding schools, students have more time and access to on-campus activities. Additionally, the culture of boarding schools often encourages and expects high levels of involvement in extracurricular pursuits, fostering a sense of engagement and community among students. Greater Focus on Non-Academic Skills: Cookson and Hodges Persell argue that boarding schools prioritize the development of non-academic skills and attributes through extracurricular activities. These schools place importance on fostering leadership, teamwork, creativity, and other qualities that go beyond academic achievement. Extracurricular participation is seen as a means of cultivating well-rounded individuals with a diverse skill set. Enhanced Resources and Support: Boarding schools typically have greater resources and support systems in place to facilitate extracurricular participation. They may have well-equipped facilities, dedicated coaches or advisors, and a staff that actively encourages and assists students in pursuing their interests. This additional support can contribute to higher levels of engagement and achievement in extracurricular activities. Integration of Activities and Academics: Cookson and Hodges Persell argue that boarding schools often integrate extracurricular activities with academics more seamlessly. There may be connections between academic coursework and extracurricular pursuits, such as research projects, performances, or competitions related to a student's field of study or interest. This integration allows students to apply and extend their learning beyond the classroom. What is the importance of leadership at boarding schools, and to what extent are students given power? - student able to exercise authority - Training to lead big corporations - Student government highly valued

What Are "Indigenous Meanings"

- Ethnographic field notes as method for uncovering and depicting local interpretations (indigenous meanings) Ultimate Goal: Get close to those studied to understand and write about "what their experiences and activities mean to them"

Manifest & Latent Functions

- Latent functions are the unintended outcomes that arise as a result of social structures, institutions, or actions. These consequences may not be explicitly planned or anticipated by the individuals or groups involved. - Manifest functions are the intended and recognized consequences of a social structure or action. They are the explicit purposes or goals that are intended to be achieved. In contrast, latent functions are secondary or unintended outcomes. Example: The manifest function of education is to impart knowledge and skills to individuals. However, there are latent functions associated with education as well, such as socialization, where students learn social norms and values through interactions with peers and teachers. Another latent function could be the formation of networks and social connections among students that can benefit them in their future careers.

Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Failing at Fairness: Hidden Lessons," in MSL, Fourth Edition, pp. 366-79.

- Needs of Male vs. Female Students - Implicit Bias - Directing attention + Time - Myth of amazing teacher- but it is actually institutionalized heavily - Structural problems o Student Needs The article titled "Failing at Fairness: Hidden Lessons" by Myra Sadker and David Sadker delves into the issue of gender bias and inequity within the educational system. The authors argue that despite the progress made in recent years, there are still underlying biases and lessons that perpetuate inequality in schools. Throughout the article, Sadker and Sadker provide various examples and instances of gender-based inequities within classrooms. They highlight how participation in class discussions tends to be dominated by boys, while girls often receive less attention from teachers. This discrepancy in attention and participation can have long-lasting effects on girls' confidence and academic performance. The authors stress the significance of recognizing and addressing these biases in order to create a fair and inclusive educational environment. They advocate for changes in teaching practices, curriculum design, and educational policies to promote gender equality in schools. By implementing these changes, they believe that schools can become more equitable and provide equal opportunities for all students. To achieve this goal, the article emphasizes the need for increased awareness and training for educators. Teachers should be made aware of their own implicit biases and be equipped with strategies to overcome them. The authors suggest resources and techniques that educators can utilize to foster a more inclusive classroom environment, such as promoting student collaboration, using diverse teaching materials, and encouraging active participation from all students. In conclusion, the article aims to raise awareness about the hidden lessons that contribute to gender inequities in education and calls for action to achieve fairness. By addressing these biases and implementing changes in educational practices, it is possible to create a more equitable and inclusive learning environment for all students.

Durkheim's Positivism

- Scientific knowledge is derived from sensory experience and developed through reason - Scientific knowledge is empirical - It's verifiable - Positivists believe that we can know and establish reality objectively (that is, independently of individual minds)

Durkheim's Social Reality

- Social reality distinct from natural reality - But its just as real Social reality more than the sum of individuals within society - The collective conscience represents a higher consciousness than merely individual consciousness - Our nature is double- we are both individual and social beings

Cherlin: The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage - main changes

1. Increase in cohabitation, 2. Rise of Same-sex marriage Other important changes: - changing division of labor -Childbearing outside of marriage Overall shift: With cultural changes emphasizing satisfaction and romantic love, an increasing emphasis on choice - Although fewer Americans marry during previous peak marriage years, nearly 90% will eventually marry

Main Social Functions of Religion

1. Social Solidarity 2. Protecting Group Identity 3. Social Control through... a. Moral System b. View of a Just Universe c. Belief in Community 4. Defending Democracy from Tyranny 5. Understanding/Finding Meaning in the Universe 6. and 7. Defense and Critique of Society

Goffman's Performances are bound to fall short because...

1. Social expectations hold performances to unrealistic standards of coherence. 2. The conventions of self presentation simplify reality. 3. Maintaining expressive control— i.e., staging a coherent performance—is really hard. - "A single note off key can disrupt the tone of an entire performance" (p. 52)

Social Institution: Education

A social institution/system reproducing roles and norms that ensure the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next. ● Socialization: norms, values, behaviors to adjust to and survive in society ● Formal and informal ● Regulation of behavior of citizens ● Broader integration ● Social and economic mobility ● Social development ● Humanistic purpose (developing virtues/morals) ● Civic engagement ● Economic driver → create productive citizens for the nation-state

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. "Yearning for Lightness: Transnational Circuits in the Marketing and Consumption of Skin Lighteners," in MSL, pp. 360-72.

Colorism (n) - social hierarchy based on gradations of skin tone (Nakano Glenn 2008) Colorism has persisted in South Asia since pre-colonial times and stems from the remnants of the caste system as well as British colonialism ● Gender inequality in dominant beauty standards is also classed and raced ● Skin color as form of symbolic capital ● Skin lightening as huge multibillion-dollar global industry

Marx and Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party"

Bourgeoisie- upper class of the own means of production B- created capitalist condition Prolateriate- they created this new class and the bour. creates this cycle of creating bad conditions for the pro. and then they rebel - cycle of that problem - social reproduction and can we even stop it?? There is no way of fixing it and it influences all institutions. B creates conditions necessary for the revolution to take place with prolateriates If anyone stops it, it has to be the people who are not benefiting it, so proletariat needs to revolute and want to dismantle capitalism

Wingfield, Adia Harvey. "Racializing the Glass Escalator: Reconsidering Men's Experiences with Women's Work," in MSL, pp. 443-55.

Builds on Christine L. Williams' classic "The Glass Escalator," gendered work upward mobility for men in traditionally "female" occupations ● Glass escalator: "subtle mechanisms in place that enhance [men's] positions in [women's] professions" (Williams 1995:108). ● Wingfield studies how black men in nursing experience gendered advantages and disadvantages ● Not generalizable to all men in the same manner; do minority men have the same access to the glass escalator? ● Interviews with 17 Black/ African American male Nurses in SE U.S. ● The cold shoulder: Barriers to establishing bonds with colleagues and supervisors, due to gendered racism and stereotypes of Black men as dangerous/threatening ● Overlooked: While masculinity is often associated with more competence and mastery, Black male nurses may not be presumed to have expertise/be mistaken for doctors, like other male nurse peers ● Refusal to reject femininity: Black men embrace more feminized attributes linked to nurturing - caring as motivation for addressing racial health disparities

Bennett, Jessica. 2020. "What if Instead of Calling People Out, We Called Them In? Prof. Loretta J. Ross is Combating Cancel Culture with a Popular Class at Smith College." New York Times, Nov 19.

Calling Out vs. Calling In • Calling Out: Assumes the worst; is about expulsion rather than reintegration • Calling In: Involves conversation, compassion, and context

Derber and Magrass (2016): Bully Nation

Capital Bullying ● We pay attention to schoolyard bullying but not bullying of vulnerable workers ● Capital bullying: bullying inherent to Western and American capitalism ○ Macrosocietal lens: capitalism as a bullying system ○ Unequal power inherent to capitalism: inequality isn't about market imperfection, but the opposite (Thomas Piketty)

Stereotyping function

Cognitive Function: Stereotyping helps individuals simplify and categorize information about others by creating mental shortcuts based on social group membership. Normative Function: Stereotyping provides a basis for social norms and expectations within a particular social group or society. It helps individuals understand and conform to perceived norms and standards. Ego-Defensive Function: Stereotyping can serve as a defense mechanism to protect one's self-esteem and preserve a positive self-image. By attributing negative characteristics to out-group members, individuals can maintain a sense of superiority or positive identity. Expression of Prejudice: Stereotyping can be a manifestation of prejudice or biased attitudes. It reflects underlying biases and discriminatory beliefs about certain social groups. Social Comparison Function: Stereotyping allows individuals to compare themselves to others and evaluate their own social status, achievements, or abilities. It can contribute to feelings of superiority or inferiority based on group membership. It's important to note that while stereotyping may serve certain functions, it can also perpetuate biases, discrimination, and inequalities. Understanding the functions of stereotyping helps shed light on why stereotypes persist, but it also highlights the need to challenge and overcome them to promote fairness and equality. Stereotyping...In its essential meaning of placing people and objects into classifications - is indispensable for human Interaction. It appears that to be human is to stereotype, for part of our humanity is the capacity to generalize from one object to others with similar characteristics. To help us negotiate everyday life, all of us depend on stereotypes-including those who warn us against stereotyping! The problem, then, is not stereotyping, for this we cannot help but do. The problem is that we sometimes classify others into unfair, unflattering categories" (Snyder:153). When we stereotype others, we categorize people into groups to make quick and automatic judgements. Stereotyping as a mental shortcut has been key to survival throughout our evolution, helping humans to identify potential threats and to sort information and stimuli efficiently. Our ancestors needed to make quick judgements to optimize their survival. The video uses the example of survival instincts and predatory animals, explaining how people had to be able to "stereotype" the lion as dangerous in order to quickly get themselves to safety. Even though society has progressed past the need for such critical instincts, it is still a part of our minds' functions; the key function of stereotypes now is to help us navigate everyday life. The ability to generalize from one object to other similar objects facilitates more ease in our day-to-day life.

Conflict Theory

Constant fighting, big changes in society, big revolution can change, large picture of society, 2 different classes that clash with eachother, the power conflict, Social inequality in shaping society - proletarians vs. boujausee Power and Inequality: Conflict theory highlights the unequal distribution of power and resources in society. It suggests that those in positions of power (such as the ruling class or dominant social groups) use their influence to maintain their advantages and control over society. This results in social inequalities based on factors like class, race, gender, and ethnicity. Social Change: Conflict theory argues that social change is driven by conflicts and struggles between different groups. These conflicts can arise from tensions over resources, economic disparities, or competing interests. Social movements and activism often emerge as a response to these conflicts, seeking to challenge the existing power structures and bring about social change. Examples: Conflict theory can be applied to various aspects of society. For example: Class Conflict: Karl Marx, a prominent figure in conflict theory, focused on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He argued that this conflict is inherent in capitalist societies, as the bourgeoisie exploits the labor of the proletariat for economic gain. Gender Inequality: Conflict theorists analyze the power dynamics and inequalities between men and women. They examine how societal norms and institutions perpetuate gender inequalities, such as unequal pay, limited access to resources, and unequal representation in positions of power. Racial and Ethnic Conflict: Conflict theory also explores how racial and ethnic groups experience social inequality and discrimination. It examines how power structures and systemic biases contribute to racial and ethnic conflicts, such as unequal access to education, housing, and job opportunities. Challenging the Status Quo: Conflict theory is important because it offers a critical lens to examine social systems and structures, questioning the status quo and highlighting social injustices. It draws attention to the imbalances of power and the ways in which dominant groups maintain their privilege at the expense of marginalized groups. By recognizing and addressing these conflicts, social change and progress toward a more equitable society can be pursued.

Hughes, Everett C. [1962] 1991. "Good People and Dirty Work." Social Problems 10(1):3-11

Context: ● Written after first postwar visit to Germany in 1948 ● Ongoing global fears of allowing new atrocities, including genocide ● 1940s-1960s: Nuremburg and other trials of Nazi war criminals ● Growing research on the psychology and sociology of genocide ● Stanley Milgram experiment started in 1961, published in 1963 Holocaust as Program of Cruelty & Murder ● Carried out in the name of racial superiority and purity ● Nazism as "applied biology" ● Directed mainly against Jews, Slavs, and "Gypsies" (gitano/traveler populations) What's the unique question Hughes asked? ● Not "How did racial hatred rise to such a high level?" ● Instead: "How could such dirty work be done among and by the millions of ordinary, civilized German people?" ● Recall the Stanley Milgram experiment (1961-1963) ● Are these people accomplices? Were they just following orders? Why was there no massive uprising against such cruelty and murder? How could a "civilized" society find so many hundreds of thousands of men and women willing to engage in this obscene and perverse work? What does Hughes say about the explanation that the Germans were terrible and sadistic and didn't question anything, due to their ingrained race consciousness? Were the Germans just cruel? ● Such an explanation "makes us, rather than the Germans, the superior race. It is the Nazi tune, put to words of our own" (p. 4). ● This explanation buttresses Germans' own...lets us off too easily as to whether it could happen "here. Pre-Nazi Society in Germany ● Prior to Hitler regime, intermarriage common ● German society more welcoming of intermarriages, socially, than the US at the time Why does Hughes discuss the case of incarcerated people? Declaring Other Groups "A Problem" ● The architect example ● Similarity to our attitude towards incarcerated people ○ All societies have in-groups and out-groups ○ They are formally set aside as out-group for special handling in all countries ○ The public hears about cruelty toward people in prison yet dissociates them from an in-group of "good" people ○ Ambivalent reactions

Desmond, Matthew and Mustafa Emirbayer. "What is Racial Domination?" in MSL, pp. 324-38.

Defining Race ● "A symbolic category, based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category" (p. 324). ● Symbolic category: ○ Actively created and reshaped by people ○ Marks difference ○ Helps create in-groups and out-groups ● Example of "Native American"? ○ Native American as imposed symbolic category ○ Homogenizing effect that flattens diverse indigenous communities and tribes What's the problem Desmond & Emirbayer raise with structuralist accounts of race? Structuralist Accounts of Race ● E.g. Race prejudice developed among Europeans with rise of capitalism and nationalism...all racism can be traced to policies and beliefs of leading bourgeois capitalists ● This perspective can treat race as fixed/given/accepted, i.e. a "real" label or imposed category ● We need to also acknowledge how individual actors create, reproduce, and resist systems of racial classification What theoretical perspective does this remind you of? Conflict Theory Social & Historical Contexts of Race In US context, both phenotype and ancestry are used in determining racial membership - in different regions one trumps the other ● Like other social facts, race varies by time and place ● We naturalize race often, by misrecognizing it as natural and unchangeable, eliminating questions such as... ○ Why do we have only five main racial groups? Why not 95? ○ Why is ancestry so important? Why not base race on regions? "When it comes to race, one never doubts enough." (Bourdieu 1998 [1994]:36)

"Socially Responsible Capitalism"

Socially responsible capitalism, also known as responsible capitalism or ethical capitalism, refers to an approach to capitalism that incorporates social and environmental considerations into business practices. It is a philosophy that goes beyond the sole pursuit of profits and takes into account the broader impact of business activities on society, workers, communities, and the environment. - Conflict theory - with proletariates and bour.

Emerson - Ethnography - what sociological perspective is this also?

Draws from symbolic interactionist and ethnomethodology theories • Emphasis on "getting close" to social realities as interpreted worlds • Process as critical to understanding sequences of interaction and interpretation

Durkheim- What is a social fact?

Durkheim's Goals - Establish sociology as a science - Argue that social phenomena are real things and should be studied scientifically - All manner of social conventions. These function to structure our thoughts and actions- "Ways of acting, thinking and feeling, external to the individual, and endowed with the power of coercion" Can be formal or cultural (language, mode of dress, shaking hands in greeting, dibs in chicago) - Treat social facts as things - Locate them within their proper milieu (person's social enviornment)

Selod and Embrick- Racialization and Muslims

Emphasis on how religion creates and maintains social hierarchies ● When and how does Muslim identity become racialized in the US? ● How does this differ by gender? Importance of including gender ● Linked to colonization ● A process of applying racial categories to individuals from colonized nations ● Tied to race-making, a product of misclassifications of humans based on imagined biological differences Different distinct ways o Women - cultural threat to feminisim o Men- Aggressiveness - criminalized as a threat - direct/physical threat

Williams & Mohammed - Racism and Health

Finding: Racially stigmatized groups have worse health than advantaged counterparts ● Evidence: Higher rates of mortality, earlier onset of disease, more severe disease progression, higher levels of comorbidity and impairment ● Significance: These findings are persistent over time (social fact!) and evident at every level of income and education (i.e. controlling for other variables) How institutional racism can impact health - Race and other social status categories such as SES, gender, age, marital status, are created by larger macro societal forces and link to health via intervening mechanisms - proximal pathways - the chart figure - Racism not the only determinant of these pathways, but its central

Goffman's Performing and Sincerity & Cynicism

For Goffman, we are all performing, all the time, and so sincerity, or at least the appearance of it, is vital for human interaction. • Humans, in themselves, can be either taken by their own act (they believe their performance) or be cynical about it (they play the part, but know they are different). • Cynicism can lead to (is) role distance. - Goffman uses example of older child playing on swing set with younger children, but pretending not to like it ("too cool" for it).

Pascoe, C. J. "'Dude, You're a Fag?'," in MSL, pp. 302-10.

Function of fag discourses in high school settings ● Cannot stop at calling the use of the word "fag" homophobia ○ This framing naturalizes the relationship between masculinity and homophobia ● But "fag" harassment is central to the formation of a gendered identity for boys in a different way than for girls ● Fag discourse allows boys to discipline themselves and others through joking - Explain Pascoe's assertion that fag harassment is central to the formation of a gendered identity for boys in a different way than for girls Pascoe asserts that f-slur harassment positions individuals outside of masculinity. Masculinity then, is an active process, and boys must actively work against being defined as an f-slur if they wish to maintain their position in the masculine world. Girls do not need to engage in this discourse, as they are already defined outside of masculinity. Pascoe explains that this harassment is key in the development of boys' identities because it presented clear guidelines within their social circles of how they should or should not act. They quickly learned what behaviors will result in bullying, and it also sets standards for how they should treat those who behave outside of what they see as acceptable. Additionally, many of the behaviors that were labeled as worthy of torment could be considered "traditionally feminine", whether it was their interests, how they walked, or how they dressed. Firsthand accounts from the reading explained that lesbians were not treated the same way as gay men in high schools, and that it is the fact that boys specifically are acting against social norms that brings out this behavior.

Goffman's Performances- how do they hang together?

Goffman says that social actors don't work off a script but, through practice, acquire "command of an idiom." Their performances are usually carried out with "unthinking ease"—i.e., automatically and largely unconsciously. - Wegner (1994) on the irony of mental control - De Paulo et al. (1983) on motivated liars

Video - How the US stole thousands of Native American Children

Government wanted to assimulate children into white homes, and there was an extermination & genoicde to completely remove the popular - women would give birth and then forcefully get their tubes tied - Adoption and boarding school was two ways of eradicating indigenous people -Richard Pratt's Experiment- indigenous war prisoners - started moving them from native american to white becuase the NA started to forget their own language and started to act more white Why did Pratt's experiments work? - Separated children -> no establishment into a culture vulnerability -> no culture - not indian enough, not white enough, dress, cut hair, change name, white standards of evaluation sECOND ASSIMILATION PROJECT ENACTED BY TEH us GOVERNMENT - Marketing forgotten children - 1/4 of indigenous children separation from family Indian Child Welfare Act of 1977 -Allowing for families to be adopted within NA families

Rubin "Sand Castles and Snake Pits" - question that motivated study

How did the richest nation in the world give birth to such high rates (.75 million) of homelessness? ● How did homelessness become so pervasive that some college students canʼt conceive of a world without "the homeless"?

Shapiro, Thomas. "Race, Home Ownership, and Wealth," in MSL, pp. 254-65

How is wealth different from income? Wealth: the total value of a family's financial resources minus all debts. It represents ownership and control over resources. Why does Shapiro argue that homeownership is an appropriate strategy for correcting the racial wealth gap? Homeownership as Key Strategy ● 69% of Americans own homes (65.88% in 2022) ● Thus home ownership and housing appreciation constitution the foundation for wealth accumulation ● Home wealth accounts for 60% of total wealth among America's middle class (and 63% of all wealth in African American families) ● Need to address institutional discrimination in mortgage lending

Charon - Is Organized Religion Necessary for Society? Tradition, Modernization, Secularization"

In "Is Organized Religion Necessary for Society? Tradition, Modernization, Secularization," Charon explores the role of organized religion in society and examines the dynamics of tradition, modernization, and secularization. The author delves into the concept of organized religion, referring to institutionalized systems of beliefs, practices, and rituals that provide a framework for worship, moral guidance, and community cohesion. Charon discusses the traditional functions of organized religion, such as providing a sense of meaning, purpose, and identity for individuals, as well as fostering social cohesion and order. The book explores how modernization, characterized by technological advancements, globalization, and social change, has impacted the relevance and influence of organized religion in contemporary society. Charon examines the process of secularization, which refers to the declining influence of religion in various spheres of public and private life, as individuals and societies become more oriented towards rationality, science, and individual autonomy. The author acknowledges the persistence of religious belief and practice in many societies, but also highlights the increasing presence of non-religious or irreligious individuals who identify as secular or hold alternative belief systems. Charon analyzes the tensions and conflicts that arise between religious traditions and modern values, such as gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and scientific advancements. The book explores the sociological perspectives on religion, including functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory, to understand the social functions and dynamics of organized religion in different contexts. Charon also discusses the challenges and dilemmas faced by religious institutions in adapting to the changing social, cultural, and political landscape, while maintaining their relevance and influence. The author encourages critical reflection and dialogue on the role of organized religion in society, considering both its positive contributions and potential drawbacks, and the need for ongoing societal conversations about religious pluralism, tolerance, and freedom of belief. Emile Durkheims Definition of religion : Durkheim's definition of religion: A set of beliefs and practices that divide the universe into the sacred and the profane. ● Religious beliefs describe the nature of sacred things and their relationship to profane things ● Religious practices determine how people should act with respect to sacred objects Twin Towers: They are sacred Weber add to Durkheim's definition of religion? ● Religion as an ethic, a cultural view ● A tool used to understand our lives and bring meaning to them ● Famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: people are moved by religious values and ideals just as much as they are by economic ones Takeaways for defining religion ● Religion is a social construction ● Religion becomes a central part of society, in how people define reality. ● It's the recognition of something that exists beyond what we can see (the scared, culture, giving meaning to existence) Working definition: Religion is a view of the universe that through beliefs and practices identifies a special, separate , sacred world apart from our physical, mundane, profane, everyday existence. It is socially created, part of human culture, and an important determinant of human action and the continued existence of community

Cherlin: The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage

In "The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage," Andrew Cherlin examines the shifting dynamics and norms surrounding marriage in the United States. Cherlin argues that marriage has undergone a process of deinstitutionalization, whereby traditional norms, expectations, and obligations associated with marriage have weakened. The author highlights several key factors contributing to the deinstitutionalization of marriage, including changes in gender roles, the rise of individualism, and the prevalence of divorce. Cherlin emphasizes that the deinstitutionalization of marriage has led to increased diversity in relationship patterns, such as cohabitation, non-marital childbearing, and non-traditional family structures. The book explores how economic and social factors, such as economic inequality, educational attainment, and cultural shifts, have influenced the deinstitutionalization of marriage. Cherlin discusses the implications of deinstitutionalization for individuals, families, and society as a whole, including the impact on child well-being, economic stability, and social inequality. The author argues that despite the deinstitutionalization of marriage, it remains a significant social institution, albeit with evolving meanings and practices. Cherlin proposes policy recommendations to address the challenges associated with the deinstitutionalization of marriage, including improving economic opportunities, promoting relationship education, and addressing social inequalities. The book emphasizes the importance of understanding the changing nature of marriage and adapting policies and practices to meet the needs of individuals and families in the modern era. Cherlin's work contributes to the sociological understanding of marriage and family dynamics, providing insights into the complexities and transformations of intimate relationships in contemporary American society.

Edin & Kefalas: Promises I can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage - main findings

In depth interviews over 5 years with 162 white, African American, and Puerto Rican low-income single mothers across Philadelphia ● "I want to have a baby by you" as local courtship norm (social fact) ● Promoting marriage among poor as new war on poverty (it can alleviate the idea of being in poverty- but many poor women see marriage as a financial burden contrary to what many people outside would believe)...but poor single mothers already believe in marriage (and won't jump the gun that fast to get married) ● The poor have little recourse/motivation to time their births as precisely as middle-class counterparts ● Surprising finding: instead of expressing regret over lost opportunities from having kids, mothers believed their children "saved" them, by offering them purpose Disadvantaged Mothers & Marriage ● Common claim that the poor have abandoned the marriage norm ' ● But the women in their study believe in marriage and set a high financial bar for it - marriage as elusive goal ● Women want to be economically "set" in their own right before marriage ● Importance of economic independence as insurance against bad marriage/domestic abuse "Im not gonna make any promises I can't Keep" - Not rejecting, but rather revering (feeling admiration towards) marriage Personal Troubles vs. Public Issues ● Personal tragedy when middle-class woman cannot have a child ● Public concern when low-income women have children outside of marriage

Five Fallacies of Racism

Individualistic fallacy: The individualistic fallacy refers to the erroneous belief that racism and racial inequality can be attributed solely to the attitudes, actions, and behaviors of individual actors. This fallacy neglects the broader social structures, institutions, and historical contexts that contribute to racial disparities. It downplays the systemic nature of racism and overlooks how individual actions are shaped by larger social forces. -- Bad apples Legalistic fallacy: The legalistic fallacy involves the misconception that the elimination of discriminatory laws and policies automatically leads to the eradication of racism and racial inequality. It assumes that equality under the law translates into equality in practice. However, racial disparities persist beyond explicit legal discrimination due to ongoing societal and structural factors. Simply changing laws without addressing underlying social dynamics does not solve the problem of racial inequality. - Kozol's Paper Tokenistic fallacy: The tokenistic fallacy occurs when the presence of a few individuals from marginalized racial groups in positions of power or visibility is taken as evidence of equal representation and eradication of systemic racism. It assumes that the success or achievements of a few individuals indicate that racial barriers no longer exist. However, the experiences of a few tokens do not reflect the broader systemic barriers faced by marginalized racial groups as a whole. (Winfrey, obama, powell) Ahistorical fallacy: The ahistorical fallacy involves the failure to recognize the historical roots and legacies of racial inequality. It disregards the historical context of racism and assumes that racial disparities are solely the result of contemporary actions and attitudes. Understanding the historical trajectory of racial dynamics is crucial for comprehending and addressing present-day racial inequality. (Reparations debates, CRT (critical race theory) in schools debates) Fixed fallacy: The fixed fallacy refers to the belief that race is an inherent, fixed, and unchangeable characteristic of individuals or groups. This fallacy disregards the socially constructed nature of race and overlooks how racial categories and classifications have changed over time. It fails to acknowledge that racial identities and categories are shaped by social, cultural, and historical processes and can vary across different contexts.(racism as immutable across time and space)

Kim, Katherin M. Flower. "Out of Sorts: Adoption and (Un)Desirable Children," in MSL, pp. 347-59

Interviews with 73 mostly white parents ● Adopting Asian children, esp. Korean, desirable ● Adopting African American and Latinx children undesirable ● Adoption as a case of how race influences people's thinking on who is desirable to to be introduced to the institution of family. Who do mainly white adoptive parents experiencing fertility problems want to adopt? Demand for "healthy, white babies" outstrips supply ● Increased access to and normalization of abortions, contraception, and out-of-wedlock children ● Atmosphere of scarcity for "desirable" children from the 1970s onward ● Necessity of reconstructing the "desirable child" to include some nonwhite children ● Importance of "choice" Why Korea? ● Domestic adoptions not considered viable due to waiting period for healthy, white infants, plus reluctance to adopt African American children ● Construction of desirable parents plays a role: eligibility requirements ● Shorter period of time and increased convenience ● Racial status of Korean children frame as a "nice thing" (p. 355) ○ Why was this the case? Positive racial status of Korean children ● Influence of model minority myth ● "Honorary Whites" (Bonilla-Silva 2004; Tuan 1998) ● Seen as physically beautiful ● Asian females in particular as "less oppositional and more compatible to whites than other racial-ethnic minorities" (p. 355). "...we never really looked at others, no, um, there, you know, there was something about the Asian culture, I don't know what it is, you know. I hate to sound hokey but um, there's something that, I don't know." (p. 355)

Risman, Barbara. "Gender as Structure,"

Introduction: Risman introduces the concept of gender as a social structure, highlighting that gender is not solely an individual characteristic but a system of social organization. The article aims to explain how gender operates as a structure that shapes individuals' experiences, opportunities, and identities. Gender as a Social Institution: Risman argues that gender functions as a social institution, similar to other societal institutions such as family, education, and economy. Gender as an institution organizes social life, establishes norms and expectations, and shapes individuals' behavior and identities. Gender as a Process: The article highlights that gender is not static but a dynamic process that is continually produced, reproduced, and transformed through social interactions. Gender is created and maintained through everyday practices, interactions, and cultural norms. Gendered Socialization: Risman discusses how individuals are socialized into gender roles and expectations from a young age. Socialization processes reinforce and reproduce gender norms, values, and behaviors, influencing individuals' self-concepts, choices, and interactions. Intersectionality and Gender: Risman emphasizes the importance of considering intersectionality in understanding gender as a structure. Intersectionality acknowledges that gender intersects with other social categories such as race, class, and sexuality, resulting in unique experiences of gendered inequality. Consequences of Gender as Structure: The article discusses the consequences of gender as a social structure, including unequal power relations, limitations on individual choices and opportunities, and the perpetuation of gender inequality in various domains of life. Key Terminology: Gender as a Social Structure: Refers to the understanding of gender as an overarching system that organizes social life, establishes norms and expectations, and shapes individuals' behavior, opportunities, and identities. Social Institution: Refers to a complex and enduring system of rules, roles, norms, and practices that guide and organize social behavior. Gender is viewed as one of these social institutions alongside family, education, politics, and economy. Gendered Socialization: Refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize societal expectations, norms, and behaviors associated with their gender. Socialization processes shape individuals' sense of self, beliefs, values, and behaviors in accordance with gender norms. Intersectionality: Acknowledges the interconnections between different social categories such as gender, race, class, and sexuality. Intersectionality recognizes that individuals experience multiple forms of privilege and oppression that are intertwined and interact with one another. Gender Inequality: Refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, power, and rights between genders. Gender inequality is shaped by the social structure of gender and manifests in various domains of life, including education, employment, politics, and family.

Huber, Joan. [1986] 1993. "A Theory of Gender Stratification," Pp. 131-40 in Feminist Frontiers III, edited by Laurel Richardson and Verta Taylor. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Key Points: Introduction: Huber introduces the concept of gender stratification, which refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power between genders in society. The article proposes a theoretical framework to explain the causes and consequences of gender stratification. Gender as a Social Structure: Huber argues that gender operates as a social structure, shaping individuals' experiences, behaviors, and opportunities. Gender is not solely an individual characteristic but is embedded in social institutions, norms, and practices. Intersectionality: Huber emphasizes the importance of intersectionality in understanding gender stratification, recognizing that gender intersects with other social categories such as race, class, and sexuality. Intersectionality highlights the ways in which different forms of oppression and privilege intersect and compound one another. Cultural Beliefs and Gender Stratification: The article discusses how cultural beliefs and ideologies perpetuate and reinforce gender stratification. Cultural norms, values, and expectations shape individuals' perceptions of gender roles and contribute to the reproduction of inequality. Structural Factors and Gender Stratification: Huber examines structural factors such as access to education, employment, and political power that contribute to gender inequality. Structural barriers and discrimination limit opportunities and resources available to women, reinforcing gender stratification. Consequences of Gender Stratification: The article explores the consequences of gender stratification at both individual and societal levels. Gender inequality impacts individuals' well-being, life choices, and social roles. It also hinders societal progress by limiting diversity, innovation, and social cohesion. In her article, Joan Huber presents a theory of gender stratification, highlighting the social and structural factors that perpetuate gender inequality. She emphasizes the role of cultural beliefs, intersectionality, and structural barriers in shaping gender-based disparities. By understanding the mechanisms of gender stratification, it becomes possible to develop strategies and interventions to challenge and dismantle these inequalities in pursuit of a more equitable society. - Gender stratification: Refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power between genders in society. It involves the hierarchical organization of social positions and roles based on gender, resulting in disparities and inequalities. - Social structure: Refers to the patterned relationships, norms, and institutions that shape and guide social behavior. In the context of gender stratification, it encompasses the organized and enduring aspects of social life that contribute to the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities between genders. - Intersectionality: Recognizes that individuals experience multiple interconnected social categories, such as gender, race, class, and sexuality. Intersectionality highlights how different forms of oppression and privilege intersect and interact, leading to unique experiences and inequalities that are shaped by the combination of these social categories. - Cultural beliefs and ideologies: Refers to the shared values, norms, and assumptions within a society or culture. In the context of gender stratification, cultural beliefs and ideologies shape individuals' perceptions, expectations, and behaviors regarding gender roles and contribute to the reproduction of gender inequalities. Structural factors: Refers to the institutional and systemic factors that contribute to gender stratification. These factors include access to education, employment, political power, and other societal resources that may be distributed unequally based on gender, reinforcing gender inequality. Discrimination: In the context of gender stratification, discrimination refers to the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on their gender. It involves differential and unfavorable treatment that limits opportunities, resources, and social mobility for certain genders. Well-being: Refers to the state of being physically, mentally, and emotionally healthy and satisfied. In the context of gender stratification, gender-based disparities in resources, opportunities, and power can impact individuals' well-being, leading to differential outcomes in terms of physical and mental health, life satisfaction, and overall quality of life. Life choices: Refers to the decisions and actions individuals make regarding their education, careers, relationships, and other aspects of their lives. Gender stratification can influence and constrain individuals' life choices by limiting the available options and opportunities based on gender. Social cohesion: Refers to the level of connectedness, unity, and cooperation within a society. Gender stratification can hinder social cohesion by creating divisions and inequalities between genders, undermining trust, solidarity, and collective well-being.

Snyder, Mark. [1982] 1991. "Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes." Pp.153-60 in Down to Earth Sociology, ed by J. Henslin. 7th ed. New York: The Free Press.

Key Points: Introduction: Snyder introduces the concept of self-fulfilling stereotypes, which refers to situations where individuals conform to stereotypes assigned to their social group, often unknowingly. The Nature of Stereotypes: Stereotypes are simplified and generalized beliefs about a particular social group. They are often based on limited or inaccurate information but can still influence perceptions and expectations. Stereotype Threat: Stereotype threat refers to the fear or anxiety individuals experience when they are aware of negative stereotypes associated with their social group. This threat can lead to decreased performance, increased stress, and self-doubt. The Role of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when individuals' behavior aligns with the expectations set by stereotypes. The expectations, whether positive or negative, influence individuals' thoughts, emotions, and actions, shaping their self-perception and behavior. Studies on Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes: Snyder discusses various studies that provide evidence of self-fulfilling stereotypes in different contexts, such as intelligence, athletic ability, and gender roles. These studies demonstrate how individuals' performance can be influenced by the stereotypes they are exposed to, either enhancing or hindering their abilities. Implications and Consequences: The perpetuation of self-fulfilling stereotypes can have negative consequences for individuals and society, leading to limited opportunities, discrimination, and social inequalities. Recognizing the power of stereotypes and their potential to become self-fulfilling can help individuals and society challenge and overcome these biases. In this article, Mark Snyder explores the concept of self-fulfilling stereotypes and their impact on individuals and society. He discusses the nature of stereotypes, the phenomenon of stereotype threat, and the role of self-fulfilling prophecies. Snyder cites studies that provide evidence of self-fulfilling stereotypes in various domains and emphasizes the implications and consequences of perpetuating stereotypes. By understanding and challenging these stereotypes, individuals and society can work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable environment.

Kaw, Eugenia. "'Opening Faces': The Politics of Cosmetic Surgery and Asian American Women," in MSL, Fourth Edition, pp. 91-110.

Key Points: Introduction: The article introduces the topic of cosmetic surgery among Asian American women and acknowledges the increasing popularity of these procedures. It aims to critically analyze the reasons for pursuing cosmetic surgery and the broader social and cultural implications of these choices. Cultural Expectations and Beauty Ideals: Kaw explores the influence of cultural expectations and beauty ideals on Asian American women, emphasizing the pressure to conform to Eurocentric standards of beauty. Asian American women may feel compelled to undergo cosmetic surgery to alter their physical features and achieve a more Westernized appearance. Identity and Assimilation: The article discusses the relationship between cosmetic surgery and identity among Asian American women. Some individuals view these procedures as a means to assimilate into Western culture and improve their social acceptance. Racism and Stereotyping: Kaw addresses the racial dynamics and stereotypes associated with Asian American women, highlighting how cosmetic surgery can be seen as a response to societal racism and bias. The pursuit of certain physical features through surgery is often influenced by the desire to challenge stereotypes and gain equal treatment in society. Power and Control: The article examines the power dynamics within the cosmetic surgery industry and how they intersect with gender, race, and capitalism. It discusses how the commercialization of cosmetic surgery perpetuates certain beauty standards and reinforces existing power structures. Agency and Choice: Kaw explores the complexities of agency and choice in the context of cosmetic surgery among Asian American women. While some argue that these procedures empower individuals to make decisions about their bodies, others question whether the pressure to conform to societal beauty norms limits true agency. Key Terminology: Cosmetic Surgery: Refers to surgical procedures aimed at altering or enhancing a person's physical appearance. In this context, it specifically relates to procedures sought by Asian American women to modify their features. Identity: Refers to an individual's understanding of themselves, including their personal, social, and cultural characteristics. The article explores how cosmetic surgery intersects with Asian American women's identities. Cultural Expectations: Refers to the societal norms, values, and standards that influence individuals' behavior and choices. The article examines the cultural expectations placed on Asian American women in relation to beauty and appearance. Eurocentric Standards of Beauty: Refers to the dominant Western ideals of beauty that often prioritize certain physical features and aesthetics. Asian American women may feel pressure to conform to these standards through cosmetic surgery. Assimilation: Refers to the process of adapting to or adopting the cultural practices and norms of a dominant group. The article discusses how cosmetic surgery can be seen as a means of assimilation for Asian American women. Racism and Stereotyping: Refers to discriminatory attitudes, actions, and beliefs based on race. The article explores how cosmetic surgery among Asian American women can be influenced by racism and the desire to challenge stereotypes. Agency: Refers to the ability to make choices and take actions that reflect one's own desires and autonomy. The article raises questions about the agency of Asian American women in the context of cosmetic surgery. Power Dynamics: Refers to the unequal distribution of power and control within society. The article examines how power dynamics intersect with the cosmetic surgery industry and influence beauty standards and choices.

Colorism

● "Colorism" coined in 1982/3 by Alice Walker, who defined it as "prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on their color" (In Search of Our Mother's Gardens). ● Colorism is a social problem around the world, including Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, the US, and Africa. ● White people can be just as colorist as BIPOC. ● A 2006 University of Georgia study found that employers of any race prefer light-skinned black men to dark skinned men regardless of their qualifications.

Gans, Herbert J. "Positive Functions of the Undeserving Poor: Uses of the Underclass in America"

Key Question: Why does poverty persist in our society? It must serve some positive function that benefits those who are better off. "Judgments of the poor as undeserving are not based on evidence, but derive from a stereotype, even if, like most others, it is a stereotype with a 'kernel of truth'" So what are some of these positive functions? Microsocial Functions of the Undeserving Poor 1. Risk Reduction (actual or imagined) 2. Scapegoating and Displacement (outlet for desires for revenge and punishment) Economic Functions of the Undeserving Poor 1. Economic Banishment and the Reserve Army of Labor 2. Supplying Illegal Goods 3. Job Creation (social workers, doctors, penal and police officers, judges, attorneys, etc.) Normative Functions of the Undeserving Poor 1. Moral Legitimation (especially of class structures) 2. Norm Reinforcement (highly visible daily norm violation) 3. Supplying Popular Culture Villains Political Functions of the Undeserving Poor 1. Institutionalized Scapegoating (elected and appointed officials) - exaggerates social systems 2. Conservative Power Shifting (political system can pay more attention to affluent constituents) 3. Spatial Purification (justification for destroying "run-down" poor areas) Macrosocial Functions of the Undeserving Poor 1. Reproduction of Stigma and the Stigmatized 2. Extermination of the surplus

Cherlin: The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage

Key question : Why hasn't remarriage become institutionalized? - Instead of remarriage becoming institutionalized life first marriage, first marriage become more like remarriage Deinstitutionalization - Institutionalization allows people to go about their lives without constantly questioning their actions or those of others - When changes disrupt institutionalized norms, though, individuals must negotiate new ways of acting (opportunities and conflicts) - structural functionalism Structural Functionalism: From a structural functionalist perspective, marriage is often seen as an institution that serves important functions in society, such as providing social stability, regulating sexual behavior, and facilitating the reproduction and socialization of children. Deinstitutionalizing marriage would involve a shift away from the traditional norms, roles, and expectations associated with marriage as a social institution.

C Wright Mills - What is the puzzle/irony Mills identifies about people in their everyday lives?

Lack of Sociological Imagination - We want to overcome our own troubles, we feel trapped in our lives, we often frame our experiences individually, rather than seeing the interplay - "People need a quality of mind that enables one to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals - quality of mind= sociological imagination

U.Iowa sociologist Louise Seamster discusses "Life-Altering Differences Between Black and White Debt," NYT podcast

Louise Seamster, a sociologist, provides insights into the profound differences in debt experiences between Black and white Americans. The podcast explores how debt impacts individuals' lives and contributes to racial inequality. Seamster discusses the historical context of wealth disparities and how racial discrimination has influenced access to credit and financial opportunities. The conversation sheds light on the disproportionate burden of student loan debt on Black borrowers and the long-term consequences it poses. The podcast also delves into the impact of debt on homeownership, highlighting the racial disparities in mortgage lending and the consequences for wealth accumulation. Seamster highlights the systemic factors and policies that perpetuate these disparities, including discriminatory lending practices and the racial wealth gap. The discussion underscores the need for policies that address racial disparities in debt and wealth to promote economic justice and equality. By examining the disparities in debt, the podcast aims to foster awareness and understanding of the challenges faced by Black individuals and communities in navigating the financial landscape. Overall, the podcast featuring Louise Seamster aims to bring attention to the life-altering differences in debt experiences between Black and white Americans. It explores the historical, systemic, and policy factors that contribute to racial disparities in debt and emphasizes the importance of addressing these inequalities for achieving economic justice and equality.

• Holstein, Martha B. 2017. "On Being an Old Woman in Contemporary Society." Generations 41(4): 6-11

Martha B. Holstein's article "On Being an Old Woman in Contemporary Society" explores the experiences and challenges faced by older women in modern society. The article discusses the unique aspects of aging as a woman and the societal perceptions and expectations that impact their lives. Bullet Point Summary: The article examines the experiences of older women in contemporary society and sheds light on the challenges they face. It explores the intersections of age, gender, and societal expectations and how they shape the experiences of older women. Holstein discusses the impact of ageism and sexism on older women, highlighting the marginalization and discrimination they often encounter. The article delves into the ways in which older women navigate changing roles and identities as they age. Holstein emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing the contributions and wisdom of older women in society. The article calls for greater societal support and opportunities for older women to thrive and be engaged in various domains of life. Key Terminology: Aging: Refers to the process of growing older and experiencing changes in physical, cognitive, and social aspects of life. Old Woman: Refers to a woman who has reached an advanced stage of life, typically beyond middle age, and is experiencing the effects of aging. Contemporary Society: Refers to the current social, cultural, and economic context in which individuals live. It encompasses the values, norms, and structures that shape people's lives in the present time. Ageism: Refers to discrimination, prejudice, or stereotyping based on a person's age. In the context of older women, ageism manifests as negative attitudes, assumptions, or mistreatment due to their older age. Sexism: Refers to discrimination, prejudice, or stereotyping based on a person's gender. Sexism against older women involves the devaluation or marginalization of women based on their age and gender. Marginalization: Refers to the social exclusion or relegation of certain individuals or groups to the edges or periphery of society. Older women may experience marginalization due to ageist and sexist attitudes and practices. Age-Role Transition: Refers to the process of adapting to new roles and identities that come with aging. Older women often face shifting roles and expectations as they navigate changes in family dynamics, employment, and societal perceptions. Age-Positive Perspective: Refers to an outlook that values and affirms the experiences, contributions, and potentials of older individuals. An age-positive perspective challenges ageist assumptions and recognizes the strengths and assets of older women in society.

Sociologists study culture (material + nonmaterial

Material Culture The physical objects people create and use in one's daily life ● iPhones ● Wedding rings ● Beanies and beards ● Guitars ● The return of the LP ● ** Beauty styles ** nonmaterial Culture Abstract human creations such as norms, values, beliefs, family patterns, languages, rules, etc. ● Young adults going to college ● Aesthetics ● Hook-up expectations ● Media ● Morals ● Symbols - Memes are humor & is considered part of nonmaterial culture

Goffman's approach to self compared to others perspectives

Mead: others recognize our self - Goffman: others recognize our performance of self - Simmel: multiple group affiliations → multiple selves - Goffman: different audiences → different selves

Social Institution of Medicine

Medicine is the social institution that 1. Defines, and 2. seeks to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness - A society's medical institutions serve to promote health and wellbeing. - The definitions associated with health, medicine, illness, etc. are culturally determined (and thus vary across time, space, and specific society)

Medical Sociology

One of the fastest-growing subfields ● Research topics about the institution of medicine: ○ Socialization of doctors ○ Social construction of health ○ Social construction of illness ○ Social structure of hospitals ○ Social structure of the health care system (and comparisons to others globally)

• Collins, Hanne K., Serena F. Hagerty, Jordi Quoidbach, Michael I. Norton, and Alison Wood Brooks. 2022. "Relational Diversity in Social Portfolios Predicts Well-Being." Social Sciences 119(43):e2120668119. (8 pp.)

Overcoming Homophily Benefits All of Us • We've paid less attention to understanding which combinations of interaction partners are ideal for our well-being • Key finding: the relational diversity in one's social portfolio is an important predictor of well-being • Benefits of high relational diversity multifaceted: • More likely to be employed and control their time • Occupy more valued social positions • Engage in more collective purposes • Have more variety in their daily lives

Snyder's attractiveness bias example of gender stereotyping

People tend to treat those they find attractive and unattractive differently, and this treatment tends to illicit behavior that aligns with said stereotypes. For example, Snyder outlines a study in which men were shown pictures of attractive and unattractive women before having a conversation with them on the phone. They found that men who were shown pictures of physically attractive women tended to believe that they would be warmer and more sociable, while men who were shown pictures of physically unattractive women tended to believe they would be colder and more aloof. These differences in expectations impacted how the men behaved. Ultimately, the differences in men's behavior elicited behavior from the women that fit their expectations. As a result, the women unknowingly acted as the men believed they would due to the self-fulfilling prophecy spurred on by these stereotypes. (The women who were believed to be warmer and more sociable acted accordingly and vice versa). The men had acted upon their stereotyped beliefs regarding physical attraction which changed how the women behaved.

Goffman's Performance

Performance - "...all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants" (p. 15) 2. Credibility 3. Social interaction as "an information game" 4. Performances are subject to: - Misrepresentation Idealization Mystification

Freeland, "The Rise of the New Global Elite"

Plutocracy - government by the richest people - faster economic gains, disruptive innovation Global plutocracy refers to a system or situation where a small group of extremely wealthy individuals or families possess significant influence and control over global economic and political affairs. In a global plutocracy, wealth and power are highly concentrated in the hands of this elite group, often consisting of billionaires and members of the super-rich class. These individuals exert their influence through various means, such as using their wealth to shape policies, lobbying governments, funding political campaigns, and influencing international organizations. They may also control large corporations, financial institutions, and media outlets, further consolidating their power and influence. Global plutocracy raises concerns about democratic governance, social equality, and the fair distribution of resources. Critics argue that it can lead to the marginalization of the majority, undermine social mobility, and perpetuate income inequality. The influence of global plutocrats may extend beyond national borders, impacting economic systems, trade agreements, and global governance structures. It is important to note that the term "global plutocracy" is often used to describe a perceived state of affairs rather than a formally recognized or defined system. It represents a critique of the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small elite, and the potential consequences such concentration may have on society and democratic processes. The superstar effect- The superstar effect refers to the phenomenon where a small number of individuals or entities in various fields, such as business, finance, entertainment, technology, and sports, achieve extraordinary success and accumulate vast amounts of wealth. These individuals become "superstars" in their respective industries, often earning significantly more than their peers. Freeland argues that globalization and technological advancements have amplified the superstar effect. The globalized economy, with its increased connectivity and access to markets, enables individuals with unique talents, skills, and ideas to reach global audiences and amass substantial wealth. Meanwhile, advancements in technology, particularly in the digital realm, have created new opportunities and platforms for the superstars to leverage their talents and monetize their creations on a global scale. The superstar effect leads to a significant concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a select few, contributing to the rise of the global plutocracy discussed in Freeland's work. These superstars often transcend national boundaries and exert influence not only in their industries but also in politics, philanthropy, and other spheres of society. However, the superstar effect also raises concerns about income inequality and social mobility. While a small number of individuals benefit greatly from their superstar status, many others struggle to achieve similar levels of success. This disparity can contribute to widening wealth gaps and hinder opportunities for upward mobility for the majority of the population. Overall, in Freeland's work, the superstar effect refers to the phenomenon where a select group of individuals achieves extraordinary success and wealth in a globalized and technologically advanced economy. This effect contributes to the concentration of power and resources among the global elite, which is a central theme in her exploration of the rise of the new global super-rich.

Durkheim's - Suicide

Social integration as a function of attachment and regulation Attachment is the extent to which an individual maintains ties with others Regulation is the extent to which an individual is governed by social beliefs, values, and norms Why explains the stability of each country's suicide rate year after year, even generation after generation? o There must be some force acting upon the people of the country o Can't explain the suicide rate with recourse to the incident of various types of misfortune or the mental state of individuals... Quetelet's theory of the average type also falls short... Each Country encompasses a distinct social milieu, a particular moral environment, that makes suivides more or less likely, more or less socially acceptable - How is this environment produced? o Association itself is also an active factor productive of special effects. In itself it is therefore something new. When the consciousness of individuals, instead of remaining isolated, becomes grouped and combined, something in the world has been altered - pg 310

Crow Dog, Mary and Richard Erdoes - Civilize them with a Stick

Punishment due to poverty - Child neglect vs. punishing people for being poor - Locked into rooms for extended periods of time - White people framed it in that way that there was an indian Problem - Absorb and assimulate them into white culture - Colonization- land - control of land and remove land- make people disappear so there is no one that can rebel against - Kitten comparison - First when she got to boarding school- she had small nails to fight but as she grew older she had more fight and nails, and then literally fought a priest -- crow dog, being beaten by the system

Problems with the three sociological aspects

Reemphasizes the status quo and does not give a female persepective on the world, only male perspective - Feminists think conflict and symbolic theory together, but keeping terms from structural functionalism.

Mary Romero- My Intellectual Journey - sociological imagination shape her

Reframing Domestic Service - Domestic service as taken- for- granted reality - Live in, undocumented Mexican maids common in El Paso - Colleague example: Normative expectations of class and gender behavior in the home - § Servants would leave suddenly - real reason why they left is because the working conditions were unbearable § Teach them how to be good house wives, and then the servants would become really good wives - the owners of them would turn the narrative on themselves - even though they were leaving bc it was so unbearable § Worker is isolated in the house § Isolation - the white people have a savior complex, saving them, and then they are starving them and leaving them § INVISIBILITY - THE SERVANT WORKERS WERE THIS · This was a huge opportunity for these worker servants, but they were treated so terribly that they had to leave - Personal problems domestic workers had was that they degraded and mocked by their employers - Public Problems- involved racism, sexism, and devaluation of domestic work Findings? - Domestic work is undervalued and that employers in general were ruin to the domestic workers. Many were ashamed to identify as domestic worker, but did it since it was safer than working in other jobs. - Remember - Analysis was chicana domestic workers- she interviewed them individually but made inferences about Chicano domestic workers as a whole

Institution of Medicine - Which readings included

Rubin, Sand Castles and Snake Pits, Wailoo "A Slow, Toxic Decline: Dialysis Patients, Williams, Racism and Health

Social Interactionism

Scale: micro, individual relationship, we can change bc we have choice, we are rational actors, constantly negotiating, adopting and learning - for example tree, 1st associated with shade and coolness, 2nd, sat under tree but somebody came by and told you there was an ant infestation, 3rd then the person found ants and changed the view of trees adn they arent seen as for shade anymore - Small scale, focus on individual relationships - Actions depends on meaning --> affected by social relationships - Action depends on meaning and meaning is different per person and can change views-based on own experiences and due to social interactions - Pragmatic actors - people are- someone constantly changing their actions based off of other people - VERY INDIVIDUALIZED

What is the link Williams & Mohammed describe between residential segregation and health disparities?

Segregation associated with residence in poorer quality housing and in neighborhoods deficient in resources that enhance health and wellbeing, including medical care, and full of exposure to chronic and acute stressors (p.494). - Ex. Level 1 trauma centers needed in chicago's south side, but nearest one is in evanston, so people need to drive 30 minutes with a gun shot wound and people tend to die because there is no immediate care

LeDuff, Charlie. "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die," in MSL, pp. 339-47.

Slaughterhouse Exposé ● LeDuff: NYT reporter ● Setting: slaughterhouse in Tar Heel, NC ○ Largest pork production plant in the world ● Exposé on institutionalized workplace racism on multiple levels ○ Stereotyping ○ Harassment ○ Physical/death threats ○ Racial hierarchy among workers ○ Exploiting racial tensions amongst workers "Slaughtering swine is repetitive, brutish work, so grueling that three weeks on the factory floor leave no doubt in your mind about why the turnover is 100 percent" (p. 340).

Hochschild - The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work

Social Institutions require work from individuals to maintain their roles and statuses in each. How do individuals negotiate dual demands from work and family? Focused on the relationship between work life and home life In the US: ● Amerco has "family-friendly" policies...but hardly anyone used them ● Self-described "workaholics" (survey method) Key Question: ● Given the "workaholic" hours many parents are working, why don't they take advantages of chances to reduce their time at work? (some possible explanations) ○ Explanation 1: Working parents can't afford it ■ Best-paid employees least interested ■ Both low- and high-income mothers return to work quickly ○ Explanation 2: Vulnerability to layoffs ■ The workers say they aren't scared ○ Explanation 3: Workers may not know about the policies ■ They know But real explanation is... Work has become a form of "home" and home has become "work": The boundaries have not become blurred, as folk wisdom suggests, but have reversed

Durkheim's -How do we learn social fact?

Social current - a fad - a shift can change something into a social fact or make it disappear into a different meaning o Social facts- have some enduring quality - very by time, place, and context § Streaking at Grinnell - like it was normal before, but now it is disrespectful and now the context and social facts around streaking today is bad - How do we learn social facts? o All education is a continuous effort to impose on the child ways of seeing, feeling, and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously ... o Institution - by the family, work, education, school, etc...

Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw - Ethnographic Field Research

Studying groups and people as they go about their everyday lives. It involves: - Firsthand participation: Entering a (usually unfamiliar) social setting to get to know the people in it, by developing relations with the people in it and observing what happens - Written accounts: Systematically writing down what they observe and learn in this process, creating a written record of these experiences

What is the promise of the sociological imagination?

Task & Promise - The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and its relations between the two within society - We can only understand ourselves by locating ourselves within a period and society

Kozol, Jonathan. "Still Separate, Still Unequal: America's Educational Apartheid"

The article explores the persistent issue of racial segregation and inequality in the American education system. Jonathan Kozol argues that despite legal and social advancements, schools in America remain deeply segregated along racial lines. The article examines the unequal distribution of resources, funding, and quality of education in predominantly minority schools compared to predominantly white schools. Kozol presents evidence of dilapidated infrastructure, outdated textbooks, and limited access to extracurricular activities in underprivileged schools. The author discusses the impact of segregation on academic achievement, highlighting the achievement gap between minority and white students. Kozol emphasizes the psychological and emotional effects of segregation on students, leading to feelings of inferiority and perpetuating a cycle of poverty. The article criticizes policies such as school vouchers and charter schools, arguing that they further exacerbate segregation and inequality. Kozol calls for systemic changes, including equitable funding, desegregation efforts, and comprehensive educational reforms. The author highlights successful examples of integrated schools and argues for the importance of diverse learning environments for all students. The article aims to shed light on the ongoing educational apartheid in America and advocates for equal educational opportunities for every child, regardless of their race or socioeconomic background.

Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills) - in The Promise

The awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society Breaking free from one's own immediate circumstances to put things into broader context - Helps us make a distinction between personal troubles vs. public issues of social structure (like unemployment or homelessness) - Troubles = limited to the individual Issues= transcend the local individual - Individuals are affected by society, whether they are aware of it or not Sociology is the study of the level above teh individual = social realities - The S.I. is an approach that allows us to understand how our individual lives are intertwined with the society we are part of - The S.I. helps us distinguish between private troubles and public issues - This distinction helps explain how a person's biography interacts with history and broader society

Goffman's Performances - what theory

Theory = Symbolic Interactionism because = 1. Reality socially constructed at level of face-to-face interaction. 2. Social interaction consists of expressive activity. 3. Social roles or statuses have to be dramatized in order to be realized. They must be performed. 4. The self is "a dramatic effect" arising from a particular "scene" or social situation.

What do Derber and Magrass say about the possibilities of "socially responsible" capitalism?

This systemic competition incentivizes even so-called nice or "socially responsible" capitalists to bully workers, consumers, and fellow capitalists. Corporations that do not bully workers—by paying low wages, breaking unions, and constantly harassing those who seek to challenge the power of the companies—will typically be at a competitive disadvantage compared to those that do; this is because the bullying leads to high corporate profits, as in McDonald's and other fast-food giants, and thus attracts more capital from the financial markets. Investors follow the money, just as sharks follow blood in the water. Corporations that do not bleed their workers by cutting wages and benefits—and intimidating those who challenge their degradation—will tend to see reduced profits and lose out to their competitors in the capital markets. A failure to bully workers into accepting low wages and the loss of other benefits also reduces profits, since increases in wages and benefits are drains on profit. This is a structural reality faced by all capitalists, whatever their personality, and it demonstrates the need to move from a psychological paradigm to one focusing on structural imperatives. The same logic leads capitalists to compete intensely even with giant rivals in the 1%. The system will not be kind to competitors who are unwilling to threaten, undermine, and destroy their rivals; they are vulnerable to being put out of business. This results in bullying within the capitalist class; it is, we show, both similar to and different from the cross-class bullying of workers that is class warfare. In both cases, the strong must defeat competitive rivals, and they can win only by devouring the weak. Structural competition in the marketplace encourages other types of capitalist bullying, including bullying of the unemployed, of consumers, and of politicians. These bullying relations, too, are structurally dictated by the marketplace. As on the bully schoolyard, nice guys finish last.

Function of organized religion in society

Three types of explanations: Religious explanation of religion's function: Becuase the supernatural exists, we are driven to believe in the supernatural individualistic explanation: Individuals need religion; it's a basis for being good and giving meaning to an individual, providing them with hope Sociological Explanations: Importance of society for development of religion. Societies create the sacred world, and those in power, who make the rules, create a religious base

Is organized religion necessary today?

Two Main Perspectives ● Decline of religion with increased secularization throughout the globe. Modern life undermines importance of religion ● Just because modern life changes religion doesn't mean it decreases its importance; indeed, it may be more important now than ever. Secularization is also not universal.

Johnson, Allan G. "What Can We Do? Becoming Part of the Solution"

What is the importance of language, according to Johnson? ○ To work on problems of privilege and oppression, we must be able to see it clearly and name it in order to talk about it in useful ways ○ "[W]e have to reclaim some difficult language that names what's going on" (p. 649). - Stereotype threat, labeling, individual attribution error, emotional labor, himpathy, mansplaining, bropropriation, microaggression Johnson's Suggestions for Making a Difference 1. Acknowledge that Trouble Exists 2. Pay Attention 3. Little Risks: Do Something How to Take Little Risks and Do Something a. Make noise, be seen b. Find little ways to withdraw support from paths of least resistance and people's choices to follow them c. Dare to make people feel uncomfortable, beginning with yourself d. Openly choose and model alternative paths e. Actively promote change in how systems are organized around privilege f. Support the right of people to love whomever they choose g. Pay attention to how different forms of oppression interact with one another, i.e. intersectionality h. Work with other people i. Don't keep it to yourself j. Don't let other people set the standard for you.

Shaefer, H. Luke, Kathryn Edin, & Elizabeth Talbert (2015) "Understanding the Dynamics of $2-a-Day Poverty in the United States"

What's behind the troubling rise in extreme poverty in the U.S. (households with children living on $2.00/day or less between 1996 and 2011)? Qualitative Study with 18 Families ● "Cascade of hardship" - long spells of hardship ● Job loss a common precursor ● Material hardship including housing instability I chose this article not for it's direct link, but more so to showcase many people's misunderstanding of the level of extreme poverty experienced by many people not just in the US, but around the world. By turning this level of poverty into some form of entertainment (that wasn't even really done well) it allows for a serious misunderstanding of what this type of poverty is actually like and the types of effects that it may have on a person (for instance the with the case study of Monique having experienced severe childhood issues such as homelessness and how that evolved to effect not only her in the future, but her kids as well). By taking the challenge at face value in the way that Deyes did, he seemingly overlooked much of the nuance in many peoples lives. By looking at the situation from a more nuanced perspective like Shaefer et al. did it allows for a bigger picture into not only the situations behind this level of extreme poverty, but it helps to analyze the causes, as well. Nickeled and Dimed ● Ehrenreich's goal: To "see whether or not I could match income to expenses, as the truly poor attempt to do every day" ● Undercover journalist: investigate impact of 1996 Welfare Reform Act on working poor in US ● Ehrenreich investigates many of the difficulties low wage workers face, including the hidden costs involved in such necessities as shelter and food ● Ehrenreich attacks notion that low-wage jobs require only unskilled labor

Goodwin and Rojas "Revolutions and Regime Change"

What's the difference between a social movement and a revolutionary movement? Revolutions bring about more fundamental changes, beyond legal, policy, and cultural reforms

Khan, Shamus Rahman. "The New Elite." Pp. 18-40 in Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St Paul's School

Why does Khan begin the chapter by describing Abbott's behavior - Khan is just the visiting professor, and the person who has power over all of them is Abbott - rich priveledge matters more- show who Prof. Khan boss is To what does Khan compare his own sequestering at St. Paul's in a minority student dorm"? - Elites are isolating them willingly - produce this priveledge Contrast new elite to the new elite - Social change, there is a change, but now inheritance is pure money and wealth - differenct structure Traditional Elite: The "old" elites at St. Paul's School may refer to students who come from families with longstanding connections and historical ties to the school. These families may have a legacy of attending elite schools, holding influential positions in society, and possessing inherited wealth. The traditional elites may have a sense of entitlement and social capital derived from their family backgrounds and social networks. Evolving Composition: The "new" elite, on the other hand, could represent a more diverse group of students who gained access to St. Paul's School through different channels. They may come from families that have recently achieved wealth or prominence, or they may be beneficiaries of scholarship programs or affirmative action initiatives aimed at increasing diversity in elite institutions. This diversification may lead to shifts in the cultural and social norms within the student body. Changing Sources of Privilege: The sources of privilege among the new elite may differ from those of the old elites. While the traditional elites may rely on inherited wealth, family connections, and cultural capital, the new elite might have gained access to privilege through individual achievement, exceptional talent, or academic merit. This shift in sources of privilege could impact the social dynamics and values within the student body. Cultural Shifts: The old elites at St. Paul's School may be associated with established traditions, rituals, and practices that reflect their privileged backgrounds. In contrast, the new elite may introduce different cultural elements, perspectives, and experiences that reflect a more diverse and contemporary society. This cultural shift may challenge and redefine the traditional notions of privilege and elitism. Explain how the elite used cultural institutions to construct distinctions between themselves and others. = Private boarding schools mean higher prestige - Specialized upper class education - Greater moral development that other can't afford like higher exclusivity, then better education Khan introduces boarding school as the site where elites were made. Why does Khan say that the idea that St. Pauls was a prep school for something later in life was completely misleading? - Khan suggests that viewing St. Paul's School solely as a preparatory institution for future success fails to capture the complex and formative nature of the students' experiences during their time at the school. He highlights that St. Paul's is not merely a training ground for future elites, but a crucial site where the process of constructing and reinforcing privilege and elite identities takes place in the present. By focusing on the everyday interactions, social networks, and cultural practices at St. Paul's School, Khan delves into the ways in which the students actively participate in and contribute to the reproduction of privilege within the boarding school context. He argues that understanding the dynamics and experiences within the school itself is essential for comprehending the mechanisms through which privilege is constructed and maintained. In essence, Khan's argument challenges the notion that attending elite boarding schools like St. Paul's is solely about preparing for future success. Instead, he encourages a deeper examination of the immediate social and cultural significance of these institutions, shedding light on how they contribute to the formation of an adolescent elite and the reproduction of privilege within the boarding school environment. - Cultural capital - not future oriented- now elite status is circulating now, not in the future What is the importance of the rising sense of meritocracy at boarding schools like St. Paul's, according to Khan? - Be able to get high job, parent gives you legacay to elite - give you a job - Elite working hard to keep billions - Elite were proud they did this, not cool to say - Daddy's money, white and being male -> Elite saying they work so hard - Legitamizing priviledge - Legitimization of Privilege: The ideology of meritocracy helps legitimize and justify the privileges enjoyed by students at elite boarding schools. By emphasizing that success is based on individual merit and hard work, these schools can portray their admissions processes and the advantages they provide as fair and earned, rather than solely the result of social privilege or connections. This legitimization serves to maintain the social order and the status of the elite.

Structural Functionalism

a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium - studies how individual choices are molded by social structures and social facts - sees the social world as objectively real - functionalists investigators will be value free & no bias - social systems as an ecology ; many parts and a change to one part changes other parts - A theoretical perspective that emphasizes the role of social structures in maintaining social order and stability. - Amazon and small buisnesses - Macro/Mid level theory - social norms keep order -> Taught through institutions like organs in a body - individual is constrained in society - moving towards a point of equilibrium in society (Amazon vs. small buisnesses) As the video explains, the emphasis here is on how small businesses must adapt in order to maintain equilibrium, a concept key to the functionalist theoretical perspective. Functionalism - every little part working together like organs in a cell - Actions are constrained - like bedroom, there are only so many ways you can leave a bedroom and that action is constrained

Gaines, Donna - Teenage Wasteland

o Labels - burnout o Blamed for even after when they died § Why - "psychological explanations" - personal o There is an issue - ZERO OF PERSONAL - only saw it a social problem when it was a pack of people doing it together o Linking the teens blogs - to specific social milieu o Trapped - Making it out o Only certain classes of teenager have the possibility of making out o Adult organization of teens' social reality o Labeling theory § Once society put a label on you, you live up to the expectations that others have of you o Linked social issues - SES/Wealth Inequality § Connecting micro macro § Inflated. Expectations = diminishing returns o MICRO VS. MACRO = SPACE - not allowed to just be - (being means being a burnout, loser, criminal, deliquiate, etc.) - because of the macro perspective that the micro is being affected - Durkheim - he wants to prove that it is a social fact- he wants to take the one thing in the whole world that is most often said is an individual issue - completely wrong about this social fact - suicide rates - What creates stability year to year o There must be some force acting upon the people of a country o Can't explain the suicide rate with recourse to the incidence of various types of misfortune or the mental state of individuals...

Quetelet's theory

statistical laws explained social phenomena, and that as civilization developed, the "average man" would be ever more closely approximated.

Emerson- Writing Descriptive Fieldnotes

• Involves inscribing social life and social discourse (Geertz 1973) • Recorded fieldnotes attempt to approximate "objective mirroring" of the lived complexity of social life • Geertz's "thick description" reflects "deep immersion"

Goffman's Fronts

• Performances people play in general and fixed fashion to define situation to observers. • Elements of fronts divided into - "Appearances" (symbols that give off indications of social status) and - "Manners" (stimuli that refer to the interaction role the performer expects us to play in the given situation) [24]. • These two usually in harmony, and when they are, represent an ideal type, or "collective representation"—an institutionalized front (waiter, bellboy, celebrity, etc).

Thakoree, Bhoomi K. "Must See TV: South Asian Characterizations in American Popular Media," in MSL, pp. 396-404.

● Representations of South Asians have increased on popular US TV ● But such characterizations reinforce racial stereotypes and a broader racial hierarchy in the US ● Experiences of assimilation salient for many South Asian immigrants ● Racialization: the process by which individuals are characterized into racial groups based on their physical appearance ● Racialization tends to be negative experience for many South Asian Americans: othering process in post-9/11 climate (link to Selod and Embrick reading!) - Relationship between racialization & stereotyping n the Snyder reading, it is explained that stereotyping is not always an entirely negative occurrence. However, this does not mean that stereotyping does not branch into crueler behaviors of discrimination. Racialization is the process by which individuals are grouped into racial groups based on their physical appearance. Racialization is thus a form of stereotyping that is specifically centered around a person's racial identity and often their physical appearance. The media can play a key role in spreading stereotypes about groups of people, and this includes television characters, as Thakoree points out in the reading. Thakoree argues that whites "commit racialization" by employing negative stereotypes of South Asians which continue to define them outside of American norms. Though fictional, these characters take on racialized stereotypes and can spread them nationally. This is especially an issue when they do not have a large amount of representation within the media, which results in people only taking in the negative aspects provided to them.

Two Key policy changes in Housing were what? That Rubin discusses

● The Housing Act passed by Congress in 1949 ○ Title II was a huge success, offering mortgages for millions to purchase homes ○ Title I was a disaster - urban renewal = "poor removal" ● Community Mental Health Centers Act, signed by President Kennedy in 1963 ○ Historical context for mental health reform movement in the US ○ Started to gain traction in mid-1950s, then in 60s with patientsʼ rights movement (hospitals as "snake pits") ○ This act sought to create alternatives to institutionalization in state mental hospitals ○ Reagan subsequently cut funding for mental health services, reducing their availability

Lareau (2002) - Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life - Main ideas

● The institution of the family reproduces a variety of forms of social inequality ● Beyond gender inequality, Lareau shows how social class shapes parenting styles among black and white families Two separate thoughts: Concerted Cultivation (Black and white middle-class parents) ● Enroll children in numerous age-specific organized activities ● These activities dominate family life and create enormous labor, esp. for mothers ● Importance of transmitting life skills to children ● Stress on language use and reasoning ○ Talk as preferred form of discipline ● Produces wide-ranging experiences for kids, but also "frenetic pace," a cult of individualism, and emphasis on children's performance Vs. Accomplishment of Natural Growth (poor and working class black and white parents) ● Provision of love, food, and safety as key to children growing & thriving ● No focus on developing child's special talents ● Fewer organized activities ● More free, unstructured time ● Deeper, richer ties to extended family ● Use of directives and physical discipline