Sociology Finals (Exam 2)

The concept of the looking glass self explains:

1. We imagine how we want to appear to others 2. Others make judgments & respond 3. We experience feelings & react based on our interpretations.

The term "master status" is defined as a period

A status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life

Nonverbal communication refers to_____.

Body movements, gestures, and facial expressions.

Which theory suggest crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interest of those in power?

Conflict theory

Traditionally, most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on:

Crime

What we call Norm violations that are codified into law?

Crimes

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that_______.

Deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called?

Differential association theory.

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's "As You like It" begins as follows: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time and place many parts. Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

Dramaturgy

Agents of socialization are mutually exclusive and do not overlap.

False

Are social networks consist of just our closest friends and family?

False

Reference groups can be primary groups, but they can never be secondary groups.

False

T/F: People riding together on a subway are correctly called a social

False

T/F:According to sociologist, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we developed in life.

False

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

Families begin the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

Family

Irving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of coin game in which we work to control the impression others have of us. What did Goffman called this process?

Impression management

Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories were gangsters and con artists be found?

Innovation

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

Military Boot Camp

According to labeling theory, why were none of the pseudo-patience and David Rosen hams "On Being Saying in Insane Places" discovered?

Once a person has been labeled "mentally ill," it is very hard for anyone to see past the label

A dyad is a group consisting of:

Only two members

What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?

Peer pressure

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

Peers

Which type of group is characterized by long term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships?

Primary group

For what type of group focused as an individual belong if the members are mostly anonymous to one another?

Secondary group

Which of the following concepts refers to the biological distinction between males and females?

Sex

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called_____.

Social (status) interaction

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together and interact with one another?

Social group

What do sociologists call the web of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them?

Social networks

At any given time you occupy a number of status is, the status is make up your_____.

Status set

Edwin Sutherland's differential Association theory links deviance to___.

The amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

The nature versus nurture debate helps us understand:

The complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning

The formal system that response to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials is called_____.

The criminal justice system

The term "socialization" refers to the:

The process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs and norms of our social group

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

There will always be new situations and new roles to learn.

W. I. Thomas famously argued that if people defined situations is real then:

They are real in their consequences

Sociologist do not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group because they...

They won't form any lasting relationships with one another.

The proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals who have stronger bonds are less likely to commit crime?

Travis Hirschi

"Groupthink" is a form of social conformity among members of groups.

True

Deviance can be considered relative because whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs.

True

In the process of anticipatory socialization, people use social groups they wish to join as reference groups.

True

Milgram's experiment showed that people are easily influenced by both "ordinary people" and legitimate authority figures

True

T/F: Both sides are partially correct in the nature versus nurture debate.

True

T/F: Throughout history, prison has been the most common means of punishment for criminals and deviance.

True

Which of the following would sociologist consider the best definition of deviance?

Violations of social norms

Which theorist argue that if people defined situation is real, it is real and its consequences?

W.I Thomas

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?

We respond not only to the objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.

Under what circumstances does a deviant label transition from primary to secondary deviance?

When there are social or legal sanctions and the deviants label in internalized

"The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept______.____

of deviance

What are some examples of things students learn from a schools hidden curriculum?

respecting authority. respect for other pupils' opinions. punctuality. aspiring to achieve. having a 'work ethic'