Sociology Inquizitive 2
Approximately what percentage of high-school-aged young men and women attend secondary school in low-income countries?
44%
Underclass
A class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds
Slavery
A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property.
What makes a formal organization different from an informal one?
A formal organization is designed to achieve its objectives.
What is a democracy?
A political system in which the people rule
Fill in the blanks to complete the statement.
According to Karl Marx, social movements arise in response to class struggle, which is brought about by a fundamental contradiction in society.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.
Although interrelated terms, race refers to a classification system that ranks people according to physical characteristics, whereas ethnicity refers to an identity based on shared cultural values and norms.
Which of the following are examples of deviant subcultures?
Correct Answer(s) mafia families, Hell's Angels, groups that embrace unusual sexual fetishes Incorrect Answers: Bible Study group
Dependency Culture
Individuals who rely on state welfare rather than entering the labor market.
Government policies designed to increase the employment rate as a mechanism for improving the economy are consistent with what economic philosophy?
Keynesianism
Experiences of early life shape how one ages in later life.
Life courses
Absolute Poverty
Not meeting the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence
In Stanley Milgram's classic experiment about people's obedience to authority, what fraction of subjects were obedient to the point of administering shocks they had been told were lethal?
Over-half
A democracy is a ________ in which the __________.
Political system, people rule
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about remarriage.
Prior to 1900, most remarriages included one widowed person. Now, fully 40 percent of marriages include one previously married person.
Which of these questions would sociologists of religion ask?
Sociological Questions: -How do a religion's practices enhance solidarity between its members? -In what circumstances does economic stability lead to an increase in religious adherence? -What factors influence an increase in religious conflict? Not Sociological Questions: -Which religions encourage moral or ethical behavior in their followers?
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about poverty as a cultural phenomenon.
Sociological explanations of persistent poverty are of two broad types: those that cite structural forces and those that hold the poor themselves responsible. An example of the latter would be Oscar Lewis's description of a self-perpetuating cycle of hopelessness, which he calls the culture of poverty. Going further, Charles Murray proposes that some of the poor prefer welfare to gainful employment, a state of mind some call the dependency culture.
A newly married wife can expect to do an additional seven hours of housework per week as a result of having a husband.
True
What is the principal form of wealth for most Americans?
a family-owned home
How large is the American "upper class," as a percentage of the U.S. population, according to the U.S. Census?
about 5 percent
Match each term with the correct theoretical perspective.
black feminism- White, privileged, U.S. feminism does not account for the experiences of women of other races. postmodern- There is no single social group called "woman"; all categories must be interrogated and deconstructed liberal- Political reform is the best way to work toward gender equity. radical- The family is one of the primary social institutions that perpetuates patriarchy and oppression of women
Identify each example as describing capitalism in particular, or economies in general.
capitalism -based on the private ownership of wealth -economic behavior is incentivized by profit economies -economic behavior is incentivized by survival -people exert themselves mentally and physically in order to produce goods and services
what are the social clocks of aging
cultural norms and role expectations to do with age
alzheimers disease
degenerative disease of the brain results in progressive loss of mental capacity
According to many sociological studies of educational inequality, what else must occur in order for educational reforms to be successful?
economic reforms
workers have job security, but work in low-trust settings
fordism
Which of the following describes Sarah Thebaud's research finding regarding barriers to women's entrepreneurship?
funders may view women's proposals as less competent than men's
What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists better understand about gender?
how gender in various societies is socially constructed
earnings are not taxed
informal economy
Political means accomplish corrective measures.
liberal feminism
what are the causes for higher maternal mortality rates in a couple nations
lower levels of female schooling higher levels of gender oppression
What is the primary goal of scientific management (Taylorism)?
maximize output
Feminists disagree with the notion that biology "wires" men and women for certain social roles. What is the basis of this feminist view?
much of human activity is the result of socialization
A democracy is a - in which the - -.
political system, people, rule
rejects both socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve the goals, abandoning the competitive
retreatist
he members of a Masonic Lodge in Los Angeles
social group
Which group fits the sociological definition of a minority group?
spanish speakers in the US
According to Neil Smelser's theory of structural strain, place the first four stages of a social movement in chronological order from first to last
structural conducivenessstructural straingeneralized beliefsprecipitating factors
Orit Avishai's 2008 study of Orthodox Jewish women comes from which theoretical perspective about religion?
symbolic interactionism
What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?
technological innovations help companies produce more goods and services at a cheaper cost
According to Marx, what is the key difference between socialism and communism?
the disappearance of class divisions between workers and capitalists
profane
the ordinary, mundane, or everyday
Global inequality
the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries
A positive stereotype can still be racist.
true
Among the superrich, some people are considered "old money" and others are considered "new wealth." What is the difference?
who own wealth passed down to them by earlier family generations
are men or women less likely to be married
women
are men or women more likely to have richer social and emotional ties to friends
women
do men or women have lower retirement income? why?
women cuz less likely to have continuous paid employment
A minority group is smaller in number than a majority group (e.g., Asians are a minority group in the United States, at about 5 percent of the population, compared to whites, who comprise about 63 percent of the population).
False
Approximately 20 percent of the world's population lives in low-income or lower-middle-income countries
False
As with earlier recessions, the recovery following the 2008 recession brought with it a drop in the child poverty rate.
False
Color-blind racism refers to the fact that people of any race can be racist
False
Diane Vaughan's research on "uncoupling" focuses on how previously married individuals and their children are affected by divorce in the long run (10 or more years after divorce).
False
Differences between males and females are always determined by biology.
False
Historically, America has had high social mobility
False
In the United States, cohabitation is often seen as an alternative to marriage. Many single people say they would prefer to cohabit than marry.
False
Intersectionality is a perspective that highlights how men and women intersect with one another in everyday life.
False
Like common facial expressions, many gestures and bodily postures have universal, cross-cultural meanings.
False
Peggy McIntosh's metaphor of the "invisible knapsack" refers to the burden of hate that intentionally racist white people carry.
False
Since 1990, the gap in Gross National Income (GNI) between high- and low-income countries has increased.
False
Social scientists have determined that there are two genders
False
The majority of K 12 students in the United States attend private school
False
To the detriment of his rivals, Ford raised the wages at his production facility to obtain the best workers
False
True or False: historically, American society has been characterized by high social mobility
False
Approximately 20 percent of the world's population lives in low-income or lower-middle-income countries.
False, almost half
What type of homeless families has risen in recent years?
Families with children
Identify each example as describing capitalism in particular, or economies in general.
Capitalism based on the private ownership of wealth economic behavior is incentivized by profit Economies in General economic behavior is incentivized by survival people exert themselves mentally and physically in order to produce goods and services
Why, according to some researchers, is the nature of childhood as a distinct stage of life diminishing in modern societies?
Children are consuming the same entertainment as adults.
According to Whalen's research, what is a common outcome for white working-class young adult opioid addicts with small children?
Children are raised by older adult relatives.
What were some of the consequences of colonial-style education for developing nations?
Consequence(s) Educated indigenous people led revolts against colonizers. The system of higher education remains better developed than primary and secondary education. Not Consequence(s) Education was provided to young people more often in rural areas than in cities. The system of primary education is heavily influenced by religious traditions.
What type of government has a king or queen whose power is severely restricted by a country's constitution?
Constitutional monarchy
Which expression comes closest to being a synonym for ethnomethodology?
Conversational norms
For what social function are clocks essential?
Coordinating the activities of workers over time and across large distances
Fill in the circles with the countries that best identify them as core, periphery, or semiperiphery, according to world-systems theory.
Core: US, Germany Periphery: Kenya, Honduras Semi- brazil China
Identify each statement about TV programming for children as either correct or incorrect.
Correct Statement(s): 1. Cartoons contain more violence than do other children's shows. 2. Children's shows contain more violence than do shows for adults.
According to the textbook, which of the following factors contributed to the rise of racism?
Correct: - invention of race as hierarchal - exploitation - white and black as good and evil Wrong: - stories passed down
Middle class
Correct: - most households - has been shrinking Incorrect: - majority white - most think they are middle class
Identify the true statements about authoritarianism
Dictators may gain control through a military coup or by being legally elected or appointed 2 types of authoritarianism are dictators and totalitarianism Under authoritarianism citizens have no say in who rules them, what laws are made, or how those laws are in forced
Which of the following are examples of how globalization has altered the way the elderly are treated?
Ex: - changes in how a society supports its elderly population - changes in agrarian societies lead to changes in traditional ways of thinking and behaving Not: - increased instances of parent-child co-residence - increased economic development affords more people the choice to retire
Which of the following are examples of secularization?
Examples: -a decline in religious organizations' ability to influence the election of their preferred candidates -an increase in the number of young people having premarital sex, despite religious proscriptions against the practice Not examples: -a sudden increase in religious service attendance in a country following a civil war -religious leaders turning their attention toward social justice causes, like housing and poverty
Place the countries in order from the lowest to highest, in terms of the percentage of people reporting that religion is very important in their lives.
France Spain Italy United States
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about government.
Governments exercise authority, a form of power legitimized by a belief system that justifies its use. Those who are subject to a government's rule voluntarily consent to it.
Why is the "graying" of the world's population a women's issue?
Greater life expectancy
In Max Weber's theory, where does status (social honor or prestige) come from?
How other members of society esteem the group
applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins
Howard S. Becker
Which of the following statements accurately explains why gender inequality has existed in various societies?
In modern society, women experience both institutional and individual discrimination in a wide variety of forms, In hunter/gatherer societies, women did not have the physical strength to participate fully in hunting and warfare, In hunter/gatherer societies, women did not have the time to participate fully in hunting and warfare due to duties related to children.
One of the findings of modern sociology is that sexuality is socially constructed so that what is abnormal in one social framework may be normal in another. Which items illustrate this point?
In one New Guinea tribe, performing fellatio is part of a boy's normal rite of passage into manhood., Mouth-on-mouth kissing is considered unsanitary and bizarre by certain African and South American tribes.
Which of the following observations supports the sociological theory that education is a process of assimilation?
In public schools throughout the United States, students follow highly similar curricula in all major subjects (e.g., history, English) from kindergarten through the 8th grade.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
In the United States, many adults have occupations where they earn a regular wage or salary. Collectively, this work forms the basis of the economy.
bell hooks argues that in naming the family as a core part of patriarchy, sociologists are overlooking what crucial idea?
Oppression of black women may be found in a different location.
Structural Mobility
Mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinds of jobs available in a society.
What, in broad terms, is the definition of social deviance?
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of the group or society
Wealth
Money and material possessions held by an individual or group. (assets)
Income
Money received from paid wages and salaries or earned from investments.
According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?
Necessary Condition(s) There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy. There must be different political parties that represent different interests. Not Necessary Condition(s) Citizens must be able to vote directly for all proposed policies. Bureaucrats must play a limited role in running the government.
Which behaviors would be part of a doctor's social role?
Part of Doctor's Role: Making friendly conversation with patients Maintaining patient confidentiality Not Part of a Doctor's Role: Seeing patients at a promptly scheduled time Making home visits to patients who cannot travel
Match each form of alienation in Marx's analysis of capitalism with its alleged cause.
People cannot control their working conditions. Correct label: alienation from the production process People's creativity is stifled. Correct label: alienation from oneself People perform highly specialized labor. Correct label: alienation from one's product People's social worth is determined by their earnings. Correct label: alienation from other people
No grand theory can explain the oppression of women.
Postmodern feminism
Which U.S. sectors were hit the hardest by the recession in 2008?
Real estate, construction, ?
Identify the reasons why it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on intimate partner violence.
Reason(s) 1. Victims of severe abuse may not have the time and freedom to answer survey questions. 2. There are different types of intimate partner violence, which may lead to confusion. 3. Perpetrators of domestic abuse may underreport.
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of worker alienation, according to Marx's view?
Sergio works in a warehouse pulling products people have ordered from an online merchant to be shipped to them the next day. his accuracy and speed are closely monitored by his immediate supervisor, which he resents.
Which of the following are service jobs?
Service Job(s): waitress, investment banker, teacher Not Service Job: farmer, factory line worker
Identify the service sector occupations.
Service sector: garbage truck driver tour guide Not service sector: crop dusting pilot computer store sales clerk
Which reasons do Edin and Kefalas give for high rates of nonmarital birth among low-income women?
Reason(s) In poor communities, people often share a belief that remaining childless is a bad thing, and that children can bring happiness and order. Poor women often prefer nonmarital childbearing than marrying the wrong man. Poor men and women often stop using contraception when they are in a serious relationship, even when they don't want or plan to have children. Not Reason(s) Poor women often divorce their partners at some point during pregnancy, due to emotional and financial strains on the relationship. Poor men are not interested in marrying the mothers of their children and usually leave their partnerships while the women are pregnant.
An educator disgusted with standardized testing and teaching methods decides to start a charter school that doesn't give students grades and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. According to Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which personality type best fits this educator?
Rebel
TANF Program
Recipients must begin working after two years to continue benefits. Families can only receive five years' worth of assistance.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about child abuse..
Researchers estimate that as many as 50 percent of child deaths from abuse and neglect are not recorded. Of child abuse that is reported, about 90 percent happens at the hands of a parent.
What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?
Retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere in the world to find the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restrictions, and the most lax governmental regulations.
What is one significant cause of an increase in the median age of the population of the United States?
Rising population of older adults and a declining population of young people
developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance
Robert Merton
What is a welfare state?
a state in which the government provides certain material or economic benefits for its citizens
What is a welfare state?
a state in which the government provides certain material, or economic, benefits for its citizens
Identify the scenario that would be classified by a U.S. court as quid pro quo sexual harassment.
a supervisor demands sexual acts from a worker for a promotion
Which of the following is the best example of emotional intelligence?
a third grader is disappointed when he comes in second at the regional spelling bee, but he congratulates the winner with a smile.
How does Talcott Parsons's sex role theory explain the rise of the nuclear family as an ideal for raising children?
The nuclear family serves the interests of capitalism
What are some characteristics of a "Knowledge Economy"?
The population is relatively highly educated The physical production of goods no longer plays a large part of a country's economy. Many workers are employed in research, technology, design, and marketing fields.
What is the definition of socialization?
The process of learning the norms, values, behaviors, and social skills appropriate to one's social position
Colonialism
The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories
Low-income countries that have experienced rapid economic growth, such as ---, are known as --- economies
South Korea Emerging
Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?
State and national laws have been passed because of the efforts of Mothers Against Drunk Driving
What is the key feature of a public company?
Stocks of a public company are sold to individual investors.
According to your text's definition, identify these people as transgender or not.
Transgender A biological male lives in society as a woman. A biological female uses medical assistance to physically transition to living as a man. Not Transgender A biological male identifies as "cisgender". A biological female identifies as lesbian.
What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer?
Stratification has the benefit of matching the best qualified workers to the most important jobs
Which examples support the notion that the United States has a civil religion?
Supporting: -the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency -the tradition of the National Prayer Breakfast, which is hosted by the U.S. Congress with some parts presided over by the U.S. President Not Supporting: -the establishment of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, where families can pray and leave tokens for their fallen loved ones -government funding given to private religious schools
Betty Friedan argued that housewives trapped in a cycle of child care and housework was the "problem with no name."
True
Gender role socialization begins before birth.
True
In the long run, a college education pays for itself.
True
Most children experience short-term negative emotions in response to their parents' divorce, but most recover over time and develop normally.
True
The idea that death is for old people is a recent development.
True
Today, only a small percentage of couples marry quickly due to pregnancy (i.e., a "shotgun marriage").
True
Today, women account for about half of the workforce, a significant increase since 1950.
True
Which of the following statements is true of a "knowledge economy"?
True Many workers are employed in research, technology, design, and marketing fields. The physical production of goods no longer plays a large part of a country's economy. The population is relatively highly educated. Not True Test scores and grades are essential criteria for employment.
Which of the following statements are true about the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments?
True: - It gave preference to immigrants who sought entry into the United States for family reunification reasons. - It was partially responsible for the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of immigrants in the United States. - It ended the practice of giving preference to immigrants from northern and western Europe. False: - It provided amnesty for illegal immigrants in the United States. - quota system
What is one way that Christine's story, at the beginning of the chapter, exemplifies the concept of a hidden curriculum?
Teachers in Christine's low-performing school spent much of their time drilling students for state-mandated tests, rather than introducing new or diverse content.
What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?
Technological innovations help businesses produce more goods more efficiently.
What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?
Technological innovations help companies produce more goods and services at a cheaper cost
What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?
Technological innovations help companies produce more goods and services at a cheaper cost.
Place each event related to American democracy in order from 1st to last
The 15th amendment to the United States constitution technically gave all adult males of all races voter rights 1870 Women on the right to vote in the United States 1920 Native Americans were legally given the right to vote and federal elections 1924 Residents of the District of Columbia were given the right to vote in presidential elections 1961 The voting rights act officially removed all barriers and allowed African Americans to vote 1965
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
The Fordist period after World War II was characterized by a high degree of stability in labor relations and high rates of unionization. Workers and employers engaged in collective bargaining, which contributed to a range of worker benefits.
In 2011, what was the most common status of recent high school graduates who did not go on to college?
Unemployed and looking for work
What, according to Sigmund Freud, is a normal four-year-old boy's attitude toward his father?
The boy subconsciously fears that the father plans to cut off the boy's penis.
From the life course perspective, how might the death of a parent in the life of a child be seen as a risk factor in the child's old age?
The child has an increased risk for poor health choices
Which of the following best represents what sociological studies show about the children of same-sex parents?
The children of same-sex parents fare the same emotionally and academically as children of heterosexual parents.
Means of production
The production of material goods is carried on in a society including technology and the social relations between producers
Look at the Globalization by the Numbers interactive graphic here. Place the countries in order from the one that offers the least to most paid maternity leave.
United States India RussianFederation Norway
Test your knowledge of educational attainment using the Globalization by the Numbers interactive graphic here. Then place in order the following countries from highest to lowest average years of schooling.
United States Norway Japan Ghana Afghanistan
Using the Globalization by the Numbers infographic, place the following countries in order from lowest to highest voter turnout.
United StatesMexicoTurkeyRwanda
According to Durkheim's theory of religion, what would he predict for societies with low levels of religious beliefs and practices?
These societies would become less stable
Why were Kathy Witterick and David Stocker, parents of Baby Storm, internationally accused of conducting an abusive social experiment when they decided to keep the child's sex a secret?
They allowed the baby to freely express his/her gender
What factor, according to sociologist Barrie Thorne, has a strong influence on whether a girl feels positively or negatively about her first period?
Whether the popular girls in her peer group have already had their period
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about white privilege.
White privilege refers to the unacknowledged assets that benefit whites in everyday life.
Match the concept with the sociological research question it best fits.
Why do white people mostly befriend other white people? Correct label: white privilege How do the routine practices of police departments produce unfair outcomes for blacks? Correct label: institutional racism What is it like for black people when whites ask to touch their hair? Correct label: racial microaggression
- is a religious movement among some adherents of the - faith who view returning to the homeland as fulfilling a -.
Zionism Jewish Prophecy
Select the bolded terms that represent overt racism.
` referring to Mexican migrants as rapists and criminals. The "Unite the Right" rally promoted the superiority of whites.
In which scenario is a social movement most likely to occur, according to James Davies's theory of how relative deprivation motivates social action?
a country in which citizens have limited civil rights, but recent gains have been made in the right to free speech
What reasons have sociologists given for why religious fervor has increased among Christians, Muslims, and Jews across the globe in recent years?
a decrease in economic and political security
intergenerational mobility
a measure of social movement from one generation to the next
When we speak of someone being a "non-cis" individual, what we are referring to?
a mismatch between their gender and their sex assigned at birth
The legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States calls into question psychologist John Bowlby's argument that a _____ is needed to socialize children successfully.
a mother
What does Max Weber mean by a "pariah group"?
a negative-status group that suffers from loss of social opprotunity
Which statement correctly uses the concept of affective individualism?
This belief in romantic attachment results in people wanting to choose marriage partners on the basis of personal choice and romantic love.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about majors chosen by male and female college students.
The discovery that more than 90 percent of engineering majors in college were men and over 90 percent of nursing majors were women reflects the cultural belief that men are rational and logical and women are nurturing and caring.
Which of the following examples most clearly displays prejudice?
a white person believes that hispanics are dangerous but doesnt act on this belief
Which of the following is an example of economic interdependence?
a woman buying meat from a butcher, clothing from a retailer, and working for a pet grooming service
elderly
adults 65 or older
socioemotional selectivity theory
adults maintain fewer relationships as they age BUT those relationships are of higher quality
old old
age 75-84 more likely to encounter poor health, financial insecurity isolation, & loneliness
oldest old
age 85+
Prejudice against old people
ageism
Among the following examples, who would not be considered kin?
an engaged couple who live together
Match each type of religious group to the correct definition.
an established religious organization - church a branch of a larger religious organization that has established stability, organization, and a strong following - denomination a small religious group that has broken away from a more established organization, often in protest - sect a religious group that lacks structure and rejects the values of outside society - cult
Which person exemplifies the experience of a "portfolio worker"?
anne began her career as a paralegal working in a law firm. she later went on to receive a master's degree in psychology and worked as a jury consultant for the state. she is now considering an offer to work at a consulting firm specializing in legal consulting.
means testing
allocating social security benefits based on a persons financial means and needs
Of two women, one wears jeans and boots while the other wears a skirt and heels.
difference in gender
Of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX.
difference in sex
Of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women.
difference in sexuality
ageism
discrimination/prejudice against a person on the grounds of age
According to Karl Marx, social movements arise in response to -, which is brought about by a fundamental - in society.
class struggle, contradiction
What is the best example of the international division of labor?
clothing produced in Bangladeshi factories is sold in us retail stores by trained store staff
What phenomena does Charles Tilly's theory of resource mobilization seek to explain?
collective action
Why did most developing nations go through a different process of nation formation than countries in the developed world?
colonial powers imposed physical boundaries and state apparatuses on the countries they colonized
Which concept emerged from the work of sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva?
color blindness
Since 1970, what has happened to the percentage of people on welfare in the United States?
dropped significantly
a freelance graphic artist a salaried paralegal assistant at a law firm the head of printing press operations at a major newspaper the owner of a large franchised restaurant
contradictory, proletariat, contradictory, capitalist
What do "critical," or Marxist, sociologists mean when they say that the hidden curriculum promotes social reproduction?
contrary to the notion that school are "great equalizers," schools actually perpetuate social inequalities across generations.
why is the pattern of parent-child co-residence in asia starting to fade
economic development (wealthier in Asian nations enabling older adults to live on their own) globalization (traditional ways of thinking/behaving are changing)
Sociologist Talcott Parsons felt that a clear-cut sexual division of labor helped the family unit operate _________.
efficiently
Place the following majors that international students select in order from most to least popular.
engineering business and management math and computer sciences social sciences
The discovery that more than 90 percent of - majors in college were men and over 90 percent of - majors were women reflects the cultural belief that men are - and women are -.
engineering, nursing, rational and logical, nurturing and caring
Match the appropriate role that is possible today with the correct age range. 18-25 : 26-35: 36-50: 51-65:
entrepreneur, doctor, college junior, retiree
What is the name of the sociological view that seeks to explain social phenomena in terms of natural phenomena?
essentialism
Identify the following parent behaviors as fitting with Talcott Parson's categories of expressive roles or instrumental roles.
expressive -keeping track of upcoming medical appointments for all members of the household -disciplining a child in the midst of a tantrum instrumental -working on a graduate degree in order to pursue a raise at work -being employed as an accountant
Identify the person who, in Marx's theory, is a member of the bourgeoisie.
factory owner
A minority group is smaller in number than a majority group (e.g., Asians are a minority group in the United States, at about 5 percent of the population, compared to whites, who comprise about 63 percent of the population).
false
Although low-wage work does not offer workers the opportunity to save money or extensive benefits, these kinds of jobs often lead to higher paying, more stable employment.
false
Color-blind racism refers to the fact that people of any race can be racist.
false
Diane Vaughan's research on "uncoupling" focuses on how previously married individuals and their children are affected by divorce in the long run (10 or more years after divorce).
false
Differences between males and females are always determined by biology.
false
Emigration and immigration are synonyms (that is, they have the same meaning).
false
One benefit of the Internet is that it has minimized the importance of socioeconomic differences between people within the United States and abroad; everyone has access to the Internet, and therefore can take part in online activities
false
Residential segregation has declined considerably over the past 25 years
false
The sociological debate over secularization hinges on whether secular societies have higher levels of equality and justice than religious societies.
false
The true problem of unemployment is less than this chart indicates, because unemployment rates count retired persons, children, and others who do not want or need to work.
false
To the detriment of his rivals, Ford raised the wages at his production facility to obtain the best workers.
false
Union memberships, and the associated strategy of striking, has increased throughout the last twenty-five years.
false
What is the principal form of wealth for most Americans?
family owned home
Match each statement about the photograph to the theory that best fits it.
feminist approaches Correct label: The woman appears happy, but she may be trapped, captive to her unpaid household labor. symbolic interactionism Correct label: The woman uses a hug, posture, and laundry to communicate a caring posture toward her son and household. functionalism Correct label: When men work from an instrumental role and women from an affective role, this rational household organization works well.
What distinguishes the fields-of-action theory of social movements from the other theories of social movements in the textbook?
field of action theory draws more attention to the interaction between a social movement and other organizations, movement, and prior history
Which strategy do Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn advocate as a first essential step toward addressing general inequality as a whole, on a global level?
financial empowerment of women
Identify the following economic practices as distinctive to flexible production systems, or true of capitalism in general.
flexible: -Companies "race to the bottom" searching around the world for the cheapest materials and labor. -The various components of a product are made in different factories around the world. capitalism: -Workers sense that their own abilities as human beings are taken over by others. -Successful entrepreneurship is rewarded with great wealth and profit.
Identify each feature of production systems as characteristic of Fordism or post-Fordism.
fordism -bureaucratic/vertical business structures -most work done in-house (locally) -job security post fordism -flexible/horizontal business structures -most work outsourced (globally) -job insecurity
Using the lettered list of descriptions, place each letter in the correct economic system: Fordism, Post-Fordism, or the Informal Economy. the use of scientific management vertical power structure in which companies control all parts of the production process workers have job security, but work in low-trust settings horizontal structures make corporations flexible and responsive to new conditions products are customized for niche markets work is often outsourced to lower income nations earnings are not taxed work is not regulated and workers are not protected by labor laws particularly dominated by women
fordism - ABC post-fordism - FED Informal Economy - HIG
Older people maintain fewer, but high-quality, relationships.
functionalism
Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to perform.
functionalism
Staying active means staying socially useful.
functionalism
The idea that individuals need to adjust to changing social roles as they age and that society needs to find useful roles for older people reflects which theoretical perspective?
functionalism
Your textbook describes the Vanatinai society in New Guinea as an example of what?
gender equality
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender
gender identity
a term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles
gender nonconforming
Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Of which concept are these alternative forms?
gender role socialization
Match the sociological research question with the corresponding concept.
gender role- How do little girls learn that pink is a "girl color"? intersectionality- How are body size norms different for women in South America, Africa, and North America?
What measures the extent to which the distribution of income in a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution?
gini index
Which theory has been characterized as overemphasizing the importance of business decisions in shaping a country's economy over other factors, such as the role of workers and governments?
global chains commodity
The following boxes represent Barnet and Cavanagh's four webs of interconnecting commercial activity in the new world economy. Place each scenario in the appropriate box.
global cultural - the newest blockbuster global shopping mall - nike sells products global workplace - an item sold in retail shoes global finance network - exxon sells shares of its stock
Match each characteristic to the correct system.
high trust: -workers have autonomy over their work style and pace -characteristic of work at higher managerial levels low trust: -numerous conflicts with management, such as strikes -high levels of worker dissatisfaction
fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
homophobia
Some men do better, financially, after divorce. Others do worse. Which variable predicts men's financial well-being after divorce?
how much the man contributed to family income before divorce
Identify the sociology research topic that most centrally uses an intersectional approach
how to race gender and social class interplay
Identify the important features of a capitalist economy, according to Adam Smith.
important feature(s): specialization self-interested competition money as a medium of exchange
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Georg Simmel's views on capitalism. According to Simmel, capitalism makes true - possible by - the forms of payment. Severing market relations from personal relations creates separate spheres: a public sphere that is - and a private sphere that is purely -.
in order: friendship depersonalizing economic social
What does the phrase "real income" refer to?
income that has been numerically adjusted to remove the affects of inflation
What does the phrase "real income" refer to?
income that has been numerically adjusted to remove the effects of inflation
Which factors are the chief bases of class?
income, occupation, education, wealth, lifestyle
graying
increasing proportion of a society's population is elderly
Which observed phenomena call into question the binary male/female sex distinction?
individuals with chromosome combinations like XXY, children born with ambiguous genitalia
work is not regulated and workers are not protected by labor laws
informal economy
The rapid pace of technological changes contributes to what kind of deprivation?
information poverty
In contemporary society, the spread of - appears to be changing the nature of schooling. In particular, a parallel education industry linked to software development and large institutions are forming part of what is being called the - industry.
information technology, edutainment
embraces socially acceptable goals but uses illegitimate means to fulfill them
innovator
- are organizations that - elected officials to support the aims of each organization.
interest groups, lobby
Sociologists' recognition that many other characteristics and traits, such as race and class, are part of how gender is constructed in a society is referred to as
intersectionality
Term used to describe a problem whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female.
intersex
What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?
investors now bundle money into grouped accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations.
Since 1970, what has happened to the percentage of people on welfare in the United States?
it dropped significantly
Why does Walmart define a full-time work week as comprising 32 hours?
it gives them greater flexibility and power
Since 1970, what has happened to the percentage of people on welfare in the United States?
it has dropped significantly
What has happened to the achievement gap between rich and poor children between the 1970s and today?
it has grown by about 30-40 percent
What did the 1995 Gun-Free School Zones Act change about school policy?
it mandated automatic suspension or expulsion of student possessing drugs or weapons in school
What must occur for a social movement to become a revolution?
it must overthrow the government in charge
disengagement theory
it's functional for society to remove people from their traditional roles when they become elderly, to free up roles for other
Which problems are associated with "megacities"
large homelessness populations difficulty transporting fuel, food, and water over long distances
What were the "black codes"?
laws limiting the rights of blacks in the south after the civil war
On the graph, select the bars that represent the U.S. military budget and the Russian military budget.
left most one(longest one) and then two over
Select the bolded phrases that accurately describe research findings about child-free women.
less stigmatized now than in the past. increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s
Social attitudes engender inequalities.
liberal feminism
Workplace discrimination contributes to inequality.
liberal feminism
Match each profession to the correct social class, as defined by annual income.
lower middle class ($40,000 to $100,000) Correct label: registered nurse upper class (> $200,000) Correct label: university president upper middle class ($100,000 to $200,000) Correct label: engineer working class ($20,000 to $40,000) Correct label: restaurant cook lower class (< $20,000) Correct label: part-time janitor
Which theory or set of theories has been criticized for ignoring how ties between poor and wealthy countries can inhibit the economic growth of poor countries?
market oriented
Neoliberalism is derived from which theoretical perspective?
market oriented theories
Which of the following household types is most common in the United States today?
married couples without children
Sales of products that allow consumers freedom in choosing television shows and movies on their own schedules, such as Netflix, are examples of what post-Fordist business trend?
mass customization
The lower average IQ among the burakumin of Japan supports what argument about race and IQ?
membership in a socially deprived social group lowers IQ
are women or men more likely to experience physical healthy declines and heightened risk of mortality
men because loss of HELPMATE rather than BROKEN HEART
Men and women tend to be concentrated in different occupations according to gender. Place the gender on the occupation in which it is the majority.
men: machinist, truck driver, pilot women: secretary, nurses, dental hygienist
Why do sociologists analyze and critique U.S. Census categories for race and ethnicity?
b/c they are official counts and categories used by federal government
generational equity
balance between the needs & interests of members of different generations
Why do sociologists analyze and critique U.S. Census categories for race and ethnicity?
because they are official categories and counts used by the government
how are social security and medicare changing
becoming increasing costly cuz more and more people are retiring and living long the population funding retirement is shrinking
Absolute poverty means, essentially, not having enough to eat. What does relative poverty mean?
being worse off than most in one's society
Absolute poverty means, essentially, not having enough to eat. What does relative poverty mean?
being worse off than most people in ones society
Place each lobbying group on the bars in the graph that represent the type of lobbyist it is (business, labor, ideological, or other).
business: national association of realtors labor: international brotherhood ideological: national rifle other: university of Wisconsin
activity theory
busy, engaged people are more likely to lead fulfilling lives assumes an active individual will probably remain healthy, alert, and socially useful
what is the criticism against the disengagement theory
by elderly disengaging from the larger society, it presumes that OLD AGE = FRAILTY & DEPENDENCE
how are ageism stereotypes harmful
can take a toll on the health & longevity of elders mistreatment from ageism can cause poorer health than those that aren't victimized
According to functionalist thinking, which of the listed traits are representative of the "expressive" female?
caregiving nurturing emotion
ideas for reconstruction of social security system
charging copayments for home/health care services (higher premiums) means testing privatize part of system (invest in stock market too aside from just gov)
what factors have harmful implications for health among adults
childhood experiences: -parental death/divorice -abuse -living in unsafe neighborhoods
does india or china have more elderly people
china
Which industry has seen the fastest growth in employee unionization in recent years?
choicethe service sector
What effect did the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission have on elections in the United States?
corporation and unions now have a greater voice in election than in the past
Look at the Globalization by the Numbers interactive graphic here. Based on the racial categorizations of people living in these countries, which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?
countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color
Which of the following college policies and aspects of campus life contribute to a rape culture on campuses?
creating policies that unintentionally engage in "victim blaming", pushing parties from on-campus to off-campus locations, feeling pressure to participate in the party scene on campus, punishing the rapist via "expulsion after graduation"
According to Marx, what are the essential characteristics of human nature?
creativity, control over one's activities, and cooperation with others
Which theory of education argues that a high school diploma or college degree becomes a signaling device that matters more for predicting later attainment than what the student learned in school?
credentialism theory
Pierre Bourdieu was interested in the process of -, or the process by which schools reward the - of middle- and upper-class children.
cultural reproduction, cultural capital
why are older women typically single
cuz they're spouse probably died men die younger than women
Match the racial/ethnic group to the statement that describes it.
declining as a percentage of total population Correct label: White fairly steady in population from 1900 to 2050 Correct label: Black in the recent past and near future, not likely to constitute even 10 percent of the U.S. population Correct label: Native American growing significantly since a notable period of immigration in the 1970s Correct label: Asian most rapidly growing group, as a percentage of total population Correct label: Hispanic
Anita Hill's 1991 testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee during the confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas's 1991 nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court has had what lasting influence?
more recognition of sexual harassment and willingness to report
How much higher is the average CEO's annual salary (CEOs of companies listed on the Standard & Poor's stock index) than the average worker's salary?
more than 300 times
Economist John Maynard Keynes recommended that governments intervene - in the economy in order to spark economic growth. According to his theory, people can expect - and continuous economic growth. Keynsianism has been mostly - since the 1970s.
more, full employment, abandoned
What does it mean when a mortgage loan is "subprime"?
mortgage is higher than usual
do cultural beliefs in Asian countries support moving from parents' homes for economic reasons
no
does being single and living along equate to loneliness
no
bell hooks argues that in naming the family as a core part of patriarchy, sociologists are overlooking what crucial idea?
oppresion of black women may be found in a different location
bell hooks argues that in naming the family as a core part of patriarchy, sociologists are overlooking what crucial idea?
oppression of black women may be found in a different location
Government is the formal, ______ agency that exercises power and control in modern society. Governments are vested with the power and authority to make laws and enforce them. _________ defined power as the ability to get others to do one's bidding. When sociologists talk about ________, they are referring to the legitimate exercise of power
organized, Max Weber, authority, noncoercive
Identify the following as describing either a participatory democracy or a direct democracy.
participatory -The people regularly assemble to make decisions about proposed policies. -This system is ideal for a relatively small number of people. direct -Voters participate in decision making by voting for or against proposed policies, without meeting face-to-face with other voters. -This system is ideal for a relatively larger number of voters, or those scattered over a large region.
How has public opinion about the causes of poverty changed over the past two decades?
people are less likely to blame the poor for their situation
The English-language term two-spirit used by many Native American groups refers to what?
person of integrated genders
The English-language term two-spirit used by many Native American groups refers to what?
persons of integrated genders
Interest groups compete among themselves to have power over decision making, providing a balance of power within democracies.
pluralist theories
Sociological explanations of persistent poverty are of two broad types: those that cite structural forces and those that hold the - responsible. An example of the latter would be -'s description of a self-perpetuating cycle of hopelessness, which he calls the -. Going further, -proposes that some of the poor prefer welfare to gainful employment, a state of mind some call the -.
poor themselves, Oscar lewis, culture of poverty, Charles Murray, dependency culture
Individuals' racial and ethnic identities and the importance of these identities are malleable, depending on the context.
processual theories
Structuralist theories describe ______ as a tool for the maintenance of ________ through the monopolization of __________.
racism, white privilege, economic resources
Men are responsible for today's exploitation of women.
radical feminism
Patriarchy is a universal phenomenon.
radical feminism
According to - feminist thought, certain types of femininity are seen as the result of - controlled and produced by men.
radical, conceptions of beauty and sexuality
ejects both socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve the goals, but works to substitute them with other goals and means
rebel
Choose the line that represents employment in the service sector.
red line (30%)
Choose the line that represents employment in the service sector.
red line going up
What do sociologists mean by the term "second shift"?
refers to women who work a paid job and also handle housework
Match each concept with the example it best fits.
refusing to hire an Irish American because she is likely to be an alcoholic Correct label: discrimination During Jim Crow segregation, it was legal to separate the races in schools. Correct label: institutional racism A white person purchases band-aids that match his skin color. Correct label: white privilege the belief that Jews are greedy and stingy with money Correct label: prejudice
Sociologists classify Islamic revivalism as an example of which sociological concept?
religious nationalism
how is the meaning of old age changin
research is dispelling many outdated notions about aging advances in nutrition & medical tech now enable people to live longer & healthier
conforms to socially acceptable means but has lost site of the goals
ritualist
A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?
scapegoating
School funding can vary greatly, even within the same state or county. Why does per-student funding vary so much for different schools?
school funding usually comes from property taxes, so wealthier areas generate more funding for schools.
How does this picture exemplify the kinds of problems that Jonathan Kozol saw in the schools he observed?
schools in poor communities were in a state of disrepair
According to Jean Piget, place the stages that a developing child moves through in order from first to last.
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
For SAT scores in 2015, the average scores on the math section for blacks and Hispanics were - the average score of whites.
significantly lower than
The text book suggests that "fake news" program such as last week tonight with John Oliver and the nightly show with Larry Wilmore blur the lines of reality and are what postmodern sociologist Jean Baudrillard would call a
simulacrum
What is the single biggest reason why an increasing proportion of those in poverty are women?
single women are more likely to be raising small children than men
what are the health effects of loneliness in older adults
sleep problems poor cardiovascular health elevated blood pressure
The Centers for Disease Control's recent report that the fastest increase in STIs (sexually transmitted infections) is occurring in adults 55 and older is an example of what kind of aging?
social
is It's best to strive for economic strength in old age. an example of the social conflict, functionalist, or life course theory
social conflict
why does elder abuse occur
some believe it results from anger & resentment ault children feel when confronted with need to care for their infirm parents proven that majority of elder abuse stems from people who aren't relatives/caregiivers
In places such as Chad, Somalia, and Sudan, the central government has lost authority over large parts of its national territory and resorts to force in an effort to retain at least some degree of power. Which term best describes what failed states such as these have lost?
sovereignty
What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer?
stratification has the benefit of matching the best qualified workers to the most important jobs
The phrase social - refers to inequalities arising not from local factors such as personality and small-group dynamics but from broad differences in race, gender, and -. Inequalities based on how such differences locate people in a social system are called - inequalities.
stratification, religion, structured
What is one way that Christine's story, at the beginning of the chapter, exemplifies the concept of a hidden curriculum?
teachers in Christine's low- performing school spent much of their time drilling students for state- mandated tests, rather than introducing new or diverse content.
A black student who skips class, refuses to hand in work, and talks back to the teacher repeatedly in class in order to impress his same-race peers is an example of what theoretical perspective?
the "acting white" thesis
what problems do the low poverty rate among older adults conceal
the economic strains fcing the near elderly (55-65) large race/gender gaps in late life poverty rates
What reason is there to believe that standard measures of poverty underestimate the rate of poverty among the elderly?
the elderly have far greater medical expenses than younger people do.
Identify the person who, in Marx's theory, is a member of the bourgeoisie.
the factory owner
Emerging Economies
the rapidly growing economies of the world, particularly in East Asia but also in Latin America
critics of both functionalist theories of aging argue what
these theories emphasize the need for the elderly to adapt to existing conditions
why don't older women want to remarry
they don't want to take on the homemaking responsibilities of marrying an elderly man
The twentieth century was a time of major change in race relations for black and white Americans. Based on your knowledge of civil rights history, place the following events in chronological order.
the founding of the NAACP Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansasthe Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King Jr. led the march on Washington the Civil Rights Act was signed into law
sacred
the holy, divine, or supernatural
What was the primary aim of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), signed into law by President Bush in 2002?
to close the achievement gap
What are the fundamental goals of mainstream modern feminism?
to gain for women the same level of opportunity and respect that men get, to make people aware that gender structures relationships
What is the primary goal of scientific management (Taylorism)?
to maximize output
a term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth
transgender
fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people
transphobia
In 2011, what was the most common status of recent high school graduates who did not go on to college?
unemployed and looking for work
How is unionization associated with average wages?
unionized employees, on average, make more money than non- unionized employees within the same industry
In a study of the admissions practices of an elite New England college with a stated commitment to diversity, which applicants tended to be targets for admission?
upper- class African american student
Identify each description as a member of either the upper middle class or the lower middle class.
upper: active in local politics, owns a comfortable sized home, owns a small business
AARP
us advocacy/activist group for people 50+ American association of retired person
The parent who scolds a young boy for playing with dolls (along with two girls) is giving a negative sanction for -, while the other parent who praises the boy for winning a computer game is providing a -.
violating gender roles, positive sanction
The parent who scolds a young boy for playing with dolls (along with two girls) is giving a negative sanction for _________, while the other parent who praises the boy for winning a computer game is providing a ____________.
violating gender roles, positive sanction
indicate which statements accurately represent racial and ethnic differences in median household income over time.
w
The type of capitalism referred to as - capitalism provides services to its employees such as -, which are offered primarily as a way to prevent -.
welfare, paid vacation, unionization
The type of capitalism referred to as ________ capitalism provides services to its employees such as _________, which are offered primarily as a way to prevent ___________
welfare, paid vacations, unionization
What might a sociologist who studies aging look for in trying to understand why the voter turnout rate of older Americans (60 and up) was significantly higher (71 percent) than that of young adults (18-24 years old) (43 percent) in 2012?
whether elderly see particular issues as interesting
What are the major agents of socialization that enforce gender roles?
the media, schools, families, peers
What do unemployment statistics, such as the unemployment rate, measure?
the percentage of people out of a population who have no job and are looking
are women are men more likely to have larger/ more varied friendship networks than men
yes
can married people be emotionally lonely
yes
What percentage of the United States population could be called Evangelicals
30%
What is the average age of video and computer gamers today?
31 years old
According to the World Health Organization, approximately what percentage of women around the world have suffered from abuse by an intimate partner?
33 percent
Fill in the blank to complete the passage about aging and Alzheimer's disease.
35%
Which U.S. employment sectors were hit hardest by the recession in 2008?
-finance, construction, real estate
The occupation of clerk or office worker is a good demonstration of what sociologists call "occupational segregation." Place the steps illustrating this particular evolution in order from first to last.
1. male clerks held responsible 2. as the typewriter and other forms of mechanization 3. female clerks increasingly performed routine tasks 4. pay and prestige of the female clerk
place the following caregivers in order from the highest to lowest source of elder abuse and verbal mistreatment.
1. non family 2. spouse 3. adult children
According to Neil Smelser's theory of structural strain, place the first four stages of a social movement in chronological order from first to last.
1. structural conduciveness 2. structural strain 3. generalized beliefs 4. precipitating factors
What percentage of babies are born intersex?
1.7
Undernourishment is defined as an adult diet of under how many calories per day?
1800
Type the year in which the 1st state legally required all children age 16 and younger to attend school
1852
According to Thomas Piketty, author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, growth of inequality over time is the norm in capitalist societies and has been the pattern in most developed economies—with one exception. What is the one exception?
1930-1975 (mid 20th century)
For a corporation to be considered transnational, it must have branches in how many countries?
2
At what age do children develop a preference for same-sex playmates?
3
Which of the following are examples of gendered microagressions?
A group of men whistle at a woman walking down the street, A man refuses to wash the dishes because he claims that it is "woman's work.", A female physician wearing a stethoscope is mistaken for a nurse.
Charter school
A group of teachers and parents petition the state government to give them the autonomy to open a new elementary school that focuses on bilingual education and the arts. The new school will be this type of school.
Match each type of single-parent household to the correct description.
A high proportion of this group is poor. Correct label: young, never-married mother (head of household) This group is expanding most rapidly among single-parent households. Correct label: older, never-married, and financially stable mother (head of household) They comprise a small proportion of single-parent households but are relatively economically stable; more than half of this group are homeowners. Correct label: widowed mother (head of household) They comprise more than 60 percent of single-parent households. Correct label: divorced mother (head of household)
Identify each statement about the working poor as either correct or incorrect.
A high school dropout is twice as likely to end up among the working poor as someone who finishes high school but does not go on to college.
ritual
A practice based on religious beliefs
What is the key feature of a public company?
A public company trades shares of its stock on the open market
Working Class
A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar or manual occupations
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about femininity.
According to radical feminist thought, certain types of femininity are seen as the result of conceptions of beauty and sexuality controlled and produced by men.
Identify the statements that accurately describe feminist research findings regarding gender and housework for heterosexual couples.
Accurate Statement(s) When men do housework, they spend much less time on it. On a given day, the man is less likely to do housework. Not Accurate Statement(s) Heterosexual couples are nearly "symmetrical" in terms of housework labor, a dramatic shift over the last 30 years. Men more often do rational tasks, and women do affective tasks.
In this video, sociologist Nitsan Chorev discusses ways not to undo economic globalization but to shift its effects. According to Chorev, identify the concerns that international regulations could potentially address..
Addressable concern(s): -the rights of the working class -environmental protections -wealth and income inequality Not addressable: greater economic productivity a reduction in armed conflict
In which exchange is the child's speech egocentric?
Adults: I like hot dogs Child: I like fire engines
What scenario best exemplifies the concept of stereotype threat?
After overhearing her teacher say that "girls don't do as well in math" to a colleague, Samantha began to get anxious before taking math tests.
Identify the example that represents a portfolio worker.
Amy can write, edit, and design graphics. she uses these skills in four jobs, in her first decade after college.
Place each religious based terrorist' event in order from first to last
An American born is Israeli physican opened fire in the Ibrahim Mosque in the Cave of the Patrriarchs. 1994 The Tokyo subway was attacked using Sarin nerve gas. 1995 Al-Qaeda connected men opened fire in the office of Charlie Hebdo in Paris. 2015
Dependency Theories
Argues that the poverty of low income countries stem from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations based in those wealthy countries.
World-systems theory
Argues that the world capitalist economic system is not merely a collection of independent countries engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with one another but rather must be understood as a single unit.
Feminization of Poverty
An increase in the proportion of the poor who are female
Poverty Line
An official government measure to define those living in povety in the United States
Which person exemplifies the experience of a "portfolio worker"?
Anne began her career as a paralegal working in a law firm. She later went on to receive a master's degree in psychology and worked as a jury consultant for the state. She is now considering an offer to work at a consulting firm specializing in legal consulting.
Match the example with the characteristic of work as a part of social value and personal worth.
As a part-time working dad, Bruce enjoys doing tasks at work that are different than childcare tasks. Correct label: variety When she was unemployed, Diane dreaded each day as a long, open-ended period of time. Correct label: structuring one's time Emily feels proud that she earned the title "Registered Nurse." Correct label: personal identity Karl likes the people he works with and looks forward to going to clubs or games with them on the weekends. Correct label: social contacts
Select the bolded phrases that represent accurate statements about technology and work.
Automation has contributed to "de-skilling" the industrial workforce
According to your text's definition, identify these people as transgender or not.
-A biological male lives in society as a woman. -A biological female uses medical assistance to physically transition to living as a man.
What are the required elements of a workers' strike?
-All work is suspended for an indefinite period. -Those involved in a strike make their grievances known. -A group of employees engages in the same action.
medicaid
"government insurance program for persons of all ages whose income and resources are insufficient to pay for health care
social conflict theory of aging
(2nd generation theory) focused on social conflict between elderly and larger society: unequal opportunities are seen as creating potential for conflict stressed the ways in which the larger social structure helped shape the opportunities available to older adults
Select the bolded terms that represent scapegoating
- Blaming black people for violence - Blaming immigrants on economy
U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following three related landmark moments in order from earliest to most recent.
- DOMA - Windsor v. US - SC ruling invalidates bans
Select the bolded terms that represent overt racism.
- referring to Mexican migrants as racist - promoting white superiority
Place the five stages of capitalism in order from the earliest to most recent type.
1. family 2. managerial 3. welfare 4. institutional 5. global
The Centers for Disease Control estimate that about - percent of women have been the victims of rape or attempted rape. This rate applies to women -. The CDC estimates that about - percent of men have experienced sexual assault by age 18, often at the hands of a relative or acquaintance.
20, everywhere, 16
In what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages?
2004
Approximately what percentage of people are married, or have been married at one point, by their mid-fifties?
90
In general, women earn about 80 cents for every dollar earned by men. How much do female social workers earn, with respect to every dollar earned by a male social worker?
91 cents
Identify the following statements as a common reason for cohabitating, or not.
A Common Reason "I just love spending time with him!" "We were spending most nights together, anyway." Not a Common Reason "I need to see whether he'll do any housework before I decide to marry him." "I need to test out my ability to be in a serious relationship."
When we speak of someone being a "non-cis" individual, what we are referring to?
A mismatch between their gender and their sex assigned at birth
Place each education event in order from 1st to last
A nation at risk report is released. No child life behind is passed into law. The common core state standards are developed. President Barack Obama announced of federal initiative to make community college tuition free
What does Max Weber mean by a "pariah group"?
A negative status group that suffers from the loss of social opportunity
What is a welfare state?
A state in which the government provides certain material, or economic, benefits for its citizens
Which of the following is an example of economic interdependence?
A woman buying meat from a butcher, clothing from a retailer, and working for a pet grooming service
What are the four core elements of world-systems theory and which are not?
A world market for goods and labor Division of the population into different economic classes An international system of formal and informal political relations Division of the world into three unequal economic zones
Sometimes "A" is added to the LGBTQ acronym. What does the "A" stand for?
Allies
Type the name for a group of similarly aged young men or women who, in a small traditional society, together undergo ceremonies and rites and typically maintain close social connections thereafter.
Age-grade
How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female?
Aggresive behavior may increase testosterone levels.
Place the U.S. population groups in order from highest to lowest high school graduation rates.
Asian Americans, White Hispanics, American Indian
Ethnic groups in order from highest to lowest median household income
Asian, white, hispanic, black
According to sociologists, which are aspects of "lifestyle"?
Aspect(s) of Lifestyle one's clothing one's recreational activities one's diet Not Aspect(s) of Lifestyle one's occupation one's income
What are examples of cultural capital?
Attendance at elite private schools, having parents who help with homework
How might a social psychological theory of race like that of Bobo and Sidanius explain Asian Americans' attitudes and behaviors?
Because Asians occupy a hierarchical space between those of Whites and Blacks, a social psychologist might hypothesize that Asians would embrace white culture symbols and affiliations to better position themselves are radically dominant
Select the bolded terms that represent scapegoating.
Blaming black males for sexual violence blaming immigrants for downturns in the economy.
Identify the statements that support either Borjas's or Simon's position.
Borjas - low skill - increase labor force Simon
George Borjas argued that immigrants have a net negative effect on U.S. society, whereas Julian Simon saw either a positive effect or no effect from immigrants. Identify the statements that support either Borjas's or Simon's position
Borjas Correct label: Immigrants increase the number of workers in the labor market. Correct label: Recent immigrants to the United States have low levels of education and skill. Simon Correct label: Immigrant labor contributes to the gross domestic product. Correct label: Immigrant children benefit from the education system and then often go on to become productive workers.
What word, of French origin, does Karl Marx use as a label for the social class that owns and controls the means of production?
Bourgeoisie
Match each thesis about gender socialization to the researcher who proposed it. A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's care for, or independence from, other people. A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's attachment to, or estrangement from, the child's mother. A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's possession or lack of a penis.
Carol Gilligan Nancy Chodorow Sigmund Freud
Main causes of rising income gap in the U.S.
Cause: Globalization Declining role of governments Not: International conflict Inflation
Identify the statements as characteristic of populist authoritarianism, or not.
Characteristic(s) of Populist Authoritarianism strong nationalism that is anti-immigrant and anti-globalization assertive leadership that values security over civil liberties Not Characteristic(s) of Populist Authoritarianism advocacy for a welfare state that provides benefits to its citizens support for social movements (with various political goals) as a mechanism for populist action
Type the term that refers to the ways in which children learn to think about themselves and their environment.
Cognition
What do "critical," or Marxist, sociologists mean when they say that the hidden curriculum promotes social reproduction?
Contrary to the notion that schools are "great equalizers," schools actually perpetuate social inequalities across generations.
What effect did the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission have on elections in the United States?
Corporations and unions now have a greater voice in elections than in the past.
What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?
Corporations efforts to manufacture goods in countries with the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restrictions, and the most law governmental regulations
According to Marx, what are the essential characteristics of human nature?
Creativity, control over one's activities and cooperation with others
Which of the following criticisms have been directed toward the No Child Left Behind Act?
Criticism(s) It relies on a punitive model of school reform. It narrows the diversity of subjects covered by schools. Not Criticism(s) It discourages young people from becoming teachers. It has a more detrimental effect on poor kids than those in wealthy communities.
How does the anti-cult movement differentiate between cults and new religious movements?
Cults exert nearly full control over the daily lives and thinking of their members, whereas new religious movements do not
Identify some of the defects in Sigmund Freud's theory of gender identity development.
Defects: Freud assumes that the father is the family's main disciplinarian. The theory too closely identifies gender identity with genital awareness. Not defects: The theory assumes without basis that the vagina is superior to the penis. The development of gender identity begins later than Freud thought.
A large majority of the homeless have a history with what?
Drugs, alcohol abuse, or mental health issues
What, according to Simmel, are the key features of a dyad? What are not key features?
Dyads tend to be unstable The relationship in a dyad tends to be intense Not key feature: 1. Each member of a dyad tends to keep secret from each other 2. Dyads require no external supports
What is the main challenge in programming computers to converse with human beings?
Equipping computers with the necessary shared understanding.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the isolation of ethnic groups.
Ethnic cleansing Segregation
what regions have the lowest and highest levels of poverty in 2015? (lowest to highest)
Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
Which tactics have evangelical Christians used to spread their message?
Evangelical: -missionary work in other foreign countries -television and radio shows Not Evangelical: -political leaders who endorse evangelical teachings -spreading evangelical teachings within public schools
Identify the features that sociologists use to define family. These features are true of all families.
Feature(s) of Family a group of people connected by kinship ties a group of people in which the adult members take responsibility for the children's upbringing a group of people who form an economic unit Not Feature(s) of Family a group of kin in which the adults are joined by marriage a group of people who love one another and live in the same household
Identify the following statements as fitting Susan Brownmiller's description of "rape culture," or not.
Feature(s) of Rape Culture a state of widespread and continual fear in women male socialization to a sense of sexual entitlement Not Feature(s) of Rape Culture Men outearn women. Over 70 percent of women experience rape.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the achievement gap in standardized test scores.
For SAT scores in 2015, the average scores on the math section for blacks and Hispanics were significantly lower than the average score of whites.
A.the use of scientific management
Fordism
Which theory argues that crime occurs when the aspirations of individuals or groups do not match available opportunities in society?
Functionalist
Type the term used to represent the most conservative group within any religion
Fundamentalist
Which of these statements best represents Christian fundamentalism?
Fundamentalists are antimodern, often including strict rules against behavior, such as smoking and drinking alcohol
What do we call the process by which we learn the difference between being male or female in our society?
Gender socialization
Which sociological theorist first placed great emphasis on the innate differences between dyads and triads?
Georg Simmel
According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed?
High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.
Match each theory of modern democracy to the statement that best describes it.
Interest groups compete among themselves to have power over decision making, providing a balance of power within democracies. Correct label: pluralist theories A small and unrepresentative group of leaders hold enormous sway over governmental policy. Correct label: power elite Democratic governments rely on the expertise of bureaucrats, which are balanced by strong political leaders elected by a free citizenry. Correct label: democratic elitism
second wave
It was associated with Betty Friedan, Its main causes were equal access to education and employment, Its key event was the establishment of the National Organization for Women.
Place the countries in order from the highest to lowest percentage of the workforce that is accounted for by the nonprofit sector
Israel, United States, Norway, Brazil and Thailand
Why does Walmart define a full-time work week as comprising 32 hours?
It gives them greater flexibility and power.
What has happened to the achievement gap between rich and poor children between the 1970s and today?
It has grown by about 30-40 percent.
How is the "technology gap" related to global inequality?
It is both a consequence of inequality and serves to reinforce it
Which is true about the underclass?
It is extremely hard for a member to move out of it In many ways they are disconnected from the rest of society
According to Roslyn Mickelson, students have abstract and concrete attitudes toward schooling. Match each attitude to the appropriate description.
It is important to go to college in order to go ahead. Correct label: abstract I can see myself succeeding in school. Correct label: concrete School is important to me. Correct label: abstract College will not be useful to me. Correct label: concrete
What must occur for a social movement to become a revolution?
It must overthrow the government in charge.
first wave
Its key event was a convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, It was associated with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Its main cause was the campaign to win the vote for women, or the suffrage movement.
third wave
Its main cause was globalization, It introduced a focus on intersectionality.
According to economist Simon Kuznets, social inequality naturally rises and falls over the course of a society's development. Place each label in the correct position on the curve to illustrate this concept.
Left to right -preindustrial societies, in transition, industrial societies, since 1970s
What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone?
Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old.
Which are main causes behind rising economic inequality in the United States over the past few decades?
Main Cause(s) economic globalization the declining role of governments Not Main Cause(s) increased international conflict high and rising inflation
Identify the following as major immigrant groups in the United States since 1965, or not
Major - latin america - asia
Social Mobility
Movement of individuals or groups between different social postions
Intergenerational Mobility
Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another
Intragenerational Mobility
Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career
Match each term to the correct description of the family form. Labels can be used more than once.
Moynihan blamed the legacy of slavery, in which black families were often forcibly separated, for continuing "disorganization" among black families. Correct label: cultural Poor families have closer relationships to extended family because they tend to live close by and must rely on these kin for occasional financial or practical help. Correct label: structural An emerging family form among black middle-class young adults is the single-person household, due to the lack of employment opportunities for black men. Correct label: structural Hispanics are often described as adhering to strong "familism" norms, which suggest close ties to and obligations toward family members. Correct label: cultural
Identify each example as a conventional social movement, or a new social movement.
New Social Movement(s) the black lives matter the environmental movement Conventional Social Movement(s) the anti-abortion ("pro-life") movement the movement to raise the minimum wage
What did Max Weber include among the bases of class divisions?
Ones control of the means of production, intangible set of non economic resources (set of skills, talents, etc)
According to sociologists, which are aspects of "lifestyle"?
Ones recreational activities, ones diet, and ones clothing
The unemployment rate provides some useful information about the health of the economy, but it is not perfect. Identify the scenarios that would not be included in the unemployment rate.
Not included: a 55-year old retiree a 35-year-old man who has stopped looking for work after a year of applying for jobs a 27-year-old father who is working part-time at a fast food restaurant Included: a 32-year-old woman who was recently laid off and has been applying to jobs nearly every day
What does "real income" refer to?
Numerically adjusted for inflation
If one wanted to show that the relationship between emotions and facial expressions has nothing to do with culture, which research technique would make the most sense?
Observe the facial expressions of children who were born blind.
According to Charles Tilly, in what circumstance do revolutionary social movements tend to occur?
Occurs in situations of multiple sovereignty
How is unionization associated with average wages?
On average, workers in the union make more per week than those who are not.
How does Ogbu and Fordham's "acting white" hypothesis explain black students' underachievement in schools?
Overtime, black students come to doubt their own abilities and attribute academic success to "acting white".
Identify the following as describing either a participatory democracy or a direct democracy.
Participatory Democracy The people regularly assemble to make decisions about proposed policies. This system is ideal for a relatively small number of people. Direct Democracy This system is ideal for a relatively larger number of voters, or those scattered over a large region. Voters participate in decision making by voting for or against proposed policies, without meeting face-to-face with other voters.
Identify the following as describing either a participatory democracy or a direct democracy.
Participatory Democracy The people regularly assemble to make decisions about proposed policies. This system is ideal for a relatively small number of people. Direct Democracy- Voters participate in decision making by voting for or against proposed policies, without meeting face-to-face with other voters. This system is ideal for a relatively larger number of voters, or those scattered over a large region.
What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?
Primary Characteristic(s) The majority of adults in a liberal democracy have a right to vote. Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties. Not Primary Characteristic(s) The elected government in liberal democracies manages a free market economy. Liberal democracies ensure the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to vote.
Which topics primarily focus on feminist approaches to understanding family life?
Primary Topic(s) unequal power relationships domestic division of labor care activities Not Primary Topic(s) children's gender socialization sexual relationships
Identify each trait as being characteristic of either the proletariat or the bourgeoisie in Marx's economic theory.
Proletariat earn money by selling their labor produce surplus value with their labor Bourgeoisie exploit others by benefiting from labor they did not perform. control the means of production own factories, investment capital, and other assets
Status
Refers to the differences among groups in the social honor, or prestige, that others accord them
Type the term that describes the division of social life into different settings or zones, such as "work" and "home."
Regionalization
Which of the following factors are related to an increased risk of divorce?
Related Factor(s) premarital cohabitation marrying at an early age Not Related Factor(s) having children high income
Which of the following factors are related to an increased risk of divorce?
Related: - premarital cohabitation marrying at an early age Not related: - high income - having children
Why do religion and violence often go hand-in-hand, despite nearly all major religions preach the importance of compassion and understanding for others?
Religious conflicts can be viewed as necessary for the survival of a religion's existence
Kelley Voelker sued Deutsche Bank for sex discrimination in 2003. Which of these possible motivations for illegally demoting Voelker is supported by a functionalist perspective on gender?
She was starting a family.
Match each statement to the corresponding Islamic group.
Shiite - This tradition broke away from orthodox Islam hundreds of years ago, and now comprises about 10 percent of Muslims. Sufism - This tradition incorporates rituals and mysticism, more so than the other groups. Sunni - The vast majority of Muslims follow this tradition.
Who believed that social inequality naturally rises and falls over the course of a society's development?
Simon Kuznets
In a study of the admissions practices of an elite New England college with a stated commitment to diversity, which applicants tended to be targets for admission?
Target(s) for Admission upper-class African American students Not Target(s) for Admission working-class white students lower-middle-class Asian American students inner-city Latino students
Dependent Development
The Theory that poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on the wealthier countries.
What reasons do researchers give for why the United States has a lower unemployment rate than many European countries?
The United States has a stronger economy The United States has a large service sector. European countries provide a stronger social safety net, including unemployment benefits
What is the definition of agency?
The ability to think, act and make independent choices
Place the following in order from highest to lowest higher education cost
The average debt level among graduates of for-profit school who took out school loans One year of tuition and fees at a 4 year private nonprofit school One year of tuition and fees at a for-profit school One year of tuition and fees at a four-year public nonprofit school One year of tuition and and fees at a 2 year public nonprofit school
What is the main way in which the system of discipline and indoctrination at West Point relates to the later battlefield performance of West Point graduates?
The graduates are driven by a desire not to let down their fellow soldiers
What is Max Weber's definition of social status based on?
The lifestyle one is seen as leading.
What is Max Weber's definition of social status based on?
The lifestyle one is seen as leading. Certain lifestyles translate into social honor or prestige in the eyes of society.
How do class systems differ from slavery and castes?
The main basis of class is economics and individuals have the ability to move between social classes
What conclusion can be drawn by studying this map?
The majority of people in the world follow a small handful of religions
The charismatic leader of a newly established sect has just died. What does Max Weber predict will likely happen within the sect?
The sect will create rules and procedure to rely on, instead of relying on a leader
Surplus Profit
The source of profit which capitalists put to their own use
What is problematic about the following exchange between a store clerk and a customer she has never met? Clerk: How are you today? Customer: I'm anxious about the colonoscopy I have scheduled for this afternoon.
The store clerk probably did not want, and certainly didn't expect the kind of detail the customer is providing
Intersectionality
The study of interacting effects of different sources of inequality, and the resulting experiences of oppression.
What is microsociology?
The study of social dynamics between pairs or groups of people
What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality?
The theories under-emphasize the role of women in economic development.
What is meant by the "social clock"?
The way that sociological factors such as norms and values change over the life course
What did Paul Willis's ethnography show about the working-class young men he studied?
The young men were aware that schools were not set up to benefit them, and therefore rejected school in favor of other markers of success.
Why is it difficult to get a precise estimate of the number of Jews in the United States?
There are different Interpretations of what it means to be Jewish
Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence?
There are different forms of intelligence.
According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?
There must be different political parties that represent different interests. There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy
What is the goal of a sanction?
To promote conformity to social norms and protect against nonconformity
What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality?
Underemphasize the role of women
Identify the elements that Max Weber includes among the bases of class divisions.
Yes: - control of intangible economic resources - control of means of production No: - lifestyle - source of income
Governments exercise -, a form of - legitimized by a belief system that justifies its use. Those who are subject to a government's rule voluntarily - to it.
authority, power, consent
Governments exercise _________, a form of _______ legitimized by a belief system that justifies its use. Those who are subject to a government's rule voluntarily _______ to it.
authority, power, consent
- refers to the general process by which production processes are enacted by machines, whereas - refer specifically to the machines performing functions that are ordinarily done by human workers.
automation, robot
What is the name given to a rule shared among a group that either prescribes a behavior (e.g., shaking hands upon meeting someone) or forbids it (e.g., picking one's nose in public)?
norms
what do the critics of the activity theory argue
not all activities are equally valuable
Match each profession to the correct social class, as defined by annual income.
nurse- lower middle janitor- lower class president- upper class cook- working class engineer- upper middle
In the United States, many adults have - where they earn a - wage or salary. Collectively, this - forms the basis of the -
occupation, regular, work, economy
In the United States, many adults have _________ where they earn a ________ wage or salary. Collectively, this _______ forms the basis of the ____________.
occupations, regular, work, economy
The word bureaucracy, from words meaning "______" and "____," refers to the governing of organizations and societies by a cadre of __________. According to _________,although bureaucracy often stifles creativity, it is necessary for the administration of _______________.
office, rule, full time professional, Max Weber, large scale social systems
are young or old people more politically active
old
Among the superrich, some people are considered "old money" and others are considered "new wealth." What is the difference?
old money refers to people who own wealth passed down to them by earlier family generations, while new wealth refers to people who made their money as entrepreneurs
what age group is the fastest growing segment of the elderly pop
old old
do older or younger americans report greater support for increased spending on education
older
.work is often outsourced to lower income nations
post-fordism
horizontal structures make corporations flexible and responsive to new conditions
post-fordism
Patriarchy, race, and class are essentialist explanations of oppression.
postmodern feminism
A small and unrepresentative group of leaders hold enormous sway over governmental policy.
power elite
What is one employment area in which both men and women are disadvantaged in pay?
predominantly female occupations
Erik Olin Wright adds the category "contradictory class location" to Marx's theory of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Match the following persons to their social class.
proletariat- a miner in a coal mine bourgeoisie- the owner of a large restaurant contradictory class location- the head of printing press operations at a major newspaper
social security
provides economic assistance to people faced with unemployment, disability, & agedness
social loneliness
the absence of a broader social network
emotional loneliness
the absence of an intimate confidant
What did Paul Willis's ethnography show about the working-class young men he studied?
the young men were aware that school were not set up to benefit them, and therefore rejected school in favor of other markers of success.
offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide
Émile Durkheim
does social security provide enough compensation to prevent elder from living in poverty?
yes but barely
is the social disengagement theory supposed to be beneficial for old people too
yes, states that better for young people and old people if old people just isolate themseleves
do older or younger americans report greater support for increased spending on social security
younger
what kind of hardships have the nearly old faced in finding jobs after the recession
younger people are hired over them because they're believed to be unable to acquire new skills may have early onset of health problems that limit the kind of work they can do part of the baby boom so lots of competition with peers for jobs
what are the causes of ageism
youth obsessed culture fear filled avoidance of reminders of death and dying elders are thought to be anachronistic (belonging to a different period) in the age of tech
How large is the American "upper class" according to the U.S. Census?
~ 6 million
young old
age 65-74 likely to be economically independent, healthy, active, engaged
Which of these definitions is not part of the sociological definition of religion?
belief in a supernatural deity or deities
What is an example of economic interdependence?
A woman buying meat from a butcher, clothes from a retailer, and is a pet groomer.
B. vertical power structure in which companies control all parts of the production process
Fordism
Identify each feature of production systems as characteristic of Fordism or post-Fordism.
Fordism bureaucratic/vertical business structures job security most work done in-house (locally) Post-Fordism flexible/horizontal business structures most work outsourced (globally) job insecurity
Which of the following statements about their early education system are true?
Formal education systems in Western civilization began in Rome during that 8th century BCE - Incorrect The roots of what we would recognize as moderate mass education can be traced back to the idealism of the European enlightenment of the 18th and 19th centuries - Correct In the middle ages the church was the main educator - Correct Apprentice training education began in the 15th century - Incorrect
Which type of organization first attempted to precisely schedule the activities of its members for entire days and weeks?
Fourteenth century monasteries
Pariah Groups
Groups who suffer from negative status discrimination — they are looked down upon by most other members of society
What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer?
Stratification has the benefit of matching the best-qualified workers to the most important jobs.
the fastest increase in STIs (sexually transmitted infections) is occurring in adults 55 and older is an example of what kind of aging?
social aging
all unemployed males in North Carolina
social category
elder abuse
-actions that cause intentional/unintentional harm to a vulnerable elder by person who has a close relationship to elder -failure by caregiver to satisfy elder's basic needs
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about race and ethnicity.
If this person were described as "black" that would be a(n) racial category. If this person were described as "West Indian" that would be a(n) ethnic category.
Which are possible goals of impression management?
Possible goals: 1. to improve one's position in the world 2. to spare the feelings of others 3. to protect oneself from unwanted emotions Not possible goals: to openly show displeasure or annoyance when one is upset
Relative Poverty
Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society
According to C. Wright Mills, those who hold the highest positions in the political order, economy, and military are the __________.
Power elite
What is distinctive about human beings, compared to other animals?
Sense of self
In 2011, what was the most common status of recent high school graduates who did not go on to college?
Unemployed and looking for work (37%)
According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, which variable leaves a child at greatest risk of social and psychological difficulties later in life?
absence of a mother
can emotional and social loneliness overlap
absolutely
According to Roslyn Mickelson, students have abstract and concrete attitudes toward schooling. Match each attitude to the appropriate description.
abstract: -school is important to me -it is important to go to college in order to go ahead concrete: -I can see myself succeeding in school -college will not be useful to me
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about theories of aging
activity continuity socioemotional
What scenario best exemplifies the concept of stereotype threat?
after overhearing her teacher say that "girls don't do as well in math" to a colleague, Samantha began to get anxious before taking math tests.
How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female?
aggresive behavior increase tesetosterone levels
How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female?
aggression behavior may increase testosterone levels
what's the most important aspect of the life course theory
aging is a life long process relationships/events of earlier life have consequences for later life
What is the best example of the international division of labor?
choiceClothing produced in Bangladeshi factories is sold in U.S. retail stores by trained store staff.
Wimmer argues that racial/ethnic minority immigrants reject the black-white divide in favor of emphasizing their own unique racial and ethnic identities.
false
Identify each example as a conventional social movement, or a new social movement.
new -the Black Lives Matter movement. -the environmental movement
Is requiring drug companies to charge higher prices a solution for the social security
no
is loneliness and social isolation inevitable/universal features of aging
no
According to ________ feminist thought, certain types of femininity are seen as the result of ____________controlled and produced by men.
radical, conceptions of beauty and sexuality
do most elderly people rate their health as good or bad
reasonably good
Which types of rights are usually established last?
social rights, because the establishment of civil and political rights underpinned the fight for social rights.
According to Thomas Piketty, author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, growth of inequality over time is the norm in capitalist societies and has been the pattern in most developed economies—with one exception. What is the one exception?
the mid-twentieth century (1930-1960)
Place the following educational reforms in chronological order.
1. elementary and secondary education act 2. gun free zone act 3. no child left behind 4. race to the top
Place the following majors that international students select in order from most to least popular.
1. engineering 2. business and management 3. math and computer science 4. social sciences
Identify the reasons why many Americans are more affluent than any peoples have previously been in human history.
-access to cheap consumer goods made in countries where wages are low -increased productivity due to technological advances
Identify whether the following groups have higher or lower voter turnout.
-more highly educated (compared to less highly educated individuals) -high-income (compared to low-income individuals)
According to sociologists, which are aspects of "lifestyle"?
-one's clothing -one's diet -one's recreational activities
Identify the elements that Max Weber includes among the bases of class divisions.
-one's control of intangible economic resources -one's control of the means of production
Based on the figure shown, place the four decades in order from the youngest to oldest average age at marriage for women.
1960 1920 1890 2000
There are many forms of masculinity in society. Why do sociologists label one type of masculinity "hegemonic"?
Hegemonic masculinity is dominant, and there are negative sanctions for those who do not live by these norms.
What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists better understand about gender?
How gender in various societies is socially constructed.
In the context of Charles Horton Cooley's theory of groups, classify each attribute as belonging to either primary groups or secondary groups.
Primary Group: strong sense of unity and commitment high level of intimacy Secondary Group:impersonal relationships instrumental in purpose role-play by members
Match the sociological research question with the corresponding concept.
How are body size norms different for women in South America, Africa, and North America? Correct label: intersectionality How do little girls learn that pink is a "girl color"? Correct label: gender role socialization
Identify each item as a sociological measure of income or wealth.
Income money received from an investment a weekly paycheck Wealth the value of a person's assets minus their debts net worth
What does the phrase "real income" refer to?
Income that has been numerically adjusted to remove the effects of inflation
Identify each item as a sociological measure of income or wealth
Income: - weekly pay check - investments Wealth: - assets minus debt - net worth
Identify each item as an example of either income or wealth.
Income: a weekly paycheck. a retired worker's pension Wealth: money in a 401k account, stocks and bonds, the resale value of a car
Which factors make it harder for people with college degrees to find work in the future?
Increased competition from overseas workers, increased workplace automation, increased competition from others with college degrees
Social Stratification
Inequalities among individuals and groups that are determined not so much by individual personality or small-scale social situations, but more broadly, by attributes such as gender, age, ethnicity, or religious affiliation.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.
Interest groups are organizations that lobby elected officials to support the aims of each organization.
What is the name for the study of how different sources of inequality interact to create experiences of oppression?
Intersectionality
What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?
Investors now bundle money into group accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations
What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?
Investors now bundle money into grouped accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations
What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?
Investors now bundle money into grouped accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations.
Which event is an example of religious nationalism?
Iran's Islamic Revolution
Why does Walmart define a full-time work week as comprising 32 hours
It gives managers great flexibility and power
What did the 1995 Gun-Free School Zones Act change about school policy?
It mandated automatic suspension or expulsion of students possessing drugs or weapons in school.
In sociology, how is the concept of identity understood?
It relates to people's understanding of who they are and what is important to them.
Private school
Jamal's parents obtain a school voucher from the government because his neighborhood school has been consistently labeled "failing" by the state government. Jamal will now be able to attend this type of school.
According to Charles Horton Cooley's theory, identify each of the following as either a primary or secondary group.
Primary group: 1. a close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school 2. a married couple Secondary Group: 1. a professional football team 2. a tailoring shop that makes bespoke (fully custom) suits for men
Identify each of the following rights as either a civil, political, or social right.
Social Right: the right to earn a minimum wage Political Right: the right to run for public office Civil Right:the right to equal justice, the right to own property
Structured Inequality
Social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure.
Which two U.S. government programs have been especially important in keeping elderly people out of poverty?
Social security and Medicare
The United States spends much less of its total economy on government at the federal, state, or local level than other developed countries.
True
The men's liberation movement is made up of two factions: the men's rights movement and the pro-feminist men's movement.
True
The social causation explanation suggests that cohabitation is the kind of experience that erodes belief in marriage, thus increasing the likelihood of divorce.
True
Which of the following statements are true about the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act?
True Statement(s) It ended the practice of giving preference to immigrants from northern and western Europe. It was partially responsible for the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of immigrants in the United States. It gave preference to immigrants who sought entry into the United States for family reunification reasons. False Statement(s) It provided amnesty for illegal immigrants in the United States. It instituted a quota system specifying the number or percentage of immigrants hailing from different world regions.
Which of the following is an example of economic interdependence?
a woman buying meat from a butcher, clothing from a retailer, and working for a pet grooming service.
How is party voting associated with income in the United States?
as income increases, voters are more likely to vote for republican
Place the U.S. population groups in order from highest to lowest high school graduation rates.
asian Americans, whites, hispanic, American Indians
Place the U.S. population groups in order from highest to lowest high school graduation rates.
asian whites hispanics american indians
Place each racial/ethnic group on the correct bar in the graph indicating the percentage of college degrees attained for each group.
asians whites blacks hispanics
Why do sociologists classify domestic labor, or housework, as work?
because it is human activity that ensures survival
For American corporations, identify the benefits of offshoring parts of their operations.
benefit(s): -lowered labor costs -fewer environmental regulations not benefit(s): lowered costs of raw materials lowered transportation costs
Why have employers in the United States been relying more and more on part-time and temporary workers?
corporation save money by using part- time and temporary workers.
What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?
corporation' efforts to manufacture goods in countries with the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restriction, and the most lax government regulations
What effect did the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission have on elections in the United States?
corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts of money expressing their political opinions as long as they do not coordinate with the campaigns.
What are the main features of global capitalism?
corporations conduct operations in more than one country shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country
Based on the map, which color code is used for countries with the lowest literacy rate, and how low is that literacy rate?
dark orange, less than 50 percent literate
Sociological research has found that adults who live alone are less happy and fulfilled than those who live in family units.
false
The intensity of negative effects related to dropping out of high school peaks between ages 18 and 25 and lessens after that.
false
There are many forms of masculinity in society. Why do sociologists label one type of masculinity "hegemonic"?
hegemonic masculinity is dominant, and there are negative sanctions for those who do not live by these norms
belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals
heterosexism
which race of elders experiences the highest level of poverty
hispanics
What type of work, often done by women, is usually unpaid, difficult, and exhausting but may sometimes be satisfying?
housework
Identify the sociology research topic that most centrally uses an intersectional approach.
how do race, gender, and social class interplay in the experience of poverty in America
what does the compensation one receives for social security depend on
how much one earned before retirement
In Max Weber's theory, where does status (social honor or prestige) come from?
how other members of society esteem a group
Technological advances have led to the _________ in the quality of life for the aged because the technology makes it possible for an individual to preserve _________. These devices are particularly helpful for preventing ______.
improvement, independence, falls
Which of the following observations supports the sociological theory that education is a process of assimilation?
in public schools throughout the US, students follow highly similar curricula in all major subjects (e.g., history, English) from kindergartner through the 8th grade.
According to Georg Simmel, ways of paying people for their work have over time become more and more depersonalized. Place the payment forms in order from most to least personal, following Simmel's scheme.
in-kind payments (sustenance necessary to live), piecework payments, wages, salaries, honoraria
particularly dominated by women
informal economy
Anita Hill's 1991 testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee during the confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas's 1991 nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court has had what lasting influence?
more recognition of sexual harrassment and willingness to report
Which factors are the chief bases of class?
Chief Factor(s) wealth income occupation education lifestyle Not Chief Factor(s) region race
Which factors are the chief bases of class?
Chief Factor(s) Income Lifestyle Education Wealth occupation Not chief factors: race or region
Match each term to the correct parenting practice.
Children are comfortable expressing themselves and questioning authority. Correct label: concerted cultivation Children are enrolled in numerous extracurricular activities. Correct label: concerted cultivation Children are independent in entertaining themselves and playing with friends. Correct label: accomplishment of natural growth Children are very close to extended kin. Correct label: accomplishment of natural growth Parents speak briefly to children and use command statements. Correct label: accomplishment of natural growth
In this thirteenth-century painting, the infant Jesus is depicted with an adult face and adult bodily proportions. What aspect of culture does this depiction reflect?
Children as miniature adults
Identify the reasons that correctly explain why the study of brief, minor one-on-one social interactions is one of the most absorbing of all areas of sociological investigation.
Correct Explanation(s): Large-scale social patterns are built up from small-scale ones. Our daily routines are organized around such interactions. Such interactions are part of how we shape our reality. Incorrect Explanation(s): Small-scale interactions are easier to gather data on than large-scale ones.
Which concept emerged from the work of sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva?
Color blindness
According to the textbook, which of the following factors contributed to the rise of racism?
Correct Factor(s) preexisting notions about the meaning of "white" and "black" as symbols of good and evil exploitive relations between Europeans and those whose lands they settled the invention of race as an inheritable and naturally hierarchical trait Incorrect Factor(s) stories passed down from generation to generation about the habits and beliefs of native people
According to functionalist thinking, which of the listed traits are representative of the "expressive" female?
Expressive Female Trait(s) nurturing emotions caregiving Not Expressive Female Trait(s)
By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?
Correct Criteria the possession of skills or expertise the relationship to authority Incorrect Criteria the level of income the nature of the work: manual or intellectual
According to functionalist thinking, which of the listed traits are representative of the "expressive" female?
Expressive Female Trait(s): nurturing, emotions, caregiving Not expressive: physicality, breadwinning
Identify the following parent behaviors as fitting with Talcott Parson's categories of expressive roles or instrumental roles.
Expressive Role disciplining a child in the midst of a tantrum keeping track of upcoming medical appointments for all members of the household Instrumental Role working on a graduate degree in order to pursue a raise at work being employed as an accountant
Click on the family member expected to play an "instrumental role," according to the functionalist perspective.
FATHER
Match each statement about the photograph to the theory that best fits it.
FUNCTIONALISM When men work from an instrumental role and women from an affective role, this rational household organization works well. FEMINIST The woman appears happy, but she may be trapped, captive to her unpaid household labor. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM The woman uses a hug, posture, and laundry to communicate a caring posture toward her son and household.
Dual-income families are increasingly common in the United States. Identify the economic factors associated with the shift from male breadwinner to dual-income households.
Factor(s): -The desire to send children to the best schools -to lower risks associated with unforeseen events -the high cost of housing Not factor(s): -the tendency for families to pay high prices for luxury guides
Match each term to the correct example
Factory workers, angered by the poor working conditions, riot against their employers. Correct label: pre-modern labor conflict A large retail company responds to workers' demands by eliminating their hours and barring them from entry, effectively eliminating their wages until the employees capitulate to the new policies. Correct label: lockout In response to their employer cutting hours and benefits, workers at a local café begin following every direction in the handbook to the letter, which slows down work markedly. Correct label: work to rule Five hundred workers at a manufacturing plant refuse to come into work, sending a letter of their grievances about unpaid overtime to both their employer and the local newspaper. Correct label: strike
Chinese American and Japanese American women have slightly higher rates of birth compared to whites.
False
Market-oriented theories advocate for the greater involvement of government in setting labor market and business regulations
False
To the detriment of his rivals, Ford raised the wages at his production facility to obtain the best workers.
False
Two-thirds of the world's new HIV infections occur in India and China.
False
In recent years, diseases that had been nearly eradicated in the United States and other advanced industrial nations have resurfaced due to declining standards of hygiene and nutrition.
False- due to lack of parents failing to immunize their children due to fear of autism
By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?
Correct Criteria: the relationship to authority, the possession of skills or expertise Incorrect Criteria: the nature of the work: manual or intellectual the level of income
Which agent of socialization is the major agent of socialization in almost all cultures?
Family
Place the five stages of capitalism in order from the earliest to most recent type.
Family capitalism-managerial capitalism-welfare capitalism-institutional capitalism-global capitalism
What is the principal form of wealth for most Americans?
Family income
Match each globalization trend of the past few decades to the corresponding example.
the rise of an international trade in personal information about consumers Correct label: new markets the proliferation of multilateral trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement Correct label: new rules the invention of digital cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin Correct label: new means of exchange the formation of transnational regulatory bodies, such as the World Trade Organization Correct label: new players
Which industry has seen the fastest growth in employee unionization in recent years?
the service sector
social clock
the way that sociological factors such as norms and values change over the life course
Sex segregation refers to the separation and concentration of genders in which social institution?
the workplace
reason why young old are better off than old old currently
their birth cohort is generally better came of age during post world war II (strong economic growth)
Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence?
there are different forms of intelligence
Select the bolded phrases that describe how hidden curriculum is present in this photograph.
they are learning to be docile and cooperative, traits that will serve them well as workers. Regardless of the subject being taught, the body positions of students and teachers is a lesson in authority and obedience.
What is the role of interest groups, according to pluralist theories of modern democracy?
they limit the centralization of power
What is the role of interest groups, according to pluralist theories of modern democracy?
they limit the centrilaziation of power
in countries traditionally known for caring for the aging, why are young people ditching the old
they're moving to urban areas to work prematurely dying due to AIDS grappling with their own poverty & can't handle their parents
life course theory of aging
third generation various transitions people experience during their lifetime elders play an active role in determining their own physical/mental well being YET recognize the constraints imposed by social structural factors
What do sociologists mean by the term "second shift"?
this term refers to women who work a paid job and also handle housework and childcare duties
AGE (americans for generational equity)
those who are working will bear an increasing burden for those who are not challenges the notion that elderly people are entitled to social security
In the poorest nations of the global south, religiosity is -. In countries such as Ethiopia, Senegal, and Uganda, about - percent of people say religion is very important in their lives. It is likely that by 2050, 4 out of every 10 Christians in the world will live in -.
thriving 90 sub-Saharan Africa
Type the term that refers to the means by which organizations regularize activities across time and space.
timetables
A failed state is a state in which the government no longer has sovereignty over its people
true
A failed state is a state in which the government no longer has sovereignty over its people.
true
A law is a kind of norm defined by the government as a rule or form of behavior that citizens must follow
true
A newly married wife can expect to do an additional seven hours of housework per week as a result of having a husband.
true
Herrnstein and Murray argued that IQ was primarily an inherited trait and therefore that some racial/ethnic groups had naturally higher IQs than others.
true
In biological terms, there are no clear-cut races.
true
In the long run, a college education pays for itself.
true
Marx believed that religion perpetuated economic inequality in society.
true
More than half of all American Protestants describe themselves as evangelical.
true
Most rapes are committed by close relatives, intimate partners, or acquaintances
true
Most rapes are committed by close relatives, intimate partners, or acquaintances.
true
Out of Robert Merton's list of five personality types—conformist, ritualist, innovator, retreatist, and rebel—all but one is a deviant by Merton's definition.
true
Research studying "between-school effects" look at the effect of attending different schools on students' outcomes.
true
Social psychological theories of race are concerned with how individual attitudes or dispositions about race can shape behaviors and material outcomes.
true
Structural theories of race and racism argue that race is more important for determining an individual's life chances than gender and social class.
true
The question of "Who fares worse, boys or girl, in education?" is a rich subject for sociological analysis. In general, most scholars agree that today's gender gap in education places girls ahead of boys.
true
This figure demonstrates that poverty rates in the United States are higher among black and Hispanic groups than among non-Hispanic whites.
true
Today, women account for about half of the workforce, a significant increase since 1950.
true
Match each type of family to the correct description.
two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children Correct label: nuclear family the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children Correct label: families of procreation a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage Correct label: extended family the family in which one is brought up Correct label: families of orientation
Why is it important to consider the history of Western colonialism if we want to understand today's racial and ethnic divisions?
western colonialism created divisions between racial ethinc groups
Schools help to perpetuate gender differences in both outlook and behavior. Match the observed behavior of teachers in the classroom as it applies to either boys or girls.
what sociologist observed happening to boy -get more help working out the correct answers -interact a lot more with their teache what sociologist observed happening to girls -not engaged in discussions during a math class -given the correct answers more often
Select the bolded phrases that are examples of division of labor.
women perform certain tasks and men perform other tasks Work is divided into many different occupations in which people specialize. Physical health, for example, may require attention from a doctor, a surgeon, an optometrist, and a dentist
The Fordist period after __________ was characterized by a high degree of stability in labor relations and high rates of ________. Workers and employers engaged in _________,which contributed to a range of worker benefits.
world-war II, unionization, collective bargaining
do older adults prefer to reside in their own homes
yes they want intimacy at distance
has medicare made a big difference in the elderly pop's access to adequate health care
yes BUT at high cost
Identify the following parents as more or less likely to homeschool their children, according to the survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education.
more: -a two-parent family earning $65,000 -a stay-at-home mother who is concerned about negative moral influences in public school
Place each lobbying group on the bars in the graph that represent the type of lobbyist it is (business, labor, ideological, or other).
national association of realtors international brother national rifle association university of wisconsin
What does Max Weber mean by a "pariah group"?
negative status group that suffers from loss of social opportunity
Schools help to perpetuate gender differences in both outlook and behavior. Match the observed behavior of teachers in the classroom as it applies to either boys or girls
not engaged in discussions during a math class Correct label: what sociologists observed happening to girls interact a lot more with their teacher Correct label: what sociologists observed happening to boys given the correct answers more often Correct label: what sociologists observed happening to girls get more help working out the correct answers Correct label: what sociologists observed happening to boys
Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?
state and national laws have been passes in response to efforts made by the group Mothers against drunk driving (MADD), with input form auto industry representatives and privacy advocates.
What was the major legal change that occurred in the 1960s to make divorce more widely available?
the implementation of the "no-fault divorce"
When sociologists of religion describe the "rise of the nones" in America, what are they referring to?
the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion
Globalization
the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world
What does it mean when a mortgage loan is "subprime"?
the interest rate will be higher than usual
Why does Amy Chua argue that democracy and a free market would not solve the problem of ethnic conflicts?
the introduction of democracy may trigger a backlash
Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II?
the japanese families assimilation into the US society accelerated after the war
Both activity theory and continuity theory suggest that remaining active and engaged as we age is a good thing, but they differ primarily in what way?
the kind of activities that the elderly participate in
How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?
the last one
According to Thomas Piketty, author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, growth of inequality over time is the norm in capitalist societies and has been the pattern in most developed economies—with one exception. What is the one exception?
the mid twentieth century
Identify which professions would be considered "glass escalator" professions for men.
- social worker - nurse
By what grade are gender norms firmly established?
5
belief
a proposition or ideal held on the basis of faith
social gerontology
study of aging and the elderly
Match the three categories of new religious movements to the appropriate hypothetical examples.
"Blessings Church" members live in a commune and make most of their own food and clothing. Their leader preaches about the importance of isolating oneself from sinners. - world rejecting Members of "Pai Church" are adherents to a strict set of religious codes at home and share a highly involved church experience, but otherwise do not change their daily lives. - world accommodating "The Believers" attracts followers through public meditation hours held in public parks. They encourage members to let go of their daily worries and be at peace with nature to live a more "authentic" life. - world affirming
According to the text, what regions have the lowest and highest levels of extreme poverty in 2013? Place the regions in order from lowest to highest.
- europe and central asia - latin america - south asia - sub saharan africa
Select the bolded phrases that accurately describe research findings about child-free women.
- increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s - less stigmatized now than in the past.
Poverty as cultural phenomena (fill in the blanks)
- poor themselves - Oscar Lewis - culture of poverty - Charles Murray - dependency culture
Childhood poverty: (Click on phrases)
- surged after 2008 recession - economic recovery benefits superrich and their children
Clock on phrases proving global inequality in the future.
- wealth nations decreased births - increased births poorer nations
The 2016 election was the first presidential election in which presidential campaigns used websites and other Internet-based technologies to persuade voters. One effective strategy was "twitterstorms", which delivered quick, provocative, even outrageous messages. Internet-based "fake news" has influenced elections since 1996, but in 2016, the effect was more intense. "Fake news" stemmed from individuals, U.S. groups, and Russia, and had widespread influence on people's knowledge of events.
-"Fake news" stemmed from individuals, U.S. groups, and Russia, -One effective strategy was "twitterstorms"
functionalist theory of aging
-1950s (earliest theory) aging brings a physical and psychological decline social role are to blame since individuals adjusted to this "elderly role" when they hit a certain bday
Which of the following features are typical of flexible business structures?
-Businesses are networked together horizontally, compartmentalizing pieces of the manufacturing-to-sales pipeline. -Businesses rely on advanced technology to communicate with other businesses.
Select the bolded phrases that represent accurate statements about childhood poverty since the 2008 recession.
-Childhood poverty surged after the 2008 recession -The economic recovery since the recession has benefitted the superrich and their children,
What were some of the consequences of colonial-style education for developing nations?
-Educated indigenous people led revolts against colonizers. -The system of higher education remains better developed than primary and secondary education.
Which of the following statements are true of the 1966 Coleman report's findings?
-Family background and peers seem to make a bigger difference to student outcomes than school quality. -Schools in the United States are highly racially segregated.
Identify each person as either homeless or not homeless.
-Felipe is an unemployed veteran. He sleeps in a town park. The police know him and leave him alone. -Annabella left her abusive boyfriend. She and her infant son stay at a free women's shelter.
Identify the reasons why the achievement gap between poor and wealthy kids has grown over time.
-Income inequality has grown over time, too, and this increases the resources available to kids from better-off families. -Poorer children are more likely to live in single-parent homes, and one parent may not have as much time to spend on them. -Better-off families can afford to live in better neighborhoods with better schools. -Better-off families tend to engage in more activities designed to improve their children's cognitive abilities.
Which of the following criticisms do some observers make about the "zero-tolerance" policy in schools?
-It is enacted differently, dependent on a student's race. -It has unnecessarily increased the role of police in schools. -It sets students on a trajectory toward criminality and the criminal justice system.
Some sociologists speak of an "underclass." Identify each statement about this class as either correct or incorrect.
-It is extremely hard for a member to move out of it -In many ways they are disconnected from the rest of society
Which of the following criticisms have been directed toward the No Child Left Behind Act?
-It narrows the diversity of subjects covered by schools. -It relies on a punitive model of school reform.
What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?
-Nation-states form alliances with one another. -Nation-states enforce laws. -Nation-states wage wars.
According to Charles Tilly's analysis of revolutionary social change, identify each scenario as an example of collective action, or not.
-On Jan. 21, 2017, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Washington D.C. for the Women's March. -In the nineteenth century, the peasantry overthrew the monarchy in France.
Identify each statement about homelessness in the United States as either correct or incorrect.
-One cause of homelessness today is the rising cost of housing. -A large majority of the homeless have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or mental health issues. -The number of homeless families with children has risen in recent years.
In traditional societies, women perform certain tasks and men perform other tasks. In modern societies, economies are much more complex. Each individual must do various activities in different hours of the day. A manager may ask three assistants to work together on a project. Work is divided into many different occupations in which people specialize. Physical health, for example, may require attention from a doctor, a surgeon, an optometrist, and a dentist.
-Physical health, for example, may require attention from a doctor, a surgeon, an optometrist, and a dentist. -Work is divided into many different occupations in which people specialize. -women perform certain tasks and men perform other tasks
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, which began in 1997, differs from earlier forms of welfare assistance for the poor. Identify each statement about the TANF program as either correct or incorrect.
-Recipients must begin working after two years to continue benefits. -Families can only receive five years' worth of assistance.
According to sociologist Sean Reardon, which of the following are explanations for the achievement gap?
-Residential segregation related to income has increased in recent decades. -Middle-class parents invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development.
Which of the following reasons have been proposed for the reversal of the gender gap in completing a college degree?
-Teachers have recognized and addressed gender bias in the classroom. -Opportunities in traditionally female-dominated industries have expanded, while male-dominated industries like manufacturing now have fewer opportunities.
Which of the following statements about the Tea Party are accurate?
-The Tea Party advocates for a smaller role of government in the economy. -The Tea Party is not actually a political party; it is a well-organized social movement
Identify the statements about how class systems differ from slavery and castes as either correct or incorrect.
-The main basis of class is economic. -Individuals have some ability to move between social classes.
Which of the following statements is true of a "knowledge economy"?
-The population is relatively highly educated. -Many workers are employed in research, technology, design, and marketing fields. -The physical production of goods no longer plays a large part of a country's economy.
What reasons do researchers give for why the United States' unemployment levels have been rising during the past 60 years?
-The rise of international competition has affected industries important to U.S. prosperity. -European countries provide a stronger social safety net, including unemployment benefits. -The U.S. government continues to rely on Keynesianism to attempt to reduce unemployment. -The increasing use of microelectronics in industry has reduced the need for labor power.
According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?
-There must be different political parties that represent different interests. -There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy.
Match each type of single-parent household to the correct description.
-They comprise more than 60 percent of single-parent households. Correct label: divorced mother (head of household) -This group is expanding most rapidly among single-parent households. Correct label: older, never-married, and financially stable mother (head of household -A high proportion of this group is poor. Correct label: young, never-married mother (head of household) -They comprise a small proportion of single-parent households but are relatively economically stable; more than half of this group are homeowners. Correct label: widowed mother (head of household)
What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?
-Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties. -The majority of adults in a liberal democracy have a right to vote.
Match each theoretical perspective to the appropriate research study.
-assimilation: A researcher surveys 7th grade students who have been in the United States for five to seven years and their immigrant parents to determine whether the children express greater affinity for and knowledge of American culture than their parents. -credentialism: A researcher selects two same-aged samples of equal intelligence and ability, one of which includes all high school graduates and one of which includes only young people who dropped out of school in the 11th grade and compares their labor market success over the past year. -hidden curriculum: A researcher randomly selects 30 schools, of which 15 are located in poor neighborhoods and 15 are located in wealthy neighborhoods, and compares both the curriculum of the schools and observes how teachers conduct their classrooms.
What are the main features of global capitalism?
-corporations conduct operations in more than one country -shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country
Which of the following are expressions of nationalism?
-fans singing "The Star Spangled Banner" at a sporting event -belief in the possibilities of the American Dream
Which factors contribute to the increasing ability of corporations to dominate the market through merging with and acquiring other firms?
-fewer regulations for businesses -efficient financing -advanced technology
What resources does the theory of structural strain suggest are important for organizing and sustaining a social movement?
-funding -leadership -regular communication
The following boxes represent Barnet and Cavanagh's four webs of interconnecting commercial activity in the new world economy. Place each scenario in the appropriate box.
-global cultural: The newest blockbuster movie produced in the United States sells more than $1 billion in revenue from across the world. -global shopping: Nike sells products with its well-known "swoosh" logo to consumers in multiple countries. -global workplace: An item sold in retail stores has a complex history of production, traveling through multiple countries on its way to local store shelves. -global financial: Exxon sells shares of its stock daily to investors around the world.
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the importance of "cultural capital" in determining a child's later social class. Which are examples of cultural capital?
-having parents who help with homework -attendance at elite private schools
Which factors may make it harder for people with college degrees to find work in the future?
-increased competition from others with college degrees -increased workplace automation -increased competition from overseas workers
Which of the following were consequences of school busing practices?
-increased racial tensions -white families moving to the suburbs -less segregation in U.S. public schools
A researcher wants to try "doing gender" as a way to investigate the social construction of gender. Which of the following might allow a researcher who was assigned male at birth and identifies as a man to "do gender" as a woman in U.S. society?
-learn body language of women -use a higher vocal register -get a manicure with painted nails
Identify the following statements as fitting Susan Brownmiller's description of "rape culture," or not.
-male socialization to a sense of sexual entitlement -a state of widespread and continual fear in women
Match each theory of modern democracy to the statement that best describes it.
-power elite: A small and unrepresentative group of leaders hold enormous sway over governmental policy -pluralist theories:Interest groups compete among themselves to have power over decision making, providing a balance of power within democracies. -democratic elitism:Democratic governments rely on the expertise of bureaucrats, which are balanced by strong political leaders elected by a free citizenry.
Classify each scenario as either part or not part of the informal economy.
-selling drugs to acquaintances -making candles for one's own home
Identify the statements as characteristic of populist authoritarianism, or not.
-strong nationalism that is anti-immigrant and anti-globalization -assertive leadership that values security over civil liberties
Though her diploma is not posted in the classroom, students assume that their teachers are qualified. The sign in the foreground of the photo is printed in English, which subtly implies that English is the official language of the United States. Whether or not these students master the official curriculum, they are learning to be docile and cooperative, traits that will serve them well as workers. Regardless of the subject being taught, the body positions of students and teachers is a lesson in authority and obedience.
-the body positions of students and teachers is a lesson in authority and obedience. -they are learning to be docile and cooperative, traits that will serve them well as workers.
Which are main causes behind rising economic inequality in the United States over the past few decades?
-the declining role of governments - economic globalization
By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?
-the relationship to authority -the possession of skills or expertise
According to the textbook, identify the reasons why more U.S. students should study abroad.
-to gain foreign language skills -to learn more about other cultures
Match the example with the characteristic of work as a part of social value and personal worth.
-variety: As a part-time working dad, Bruce enjoys doing tasks at work that are different than childcare tasks -personal identity: Emily feels proud that she earned the title "Registered Nurse." -structuring one's time: When she was unemployed, Diane dreaded each day as a long, open-ended period of time. -social contacts: Karl likes the people he works with and looks forward to going to clubs or games with them on the weekends.
The text describes the division of labor as a characteristic of societies in which occupations are highly specialized. Place the occupations in order from least to most that exemplify the concept of a division of labor.
1. An artisan who makes and sells jewelry 2. An elementary school teacher 3. A chef at a restaurant who plans the menu and cooks the food prepare by the assistants 4. A factory worker who tightens the bolts on one piece of machinery and then passes it down a line
Based on his theory, order the hypothetical events from first to last.
1. Lack of work ethic 2. Traditional values abandoned 3. reinvesting wealth 4. high mass consumption
Based on your knowledge of civil rights history, place the following events in chronological order.
1. NAACP 2. Brown v Board of Ed 3. Montgomery Bus Boycott 4. March on Washington 5. Civil Rights Act
Test your knowledge of educational attainment using the Globalization by the Numbers interactive graphic here. Then place in order the following countries from highest to lowest average years of schooling.
1. US 2.Norway 3. Japan 4. ghana 5. Afghanistan
In 2013, more than 3,000 American parents were asked which of 12 qualities they felt were most important to instill in their children. According to the survey, place the four chosen qualities in order of importance.
1. being responsible 2. helping others 3. creativity 4. religious faith
what 2 reasons is graying the result of
1. the tendency of families to have fewer children 2. the fact that people are living longer
Match each type of family to the correct description.
1. two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children Correct label: nuclear family 2. the family in which one is brought up Correct label: families of orientation 3. the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children Correct label: families of procreation 4. a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage Correct label: extended family
Using the Globalization by the Numbers infographic, place the following countries in order from lowest to highest voter turnout.
1. us 2. Mexico 3. turkey 4. rwanda
what date is the social security system expected to stop having sufficient assets to pay full benefits of social security
2030
Match the country to its corresponding average life expectancy at birth.
22- ancient Rome 43-Central African Republic 71-U.S. black male 81-U.S. white female 84- Japan
Approximately what is the percentage of Americans who do some kind of volunteer work within a given year?
25%
at what age does medicare & social security benefits become available
65
What was the reported turnout of the voting-eligible population over age 55 for the 2012 presidential election in the United States?
70%
Females make up what percentage of arcade-style video game players?
74
The practice of unmarried couples living together without getting married, known as cohabitation, has increased in recent decades. In 2016, what percentage of women participated in this kind of union by age 30?
75
According to the textbook, what was the approximate percentage of unmarried mothers with children under 18 in the paid workforce in 2013?
75 percent
According to the textbook, what was the approximate percentage of unmarried mothers with children under 18 in the paid workforce in 2013?
75%
Identify the following statements as a common reason for cohabitating, or not.
A Common Reason - "We were spending most nights together, anyway." - "I just love spending time with him!" Not common - "I need to see whether he'll do any housework before I decide to marry him." - "I need to test out my ability to be in a serious relationship."
Identify the following as major immigrant groups in the United States since 1965, or not.
A Major Group Latin America South/East Asia Not a Major Group Europe southern Africa
Identify the following statements as primary reasons why residents of Ferguson, MO protested in the streets, or not.
A Reason because of concern over institutional racism in the criminal justice system because black teenager Michael Brown had been fatally shot by a white police officer Not a Reason because of President Donald Trump's overtly racist statements because of the cumulative burden of microaggressions, white privilege, and stereotyping
Identify the example that represents a portfolio worker.
Amy can write, edit, and design graphics. She uses these skills in four jobs, in her first decade after college.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how capitalism affects an aging population.
A [conflict] theorist considering aging and the elderly would argue that our capitalist society tends to favor those who are the most [economically powerful]. According to this view, many of the problems of aging are produced by the routine operation of [social institutions] and women, low-income persons and ethnic groups generally fare [worse] than others.
Which of the following statements most accurately compares a crime to a deviant act?
A crime is a particular type of deviant act that breaks the law.
Fill in the blanks to complete the statement.
A democracy is a political system in which the people rule.
Kuznets Curve
A formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development then declines and eventually stabilizes at a relatively low level
Match each term to the correct example.
A large retail company responds to workers' demands by eliminating their hours and barring them from entry, effectively eliminating their wages until the employees capitulate to the new policies. Correct label: lockout In response to their employer cutting hours and benefits, workers at a local café begin following every direction in the handbook to the letter, which slows down work markedly. Correct label: work to rule Five hundred workers at a manufacturing plant refuse to come into work, sending a letter of their grievances about unpaid overtime to both their employer and the local newspaper. Correct label: strike Factory workers, angered by the poor working conditions, riot against their employers. Correct label: pre-modern labor conflict
Class
A large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead.
The English-language term two-spirit used by many Native American groups refers to what?
A male-bodied person at birth who expresses a feminine nature
Match each theoretical perspective to the appropriate research study.
A researcher randomly selects 30 schools, of which 15 are located in poor neighborhoods and 15 are located in wealthy neighborhoods, and compares both the curriculum of the schools and observes how teachers conduct their classrooms. Correct label: hidden curriculum A researcher selects two same-aged samples of equal intelligence and ability, one of which includes all high school graduates and one of which includes only young people who dropped out of school in the 11th grade and compares their labor market success over the past year. Correct label: credentialism A researcher surveys 7th grade students who have been in the United States for five to seven years and their immigrant parents to determine whether the children express greater affinity for and knowledge of American culture than their parents. Correct label: assimilation
Upper Class
A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inhertied wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks (shares) Households that earn more than $200,000 5% of American households
Middle Class
A social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower manager occupations.
Lower Class
A social class comprised of those who work part-time or not at all and whose household income is typically lower than $20,000 a year
Communism
A social system based on everyone owning the means of production and sharing in the wealth it produces
Caste
A social system in which one's social status is held for life.
Class Systems
A system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move among classes. Four chief bases- wealth, income, occupation, and education
Which of the following is the best example of emotional intelligence?
A third grader is disappointed when he comes in second at the regional spelling bee, but he congratulates the winner with a smile.
Identify the statements that accurately describe feminist research findings regarding gender and housework for heterosexual couples.
Accurate Statement(s) - On a given day, the man is less likely to do housework. - When men do housework, they spend much less time on it. Not - Heterosexual couples are nearly "symmetrical" in terms of housework labor, a dramatic shift over the last 30 years. - Men more often do rational tasks, and women do affective tasks.
Which of the following statements about the Tea Party are accurate?
Accurate Statement(s) The Tea Party advocates for a smaller role of government in the economy. The Tea Party is not actually a political party; it is a well-organized social movement. Not Accurate Statement(s) The Tea Party advocates for greater access to public programs such as unemployment benefits and social security. The Tea Party is growing in membership and influence.
Using the chart, indicate which statements accurately represent racial and ethnic differences in median household income over time.
Accurate Statement(s) The period of time with the strongest household income growth was 1995-2000. The racial/ethnic group with the lowest median household income has an income only slightly more than half of the group with the highest median household income. Inaccurate Statement(s) Hispanics experienced the highest rate of household income growth between the early 1970s and 2013. The Great Recession (2007-2009) had little impact on median household income.
Which statements accurately describe new religious movements?
Accurate Statements: -New religious movements require a charismatic leader to attract new followers. -New religious movements resemble a social movement in that they are organized and attempt to spread a religious or spiritual message. Not Accurate Statements: -New religious movements assert total control over their members. -New religious movements can be dangerous in some conditions.
Which of these statements best summarizes Muslim sentiment about Western influences and Islamic violence?
Although the majority of Muslims feel that their way of life is being threatened, they approve of Western theological innovations and reject Islamic violence directed towards the West
How is party voting associated with income in the United States?
As income increases, voters are more likely to vote for Republicans.
According to sociologists, which are aspects of "lifestyle"?
Aspects of Lifestyle: one's diet, one's clothing, one's recreational activities Not aspects of Lifestyle: one's occupation, one's income
Market-oriented Theories
Assumes that the best economic consequences will result if individuals are free (from governmental restraint) to make their own economic decisions.
Automation was not part of the American workforce until the mid-twentieth century. In 1950, Christopher Spencer invented the first fully automatic turret lathe. Automation has contributed to "de-skilling" the industrial workforce by breaking up the labor process into specialized tasks. Experts predict that robotics will likely replace 10 percent of U.S. jobs in the coming decades, with the rest of the economy relatively unaffected.
Automation has contributed to "de-skilling" the industrial workforce
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.
Automation refers to the general process by which production processes are enacted by machines, whereas robots refer specifically to the machines performing functions that are ordinarily done by human workers.
According to investment manager Adeel Qalbani, private equity firms are more beneficial to society than firms that buy or sell stock. Identify the benefits that private equity firms provide to their clients.
Benefit(s): -They invest in private companies. -They aim to improve the businesses with which they work. Not benefit(s): -They are better regulated than traditional financial institutions -They are funded through private money.
Identify which of the following statements demonstrate a biological essentialist view.
Biological Essentialism Testosterone makes men aggressive, and sometimes violent. Because they carry babies in the womb, women should be primary caregivers of infants. Social Construction of Gender Ideal masculinity may be emotional or unemotional, depending on the culture. When women speak their minds, others often mistake them as angry or pushy.
Identify the characteristics of an ideal (i.e., pure) bureaucracy, according to Max Weber.
Characteristics of an ideal: 1. For officials, their work is their career. 2. There is a strict hierarchy of authority. Non-characteristics: 1. Officials are on duty or on call at all hours. 2. Officials have absolute power within their areas of responsibility.
What are characteristics of flexible business structures?
Businesses rely on advanced technology to communicate with other businesses. Businesses are networked together horizontally, compartmentalizing pieces of the manufacturing-to-sales pipeline.
Sociologist _____ was one of the 1st to propose a theory of the ______. This ______ theory perspective suggests that are relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions make many of the important decisions in American society. Since the introduction of this theory into the literature, _______ has studied this phenomenon extensively.
C. Wright Mills, power elite, conflict, G. William Domhoff
According to world-systems theory, CORE countries include the most economically developed countries, and they profit from the PERIphery countries, which are typically very low-income and agricultural. The SEMIperiphery countries are located between these extremes; they are somewhat controlled by the CORE, but also exploit PERIphery countries for gain.
CAPS
Select the bolded phrases that represent accurate statements about childhood poverty since the 2008 recession
CHILDHOOD poverty surged after the 2008 recession, erasing many of the gains in child-well-being made in the last 20 years. This is seen in nearly equal rates of childhood poverty for married couple families, male-headed families, and female-headed families. THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY since the recession has benefitted the superrich and their children, and these benefits have filtered down to the poor. In 2015, just 5 percent of children in the United States were living in poverty.
What is the difference between capitalists and proletariats?
Capitalist: Want to see wages go down Earns money by taking a share of the profits Control the means of production Proletariat: Want to see wages go up Earn money by selling their labor
Identify the characteristics of a capitalist economic system.
Characteristic(s): -Investment decisions are made by private entities. -Property and goods are mainly privately owned. -The production, pricing, and distribution of goods are determined by a free market. Not characteristic(s): production makes use of advanced technology Military forces are used to protect the upper class
David Popenoe and Judith Stacey disagree on the question of whether changes in family forms in the United States are "bad" for adults and children. Match each sociologist to the correct argument. Labels can be used more than once.
Children need loving caretakers, regardless of their gender. Correct label: Stacey The increase in divorce, cohabitation, nonmarital births, and decrease in marriage are associated with social ills such as child poverty, substance abuse, and juvenile crime. Correct label: Popenoe Mothers and fathers play different and essential roles in socializing their children. Correct label: Popenoe In the postmodern economy, it is increasingly difficult for one spouse to earn enough to support a family. Correct label: Stacey
Libby likes to wear baggy jeans, a t-shirt, and flip-flops to class most days. Erin, a classmate in her sociology class, wears a skirt and three-inch heels to campus every day. Erin makes fun of Libby and tells her she's not a real woman and won't ever be able to find a boyfriend unless she embraces her femininity. What is this an example of?
Cisgenderism
Racial formation theory argues that racial inequality emerged from past political struggles over race, power, and dominance. Place the following major events related to racial struggles in order from first to last.
Civil War, Abandonment of the Project of Racial Equality, Segregation and disenfranchisement in the South, Civil Rights Movement, Color-blind Ideology
Which scenarios are examples of civil inattention?
Civil inattention: A man seated near a woman whom he finds attractive pretends to be absorbed in a book. People in an elevator stare quietly up at the changing floor numbers. Not Civil Inattention: Two scuba divers silently explore a shipwreck together. During a test, students do not speak to or look at one another.
Identify the following statements as being associated with either James Coleman's or Jonathan Kozol's research.
Coleman's -This research was required under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -Information was gathered on more than half a million students.
It is impossible to know the future, but research on stratification predicts certain scenarios as likely for today's college students. College graduates are likely to outearn those without college degrees. The main variable explaining upward mobility in the United States, however, is your parents' income, not your college degree. You may or may not outearn your parents—it might just be a coin toss. But surely you will compete with highly skilled workers from emerging economies such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. Show Clickable Areas
College graduates are likely to outearn those without college degrees You may or may not outearn your parents
It is impossible to know the future, but research on stratification predicts certain scenarios as likely for today's college students. College graduates are likely to outearn those without college degrees. The main variable explaining upward mobility in the United States, however, is your parents' income, not your college degree. You may or may not outearn your parents—it might just be a coin toss. But surely you will compete with highly skilled workers from emerging economies such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.
College graduates are likely to outearn those without college degrees. You may or may not outearn your parents
Why did most developing nations go through a different process of nation formation than countries in the developed world?
Colonial powers imposed physical boundaries and state apparatuses on the countries they colonized.
Identify parenting practices
Concentrated Cultivation: Children are enrolled in numerous extracurricular activities. Children are comfortable expressing themselves and questioning authority. Accomplishment of natural growth: Children are very close to extended kin. Children are independent in entertaining themselves and playing with friends. Parents speak briefly to children and use command statements.
Why do sociologists think it is important to understand why people tend to conform to group pressure?
Conformity can lead to destructive behavior
Which of the following were consequences of school busing practices?
Consequence(s) less segregation in U.S. public schools white families moving to the suburbs increased racial tensions Not Consequence(s) white and black families agreeing that integrated schools were better than the previous system
Which of the following arguments are consistent with processual theories of race?
Consistent-1: Race is an important part of one's identity in some circumstances, but not all. 2: Race is a category that people use to interpret the world. 3: Individuals' attempts to align themselves with some groups over others can strengthen the social meaning of racial categories. Inconsistent: Race is one of the most important statuses for individuals' self-identity and life chances. Race is a meaningless social category, with few consequences in individuals' daily lives.
Determine whether the following contribute to either decreases or increases in mortality.
Contribute(s) to Decreases in Mortality flu shots, public sewers, combine harvester Contributes to Increases in Mortality- single crop agriculture, unprotected tire dumps, soft drinks
Which factors contribute to the increasing ability of corporations to dominate the market through merging with and acquiring other firms?
Contributing Factor(s) advanced technology fewer regulations for businesses efficient financing Not Contributing Factor(s) multilingual workers increased education across the globe
According to the textbook, which factors have contributed to the movement away from traditional family forms and toward nuclear family arrangements in many societies?
Contributing Factor(s) the development of centralized governments migration from rural to urban areas employment in institutions, rather than on the land Not Contributing Factor(s) widespread interest in retaining religious traditions the spread of ideas about the utility of marriage
According to the textbook, which factors have contributed to the movement away from traditional family forms and toward nuclear family arrangements in many societies?
Contributing: - migration from rural to urban areas - the development of centralized governments - employment in institutions, rather than on the land Not: - the spread of ideas about the utility of marriage - widespread interest in retaining religious traditions
Why have employers in the United States been relying more and more on part-time and temporary workers?
Corporations save money by using part-time and temporary workers
Why have employers in the United States been relying more and more on part-time and temporary workers?
Corporations save money by using part-time and temporary workers.
Our society recognizes different sexual orientations based on a binary gender system. The normative and dominant category of sexuality is heterosexuality; the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior found that about 4 percent of all adults identify as homosexual while 3 percent of men and 4 percent of women identify as bisexual. The idea that sexual orientation can have a wide spectrum, posited by Alfred Kinsey, has not gained widespread acceptance.
Correct
Sociologist Talcott Parsons identified two complementary social gender roles in the family. The instrumental role is the position of the family member who provides material support and is often an authority figure. The expressive role is the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. These roles may be complementary, but the social rewards for filling them are far from equal. The functionalist view does not explain very well why gender relations are characterized by such inequality.
Correct
The sociological view of gender is that it is not fixed by biological sex but rather is a social institution. It is a set of scripts that orders our lives and defines a person's place in society.
Correct
How does information technology contribute to increased age discrimination?
Correct Answer(s) -Young people tend to have better computer skills. -Internet content promotes a culture of youth and beauty. Incorrect: - Social media itself promotes isolation and loneliness. -Access to medical resources via the Internet favors those under 65. -The elderly view computer technology as anachronistic.
Identify the following examples as representing scientific racism, or not.
Correct Answer(s) Flawed or biased data is used in scientific studies to promote racism. Scientific research is used to support racist assumptions. Incorrect Answer(s) In his personal life, a scientist participates in white supremacist rallies. Racial minorities are underrepresented in occupations related to research and science.
Which of the following criticisms do some observers make about the "zero-tolerance" policy in schools?
Correct Answer(s) It is enacted differently, dependent on a student's race. It sets students on a trajectory toward criminality and the criminal justice system. It has unnecessarily increased the role of police in schools. Incorrect Answer(s) It is not fully enacted; many schools allow major incidents to occur without consequence.
Which U.S. government programs have been especially important in keeping elderly people out of poverty?
Correct Answer(s) Social Security Medicare Incorrect Answer(s) food stamps USDA housing assistance
A researcher wants to try "doing gender" as a way to investigate the social construction of gender. Which of the following might allow a researcher who was assigned male at birth and identifies as a man to "do gender" as a woman in U.S. society?
Correct Answer(s) get a manicure with painted nails use a higher vocal register learn body language of women Incorrect Answer(s) learn to flirt speak and act politely wear a scent
Which factors may make it harder for people with college degrees to find work in the future?
Correct Answer(s) increased competition from others with college degrees increased competition from overseas workers increased workplace automation Incorrect Answer(s) increased debt burden due to the rising cost of education increased number of college-major fields
Which of the following types of rights are associated with being a citizen?
Correct Answer(s) political rights civil rights social rights Incorrect Answer(s) membership rights welfare rights
Which U.S. employment sectors were hit hardest by the recession in 2008?
Correct Answer(s) real estate finance construction Incorrect Answer(s) health services public utilities
Norah Vincent spent a year learning how men behave by "doing gender" as a man. Which of the following might allow a researcher who was born male and identifies as a man to "do gender" effectively enough to successfully understand the behavior of women?
Correct Answer(s) get a manicure with painted nails, use a higher vocal register, learn body language of women Incorrect Answer(s): wear a scent, learn to flirt, shave closely
Which skills do young people typically acquire upon entering the workforce?
Correct Answer(s)1. the ability to get along with non-family members 2. the ability to work independently 3. the management of one's emotions Incorrect answers: creativity and spontaneity
Which of the following are elements of the broken windows theory of deviance?
Correct Answer(s): Deviance is a self-reinforcing spiral. Deviance is a response to social context and local cues. Incorrect Answers(s): Informal sanctions are not effective in controlling deviance. Deviance is driven by neighborhood culture and not easily prevented.
All of us inevitably reach a "biological maximum" for our life. Which of the following behaviors can help delay the processes of aging until we reach our biological maximum?
Correct Answer(s): regular participation in vigorous exercise, attention to keeping good health, keeping a low or modest level of stress, maintaining a good diet and proper nutrition Incorrect Answers: not worrying about the decline in muscle mass, avoiding use of technological devices, avoiding senescence, reducing social activity to reduce risk of injury
Identify each statement about networks as either correct or incorrect.
Correct Answers: Every social group represents a network. Incorrect Answers: Every social aggregate represents a network. Every network is a type of organization. Every network represents a social group.
What do sociologists consider to be "the strength of weak ties"?
Correct Answers: Weak ties provide access to valuable information. Incorrect Answers: Weak ties eventually turn into strong ones. People tend to have more weak ties than strong ones. Weak ties reinforce strong ties.
Which of the following types of rights are associated with being a citizen?
Correct Answers: civil rights, social rights, political rights Incorrect Answers: membership rights, welfare rights
Which of the following would be likely applications of the broken windows theory of social deviance?
Correct Answers: graffiti-proofing walls with a wash-off coating a crackdown on petty crime, such as drinking in public Incorrect Answers: additional community centers with activities for at-risk youth long mandatory prison terms for violent felonies
According to the textbook, which of the following factors contributed to the rise of racism?
Correct Factor(s) preexisting notions about the meaning of "white" and "black" as symbols of good and evil the invention of race as an inheritable and naturally hierarchical trait exploitive relations between Europeans and those whose lands they settled Incorrect Factor(s) stories passed down from generation to generation about the habits and beliefs of native people
According to the textbook and the following chart, identify the two reasons for the stagnation in Hispanics' median household income in the 2000s.
Correct Reasons Hispanics are often stuck in low-level service jobs, which do not pay well. Poor immigrant families entering the country drove down the median household income. Incorrect Reasons Employers actively discriminate against Hispanic job applicants, partly out of fears about hiring undocumented immigrants. Hispanic youth who immigrated in earlier decades held low educational aspirations, leading to lower levels of attainment.
Identify each statement about homelessness in the United States as either correct or incorrect.
Correct Statement(s) A large majority of the homeless have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or mental health issues. One cause of homelessness today is the rising cost of housing. The number of homeless families with children has risen in recent years. Incorrect Statement(s) The number of homeless veterans has risen in recent years.
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, which began in 1997, differs from earlier forms of welfare assistance for the poor. Identify each statement about the TANF program as either correct or incorrect
Correct Statement(s) Families can only receive five years' worth of assistance. Recipients must begin working after two years to continue benefits. Incorrect Statement(s) More state and federal money is made available. The program is expressly meant to help families with children.
Identify each statement about the middle class in the United States as either correct or incorrect.
Correct Statement(s) Most U.S. households are middle class. The middle class represents a shrinking share of the total U.S. population. Incorrect Statement(s) The U.S. middle class is largely white. Most Americans think of themselves as middle class.
Identify the statements about how class systems differ from slavery and castes as either correct or incorrect.
Correct Statement(s) The main basis of class is economic. Individuals have some ability to move between social classes. Incorrect Statement(s) Class is based on each person's unique individual combination of traits. Slavery and castes no longer exist.
Some sociologists speak of an "underclass." Identify each statement about this class as either correct or incorrect.
Correct Statement(s) The underclass is in many ways disconnected from the rest of society. It is extremely difficult for a member of the underclass to move out of it. Incorrect Statement(s) Geographically, the underclass is found mostly in extremely rural areas. The underclass has shrunk in size over the last 25 years.
Which scenarios represent successful social reproduction?
Correct answers: At a utopian commune, the whole group, not organized into nuclear families, raises children. Incorrect answers: 1. Before dying out, a civilization leaves behind detailed written records of its history. 2. A community of immigrants relinquishes its ethnic past and assimilates into its new local culture. 3. A revolutionary movement seizes power and institutes a series of dramatic political and cultural reforms.
What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?
Correct choicecorporations' efforts to manufacture goods in countries with the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restrictions, and the most lax governmental regulations
In which ways does mature adulthood today differ from mature adulthood in premodern societies?
Correct- 1. People undergo more life transitions. 2. People live significantly longer. 3. Individuals have more control over their lives Incorrect- 1. People tend to live in the same place their entire lives. 2. Family ties are stronger
Identify the following negative statements as expressions of racism, or not.
Correct: - believing that white people are superior to other groups - in apartheid South Africa, believing that black males were sexually dangerous to white women Incorrect: - opposing immigration from Spanish-speaking nations due to a desire to retain English as the dominant U.S. language - telling jokes about Polish Americans that present them as unintelligent
Homelessness
Correct: - fastest pop. consists of families - history of drugs, alcohol, and mental issues - rising cost of housing Incorrect: - veteran have increased
Working poor
Correct: - high school dropouts have higher likelihood Incorrect: - Blacks are likely to drop back into the working poor after 2008 - minimum wage adjusts for inflation - most get welfare
In which countries have representatives of an Islamic fundamentalist movement taken power of the government?
Correct: -Sudan -Afganistan Incorrect: -Iraq -Iran
Which of the following are expressions of nationalism?
Expressions: fans singing the "Star Spangled Banner" at a sporting event belief in the possibilities of the American Dream Not Expressions:a citizen voting in a presidential election a "Don't Mess with Texas" bumper sticker
Which of the following are examples of socialization?
Correct: 1. A child encourages her parents to open a Facebook account. 2. A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table. 3. Someone acts visibly uncomfortable when a coworker tells a sexist joke. Incorrect: A nurse explains to a patient how to take a prescription medication correctly.
What are the defining characteristics of an organization?
Correct: Its members have come together for a common purpose. There is a clear distinction between those who belong and those who do not. Incorrect: It has a governing structure and rules of behavior. The rest of society is aware of its existence.
Which of these findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective?
Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity
Of the listed items, which ones has sociologist Frank Furstenberg identified as critical for a young person's transition into mature adulthood?
Critical for Adulthood having a child, getting married, finishing school Not Critical for Adulthood: 1. owning a home 2. buying a first car
Why does Amy Chua argue that democracy and a free market would not solve the problem of ethnic conflicts?
Democracy may trigger backlash from ethnic majority
U.S. politics is dominated by two major parties. Match the group of voters to the candidate favored by the group.
Democratic candidate Clinton Correct label: black and Hispanic voters Correct label: younger voters Republican candidate Trump Correct label: older voters Correct label: voters from small towns and rural areas
Match Statement to correct theory of global inequality
Dependence theory: emphasizes how wealthy nations have exploited poor ones World-systems theory: divides nations into core, periphery, and semiperiphery Market-oriented: sees government regulations as an impediment to a strong economy - blames the poverty of poor nations on traditional cultural values Global commodity chains: focuses on how nations are connected through labor networks - emphasizes the role of business decisions over the role of workers or governments
Identify the nation as experiencing dependent development, or not
Dependent: - India - Mexico Not: - Japan - Nepal
Periphery
Describes the countries that have low-income and that are largely agricultural that are often manipulated by core countries for their own economic advantage. (some countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia)
Semi-periphery
Describes the countries that supply sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized societies.
Core
Describes the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system. (Japan, United States, Western Europe)
Match the sociologist with the example of religion in society that best fits the sociologist's theory.
Despite large-scale modernization and technological changes in everyday life, some religious groups such as the Amish and Hasidic Jews have maintained strong cultural purity in tight-knit communities. - Durkheim When potentially preventable crises occur, politicians often offer prayers and encourage reflection of community members rather than addressing the roots of the crisis. - Marx Religious groups play a role in promoting and helping to lead several social movements, such as Black Lives Matter. - Weber
Identify the developments in Europe during the 1400s that led to the industrial wage labor force over the next several centuries.
Development(s): the enclosure movement the agricultural revolution population growth Not development(s): the emergence of distinct social classes
Which interactionist theory suggests that individuals become deviant when exposed to a higher level of deviant persons and influences, compared with conventional influences?
Different association theory
The social upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s in America created a context of -, when the power of established religions was effectively challenged. Liberal theology continued to be strong in -, but conservative theology became increasingly influential in -.
Disestablishment Churches Politics
Which of the following factors are distinctive to capitalism?
Distinctive Factor(s) profit as an incentive, private ownership of the means of production, free competition, business expansion and individual investments Not distinctive factors: government limits on corporate practices, avoidance of workers' rights organizations
What are the main causes behind the rising economic inequality in the US over the past few decades?
Economic Globalization Declining role of governments
Fill in the blanks to complete this passage about Keynsian economics.
Economist John Maynard Keynes recommended that governments intervene more in the economy in order to spark economic growth. According to his theory, people can expect full employment and continuous economic growth. Keynsianism has been mostly abandoned since the 1970s.
Identify the effects of the decline in unionization on the U.S. labor market, according to the Economic Policy Institute.
Effect(s): fewer jobs offering health and pension benefits increasing income inequality Not effect(s): fewer women protected by unions, but no change for men decreasing income inequality
Identify the elements that Max Weber includes among the bases of class divisions
Element(s) one's control of the means of production one's control of intangible economic resources Not Element(s) one's source of income: wages or a share of profits one's lifestyle and quality of life
Place the following educational reforms in chronological order.
Elementary and Secondary Education ActGun-Free Zone ActNo Child Left BehindRace to the Top
Identify the elements that Max Weber includes among the bases of class divisions.
Elements: one's control of intangible economic resources one's control of the means of production Not elements: one's source of income: wages or a share of profits one's lifestyle and quality of life
Place each groundbreaking television series about homosexual or transgender characters in order in which the shows aired from first to last.
Ellen, Will & Grace, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, Orange Is the New Black, Transparent
Which of the following are examples of how families perform the role of personality stabilization, according to the functionalist perspective?
Example(s) Two adult brothers keep in touch with weekly phone calls from across the country. A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. Not Example(s) A mother reminds her child to say "thank you" after receiving a present. A married partner is restrained from cheating on her spouse because of marriage vows.
According to Charles Tilly's analysis of revolutionary social change, identify each scenario as an example of collective action, or not.
Example(s) of Collective Action In the nineteenth century, the peasantry overthrew the monarchy in France. A painting of the Storming of the Bastille. On Jan. 21, 2017, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Washington D.C. for the Women's March. A large crowd marching in front of the White House. Not Example(s) of Collective Action Millions of people vote in each election. A crowd cheers and waves signs at a political rally in a packed arena. Elected officials work together to pass policies. Senator Elizabeth Warren speaks at a committee meeting.
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the importance of "cultural capital" in determining a child's later social class. Which are examples of cultural capital?
Example(s) of Cultural Capital attendance at elite private schools having parents who help with homework Not Example(s) of Cultural Capital adequate nutrition and rest safe transportation to and from school
According to sociologist Sean Reardon, which of the following are explanations for the achievement gap?
Explanation(s) Residential segregation related to income has increased in recent decades. Middle-class parents invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development. Not Explanation(s) School discipline often removes the most needy children from class, thus limiting their educational exposure. Families that value credentialism pass on this value to their children.
Which of the following are expressions of nationalism?
Expression(s) of Nationalism fans singing "The Star Spangled Banner" at a sporting event belief in the possibilities of the American Dream Not Expression(s) of Nationalism a citizen voting in a presidential election a "Don't Mess with Texas" bumper sticker
Identify the features that sociologists use to define family. These features are true of all families.
Feature(s) of Family: - a group of people connected by kinship ties - a group of people in which the adult members take responsibility for the children's upbringing - a group of people who form an economic unit Not features: - a group of kin in which the adults are joined by marriage - a group of people who love one another and live in the same household
According to the religious economy perspective, which features of a religious group would promote greater religiosity among its followers?
Features: -strong organization -specialized beliefs and rituals -effective religious leaders Not Features: -influential congregants
What distinguishes the fields-of-action theory of social movements from the other theories of social movements in the textbook?
Fields-of-action theory draws more attention to the interaction between a social movement and other organizations, movements, and prior history.
Match each description of family life to its associated phase, according to historical sociologist Lawrence Stone.
First Phase Correct label: Parents or community members typically made marital matches for couples. Correct label: The nuclear family was deeply embedded in extended family and community ties. Second Phase Correct label: The nuclear family became distinct from extended family and community. Third Phase Correct label: Women were relegated to the domestic sphere, while men more often worked outside the home. Correct label: Marriage ties were based on individual choice and romantic love.
Identify the following economic practices as distinctive to flexible production systems, or true of capitalism in general.
Flexible Production Systems Companies "race to the bottom" searching around the world for the cheapest materials and labor. The various components of a product are made in different factories around the world. Capitalism in General Successful entrepreneurship is rewarded with great wealth and profit. Workers sense that their own abilities as human beings are taken over by others.
Classify each expression of a person's feelings as either "gives" or "gives off."
Gives: A salesperson answering a customer's question offers a reassuring smile. A person feeling skeptical squints and mutters, "Huh." Gives off: A person blushes in embarrassment. When a person feels a romantic attraction, their pupils dilate.
Identify which professions would be considered "glass escalator" professions for men
Glass Escalator Profession(s) social worker nurse Not Glass Escalator Profession(s) computer programmer middle-management director
Which of the following are reasons why most Americans are more affluent than anyone in the past has ever been?
Globalization of labor force & technological advances
What health epidemic has been tied to hunger in many countries because it has killed so many working-age adults?
HIV/AIDS
What health epidemic has been tied to hunger in many countries because it has killed so many working-age adults?
HIV/Aids
Place each social theorist's work in the order in which it was published from first to last.
Harold Garfinkel studied a trans woman named "Agnes.", Zillah Eisenstein suggested the potential losses for men under a system without gender segregation, Catharine MacKinnon argued that gender and power are inextricably intertwined in our society.
Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify?
Heteronormativity
According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed? Click
High death rates
Match each characteristic to the correct system.
High-Trust System Correct label: workers have autonomy over their work style and pace Correct label: characteristic of work at higher managerial levels Low-Trust System Correct label: numerous conflicts with management, such as strikes Correct label: high levels of worker dissatisfaction
Match each characteristic to the correct system.
High-Trust System characteristic of work at higher managerial levels workers have autonomy over their work style and pace Low-Trust System high levels of worker dissatisfaction numerous conflicts with management, such as strikes
Identify whether Native Americans have either higher or lower rates of the following compared to other racial/ethnic groups.
Higher Rates divorce teen births intermarriage by race births outside of marriage Lower Rates overall births
Identify whether Native Americans have either higher or lower rates of the following compared to other racial/ethnic groups.
Higher Rates: - intermarriage by race - teen births - births outside of marriage - divorce
Identify whether the following groups have higher or lower voter turnout.
Higher Voter Turnout high-income (compared to low-income individuals) more highly educated (compared to less highly educated individuals) Lower Voter Turnout Hispanic (compared to black individuals) younger (compared to older individuals)
The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber's theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent?
Hinduisim
Identify the following examples as associated with historical social roles in the United States, or new social roles in today's world.
Historical Social Roles College students are age 18-22; workers are about age 22-65. Retirement means the end of employment around age 65. Today Instead of retiring entirely, many 65-70 year olds work part time. Students over age 22 represent a large percentage of college students.
Identify each person as either homeless or not homeless.
Homeless Felipe is an unemployed veteran. He sleeps in a town park. The police know him and leave him alone. Annabella left her abusive boyfriend. She and her infant son stay at a free women's shelter. Not Homeless Because Chris likes solitude and the outdoors, he lives in a tent on a friend's ranch. Eriqua lost her job and couldn't keep up with her rent payments. She has moved in with her sister.
Match each model of ethnic integration to its description.
Immigrants adopt some of the dominant group's culture, while the dominant culture is also altered by immigrants' influence. Correct label: melting pot Immigrant and the dominant group's cultures exist separately, but both participate in society on an equal footing. Correct label: multiculturalism Immigrants come to adopt the attitudes and language of the dominant group. Correct label: assimilation Immigrant and the dominant group's cultures exist separately, but both participate in society. Correct label: pluralism
What resources does the theory of structural strain suggest are important for organizing and sustaining a social movement?
Important Resource(s) regular communication funding leadership Not Important Resource(s) tacit government approval
In what way does Hinduism support cultural norms in India?
In Hinduism, performing the duties appropriate to one's station, or caste, is a marker of ideal life
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about gender and family.
In Sweden, new parents—both mothers and fathers—receive 480 days of paid parental leave. The United States is the only industrialized country without federally mandated paid parental leave.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
In Western societies, marriage is typically associated with monogamy, in which only two romantic partners are joined in marriage at one time. In other parts of the world, however, polygamy, where one partner can have multiple spouses, is sometimes the norm.
Which statement most accurately describes the position of women in Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam?
In all three religions, some subgroups curtail women's roles while others allow for much greater gender equality
Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about education.
In contemporary society, the spread of information technology appears to be changing the nature of schooling. In particular, a parallel education industry linked to software development and large institutions are forming part of what is being called the edutainment industry.
If Premier, a window washing company, dominates the market so they are the only company offering window washing services, this is known as a(n) -. If Premier, a window washing company, has competitors but secretly colludes with them to fix prices, this is known as a(n)-. In both cases, - competition allows the companies to keep prices -.
In order from first to last: monopoly oligopoly zero high
Identify the following statements as being associated with either James Coleman's or Jonathan Kozol's research.
James Coleman's Research Information was gathered on more than half a million students. This research was required under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Jonathan Kozol's Research This research offered passionate and persuasive stories of students and their families. Information was gathered from about 30 neighborhoods in the United States.
Match profession to social class
Janitor- lower class restaurant cook- working class Registered nurse- lower middle class engineer- upper middle class university president- upper class
how do elders remain active in japan
Japanese encourages this activity business policies support post retirement work with the same company
Classical sociologists wrote about religion, but drew very different conclusions. - saw religion as a form of false consciousness, blinding people to the real causes of inequality. - viewed religion as an important source of social solidarity. - analyzed the relationship between religion and the emergence of capitalism.
Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Max Weber
The chapter opens with the story of 77-year-old Alice Garvin, currently struggling with foreclosure, living on a "patchwork of welfare," and coping with a system of institutions that seem to make her life difficult. Her experience with aging has been shaped by her earlier life, as well as by social and historical contexts. This is consistent with which theoretical perspective?
Life course
What are the main features of global capitalism?
Main Feature(s) corporations conduct operations in more than one country shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country Not Main Feature(s) corporations are located within one country, but do business with other corporations around the world global corporations are not obligated to follow any federal level laws
What are the main features of global capitalism?
Main Feature(s):shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country corporations conduct operations in more than one country Not main features: global corporations are not obligated to follow any federal level laws corporations are located within one country, but do business with other corporations around the world
What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?
Majority of adults have the right to vote Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties
The occupation of clerk or office worker is a good demonstration of what sociologists call "occupational segregation." Place the steps illustrating this particular evolution in order from first to last.
Male clerks held responsible, often managerial, positions requiring accountancy skills. As the typewriter and other forms of mechanization appeared in the workplace, the job of clerk required new skills. Female clerks increasingly performed routine tasks, ensuring that the company and its managers operated smoothly. Pay and prestige of the female clerk declined as the job became routine.
Solomon Asch studied people's tendency to conform to group norms by staging gatherings where members of a group were asked to compare a line to three reference lines, as shown here. What did Asch find?
Many people are reluctant to be the dissenting voice in a group.
Which of the following household types is most common in the United States today?
Married without children
Disagreeing with Freud, Nancy Chodorow takes the position that___________ not ____________, is defined by loss, in the form of separation from the ___________. This separation leads to greater difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships, to what has been called male INEXPRESSIVENESS
Masculinity, femininity, mother
The lower average IQ among the burakumin of Japan supports what argument about race and IQ?
Membership in a socially deprived social group lowers IQ.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about Hispanic and Latino immigrants in the United States.
Mexican Americans typically have lower levels of economic well-being and educational attainment than the U.S. population, while Cuban Americans are relatively advantaged immigrants.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
Mexican families often face unique challenges due to migration, where fathers will move to the United States first and send remittances back to their families, until eventually they can bring their families to the United States. After family members arrive, they face the risk of deportation, or forcible removal from the country.
According to the textbook, corporations in the early twenty-first century are very different from those of the mid-twentieth century. Match each characteristic to the correct time period
Mid-Twentieth Century Correct label: The corporation is highly bureaucratic and employs a large number of production workers and middle management. Correct label: The core corporation is located within the United States, from which some overseas manufacturing plants are controlled. Early Twenty-First Century Correct label: The corporation can be characterized as an "enterprise web" that links smaller businesses together. Correct label: Worker turnover—the percentage of workers who leave and are replaced each year—is high.
Match each feature of money to the corresponding social and economic benefit, according to Adam Smith.
Money can be used to set agreed-on prices for goods -Money comes in standard countable quantities (Since money is divisible into units of small value, prices can be set very precisely.) Money can be used to store value -Money does not rot, rust, or evaporate. (Money makes savings possible. Saving with a barter system is difficult.) Money promotes trust between people -Money is intrinsically worthless (Accepting money in payment is an act of trust: that someone else will later do the same when one wants to buy something)
Identify the following parents as more or less likely to homeschool their children, according to the survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education.
More Likely to Homeschool a stay-at-home mother who is concerned about negative moral influences in public school a two-parent family earning $65,000 Less Likely to Homeschool a single black mother concerned for her child's future a two-parent family with one parent working in the tech industry, which fosters a belief in cyberschooling
Why is a child's peer group an even more important socializing agent today than in times past?
More children spend time in a daycare or in preschool setting
Feminist critiques of a biological basis for the division of labor base their criticism on what idea?
Much of human activity is based on socialization.
is it true that memory and learning ability decline significantly once you get a little old
NO they don't significantly decline until very late in life (late 80s) BUT speed of recalling info is slower
According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?
Necessary Condition(s)-There must be different political parties that represent different interests. There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy. Not necessary conditions- Citizens must be able to vote directly for all proposed policies. Bureaucrats must play a limited role in running the government.
Select the bolded phrases that describe ways in which the Internet likely shaped the 2016 presidential election
One effective strategy was "twitterstorms" "Fake news" stemmed from individuals, U.S. groups, and Russia,
Online dating potentially offers many benefits for the elderly population. Someone who supports the theory of socioemotional selectivity would be most likely to support which kind of online dating services?
Online dating services that favor strong monogamous relationships
Identify each characteristic as being part of either one's social identity or self-identity.
Part of One's Social Identity: oil-rig worker, recently divorce, Roman Catholic Part of One's Self-Identity: politically moderate, fan of puzzles, prone to depression
Classify each scenario as either part or not part of the informal economy.
Part of the Informal Economy making candles for one's own home selling drugs to acquaintances Not Part of the Informal Economy working as a nanny through an online service that handles booking and payment working at a small business that records and reports its earnings
Classify each scenario as either part or not part of the informal economy.
Part of the Informal Economy- selling drugs to acquaintances,making candles for one's own home Not part of the informal economy- working at a small business that records and reports its earnings working as a nanny through an online service that handles booking and payment
U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following three related landmark moments in order from earliest to most recent.
Passage of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) Windsor v. United States of America Supreme Court decision Supreme Court ruling invalidating state same-sex marriage bans
Homeless
People who have no place to sleep and either stay in free shelters or sleep in public places not meant for habitation
Bourgeoisie
People who own companies, land, or stocks (shares) and use these to generate econmic retuens
Proletariat
People who sell their labor for wages according to Marx
Working Poor
People who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how schools reward children.
Pierre Bourdieu was interested in the process of cultural reproduction, or the process by which schools reward the cultural capital of middle- and upper-class children.
Contradictory Class Locations
Positions in the class structure, particularly routine white collar and lower manager jobs, that share characteristics with the class positions both above and below them
The phrase "audience segregation" refers to which of the following?
Presenting different images of oneself to different groups of people
What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?
Primary Characteristic(s): Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties. The majority of adults in a liberal democracy have a right to vote. Not Primary Characteristics: Liberal democracies ensure the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to vote. The elected government in liberal democracies manages a free market economy.
Identify each trait as being characteristic of either the proletariat or the capitalists in Marx's economic theory.
Proletariat- want to see wages go up. earn money by selling their labor Capitalist: want to see wages go down, control the means of production, earn money by taking a share of profits
Identify each trait as being characteristic of either the proletariat or the bourgeoisie in Marx's economic theory.
Proletariat: earn money by selling their labor & produce surplus value with their labor Bourgeoisie: own factories, investment capital, and other assets & exploit others by benefiting from labor they did not perform. & control the means of production
Place each political protests in order from first to last
Protest against the Iraq war at the Democrat and Republican national conventions Cindy Sheehan's antiwar protest outside George W. Bush's Texas ranch Protests against removal of the antiwar mural on the outside of the museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles The beginning of the occupy movement The beginning of the black lives matter movement
Weber was interested in how world religions influence social change. Identify each feature of religion as characteristic of Protestantism or Confucianism, according to Weber's theory.
Protestantism: -see it as better to reinvest wealth than to spend on personal consumption -support entrepreneurship as a form of service to God Confucianism: -Religion slows economic growth, rather than spurring it. -By emphasizing the value of harmony, people less aggressively seek active mastery of the world.
Which of the following statements about queer theory are correct?
Queer theory rejects any notion of a binary sexuality system, For much of the twentieth century, "queer" was a pejorative term, "Queer" encompasses a wide range of gender and sexual diversity.
Chapter 14: Families
Questions
Identify the following statements about the photograph as related to the concept of race, or ethnicity.
Race These boys represent a South African scale of black, Indian, half-caste, and white. These boys look different from one another because their genes fall into different genetic categories. Ethnicity Despite different appearances, these boys are all citizens of South Africa. These boys are school friends who speak the same language.
According to structuralists, what is one example of the way that racial categorization is inconsistent in the United States and reflects larger economic and political forces?
Racial categories in the U.S. census are inconsistent.
Type the term that best describes the skills taught to children of multiracial families to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities.
Racial literacy
Identify the following negative statements as expressions of racism, or not.
Racism in apartheid South Africa, believing that black males were sexually dangerous to white women believing that white people are superior to other groups, but not acting on this belief Not Racism opposing immigration from Spanish-speaking nations due to a desire to retain English as the dominant U.S. language telling jokes about Polish Americans that present them as unintelligent
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of worker alienation, according to Marx's view?
Sergio works in a warehouse pulling products people have ordered from an online merchant to be shipped to them the next day. His accuracy and speed are closely monitored by his immediate supervisor, which he resents.
Identify the reasons why the achievement gap between poor and wealthy kids has grown over time.
Reason(s) Better-off families can afford to live in better neighborhoods with better schools. Better-off families tend to engage in more activities designed to improve their children's cognitive abilities. Income inequality has grown over time, too, and this increases the resources available to kids from better-off families. Poorer children are more likely to live in single-parent homes, and one parent may not have as much time to spend on them. Not Reason(s) Poor families do not place as much trust in schools as better-off families do.
Which of the following reasons have been proposed for the reversal of the gender gap in completing a college degree?
Reason(s) Opportunities in traditionally female-dominated industries have expanded, while male-dominated industries like manufacturing now have fewer opportunities. Teachers have recognized and addressed gender bias in the classroom. Not Reason(s) Natural differences in intelligence between boys and girls is clearer now that gender bias is less present in schools. Girls are increasingly flocking to science and math fields.
What reasons do researchers give for why the United States' unemployment levels have been rising during the past 60 years?
Reason(s) The rise of international competition has affected industries important to U.S. prosperity. The increasing use of microelectronics in industry has reduced the need for labor power. European countries provide a stronger social safety net, including unemployment benefits. The U.S. government continues to rely on Keynesianism to attempt to reduce unemployment.
Identify the reasons why it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on intimate partner violence.
Reason(s) Victims of severe abuse may not have the time and freedom to answer survey questions. Perpetrators of domestic abuse may underreport. There are different types of intimate partner violence, which may lead to confusion. Not Reason(s) Researchers are not allowed to interview women at shelters, due to privacy concerns. Surveys often mischaracterize violence when asking respondents questions.
Identify the reasons why many Americans are more affluent than any peoples have previously been in human history.
Reason(s) increased productivity due to technological advances access to cheap consumer goods made in countries where wages are low Not Reason(s) a steadily strengthening social safety net provided by government and informal support in local communities increasing socioeconomic equality stemming from market forces of globalization and regulatory forces of federal policy
Which of the following are reasons why most Americans are more affluent than anyone in the past has ever been?
Reason(s) technological advances, the globalization of the labor force Not reason(s)- a steadily strengthening social safety net, increasing socioeconomic equality
According to the textbook, identify the reasons why more U.S. students should study abroad.
Reason(s) to Study Abroad to learn more about other cultures to gain foreign language skills Not Reason(s) to Study Abroad to save costs on schooling to advance math and science skills
Identify the reasons why there are low rates of union representation in the United States.
Reason(s); -a perception that unions promote worker inefficiency -fear among workers of harming relations with management -a perception that unions are corrupt and strong-arm workers Not reason(s): a perception that union representation does not improve workers' wages the knowledge that union membership exposes workers to legal sanctions
Ferguson MO reasons for protest.
Reason: - because black teenager Michael Brown had been fatally shot by a white police officer - because of concern over institutional racism in the criminal justice system Not: - because of the cumulative burden of microaggressions, white privilege, and stereotyping - because of President Donald Trump's overtly racist statements
According to the textbook and the following chart, identify the two reasons for the stagnation in Hispanics' median household income in the 2000s.
Reason: - low level jobs - poor immigrants Not: - fear of undocumented immigrants - young immigrants
Which conclusions can reasonably be drawn from the data shown in the graphic?
Reasonable conclusions- In the countries shown, the average age at a first sexual experience is under 25 years old Not-reasonable conclusion- premartial sex is a major social problem in most countries In all countries shown, the first typical birth is to an unwed mother In all the countries shown, the average average at first childbirth is below average at first marriage
Match each historical period in which the United States experienced disestablishment to the correct description.
Religion was officially separated from the workings of the U.S. government. - late 1700s An influx of immigrants weakened Protestants' political power. - 1890s to 1920s Substantial changes in family, community, and social life posed challenges to many U.S. citizens' religious beliefs. - 1960s to 1970s
Classify each example as either a productivity enhancing or rent seeking activity.
Rent Seeking: corporations hiring lobbyists to advocate for their positions and enact laws that will make competition more difficult Road tolls where the entity that collects the tolls no longer makes improvements on the road. Productivity Enhancing Activity: Corporations investing in research and design teams that come up with new product ideas companies adding new services to keep up with competitors
What are the required elements of a workers' strike?
Required Element(s) A group of employees engages in the same action. Those involved in a strike make their grievances known. All work is suspended for an indefinite period. Not Required Element(s) Workers quit their jobs. Workers slow down their productivity.
What changes in many non-U.S. industrialized nations have contributed to the shrinking of the average work week?
Restrictions on work hours, changes to retirement age
What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?
Role(s) of Nation-States Nation-states form alliances with one another. Nation-states enforce laws. Nation-states wage wars. Not Role(s) of Nation-States Nation-states effectively regulate globalization through national policies.
What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?
Roles of Nation- states:Nation-states enforce laws. Nation-states form alliances with one another. Nation-states facilitate communication between their citizens and citizens of other countries. Non-roles of Nation-states: Nation-states prevent corporations from outsourcing jobs to other countries.
David Popenoe and Judith Stacey disagree on the question of whether changes in family forms in the United States are "bad" for adults and children. Match each sociologist to the correct argument. Labels can be used more than once.
STACEY - Children need loving caretakers, regardless of their gender. - In the postmodern economy, it is increasingly difficult for one spouse to earn enough to support a family. POPENOE - The increase in divorce, cohabitation, non-marital births, and decrease in marriage are associated with social ills such as child poverty, substance abuse, and juvenile crime. - Mothers and fathers play different and essential roles in socializing their children.
According to Durkheim, a religious object such as a statue that people pray to, or a head covering used to mark religious belief, is -, whereas ordinary objects such as clothes, computers, or games are -.
Sacred Profane
School funding can vary greatly, even within the same state or county. Why does per-student funding vary so much for different schools?
School funding usually comes from local property taxes, so wealthier areas generate more funding for schools.
How does this picture exemplify the kinds of problems that Jonathan Kozol saw in the schools he observed?
Schools in poor communities were in a state of disrepair.
In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
Secondary deviance is the eventual effect of primary deviance, where deviance begins
Place the items in chronological order, based on George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the social self.
Sense of I- having wants and desires Sense of me- General sense of the world
Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?
State and national laws have been passed in response to efforts made by the group Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), with input from auto industry representatives and primary advocates.
Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?
State and national laws have been passed in response to efforts made by the group Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), with input from auto industry representatives and privacy advocates.
Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer?
Stratification has the benefit of matching the best qualified workers to the most important jobs.
Unschooling
Students in this type of school choose what theu want to learn and often have minimal direction
In -, new parents—both mothers and fathers—receive - days of paid parental leave. - is the only industrialized country without federally mandated paid parental leave.
Sweden, 480, USA
In a study of the admissions practices of an elite New England college with a stated commitment to diversity, which applicants tended to be targets for admission?
Target: - upper class african americans not: - working class white - inner city Latino - lower middle asian americans
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about rape and sexual assault.
The Centers for Disease Control estimate that about 20 percent of women have been the victims of rape or attempted rape. This rate applies to women everywhere. The CDC estimates that about 16 percent of men have experienced sexual assault by age 18, often at the hands of a relative or acquaintance.
What is the primary difference between the Protestant and Catholic faiths?
The Protestant faith depicts the individual as having a direct relationship with God, whereas the Catholic Church emphasizes the role of the church hierarchy as intermediaries between the individual and God
Place the events in chronological order.
The United States invaded Iraq in an effort to depose Saddam Hussein U.S. military personnel killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) was proclaimed to be a global caliphate Syrians flee their country to avoid fighting between ISIS and Kurdish forces
What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average?
The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes.
Neoliberalism
The economic belief that free-market forces, achieved by minimizing government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth.
According to the textbook, what is the main reason for the increasing percentage of households headed by a female breadwinner partnered with a stay-at-home father?
The economic recession hit "male" jobs particularly hard.
In which form does most of the average American family's wealth exist?
The equity in a family-owned home
Exchange Mobility
The exchange of positions on the socioeconomic scale such that talented people move up the economic hierarchy while the less talented move down.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.
The global economy is increasingly dominated by oligopolies, which arise when corporations engage in mergers and acquisitions, allowing them to grow substantially in size. In doing so, the corporations aim to eliminate direct competition and reduce productive overcapacity.
What is true about the middle class in the United States?
The middle class represents a shrinking share of the total US population. Most households in the US are middle class
This animation explores different reasons why people work long hours even when their professional or financial situation would enable them to dial back. A key concept in this context is that of the opportunity cost of leisure. How is this concept best explained?
The more one is paid, the more one gives up by taking a break from earning money
Carol Gilligan sees a connection between girls' psychological development and women's moral outlook. Girls are taught to subordinate their own needs to ________. Consequently, women's ethical views focus on care and other relational activities, and are more _______than men's views, in which rule-following and __________ are the primary concerns.
The needs of others, flexible, individual freedom
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about gender socialization.
The parent who scolds a young boy for playing with dolls (along with two girls) is giving a negative sanction for violating gender roles, while the other parent who praises the boy for winning a computer game is providing a positive sanction.
Place the dramaturgical "scenes" involved in a gynecological exam in chronological order.
The patient sits in the waiting room Patient and doctor have a person-to-person conversation in the consulting room The nurse helps the patient disrobe.. The doctor examines that patient in an impersonal fashion The nurse helps the patient get dressed The doctor discusses the exam results of the patient
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about social inequalities.
The phrase social stratification refers to inequalities arising not from local factors such as personality and small-group dynamics but from broad differences in race, gender, and religion. Inequalities based on how such differences locate people in a social system are called structured inequalities.
According to the textbook, identify the reasons why Americans are less likely to vote than citizens in many other countries.
The registration process is more complex in the United States than in other countries. Americans have the opportunity to vote more often and for more positions. The winner-take-all system discourages third parties that would give voters more viable choices. Not Reason Elections are less publicized in the United States compared to other countries.
By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?
The relationship to authority and the possession of skills or expertise
What is one cause of homelessness today?
The rising cost of housing
John Meyer and Brian Rowan argue that in organizations officially governed by formal rules, much of the work is usually done with minimal regard for the rules. What, then is the role of the rules?
The rules serve to legitimize the work being done.
What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), developed by Paul Ekman and others, designed to record?
The various actions of people's facial muscles
What statistical reality about older people today tends to support the perspective promoted by conflict theory in the 1980s?
There are high poverty rates among Black and Hispanic unmarried women.
Match each term with the correct theoretical perspective.
There is no single social group called "woman"; all categories must be interrogated and deconstructed. Correct label: postmodern feminism Political reform is the best way to work toward gender equity. Correct label: liberal feminism White, privileged, U.S. feminism does not account for the experiences of women of other races. Correct label: black feminism The family is one of the primary social institutions that perpetuates patriarchy and oppression of women. Correct label: radical feminism
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about race and health in the United States.
There remains a black-white gap in life expectancy, and this gap has decreased in recent years. This is, in part, due to greater decreases in death rates for blacks for heart disease, cancer, and HIV.
Culture of Poverty
Thesis popularized by Oscar Lewis that states that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies but is instead the outcome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized. Refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation
What is the role of interest groups, according to pluralist theories of modern democracy?
They establish a balance of power
What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?
They form alliances with one another Enforce laws facilitate communication between their citizens and citizens of other countries
What reason do most couples give for wanting to cohabit in recent years?
They love spending time together and want to share intimacy.
True for boys
They receive more attention and instructional time and are more likely to be called on in class, They are posed with more challenging questions or tasks and are given more praise for the quality of their work.
True for girls
They tend to earn higher grades in elementary school, They are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability.
According to James Henslin and Mae Biggs, what is the primary sociological purpose of the preparations that occur before a woman receives a gynecological exam?
To temporarily take away the woman's personhood.
Which organizations fit the description of what Erving Goffman calls a "total institution"?
Total Institution(s): 1. an oceangoing cargo freighter 2. a nursing home Not a total institution: 1. A private high school 2. A nuclear family unit
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the isolation of ethnic groups.
Two forms of group closure that have been used to isolate ethnic groups are ethnic cleansing, which spurs the mass exodus of a minority ethnic group through threats and violent intimidation, and segregation, a practice whereby racial and ethnic groups are kept physically separate by law.
Which context makes the most sense for the following exchange? Person A: Hand over your leg. Person B: Here you go.
Two people assembling a table.
Which of the following features are typical of flexible business structures?
Typical Feature(s)Businesses rely on advanced technology to communicate with other businesses. Businesses are networked together horizontally, compartmentalizing pieces of the manufacturing-to-sales pipeline. Not Typical Features: Businesses give workers greater autonomy than ever before, including time off to develop new skills or care for family members. Businesses control a greater number of parts of the production process, from collecting raw goods to production of products to sales.
The Tata people of Togo comprise one of the few surviving traditional societies in the world. Identify each item as either typical of traditional societies, such as the Tatas, or modern societies.
Typical of Traditional Societies 1. The elderly find rewards in an outward-looking view of life. 2. The elderly are accorded great respect. Typical of Modern Societies: 1. The elderly are materially less well off than the middle aged. 2. The elderly have fewer responsibilities than the middle aged.
How is unionization associated with average wages?
Unionized employees, on average, make more money than non-unionized employees within the same industry.
Identify each description as a member of either the upper middle class or the lower middle class.
Upper Middle Class owns a small business active in local politics owns a comfortable-sized home Lower Middle Class not politically active works for hourly wages
Either the upper middle class or the lower middle class.
Upper middle: - small business - active in politics - comfortable sized home Lower middle: - not politically active - hourly wages
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about volunteering.
Volunteer work is unpaid labor that serves an important social role. In 2015, about 63 million people—over one-fifth of American adults—contributed 8 billion hours of volunteer service, estimated as worth $193 billion.
Why are Americans less likely to vote than citizens in many other countries?
Voters lack candidates that address their concerns Registration process is more complex Voter burnout
The Fordist period after - was characterized by a high degree of stability in labor relations and high rates of -. Workers and employers engaged in -, which contributed to a range of worker benefits.
WW2, unionization, collective bargaining
According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today?
Wealth and power built through colonialism was used to help corporations continue to exploit these countries' workers and natural resources.
According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today?
Wealth and power resulted in continuing exploitation
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about global migratory movements related to Western colonialism.
When people moved, mostly voluntarily, from Europe to North America, this established the colonial population, the descendants of whom still live in North America. In a similar movement, of mostly voluntary migration, Europeans also moved to Central and South America at the rate of about 50 million. When Europeans moved to Africa, most settled in South Africa. The greatest involuntary movement of migrants was from Africa to the Americas, which established New World slavery.
Which of the following examples most clearly displays prejudice?
White person believes Hispanics are dangerous but does not act on that belief
Argued that signs of neighborhood disorder, such as broken windows, encouraged more serious crime, and thus became a theory known as "broken windows"
Wilson and Kelling
Classify each description as either a winner-take-all or proportional representation approach.
Winner-Take-All Approach Countries with this electoral system typically end up with two dominant political parties. This electoral system is prevalent in the United States. Proportional Representation Approach Elected representatives in countries with this electoral system often have to form coalitions in order to form a government. Countries with this electoral system typically end up with several political parties, representing divergent interests.
Global Commodity Chains
Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product
Some sociologists speak of an "underclass." Identify each statement about this class as either correct or incorrect.
Yes: - disconnected form society - difficult to move out No: - shrinking - rural
Which are examples of cultural capital?
Yes: - parent helping with homework - elite schooling No: - safe transportation - adequate nutrition and rest
By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?
Yes: - relationship to authority - skills and expertise No: - nature of work - level of income
Match each type of social mobility to the statement describing it.
a measure of social movement from one generation to the next Correct label: intergenerational social mobility an individual moving up (or down) the social scale in his or her own lifetime Correct label: intragenerational social mobility social mobility resulting from changes in the number and types of jobs available in society Correct label: structural social mobility talented people tend to move up the economic hierarchy, while less talented ones tend to move down Correct label: exchange mobility
Amy Chua argues that there is a similar dynamic at play in ethnic conflicts such as Rwanda, Yugoslavia, and Indonesia. Identify the statement that describes this dynamic.
a small ethnic minority enjoys disproportionate econommic power
Identify the scenario that would be classified by a U.S. court as quid pro quo sexual harassment.
a supervisor demands sexual acts from a worker in exchange for a promotion
In terms of annual income for a family of four, what is the poverty line in the United States, as defined by the federal government?
about 24k
Intra generational
an individual moving up (or down) the social scale in his or her own lifetime
Place the professions in order from highest to lowest social prestige score.
architect veternarian firefighter farm manager
Place the professions in order from highest to lowest social prestige score.
architect, vet, firefighter, farm manger, truck driver, bartender
Identify which of the following statements demonstrate a biological essentialist view.
biological essentialism -Testosterone makes men aggressive, and sometimes violent. -Because they carry babies in the womb, women should be primary caregivers of infants. social construction -When women speak their minds, others often mistake them as angry or pushy. -Ideal masculinity may be emotional or unemotional, depending on the culture.
Challenges to women differ across class boundaries.
black feminism
Gender oppression is not uniform.
black feminism
a term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
cisgender
belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities
cisgenderism
Which of the following types of rights are associated with being a citizen?
civil rights political rights social rights
Identify each of the following rights as either a civil, political, or social right.
civil rights: - the rights to own property - the rights to equal justice political right -the right to run for public office social right - the right to earn minimum wage
Which of the following is an example of the shift in emphasis from education to learning in the ethos of American schooling?
classes that incorporate internships or service learning in their curriculum
Type the phrase that is short for the process of revealing one's homosexual or bisexual identity.
coming out
which theory would favor the idea that capitalist society tends to favor those who are the most economically powerful
conflict
Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance.
conflict theory
A ______ theorist considering aging and the elderly would argue that our capitalist society tends to favor those who are the most ____________. According to this view, many of the problems of aging are produced by the routine operation of __________ and women, low-income persons and ethnic groups generally fare _________ than others
conflict, economically powerful, social institution, worse
embraces socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve those goals
conformist
which teachings encourage filial (ancestral) piety
confucianism
What type of government has a king or queen whose power is severely restricted by a country's constitution?
constitutional monarchy
biological aging
declining vision (eye lens loses its elasticity) hearing loss (first higher pitch, then lower pitch) wrinkles (skins underlying structure becomes brittle) decline in muscle mass & increase in fat drop in cardiovascular efficiency (less oxygen can be inhaled)
Democratic governments rely on the expertise of bureaucrats, which are balanced by strong political leaders elected by a free citizenry.
democratic elitism
U.S. politics is dominated by two major parties. Match the group of voters to the candidate favored by the group.
democratic: black and hispanic voter & younger voter republican: voters from small towns and rural areas & older voters
What is one political implication of the prediction that the United States will be a majority-minority country by 2044, at which point non-Hispanic whites will comprise less than half (47 percent) of the population?
democrats will have an electoral advantage over republicans
Men and women tend to be concentrated in different occupations according to gender. Place the gender on the occupation in which it is the majority.
dental hygienist Correct label: women secretary Correct label: women machinist Correct label: men nurses Correct label: women pilot Correct label: men truck driver Correct label: men
A large banking firm conducts a company-wide performance review. Shortly after, the firm offers all workers aged 60 and over an early retirement package, and encourages younger workers to apply for the older workers' jobs. This approach is an example of _________ theory.
disengagement
Emma Sulkowicz, a student at Columbia University, carried a mattress around campus as an expression of support for the rights of domestic workers.
false
Following a divorce, all members of the family experience a significant financial toll.
false
Historically, American society has been characterized by high social mobility.
false
In his studies of religious violence, sociologist Mark Juergensmeyer's main point is that world-rejecting religious movements are the groups most likely to view conflict as a "cosmic war" that must be won at any cost.
false
In the United States, cohabitation is often seen as an alternative to marriage. Many single people say they would prefer to cohabit than marry.
false
International students cost U.S. taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars through the scholarships and subsidies they receive as college students.
false
Intersectionality is a perspective that highlights how men and women intersect with one another in everyday life.
false
Market-oriented theories advocate for the greater involvement of government in setting labor market and business regulations.
false
One benefit of the Internet is that it has minimized the importance of socioeconomic differences between people within the United States and abroad; everyone has access to the Internet, and therefore can take part in online activities.
false
Social scientists have determined that there are two genders.
false
Using the lettered list of descriptions, place each letter in the correct economic system: Fordism, Post-Fordism, or the Informal Economy.
fordism: A,B,C post- fordism: d, e, f inform economy: H, I, G
The human capital theory suggests that we invest in our own "human capital"—education, training, and how long we commit to a job—to increase productivity and earnings. Accordingly, men choose careers that dovetail with their human capital, as do women. What strand of sociological theory would this argument support?
functionalism
is Older people maintain fewer, but high-quality, relationships. an example of the social conflict, functionalist, or life course theory
functionalist
is Staying active means staying socially useful. an example of the social conflict, functionalist, or life course theory
functionalist
is the activity theory a functionalist, social conflict, or life course theory
functionalist
is the disengagement theory a functionalist, social conflict, or life course theory
functionalist
what generations do the social conflict, life course, and functionalist theories belong to
functionalist: first Social conflict : second life course: third
Which of the following describes Sarah Thebaud's research finding regarding barriers to women's entrepreneurship?
funders may view womens proposals as less compentent
Identify the following as a characteristic of either gender or sex.
gender aggression macho attitude Sex menstruation chromosomes
Which trend is displayed by this figure?
gender differences in pay are trending
Which trend is displayed by this figure?
gender differences in pay are trending toward equity
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
gender expression
Identify the following as a characteristic of either gender or sex.
gender: aggression & macho attitude sex: menstruation & chromosomes
the ratio of old people to working people (who pay for old people's medicare/benefits) is increasing or decreasing
more old people and less working people when compared deees is a problem
On the graph, select the bars that represent the U.S. military budget and the Russian military budget.
left to right 1 & 3 bar
`is Everyone has agency and can make choices. an example of the social conflict, functionalist, or life course theory
life course
is Experiences of early life shape how one ages in later life an example of the social conflict, functionalist, or life course theory
life course
what theory emphasizes agency (in which people make choices that reflect both the opportunities and constraints facing them)
life course theory
what theory says the aging process is shaped by: historical time and place (wars, economic shifts, new tech)
life course theory
Everyone has agency and can make choices.
life courses
spending down
life savings depleted to pay for assisted liv ing
According to the textbook, corporations in the early twenty-first century are very different from those of the mid-twentieth century. Match each characteristic to the correct time period.
mid- twentieth century: -The core corporation is located within the United States, from which some overseas manufacturing plants are controlled. -The corporation is highly bureaucratic and employs a large number of production workers and middle management. early twenty- first: -The corporation can be characterized as an "enterprise web" that links smaller businesses together. -Worker turnover—the percentage of workers who leave and are replaced each year—is high.
what factors have contirubuted to a decline in mortality/increase in life expectancy
modern agriculture sanitation systems epidemic control improved nutrition medicine
Identify each item as a sociological measure of income or wealth.
money received from an investment & a weekly paycheck
does loneliness derive from not having enough relationships or not having enough quality relationships
not enough quality
how does Talcott parsons suggest one can reach a "healthy maturity"
older adults need to readjust psychologically to their changed circumstances society needs to redefine the social roles of the elderly
continuity theory
older adults' well being is enhanced when their activites are consistent with their personality, preferencesm and activities earlier in life
The global economy is increasingly dominated by -, which arise when corporations engage in -, allowing them to grow substantially in size. In doing so, the corporations aim to eliminate direct - and reduce productive -.
oligopolies, mergers and acquisition, competition, overcapacity
Type the term economists use for a market dominated by a small group of corporations that are able to coordinate their selling prices to increase profits.
oligopoly
What is the term for a small number of firms that dominate the market in a given industry?
oligopoly
Volunteer work is unpaid labor that serves an important social role. In 2015, about 63 million people—over - of American adults—contributed 8 billion hours of volunteer service, estimated as worth -.
one- fifth, 193 billon
.products are customized for niche markets P
post-fordism
According to economist Simon Kuznets, social inequality naturally rises and falls over the course of a society's development. Place each label in the correct position on the curve to illustrate this concept.
preindustrial - bottom left in transition - top left industrial - top right bottom right 1970
Which of the following refers to the family's role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective?
primary socialization
Family structures create oppression.
radical feminism
The existence of transgender persons would challenge the ideas of ________, because transgender persons _________into the binary categories of "man" and "woman."
radical feminism, do not fit
According to sociologists, identify the reasons why parents often don't take advantage of corporate family leave policies.
reason(s): parents see work as a haven from the demands of home. parents fear taking a leave would signal low commitment to work. not reason(s): parent's don't feel they need the time off from work. parent's perceive time at home to be fun, but frivolous in comparison to the importance of work.
According to the textbook, identify the reasons why Americans are less likely to vote than citizens in many other countries.
reason: -Americans have the opportunity to vote more often and for more positions. -The registration process is more complex in the United States than in other countries. -The winner-take-all system discourages third parties that would give voters more viable choices.
Select the bolded terms that represent overt racism
referring to Mexican migrants as rapists and criminals. The "Unite the Right" rally promoted the superiority of whites.
medicare
reimburses hospitals for medical care provided to QUALIFYING people over 65 yrs for selected eligible groups under 65
In which ways do human sex characteristics vary between all males and females?
secondary sex characteristics, primary sex characteristics, dominant hormone, chromosomes
The world's low-income countries have mostly [Agricultural] economies. In 2016, the low-income countries were home to [9] percent of the world's population, and [0.5] percent of the world's GDP. In general, the [poorer] the country, the [faster] the growth in population.
see brackets
According to dependency theory, poor countries are locked in a cycle of poverty because they are Exploited by Wealthy Nations, a process that began with Colonialism.
see caps
Kelley Voelker sued Deutsche Bank for sex discrimination in 2003. Which of these possible motivations for illegally demoting Voelker is supported by a functionalist perspective on gender?
she was starting a family
What is the single biggest reason why an increasing proportion of those in poverty are women?
single women are the more likely to be raising small children than single men
everyone at Chicago O'Hare Airport at noon on a given day
social aggregate
Elderly people are competition for other resources needed by the young.
social conflict
It's best to strive for economic strength in old age.
social conflict
is Elderly people are competition for other resources needed by the young an example of the social conflict, functionalist, or life course theory
social conflict
which theory believes many of the problems of aging (poverty, poor helath, inadequate health care) are systematically produced by social institutions
social conflict theory
structural social mobility
social mobility resulting from changes in the number and types of jobs available in society
Liberation theology is an example of the kind of influence religion has over what social phenomenon?
social movements
In the context of a theater-based view of social behavior, match each term to the correct description. A doctor's profession is known or clearly visible to others, and he or she is often addressed or referred to using the title "doctor." A doctor is expected to see a certain number of patients per day, to address them courteously, and to treat them in a medically appropriate way. A doctor is generally treated with respect, and most parents are happy if their child aspires to become a doctor.
social position, role, status
The meaning that we assign to racial/ethnic categories shapes our attitudes and behaviors.
social psychological theories
Identify each of the following rights as either a civil, political, or social right.
social right Correct label: the right to earn a minimum wage political right Correct label: the right to run for public office civil right Correct label: the right to equal justice Correct label: the right to own property
Which types of rights are usually established last?
social rights
Which U.S. government programs have been especially important in keeping elderly people out of poverty?
social security & medicare
To study the social aspect of aging, or social gerontology, what according to the textbook is required of a sociologist?
sociological imagination
The phrase social ___________ refers to inequalities arising not from local factors such as personality and small-group dynamics but from broad differences in race, gender, and _________.Inequalities based on how such differences locate people in a social system are called ________ inequalities
stratification, religion, structured
Match each term to the correct example.
strike:Five hundred workers at a manufacturing plant refuse to come into work, sending a letter of their grievances about unpaid overtime to both their employer and the local newspaper. pre- modern labor conflict: Factory workers, angered by the poor working conditions, riot against their employers. lockout: A large retail company responds to workers' demands by eliminating their hours and barring them from entry, effectively eliminating their wages until the employees capitulate to the new policies. work to rule: In response to their employer cutting hours and benefits, workers at a local café begin following every direction in the handbook to the letter, which slows down work markedly.
Race and racism are embedded in U.S. political and economic institutions.
structural theories
Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media.
symbolic interactionism
exchange mobility
talented people tend to move up the economic hierarchy, while less talented ones tend to move down
Match each term representing a form of racial bias to its definition.
the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population that shares inherited physical characteristics Correct label: racism holding preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information Correct label: prejudice behavior that denies to the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others Correct label: discrimination thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories Correct label: stereotyping patterns of racial discrimination that have become structured into existing social institutions Correct label: institutional racism
What important event signaled the near irreversibility of a single, global capitalist society?
the collapse of the soviet union
aging
the combo of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older
If American households are divided into five equal-sized groups based on income, which fifth has benefited the most from the increase in economic inequality over the last 40 years?
the highest fifth
