Sociology: Marriage and Family Ch. 9-11

In recent times, older parents and their adult children have been less dependent on one another economically because of the _____. Multiple choice question. A. general rise in their standard of living B. rise in adult mortality and fertility C. decline in the active life expectancy of people D. assistance provided by kin

A. general rise in their standard of living

Gerontologist Vern L. Bengtson suggests that with the decline of the two-parent nuclear family, _____ are becoming more important than nuclear family ties to many Americans. Multiple choice question. A. intergenerational relations B. cohabiting relationships C. single-parent families D. blended families

A. intergenerational relations

Unlike situational couple violence, the remedy for intimate terrorism suggests _____. Multiple choice question. A. legal action B. spiritual counseling C. drama therapy D. family psychotherapy

A. legal action

The number of deaths in a population is known as _____. Multiple choice question. A. mortality B. life expectancy C. fertility D. life cycle

A. mortality

Vern L. Bengtson argues that the increasing longevity and better health of the older population mean that adult children are fortunate enough to have _____. Multiple choice question. A. parents available to them well into midlife B. Social Security benefits that would help their children C. government programs that provide retirement benefits D. relatives and kin who they can rely on for assistance

A. parents available to them well into midlife

The idea of situational couple violence fits the medical model of domestic violence, whereas the idea of intimate terrorism fits the _____ model of domestic violence. Multiple choice question. A. political B. psychological C. biosocial D. physical

A. political

In the context of domestic violence, prosecuting offenders rather than merely arresting them does not _____. Multiple choice question. A. reduce the chances of subsequent violence B. reduce the number of domestic violence reports C. identify individuals at higher risk of repeated offenses D. stop families from sympathizing with the offenders

A. reduce the chances of subsequent violence

Much of the care of disabled older people who live in a community is provided by _____. Multiple choice question. A. relatives B. social workers C. acquaintances D. allied health professionals

A. relatives

Goals and principles that are held in high esteem by a society are known as _____. Multiple choice question. A. values B. beliefs C. norms D. theories

A. values

According to the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS), family disadvantage is more closely associated with _____. Multiple choice question. A. abuse B. conscientiousness C. neglect D. violence

C. neglect

Most families involved in the movement of grandchildren into their grandparents' homes tend to be _____. Multiple choice question. A. voluntary and cooperative B. unwilling and uncooperative C. poor or near poor D. rich and prosperous

C. poor or near poor

Young men who commit sexual aggression against acquaintances show greater physiological arousal when _____. Multiple choice question. A. they undergo psychological treatment and use drugs to control their behavior B. asked to describe an unpleasant incident C. presented with rape scenarios in psychology experiments D. their victims are more dominant and aggressive

C. presented with rape scenarios in psychology experiments

The feminist movement's fundamental goal in combating rape was to _____. Multiple choice question. A. ease the personal problems of perpetrators B. treat the injuries of the victims C. remove the social supports for male violence D. sensitize youth to refrain from domestic violence

C. remove the social supports for male violence

According to C. Henry Kempe and his colleagues, child abuse was centered on a "syndrome" of _____. Multiple choice question. A. extreme insecurity experienced by parents B. behavioral control through strict discipline C. repeated violence and inadequate parenting D. overprotectiveness displayed by parents

C. repeated violence and inadequate parenting

Identify an example of a multigenerational household. Multiple choice question. A. A household in which Richard lives with his wife, his daughter, and his nephew B. A household in which Sarah lives with her mother and her brother C. A household in which Jason lives with his grandparents D. A household in which Susan lives with her parents and her children

D. A household in which Susan lives with her parents and her children

In the New England colonies, the Puritans believed that it was the responsibility of the government to _____. Multiple choice question. A. restrict religious freedom B. enforce religious doctrine C.restrict freedom of thought D. enforce moral behavior

D. enforce moral behavior

Stephen loaned money to his brother, Jeremy, for a down payment on a house. Three years later, Stephen also helped his sister, Nina, by paying for her son's tuition fee. Stephen has the expectation that Jeremy or Nina would reciprocate the favors if he was in need of assistance later in life. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. A. intergenerational ambivalence B. collective ambivalence C. individualistic exchange D. generalized exchange

D. generalized exchange

During an interview with a researcher, Jenny revealed that she was touched by her brother in a sexual manner. In this case, Jenny's relationship with her brother is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. A. betrayal B. aggression C. trauma D. incest

D. incest

The political model of domestic violence implies that domestic violence is deeply rooted in _____. Multiple choice question. A. the subconscious mind of individuals B. the roles and responsibilities carried out by women C. religious doctrines that emphasize male submissiveness D. laws and customs that reinforce male dominance

D. laws and customs that reinforce male dominance

Under the _____ model of domestic violence, domestic violence is seen as an illness and a source of injuries. Multiple choice question. A. political B. spiritual C. physical D. medical

D. medical

According to the political model, the struggles in domestic violence are usually about _____. Multiple choice question. A. men's power to control the lives of children B. women's power to control the behavior of men C. women's power to control the financial decisions of households D. men's power to control the behavior of women

D. men's power to control the behavior of women

A widely accepted rule about how people should behave is called a _____. Multiple choice question. A. right B. belief C. value D. norm

D. norm

The lower risk for married women to experience intimate partner violence than cohabiting women could be a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. A. behavior pattern B. relationship trait C. environmental stressor D. selection effect

D. selection effect

The theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it is known as the _____. Multiple choice question. A. psychodynamic perspective B. social learning perspective C. interactionist perspective D. social exchange perspective

D. social exchange perspective

True or false: It is easier for today's grandparents to have a pleasurable, emotion-laden relationship with their grandchildren because they are still busy raising their own children. True false question. True False

False

collective ambivalence

mixed feelings across multiple children

True or false: In order to make greater progress in reducing intimate partner violence, organizations will need to identify men at higher risk of repeat offenses so that they can be treated and their actions can be restricted. True false question. True False

True

True or false: Researchers suggest that parents' actions tend to magnify and exaggerate gender differences among children. True false question. True False

True

intergenerational conflict

discord among family members that pulls the generations apart

intergenerational ambivalence

socially structured contradictory emotions in an intergenerational relationship

intergenerational solidarity

the characteristics of family relationships that knit the generations together

Medicare

the government program of health insurance for all older people

Medicaid

the government program of health insurance for people with incomes below the poverty line

young-old

the group of older people 65 to 74 years of age

old-old

the group of older people 75 to 84 years of age

oldest-old

the group of older people 85 years of age and over

older population

the group of people aged 65 years and over

fertility

the number of births in a population

mortality

the number of deaths in a population

health span

the number of years a person can expect to live while in good health

generalized exchange

the provision of assistance to one member of a family with the expectation that someone in the family will reciprocate at a later time

frustration-aggression perspective

the theory that aggressive behavior occurs when a person is blocked from achieving a goal

social learning perspective

the theory that individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by observing what others do and seeing the consequences of these actions

social exchange perspective

the theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it

situational couple violence

violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger

domestic violence

violent acts between family members or between partners in intimate or dating relationships

The decline in fertility in recent times has increased the role of grandparents in family lives and child care. True false question. True False

False

Identify a true statement about female caregivers of older persons. Multiple choice question. A. They contribute to the rise in the cost of health care programs. B. They perform a critical public service. C. They care less for the older population than men do. D. They are considered secondary caregivers.

B. They perform a critical public service

Identify a characteristic of coercive controlling violence. Multiple choice question. A. It involves a pattern of violence such as repeatedly beating one's partner. B. It usually involves women who try to control their husbands' or partners' behavior. C. It involves less serious kinds of aggression and it is the most common type of conflict. D. It arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger.

A. It involves a pattern of violence such as repeatedly beating one's partner.

Arrange the members of a family according to their priority in which people feel most obligated to help.

1. Their children 2. Their grandchildren 3. Their parents and grandparents

Chris, a police officer, cares for his son and dedicates time and effort generously to him. In this example, identify Chris's behavior toward his son. Multiple choice question. A. Altruistic B. Selfish C. Educational D. Formal

A. Altruistic

_____ challenge the idea that the simple household consisting only of parents and their non-adult children has become the dominant living arrangement. Multiple choice question. A. Extended families B. Matrifocal families C. Nuclear families D. Blended families

A. Extended families

_____ is defined as socially structured contradictory emotions in an intergenerational relationship. Multiple choice question. A. Intergenerational ambivalence B. Intergenerational solidarity C. Intergenerational exchange D. Intergenerational support

A. Intergenerational ambivalence

Identify a true statement about intergenerational conflict. Multiple choice question. A. It commonly occurs over communication and interaction styles and habits and lifestyles. B. It reflects authority, power, or strong social norms. C. It is relevant for judging whether the older population obtains the closeness and emotional support they wish. D. It can underlie a sympathetic relationship.

A. It commonly occurs over communication and interaction styles and habits and lifestyles

Select all that apply What are the reasons for the shift toward older women living alone? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. It is less common for a child these days to remain at home with his or her parents after reaching adulthood. B. Older Americans tend to prefer to live near their children but not with them—a cultural preference that has been labeled "intimacy at a distance." C. Women earn more than men by a large margin, which makes them economically independent and less dependent on men. D. Men outlive women by a greater margin each decade, resulting in a decline in the number of older widows or unmarried women.

A. It is less common for a child these days to remain at home with his or her parents after reaching adulthood B. Older Americans tend to prefer to live near their children but not with them-a cultural preference that has been labeled "intimacy at a distance"

_____ couples show substantially higher rates of domestic violence. Multiple choice question. A. Low-income B. Middle-income C. Working D. Elite

A. Low-income

Which of the following statements are true about grandfamilies? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They are more common among African Americans than among Hispanics or non-Hispanic whites. B. They are sites of love, affection, and gratitude for the people involved. C. They tend to have higher incomes compared to other families. D. They are defined as families in which grandparents help raise grandchildren with the parents being present.

A. They are more common among African Americans than among Hispanics or non-Hispanic whites B. They are sites of love, affection, and gratitude for the people involved

Identify a social consequence of the decline in mortality during the twentieth century. Multiple choice question. A. Women tend to outlive men. B. Women and men live shorter lives. C. Men and women receive limited Social Security benefits. D. Men tend to outlive women.

A. Women tend to outlive men

What does the difference in the levels of domestic violence among low-income and middle-income couples reflect? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. An increased motivation of low-income individuals to pursue higher education B. A greater vigilance toward poor families by social welfare agencies C. A greater reluctance of middle-income individuals to admit to violence D. An increased motivation of middle-income individuals to report domestic violence

B. A greater vigilance toward poor families by social welfare agencies C. A greater reluctance of middle-income individuals to admit to violence

Identify the reasons why adult children and older parents provide assistance up and down the generations of their families. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Because they are bound by social obligations B. Because they have strong emotional bonds C. Because they are bound by government legislation to do so D. Because they think that they will receive help in return when they need it

B. Because they have strong emotional bonds D. Because they think that they will receive help in return when they need it

Identify a true statement about poly-victimization. Multiple choice question. A. Seeming effects of poly-victimization do not reflect other causes of distress. B. Experiencing several types of maltreatment has a cumulative effect. C. Poly-victimization accelerates the psychological development children. D. Children experiencing poly-victimization are motivated to develop a high self-esteem.

B. Experiencing several types of maltreatment has a cumulative effect

Identify a way in which the New England colonies enforced moral behavior. Multiple choice question. A. Abusive behavior of a husband or a father attracted public punishment by means of flagellation. B. Friends, neighbors, and fellow churchgoers watched over a family's conduct. C. Wives were allowed to leave their husbands if they were being mistreated or abused. D. Children were removed from a household if the government received reports of child abuse.

B. Friends, neighbors, and fellow churchgoers watched over a family's conduct

Identify a true statement about the movement of grandchildren into their grandparents' homes. Multiple choice question. A. It represents a greater preference for intergenerational living. B. It seems to represent a response to family crises. C. Families involved in this trend are rich and prosperous. D. Grandparents attain intimacy at a distance.

B. It seems to represent a response to a family crises

What does the rise in research of domestic violence reflect? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. The decreased influence of older family members in the lives of individuals B. The increasing cultural emphasis on individualism in marriage and family life C. The increased political power of the feminist movement D. The decreasing power of men in society which constrains their rights

B. The increasing cultural emphasis on individualism in marriage and family life C. The increased political power of the feminist movement

Identify a true statement about grandparents who live close to their grandchildren. Multiple choice question. A. The pull they exert encourages adult children to move away from their hometowns. B. They see their grandchildren regularly, except under unusual circumstances. C. They tend to have weaker ties to their grandchildren. D. The dominance of distance illustrates the restricted nature of the grandparent-grandchild relationship.

B. They see their grandchildren regularly, except under unusual circumstances

Identify a reason for the shift toward older women living alone. Multiple choice question. A. Women have been managing family businesses because of the imbalance between the sexes. B. Women have been outliving men by a greater margin each decade. C. Women have been taking care of their extended families since time immemorial. D. Women have been earning more than men and have become economically independent.

B. Women have been outliving men by a greater margin each decade

Evolutionary theorists argue that much of one's altruistic family behavior reflects one's _____. Multiple choice question. A. inherent need to be accepted by one's family and society B. biologically based drive to reproduce one's genes C. desire to assert control over succeeding generations of one's family D. fear of death due to genetic disorders

B. biologically based drive to reproduce one's genes

Carol, a successful lawyer, lives with her father who suffers from kidney failure and needs dialysis on a regular basis. Carol, who works on a tight schedule, believes that she will benefit more if she hires a professional nurse to care for her father. This is an example of the _____ theory. Multiple choice question. A. psychodynamic B. exchange C. biosocial D. interactionist

B. exchange

Illness and well-being are the main concerns of the _____ model of domestic violence. Multiple choice question. A. social B. medical C. political D. spiritual

B. medical

Grandparents see their grandchildren more frequently if they have a close relationship with the _____ of the grandchild. Multiple choice question. A. friend B. mother C. teacher D. father

B. mother

According to evolutionary theorists, more intergenerational assistance flows down the generations from _____. Multiple choice question. A. children to parents B. parents to children C. parents to grandparents D. grandchildren to grandparents

B. parents to children

The group of people aged 65 years and over is referred to as the older population because 65 has been the age at which a person could _____. Multiple choice question. A. reach the peak of his or her active life expectancy B. retire and receive full Social Security benefits C. be declared psychologically disoriented D. be declared physically weak and unfit to work

B. retire and receive full Social Security benefits

In a family, a father uses force to discipline his children. The children learn from observation and personal experience that using force is an acceptable and successful way to enforce control and authority. This is an example of the _____. Multiple choice question. A. classical conditioning perspective B. social learning perspective C. social exchange perspective D. biosocial perspective

B. social learning perspective

Aidan has difficulty finding a job owing to high unemployment. As a result, he displaces his anger and frustration on his wife and daughter. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. A. situational couple violence B. the frustration-aggression perspective C. the social learning perspective D. intimate terrorism

B. the frustration-aggression perspective

Identify a true statement about intergenerational ambivalence. Multiple choice question. A. Men who care for their parents report more ambivalence than women who provide care to their parents. B. Ambivalent feelings suggest that caregiving neither creates positive nor negative feelings for the provider and the recipient of care. C. Grandparents are being called upon to care for their grandchildren in circumstances that can lead to ambivalent feelings. D. Women feel lesser ambivalence than men in their relations with older parents.

C. Grandparents are being called upon to care for their grandchildren in circumstances that can lead to ambivalent feelings

Identify a true statement about C. Henry Kempe and his colleagues' view on the medical model of domestic violence. Multiple choice question. A. It fueled sentiments of dislike and anger toward abusers. B. It repealed laws that required medical personnel to report suspected cases of child abuse. C. It created a sympathetic concern for the blameless victims. D. It limited the number of private agencies that sponsored medical treatment for abused children.

C. It created a sympathetic concern for the blameless victims

Identify a true statement about Medicare. Multiple choice question. A. It fully compensates for nursing home care for the older population. B. It fully covers the health expenditures of the older population. C. It pays for less than half of the health expenditures of the older population. D. It only covers the expenditures for the treatment of chronic illnesses among the older population.

C. It pays for less than half of the health expenditures of the older population

Identify a true statement about elder abuse. Multiple choice question. A. Most incidents occur in social service agencies or nonprofit organizations. B. Elderly people have a lower risk of maltreatment if they are isolated from family and friends. C. Living with family members increases the likelihood that an older adult will be abused. D. Elderly people have a lower risk of maltreatment if the caregiver is financially dependent on them.

C. Living with family members increases the likelihood that an older adult will be abused

Identify the family forms that gave rise to extended-family households. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Households in which children and parents pool their incomes to meet the needs of the family B. Households in which children live with their parents and both parents work outside their homes C. Multigenerational households in which grandparents, adult children, and grandchildren co-reside, sometimes as a way of coping with low incomes D. Skipped-generation households in which grandparents care for their grandchildren with the middle generation present

C. Multigenerational households in which grandparents, adult children, and grandchildren co-reside, sometimes as a way of coping with low incomes D. Skipped-generation households in which grandparents care for their grandchildren with the middle generation present

Identify a reason that makes it easier for grandparents these days to have a pleasurable, emotion-laden relationship with their grandchildren. Multiple choice question. A. They tend to live in separate households where their grandchildren visit them. B. They have more grandchildren and split time to provide care to each grandchild. C. They tend to live long enough to develop a relationship with their grandchildren. D. They are still occupied with caring for their adult children, which helps them develop a relationship with their grandchildren.

C. They tend to live long enough to develop a relationship with their grandchildre

Identify an impact of the absence of care provided by female caregivers on government health care programs. Multiple choice question. A. They would be available to all individuals. B. They would be cheaper. C. They would be much more expensive. D. They would be much more flexible.

C. They would be much more expensive

One of the social consequences of the decline in mortality during the twentieth century is that both women and men _____. Multiple choice question. A. receive limited Social Security benefits B. have shorter active life expectancies C. can expect to live much longer lives D. can expect to have poorer financial holdings

C. can expect to live much longer lives

Unlike intimate terrorism, the problem in situational couple violence is framed as a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. A. controlling male who dominates his wife or girlfriend by inflicting serious and even life-threatening violence B. anxious couple with rare cases of conflicts and aggressiveness C. dysfunctional couple who cannot resolve conflicts peacefully D. aggressive wife or girlfriend who is always insecure about her marriage or relationship

C. dysfunctional couple who cannot resolve conflicts peacefully

The _____ theory suggests that in deciding whether to assist family members, individuals consider the benefits that they would receive and the costs that they would incur; and if the benefits exceed the costs, they act. Multiple choice question. A. psychodynamic B. biosocial C. exchange D. interactionist

C. exchange

Part of feminist groups' strategy in combating rape was the _____. Multiple choice question. A. identification of violence-risk zones and the enforcement of strict vigilance in these zones B. establishment of specialized judicial institutions for the expedition of rape cases C. formation of services for rape victims, such as hot lines, crisis centers, and legal support D. sensitization of youth about the legal ramifications of domestic violence

C. formation of services for rape victims, such as hot lines, crisis centers, and legal support

Unlike older women, older men are more likely to _____. Multiple choice question. A. rely on social welfare B. care for their spouses C. live with their wives D. live apart from their kin

C. live with their wives

The pull grandparents exert when they live close to their grandchildren shows the _____. Multiple choice question. A. insecurities faced by grandparents and their reliance on their grandchildren to provide care to them B. grandchildren's desire to remain with their grandparents and provide support and care to them C. sense of obligation among adult children to keep in touch with their parents and in-laws D. sense of overprotectiveness that often makes adult children leave their hometowns

C. sense of obligation among adult children to keep in touch with their parents and in-laws

Michael decides to buy a new yacht. Jane, his wife, is not too pleased with Michael's decision. She tries to reason with him to set aside the money for a donation to their daughter's university instead. The couple's disagreement led to an argument which ended with Jane lashing out at Michael. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. A. mutual violent control B. intimate terrorism C. situational couple violence D. violent resistance

C. situational couple violence

Family caregivers increasingly combine working outside the home with caregiving for an older parent. From this perspective, the _____. Multiple choice question. A. caregivers seldom reap the rewards of providing care B. caregivers' spouses reap the rewards of providing care C. stress caregivers feel largely derives from the care they give D. stress caregivers feel largely derives from an overload of responsibilities

C. stress caregivers feel largely derives from the care they give

Most parents adopting from foster care said they did so because they _____. Multiple choice question. A. wanted to avoid having children of their own B. wanted to improve their social status C. wanted to provide a permanent home for a child D. wanted to be accepted by their families and peers

C. wanted to provide a permanent home for a child

The social exchange perspective helps to explain the greater violence against _____. Multiple choice question. A. women among the upper social classes B. men of the middle class C. women among the lower social classes D. men of different ethnic groups

C. women among the lower social class

Ch. 10

Ch.10

Ch.11

Ch.11

Ch.9

Ch.9

In the context of the rising standard of living, identify a true statement about family life in the early decades of the twentieth century. Multiple choice question. A. Families received unemployment compensation, welfare checks, food stamps, and Social Security benefits. B. When older parents became frail, their children took them to retirement homes so that they could receive proper care. C. Intergenerational cooperation was more uncommon in families than it is today because most people left their homes to find work. D. Lower wages, the absence of social welfare programs, and crises of unemployment, illness, and death forced people to rely on their kin for support.

D. Lower wages, the absence of social welfare programs, and crises of unemployment, illness, and death forced people to rely on their kin for support

identify a factor associated with the seriousness of the consequences of having been sexually abused as a child. Multiple choice question. A. The place where an inappropriate sexual incident took place B. The age of an abuser when a child was sexually abused C. The relationship between a victim and an abuser D. The age of a child when he or she was sexually abused

D. The age of a child when he or she was sexually abused

Identify a characteristic of young men who commit sexual aggression against acquaintances. Multiple choice question. A. They are less sexually active than men who do not commit sexual aggression. B. They show lower physiological arousal when presented with rape scenarios in psychology experiments. C. They consider violence against women unacceptable. D. They believe that men are supposed to be more dominant and women more subordinate.

D. They believe that men are supposed to be more dominant and women more subordinate

Identify a consequence of traumatic sexual experiences on children. Multiple choice question. A. They help victims to have a clear sense of boundaries between oneself and others. B. They can lead to delayed onset of sexual activity in victims, lowering their chances of sexual recreation. C. They motivate victims to develop a strong self-image and fight negative feelings such as depression. D. They can produce inappropriate sexual behavior and feelings of betrayal, lack of trust, and powerlessness.

D. They can produce inappropriate sexual behavior and feelings of betrayal, lack of trust, and powerlessness

Identify a true statement about the current generation of older men. Multiple choice question. A. They usually care for themselves or rely on relatives living in separate households. B. Their wives, children, and other relatives live apart from them. C. Their remarriage prospects are lower than older women's. D. They have been cared for by women throughout their lives.

D. They have been cared for by women throughout their lives

Identify an effect of lower mortality and fertility on the bonds of kinship that people have. Multiple choice question. A. Horizontal bonds of kinship have tended to grow. B. There is a lower chance of having living parents in one's middle years. C. Families with more than three generations have become uncommon. D. Vertical kinship ties have tended to grow.

D. Vertical kinship ties have tended to grow

Younger people these days tend to have fewer brothers and sisters than their parents and grandparents because _____. Multiple choice question. A. the life expectancy of people has declined B. the rate of fertility has risen sharply C. adult mortality has increased D. birthrates have fallen

D. birthrates have fallen

One of the social consequences of the decline in mortality during the twentieth century is that both women and men _____. Multiple choice question. A. can expect to have poorer financial holdings B. have shorter active life expectancies C. receive limited Social Security benefits D. can expect to live much longer lives

D. can expect to live much longer lives

Harry, a four-year-old boy, broke a vase while playing with his friends at home. As a punishment, his mother locked him in a closet without food and water for almost 12 hours. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. A. inadequate parenting B. intergenerational solidarity C. intergenerational ambivalence D. child abuse

D. child abuse

George, a seventy-year-old man, has two sons, Fred and Arthur. George is happy and grateful for the care provided to him by Arthur. However, he is disappointed by the lack of care and support from Fred. If one considers George's feelings separately, one can see that he feels positively toward Arthur and negatively toward Fred. However, when George's feelings toward his sons are viewed as a group, one can see contradictory feelings. This is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. A. mutual support B. intergenerational solidarity C. intergenerational conflict D. collective ambivalence

D. collective ambivalence

The group level process consisting of mixed feelings across multiple children is called _____. Multiple choice question. A. intergenerational conflict B. altruism C. idealism D. collective ambivalence

D. collective ambivalence

According to research conducted by the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS), more than half of neglect cases referred to _____ neglect. Multiple choice question. A. physical B. emotional C. spiritual D. educational

D. educational

Larry, a six-year-old boy, lives with his mother after his parents got divorced. After the divorce, Larry's mother started dating men and her partners started visiting her frequently. In this scenario, the repeated movements of Larry's mother's boyfriends could _____. Multiple choice question. A. strengthen his relationship with his mother B. enhance his ability to accept new changes C. undermine his relationship with his father D. undermine his sense of security and trust

D. undermine his sense of security and trust

According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys, the highest levels of intimate partner violence were reported by _____. Multiple choice question. A. divorced women B. cohabiting women C. women who were married and lived with their husbands D. women who were separated but not divorced

D. women who were separated but not divorced

values

a goal or principal that is held in high esteem by a society

authoritative style of parenting

a parenting style in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children

authoritarian style of parenting

a parenting style in which parents combine low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children

permissive style of parenting

a parenting style in which parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children

coercive controlling violence

a pattern in which a man seeks to control the behavior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts

centenarian

a person who is 100 years old or older

gerontologist

a social/biological scientist who specializes in the study of aging

norms

a widely accepted rule about how people should behave

elder abuse

abuse of an elderly person by a caregiver

child abuse

an act by a parent or caretaker that results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, or exploitation

androgynous behavior

behavior that has the characteristics of both genders

poly-victimization

experiencing multiple types of child maltreatment

multigenerational households

households in which at least three generations of family members reside

multiple partner fertility (MPF)

refers to having children with more than one partner during one's lifetime.

mass incarceration

refers to the extremely high rates of imprisonment at present, particularly of African American males.

incest

sexual relations with one's child, brother, or sister

Identify a way in which fathers can influence their children directly. Multiple choice question. A. By providing financial assistance to the family B. By interacting with their children C. By cooperating with the mother in child rearing D. By responding positively to the parenting the mother does

B. By interacting with their children

Identify an accurate statement about emotional support provided by parents to their children. Multiple choice question. A. Sometimes it is coercive, consisting of the use or threat of punishment or force. B. Sometimes it is shown by threatening to withdraw their love. C. It makes children feel more positively about themselves. D. It seeks to limit or change children's behavior.

C. It makes children feel more positively about themselves

What do parents provide children for the development of basic sense of trust in other human beings? Multiple choice question. A. discipline B. guidance C. love D. support

C. Love

Which of the following types of parents seeks actively to enhance their children's talents and opinions, in a style that Lareau called "concerted cultivation"? Multiple choice question. A. Higher-income parents B. Lower-income parents C. Middle-class parents D. Working-class parents

C. Middle-class parents

Select all that apply Identify the types of households that tend to affect children negatively. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. A divorcing household B. A household with a parent and her or his cohabiting partner C. A household where both parents are married to each other D. A household with a lesbian or a gay couple E. A single-parent household

A. A divorcing household B. A household with a parent and her or his cohabiting partner E. A single-parent household

Which of the following kinds of households tends to have a good environment for children? Multiple choice question. A. A single-parent household B. A divorcing household C. A household with a cohabiting partner D. A household with a stepparent

A. A single-parent household

Christie, a six-year-old girl, has working parents. Neither of her parents is available when she returns home from school. As a result, she faces daily periods of separation from her parents. In this example, identify a way in which Christie's parents can compensate for the time they spend away from her. Multiple choice question. A. By making a priority of intensive activities with Christie, such as playing with her or reading to her B. By separating their activities and allotting a specific time to Christie C. By involving themselves more in leisure activities such as visiting people or participating in clubs D. By monitoring Christie while she is playing or doing her homework

A. By making a priority of intensive activities with Christie, such as playing with her or reading to her

Identify a reason behind the rise of transnational adoptions in the United States. Multiple choice question. A. Decline in the number of children who are placed for adoption at birth B. Rise in the number of Native Americans in the United States C. Comprehensive educational policies in the countries that send children D. Changes in the political policies of countries that send children

A. Decline in the number of children who are placed for adoption at birth

Which of the following is essential for children to become competent members of their society? Multiple choice question. A. Discipline B. Care C. Nurturing D. Love

A. Discipline

Which of the following is true about transnational adoption? Multiple choice question. A. It is a long and complex process for the prospective parents. B. It typically does not involve any paperwork or interviews. C. It is granted by a private business that promotes transnational adoptions in the receiving country. D. It does not require the adopting parents to travel to the sending country to obtain final approvals.

A. It is a long and complex process for the prospective parents

Identify a cause of elevated levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties among a minority of adopted children in the United States. Multiple choice question. A. Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy B. Insufficient time spent by children in foster homes C. Strong preference of the adoptive parents for biological children D. Unsuccessful efforts by the adopted parents to conceive a child

A. Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy

Identify the class of children whose families have become less stable and more complex over the past few decades. Multiple choice question. A. Middle-class children B. Lower-class children C. Below-poverty children D. Elite-class children

A. Middle-class children

Which of the following types of parents seeks actively to enhance their children's talents and opinions, in a style that Lareau called "concerted cultivation"? Multiple choice question. A. Lower-income parents B. Working-class parents C. Middle-class parents D. Higher-income parents

C. Middle-class parents

Who should encourage more androgynous behavior in their children? Multiple choice question. A. Parents who believe that both men and women should undertake behaviors having the characteristics of both genders B. Parents who believe that the values passed along to working-class children limit their occupational achievements C. Parents who believe that children should be taught about the spiritual and moral side of life D. Parents who believe that men should have better opportunities for careers and women should provide more care for children

A. Parents who believe that both men and women should undertake behaviors having the characteristics of both genders

Identify a task involved in socialization. Multiple choice question. A. Teaching children norms and values B. Preventing children from learning about different cultural groups C. Preventing adults from developing new gender traits D. Familiarizing adults with parental roles

A. Teaching children norms and values

Identify a characteristic of children who belong to poor families. Multiple choice question. A. They can experience hardships for a longer period of their lives. B. They can easily escape poverty since they live with two working parents. C. They usually live with two parents, both of whom work outside the home. D. They are immune to strong racial and ethnic differences that exist among other children.

A. They can experience hardships for a longer period of their lives

Identify an effect of poverty on children. Multiple choice question. A. They tend to get little emotional support and receive discipline that is inconsistent, harsh, and punitive. B. They tend to have a higher level of brain development than other children. C. The continual stress produced by their environment encourages them to improve their condition. D. Their parents provide more cognitive stimulation by reading to them extensively.

A. They tend to get little emotional support and receive discipline that is inconsistent, harsh, and punitive

Identify a true statement about children whose families are prosperous. Multiple choice question. A. They usually live with two parents who work outside the home. B. They experience hardships for a longer period of their lives. C. They usually live in single-parent families. D. They live in families in which mothers are the main earners.

A. They usually live with two parents who work outside the home

Select all that apply According to studies, when are children socialized best? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. When parents enforce them consistently with love and care B. When parents provide substantial emotional support C. When parents enforce them consistently with harsh punishment D. When parents provide low support with coercive attempts at control E. When parents set clear standards

A. When parents enforce them consistently with love and care B. When parents provide substantial emotional support E. When parents set clear standards

The permissive and the authoritarian styles of parenting produce children who _____. Multiple choice question. A. are less socially competent than other children B. have difficulty in cooperating with others C. are more independent than other children D. have high self-esteem

A. are less socially competent than other children

According to some social scientists, conservative Protestantism leads fathers to be more _____ with their children. Multiple choice question. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. permissive D. democratic

A. authoritarian

One of the primary tasks in socialization is to _____. Multiple choice question. A. familiarize children with the culture in which they are growing up B. make children open to the possibility of same-gender sexual relationships C. develop an androgynous character in children D. improve the intelligence quotient level of children

A. familiarize children with the culture in which they are growing up

The process of teaching children norms and values starts with _____. Multiple choice question. A. families B. churches C. schools D. peers

A. families

In the United States, children adopted through the foster care system tend to _____ compared to other children. Multiple choice question. A. have special health needs B. adjust better at school C. show greater vocabulary D. exhibit lesser physical gains

A. have special health needs

What do parents provide children for the development of basic sense of trust in other human beings? Multiple choice question. A. love B. support C. discipline D. guidance

A. love

Young African American boys whose fathers are incarcerated tend to show more _____ behavior. Multiple choice question. A. physically aggressive B. emotionally stable C. shy and depressing D. friendly and helpful

A. physically aggressive

Select all that apply Identify the institutions that are typically involved in a transnational adoption. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Private investigative agencies from the sending country that verify members involved in the process B. Government agencies from the sending and the receiving countries C. A business organization that promotes transnational adoptions in the receiving country D. A nonprofit social service agency with representatives in the sending and the receiving countries

B. Government agencies from the sending and the receiving countries D. A nonprofit social service agency with representatives in the sending and the receiving countries

Identify the major factors in the growth of mass incarceration in the United States. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Increases in arrests for violent crimes such as murder or battery B. Increases in arrests for nonviolent drug-related crimes C. Increases in the number of state and federal prisons D. Increases in the sentences that the violators receive

B. Increases in arrests for nonviolent drug-related crimes D. Increases in the sentences that the violators receive

Identify a feature of multiple-partner fertility (MPF). Multiple choice question. A. MPF has made relationships like half-siblings and step-siblings uncommon in families. B. MPF leads to family households in which different children have different sets of parents. C. MPF is common among mothers who had their first children very late in their life. D. MPF has simplified the structure of family households.

B. MPF leads to family households in which different children have different sets of parents

According to a report published by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2015), identify the group of families in which the proportion of children has contracted sharply from 1980 to 2013. Multiple choice question. A. Extreme-poverty group B. Middle-income group C. High-income group D. Below-poverty group

B. Middle-income group

Identify a true statement about children of working parents. Multiple choice question. A. Both parents are always available to care for a preschool child or to be home when an older child returns from school. B. Neither parent is available to care for a preschool child or to be home when an older child returns from school. C. Working mothers give their full attention to their children and invest their time and energy to provide care for them. D. Working mothers prefer to work in organizations that allow them flexibility of time so that they can give attention to their children.

B. Neither parent is available to care for a preschool child or to be home when an older child returns from school

Identify a factor that tends to prevent American parents from doing what they are supposed to do. Multiple choice question. A. The rising levels of income and employment B. The growing instability of family life C. The declining rate of standard of living D. The increasing awareness of female education

B. The growing instability of family life

Identify an accurate statement about multiple transitions in a household. Multiple choice question. A. These transitions strengthen the relationship between a child and a cohabiting parent. B. These transitions tend to produce disruptions in the child's family system. C. These transitions improve the social behavior of children. D. These transitions improve the relationship between a child and his or her biological parents.

B. These transitions tend to produce disruptions in the child's family system

According to the author, identify an accurate statement about the children that are neither poor nor affluent. Multiple choice question. A. They have grown up during a period of economic belt tightening by the elite classes. B. They have experienced a moderate downward drift in well-being. C. They are more likely to live with two parents than in the past. D. They are more likely to easily maintain their standard of living than other children.

B. They have experiences a moderate downward drift in well-being

Identify the types of parents who socialize their children for the kinds of blue- and pink-collar jobs the parents have held. Multiple choice question. A. Middle-class parents B. Working-class parents C. Elite-class parents D. Higher-income parents

B. Working-class parents

According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, in the _____ of parenting, parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control. Multiple choice question. A. submissive style B. authoritative style C. permissive style D. authoritarian style

B. authoritative style

Children whose fathers support them indirectly are _____ than other children. Multiple choice question. A. likely to have greater vocabulary B. better adjusted at home and at school C. likely to show greater cognitive gains D. better trained in household chores

B. better adjusted at home and school

While socializing their children, middle-class parents tend to _____. Multiple choice question. A. provide a safe, loving environment B. emphasize autonomy and self-direction C. aim for the accomplishment of natural growth D. stress obedience and conformity

B. emphasize autonomy and self-direction

Which of the following provides the main setting in which children's fundamental needs are met for the first several years of their lives? Multiple choice question. A. Society members B. Families C. Neighbors D. Peers

B. families

Peter, a thirteen-year-old boy, comes from a poor urban family. His father is depressed about job prospects and does not provide any emotional support to Peter. While playing with his friends, Peter started a fight with one of his neighbors and hurt him badly. In this example, identify a way in which Peter's father would react. Multiple choice question. A. He would settle the matter with his neighbor calmly. B. He would try to understand the reason for Peter's misbehavior. C. He would discipline Peter by threatening harsh punishment. D. He would ignore Peter's actions and allow him to continue his behavior.

C. He would discipline Peter by threatening harsh punishment

Which of the following is true about control exercised by parents on their children? Multiple choice question. A. Parents exercise control to help children feel more positively about themselves. B. Parents' control make children to act in ways they think will please their parents. C. Parents exercise control to limit or change children's behavior. D. Parents' control shows children that parents care about their actions.

C. Parents exercise control to limit or change children's behavior

How do parents compensate for the time they spent away from their children? Multiple choice question. A. They monitor their children rather than playing with them. B. They carry out each activity separately. C. They cut back on housework. D. They engage in many leisure activities.

C. They cut back on housework

In the context of socialization and conservative Protestantism, identify an accurate statement about conservative Protestant fathers. Multiple choice question. A. They are less likely to believe in traditional gender roles. B. They spank, hug, and praise their children less often than other fathers. C. They encourage a strict, discipline-oriented, distant style of fathering. D. They are less likely to combine discipline with emotion work.

C. They encourage a strict, discipline-oriented, distant style of fathering

Select all that apply Identify the true statements about religious fathers from "mainline" Protestant groups, such as the Episcopal, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches, in comparison with conservative Protestant fathers. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They are highly involved in activities with their children and are more authoritarian. B. They are more likely to set rules for television viewing. C. They spank their children less. D. They are less likely to know where their children are when they are not at home.

C. They spank their children less. D. They are less likely to know where their children are when they are not at home.

According to studies on families, identify the behavior of men who were the main earners and had lost their jobs during the Great Depression. Multiple choice question. A. They tended to be optimistic about job opportunities. B. They were less irritable and hostile toward their wives and children than other men. C. They were explosive and punishing in their relations with children. D. They tended to send their children to boarding schools to save them from economic pressure.

C. They were explosive and punishing in their relations with children

In the context of immigration, identify the true statements about unauthorized parents in the United States. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. They are typically eligible for most public benefits, such as Medicare and Medicaid. B. According to a study conducted by Noah and Landale in 2018, unauthorized parents from Mexico reported less parenting strain than did United-States-born Mexican parents. C. United-States-born children of unauthorized parents are eligible for some benefits such as the Children's Health Insurance Program. D. They usually face a difficult task in raising their United-States-born children.

C. United-States-born children of unauthorized parents are eligible for some benefits such as the Children's Health Insurance Program. D. They usually face a difficult task in raising their United-States-born children.

Identify a social consequence of the decline in mortality during the twentieth century. Multiple choice question. A. Men and women receive limited Social Security benefits. B. Women and men live shorter lives. C. Women tend to outlive men. D. Men tend to outlive women.

C. Women tend to outlive men

Gay and lesbian families consist of a growing number of couples who either adopt a child or conceive one through _____. Multiple choice question. A. intrauterine insemination B. in vitro fertilisation C. donor insemination D. surgery

C. donor insemination

While socializing their children, middle-class parents tend to _____. Multiple choice question. A. aim for the accomplishment of natural growth B. stress obedience and conformity C. emphasize autonomy and self-direction D. provide a safe, loving environment

C. emphasize autonomy and self-direction

According to a report published by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics (2015), from 1980 to 2013, the proportion of children in the high-income group _____. Multiple choice question. A. was the same as that of children in the below poverty group B. was less than that of children in the extreme poverty group C. grew markedly D. contracted sharply

C. grew markedly

According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, the authoritative style of parental behavior produces children who _____. Multiple choice question. A. have difficulty cooperating with others B. are less competent than other children C. have higher self-esteem than other children D. are always dependent on their families

C. have higher self-esteem than other children

According to studies on families during the Great Depression, children whose fathers were more hostile and irritable were themselves _____. Multiple choice question. A. more focused and determined B. less tense and irritable C. more sullen, angry, and abrasive D. less explosive and punishing

C. more sullen, angry, and abrasive

According to Kohn, differing parenting styles derive from the _____. Multiple choice question. A. transnational customs of family life B. religious activities of the society C. occupational conditions of parents D. inherent gender roles of the adults

C. occupational conditions of parents

More children face daily periods of separation from their parents because of a great increase in the _____. Multiple choice question. A. number of extended families in which children have to spend time with other family members B. proportion of children who study in boarding schools C. proportion of mothers who work outside the home D. number of hours children spend in extracurricular activities

C. proportion of mothers who work outside the home

The group of people aged 65 years and over is referred to as the older population because 65 has been the age at which a person could _____. Multiple choice question. A. be declared physically weak and unfit to work B. be declared psychologically disoriented C. retire and receive full Social Security benefits D. reach the peak of his or her active life expectancy

C. retire and receive full Social Security benefits

Instability of family life is much higher in the United States because _____. Multiple choice question. A. Americans have high rates of income and savings B. Americans tend to start earning before completing their education C. Americans tend to switch their jobs more often D. Americans have high rates of marrying, divorcing, and remarrying

D. Americans have high rates of marrying, divorcing, and remarrying

Identify an accurate statement about multiple-partner fertility (MPF). Multiple choice question. A. MPF is more common among Native American mothers than African American mothers. B. MPF is widespread in rural America among couples without children together. C. Marital relationships have accelerated the process. D. Cohabiting relationships have stimulated the process.

D. Cohabiting relationships have stimulated the process

According to researchers, identify an accurate statement about socialization. Multiple choice question. A. The process of socialization starts in schools. B. The process of socialization does not involve teaching children norms and values. C. Socialization is a process in which only parents can influence their children. D. Socialization is a two-way process in which children and parents influence each other.

D. Socialization is a two-way process in which children and parents influence each other

Identify an accurate statement about transnational adoptions. Multiple choice question. A. Three-fourths of all adopted children in the United States were born in other countries. B. The receiving countries tend to be poorer than the sending countries. C. Ethiopia has been the largest sender of children to the United States for years. D. The decline in transnational adoptions since the mid-2000s reflects geopolitics and population policies.

D. The decline in transnational adoptions since the mid-2000s reflects geopolitics and population policies

According to research studies, identify an accurate statement about women who have children with multiple partners. Multiple choice question. A. They attend religious services very often. B. They do not receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. C. They are more likely to have their first children very late in life. D. They are less likely to have family or friends to count on for social support.

D. They are less likely to have family or friends to count on for social support

According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, the authoritative style of parental behavior produces children who _____. Multiple choice question. A. are less competent than other children B. have difficulty cooperating with others C. are always dependent on their families D. have higher self-esteem than other children

D. have higher self-esteem than other children

W. Bradford Wilcox argues that conservative Protestant churches _____. Multiple choice question. A. urge fathers to avoid being disciplinarians B. require fathers to suppress emotions, such as anger, toward their children C. avoid combining strict discipline with involvement D. teach that being the household head means, in part, being an involved father

D. teach that being the household head means, in part, being an involved father

An important source of the rise of multiple-partner fertility (MPF) is _____. Multiple choice question. A. an increase in the number of marriages that are less stable than cohabiting relationships B. the considerable number of marriages among African Americans C. an increase in the number of families with individuals having living-apart-together relationship D. the considerable amount of childbearing outside of any kind of partnership

D. the considerable amount of childbearing outside of any kind of partnership

True or false: Mass incarceration leaves children with fathers who are completely gone and are not present in their daily lives. True false question. True False

False

True or false: Most adopted children in the United States show elevated levels of emotional or behavioral difficulties. True false question. True False

False

grandfamilies

Families in which children reside with and are being raised by grandparents without the parents being present

activities of daily living (ADLs)

personal care activities, including bathing, dressing, getting into or out of bed, walking indoors, and using the toilet