Sociology Final Exam
Reported in the U.S. Census Current Population Survey of 2013, research indicates that ________ of people in the United States have no health insurance at all.
18 percent
On average, a black man will live approximately ________ when compared with a white man in the United States.
5 fewer years
The ________ began with the simplest of technologies such as pointed digging stick to break up the soil. These processes really took off when people harnessed animals to pull a plow, which was an even more efficient tool for the same task. With this new technology, one family could grow enough crops not only to feed themselves but also to feed others.
Agricultural revolution
Which of these terms describes the process by which a minority individual or group abandons its own identity to take on the characteristics of the dominant culture, perhaps by absorbing immigrants from different lands?
Assimilation
Which woman was believed to have "heaved a brick through the rose-colored picture window of the American bungalow" by writing her book for the second wave of the women's movement?
Betty Friedan
________ immigration came to an abrupt end with the Exclusion Act of 1882. This act was a result of anti-immigrant sentiment due to a depressed economy and loss of jobs. White workers blamed these migrants for taking their jobs. Because these men did not have the funds to return to their homeland, or to bring their families to the United States, they remained physically and culturally segregated in areas of large cities.
Chinese
________ are the second-largest Hispanic subgroup, and their history is quite different from that of other Hispanic groups. Their main wave of immigration to the United States started after Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, and reached its crest with the Mariel boatlift in 1980.
Cuban Americans
During the Cold War era, affluent, industrialized countries were once referred to as
First world countries.
The U.S. Census from 2008 shows that 16.5 percent of respondents reported being of ________descent; the largest group in the country
German
Later waves of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were also subject to intense discrimination and prejudice. In particular, the dominant group saw ________ immigrants as the dregs of Europe and worried about the purity of the American race (Myers 2007).
Italian
Myers (2007) states that the cultural assimilation of ________ is "almost complete, but with remnants of ethnicity." The presence of enclave neighborhoods, originally segregated slums dating from the nineteenth century continue to exist today.
Italian Americans
________ believed that the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality would be to continue to struggle against one another.
Karl Marx
________ is a state-based program that provides medical coverage for people who cannot afford it, as long as they meet certain guidelines.
Medicaid
Native Americans once numbered in the ________ but by 2010, they made up only________ of U.S. population (U.S. Census 2010).
Millions; 0.9 percent
________ describes the processes that increase the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society to developed, technologically driven society.
Modernization
What is a conclusion reached by symbolic interactionists regarding social stratification?
Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 is sometimes called ________ for its most noted advocate, and represents large-scale federal reform of the United States' healthcare system.
ObamaCare
________ arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work.
Organic solidarity
________ is an entity or individual's ability to control or direct others, while ________ is influence that is predicated on perceived legitimacy.
Power; authority
Cross-national research on sexual attitudes in industrialized nations reveals that normative standards differ across the world. For example, several studies have shown that ________ students are more tolerant of premarital sex than are________ students.
Scandinavian; U.S. (Of industrialized nations, Sweden is thought to be the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness, while the U.S. is far less liberal, with less comprehensive sex education in schools.)
________ also has influenced voting practices since voting rates among lower-educated, lower-paid workers are lower than for people with higher socioeconomic status. This fosters a system in which people with more power and access to resources have the means to perpetuate their power
Social class
Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have?
Social conflict Interactionist Racism Correct- Functionalism
According to ________, the struggles between and within groups have historically been spurred by the drive to protect or gain territory and wealth, and the need to preserve liberty and autonomy.
Social conflict theorists
What would a functionalist say about social stratification?
Social stratification is necessary to promote excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to strive for.
________ focus attention on figures, emblems, or individuals that represent government, power and authority. They are most interested in the interaction between small groups who make decisions, or in the case of some recent congressional committees, demonstrate the inability to make any decisions at all.
Symbolic interaction theorists
The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were predominantly ________, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life. These early immigrants and their descendants, who were more likely to think of themselves as Syrian or Lebanese than Arab, represent almost half of the Arab American population today (Myers 2007).
Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians
In 2015, the United States continued its recovery from the________," arguably the worst economic downturn since the stock market collapse in 1929 and the Great Depression that ensued.
The Great Recession
The increase in computer use and robots to do many rote tasks are representative of the ________, also known as the information era. Those who have the means to produce, store, and disseminate information are leaders in this type of society.
The Post-industrial revolution
Research presents evidence that homosexual and bisexual individuals are treated differently than heterosexual individuals in schools, the workplace, and the military, and experience frequent discrimination. Which of the following is an example of progress toward removing a systematic discriminatory practice?
The repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" in the armed forces.
________ is a form of government that strives to provide all citizens with an equal voice, or vote, in determining state policy, regardless of their level of socioeconomic status. Another important fundamental part of this government is the establishment and governance of a just and comprehensive constitution that delineates the roles and responsibilities of leaders and citizens alike.
a democracy
A hands-off approach to economic policy, biases against women, and ________ are the main causes for the global feminization of poverty.
a greater number of female-headed households
According to Karl Marx, struggles between groups are necessary for the development of
a more egalitarian society
A state of living where people lack even the basic necessities, which typically include adequate food, clean water, safe housing, and access to healthcare is known as
absolute poverty.
A minority group is made up of people who
are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group.
Besides formal offices, ________ can arise from tradition and personal qualities.
authority
________ refers to accepted influence, in other words, influence that people agree to follow.
authority
Gustav, a recent high school graduate, declines to attend a four-year college but does earn a certificate in metal fabrication from his local community college. Like many of his neighbors, he gets a steady full-time job assembling airplanes in a factory. He can best be described as ________.
blue collar
According to the American Psychological Association, there is no scientific consensus why a person holds a heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual orientation. Research has been conducted to study the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation,
but there has been no evidence that links sexual orientation to one factor.
The Agricultural Revolution led to development of the first economies that were based on trading goods. Eventually, the mechanization of the manufacturing process led to the Industrial Revolution and gave rise to two major competing economic systems,
capitalism and socialism. ( capitalism focused on the free market and individual property, while socialism emphasizes group property ownership and commonly held wealth.)
Followers accept the power of ________ because they are drawn to the leader's personal qualities. The appeal of such a leader can be extraordinary, and can inspire followers to make unusual sacrifices or to persevere in the midst of great hardship and persecution.
charismatic authority
The two types of stratification systems are ________, which do not allow change in social position and ________, which are based on achievement and allow movement between levels.
closed systems; open systems
________ describe a health care structure dependent on profitability.
conflict theorists
Which theory is deeply critical of social stratification because it benefits only some people, and not all of society?
conflict theory. (Conflict theory focuses on the creation and reproduction of class, race, gender, and other forms of inequality and views stratification as something to be identified and eliminated.)
________ seek to preserve existing norms and values.
conservative movements
Many people in the United States are fond of saying that this country has the best healthcare in the world, and while it is true that the United States has a higher quality of care available than many peripheral or semi-peripheral nations, it is not necessarily the "best in the world" when compared with ________ nations.
core
In Immanuel Wallerstein's theory, dominant capitalist countries which are highly industrialized and urbanized are referred to as
core countries.
________ refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture.
culture of prejudice
According to ________, global inequality is caused by dominant, core nations whose main goal is to exploit semi-peripheral and peripheral nations, creating a cycle of perpetual reliance.
dependency theory
Terms such as "first world, second world, and third world" have come to be considered politically insensitive although they are often still used. Today, these are more frequently referred to as
developed and undeveloped countries.
Belief that men have, or have the right to, more sexual urges than women creates a ________.
double standard
When we speak of descent through such cultural backgrounds as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian we are actually discussing
ethnicity
Health in the United States is a complex and often contradictory issue. As one of the wealthiest nations, the United States ________ in health comparisons with the rest of the world, yet it does not provide equal care to all.
fares well
________ is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities.
feminist theory
Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have?
functionalism
Some of the most common occupations in the United States are almost completely segregated by
gender
What term do sociologists use to refer to a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her attitudes of masculine and feminine, based on social and cultural differences?
gender
The term ________ is based on evidence that women and men are paid differently for similar work in the labor force, counting all full-time workers.
gender pay gap
Globalization has led to the development of ________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.
global commodity chain
Some of the benefits of ________ include the exponentially accelerated progress of development, the creation of international awareness and empowerment, and the potential for increased wealth
globalization
The standard of living is based on
income, employment, class, poverty rates, and housing affordability.
Voter turnout has ________ in the past 12 years.
increased dramatically
Underlying indications of ________ may be socialized in boys and girls based on tasks assigned to them at home or school, and by toys that are purchased for them to play with.
inequality
An example of ________ is the way that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with certain kinds of mental disorders.
institutionalized sexism
Dimitrius was born into a poverty-level household, as were his own parents, but he worked hard in school, earned a prestigious degree, and obtained a high-paying job. He eventually acquired an upper-class social status. What type of social mobility has occurred?
intergenerational mobility. ( This term describes one's ability to move up or down the class hierarchy relative to other generations.)
Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins developed ________, which suggests that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes.
intersection theory
Which class, based on one's self-description, is the largest in the United States?
middle class
According to ________ undeveloped and low income countries are in their situation because they have not industrialized, but could do so if they chose to.
modernization theory
The second most common mental disorders in the United States are
mood disorders
When women, who make up ________ the workforce, bring home less money each day, it means they have less for the everyday needs of their families, and over a lifetime of work, far less savings for retirement."
nearly half
In any given election year roughly ________ of the population does not vote.
one half
Today, in the United States, ________, and the District of Columbia require comprehensive sex education classes in schools.
only eighteen states
In ________ societies, men's contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Such perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted.
patriarchal
As a result of ________, women's viewpoints tend to be silenced or marginalized to the point of being discredited or considered invalid.
patriarchy
According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory, which countries are economically dependent on more advanced nations and have very little industrialization or means of production?
peripheral countries
The U.S. Census (2011) divides ________ into employment-based insurance and direct-purchase insurance.
private insurance
A functionalist views the cyclical nature of the economy as natural and believes what should be allowed to take place in theory?
recession and depression
The basic premise of the structural-functionalists who agree with the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards
serves a purpose in society.
The term sociologists use to describe physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary and secondary sex characteristics is referred to as a person's
sex
A ________ would likely study ways the minority group in a society have been oppressed by laws and overt racism by the dominant society.
social conflict theorist
According to ________, social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups.
social conflict theory
People with disabilities can be ________ by their illnesses.
stigmatized
According to ________, the sick role exemption is temporary and relative to the severity of the illness. The exemption also requires that a physician must certify that the illness is genuine.
structural-functional theorists
According to ________, health and illness are both socially constructed, so they focus on the specific meanings and causes people attribute to illness.
symbolic interactionist theorists
Research has demonstrated that "one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of a person's morbidity and mortality experience is ________.
that person's socioeconomic status (SES)
A sociologist working from a Marxist perspective would likely attribute the causes of the 2008 global recession to
the class standing and power of the owners of the means of production.
The most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living in the United States is
the decline of the middle class.
Asian Americans certainly have been subject to their share of racial prejudice, despite the seemingly positive stereotype knowns as the________ because they appear to achieve significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.
the model minority
According to the text, an important change in the new DSM-5 is that
the term Gender Dysphoria removes some stigma by taking the word "disorder" out of the approach.
According to Max Weber, the power of ________is accepted because it has been accepted for a long time.
traditional authority
According to Weber, power which is made valid by laws, written rules, and regulations is termed________. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular rationale, system, or ideology and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine. A nation that follows a constitution applies this type of authority.
traditional authority
Children learn at a young age that there are distinct expectations for boys and girls. Cross-cultural studies reveal that children are aware of gender roles by the age of
two or three.
Some diseases, like cancer, are ________ across all countries.
universal
Historically, African Americans and other minorities have been underrepresented at the
voting polls
Evidence suggests that legal protection of ________ does not directly translate into equal voting power.
voting rights
A societal privilege that benefits people who are white in a way that goes beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white individuals under the same societal, political, or economic circumstances is known as ________.
white privilege.
