Sociology Final
income inequality tresholds
If your household income is above $114,000/year, you are in the top 10% of US households If your household income is above $164,000/year, you are in the top 5% of US households If your household is above $394,000/year, you are the 1%
time wealth
first principle of plenitude is reclaiming time overworked american: -undermines basic sources of wealth and well-being -north american schedules > all over the world
doing gender
gender is something we have to accoomlpish through gender performances or doing gender appearances and behaviors ascribes or achieved status
sex
genitalia, chromosomes, male/female/intersex
second shift
idea of low income mothers returning from work and beginning a second shift composing of household duties and raising the children
one life living
idea that most people believe they only have a single chance on earth- to live richly one must use that chance in a way that is personally meaningful plenitude as an economic strategy cannot supply that menaing- it can only help achieve it
color blidn ideology
ignore the realities of racial inequality and make it impossible to address
extreme poverty
making less than $1.25 per day and over 1 billion or 20% of the world population
male privilege
not being sexually objectified feeling safe walking hours after dark not being denigrated for sexual activity
de facto segregation
people are separated "by fact" and not by legal requirement
hegemonic masculinity/femininity
practices that promote the dominant social position of men, and the subordinate social position of wome
social construction of race
race is socially constructed - social concept not a biological relaity
poverty tresholds
uploaded each year by the census bureau minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country
median household income
$53,000 a year
wealth gap
80% of US households share only 20% of the wealth The bottom 40% share less than 1%
de facto segregation
Examples: -concentration of african-americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact, and not by law
dejure segregation
Examples: -public areas cannot be shared by different racial classes - american south after civil war: laws were set up to separate blacks from whites
white privilege
Examples: -not being followed around a store -being less likely to have your car searched for drugs -less likely to be pulled over
reproduction of inequality
Public schools: school districts → property values $100,000 home vs. $350,000 home Results in dramatically unequal schools School selection: magnet schools and charter schools Efforts to diversify and desegregate schools Efforts backfire, as parents of wealthy white families are more likely to be pushy and will do anything to get their kids into the better school School to prison pipeline: "What's the point of trying? There's no jobs anyway." Aspirations can mediate school systems and tracking
feminism
a movement for gender and sexual equality--belief that men and women should have equal opportunities, rights and respect
razialization
a process in which certain physical or cultural characteristics are given social meanings that become the basis for racism and discrimination
gender
a socially constructed concept, not a biological reality. the social ideas that we map on to biological sex
stereotype threat effect
an outcome of othering people. a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group
othering
any action by which an individual or group becomes mentally classified in somebody's mind as not one of us
one planet living
attempts to shift individuals and communities to lifestyles that use only as many resources as are currently available if bio capacity were equally allocated across the globe
heteronormativity
belief that people fall into distinct and compelmetnary genders (man and woman) with natural roles in life
hegemonic masculinity/femininity
concept by R>W connell
white privilege
living in a world that assumes white is the norm
social construction of race
definition of race and racial categories varies across cultures within a society across societies race is assigned by opinion and is contested racism: a system of beliefs and practices which result in unearned advantages for whites relative to people of color discrimination and advantage go hand in hand
tracking
example: the gifted group
hegemonic masculinity/femininity
examples: there are real men, and then there are all other men superbowl commercial in which they portray masculinity by showing a muscular and athletic man
dejure segregation
legal separation of groups of people based on law
tracking
separates students within a school into different tracks based on their skills and abilities
slow spending
sustainable consumption entails extending product life
intersectionality
system of oppression are interlocking structure of race, gender, class, sexuality, and other inequalities all shape our lives at the same time. we may be simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged as a result of our social positions in each. not simply one up one down
hegemonic masculinity/femininity
the dominant form of masculinity that exists within a particular culture
prison industrial complex
the overlapping interests of government and industry that use surveillance, policing, and imprisonment as solutions to economic, social and political problems. produces and maintains racial inequalities
wealth gap
the top 1% holds over 35% of us wealth
wealth gap
the top 4% owns 62% of the wealth
wealth gap
the unequal distribution of assets
wage gap
women earn less than men (.78/dollar) motherhood penalty fatherhood bonus
