Sociology Mid-Term

Structure (p.20)

: refers to the recurring patterns of behavior in social life

Culture (p.19)

: the collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation.

(Chapter 1 ) Sociology (p.3)

: the systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society.

Hypothesis

A statement about the relationship between variables that is to be investigated

How do genes and the social environment relate to one another? A. Genes may exist for a certain trait, but how that trait is expressed depends on the social environment. B. Genes have a much stronger role in determining actions than the social environment does. C. They are completely unrelated to one another. D. The social environment is completely responsible for behaviors such as being "outgoing"; genes play no role.

A. Genes may exist for a certain trait, but how that trait is expressed depends on the social environment.

Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior? A. Genes represent the potential for traits but do not determine the expression of those traits. B. Genes, in general, are more important predictors of behavior than environment. C. The social environment can trigger genes and associative behavior but cannot limit the impact of genes. D. None of these answers is correct.

A. Genes represent the potential for traits but do not determine the expression of those traits.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about cultural objects? A. They are a part of nonmaterial culture as well as material culture. B. They are often variations of basic items. C. They are created by and associated with people who share a culture. D. Media products are also cultural objects.

A. They are a part of nonmaterial culture as well as material culture.

Consistent with the premises of strain theory, research finds that juvenile delinquency and gang membership is primarily caused by A. blocked opportunities. B. broken family structures. C. social pressure. D. moral failure.

A. blocked opportunities.

Punk rock based its appeal on the rejection of mainstream culture and its artifacts. It lost its nonconformist credibility once its symbols were sold in stores. This scenario is consistent with which concept? A. commercialization of deviance B. legalization C. normalization D. overconformity

A. commercialization of deviance

***Chapter 3-The disagreement about handing out condoms in schools is an example of a A. culture war. B. cultural distinction. C. culture clash. D. cultural lag.

A. culture war.

In designing a study of the relationship between grades and class attendance, Mana states that she expects grades to improve as class attendance increases. This statement is her study's A. hypothesis. B. operationalization. C. generalization. D. variable.

A. hypothesis.

The sampling method that involves selecting cases to include by chance is called ________ sampling. A. random B. quota C. intermediary D. convenience

A. random

Sociology emerged from all of the following revolutions EXCEPT the A. religious. B. cultural. C. political. D. economic.

A. religious.

*****Chapter 7/quiz #5- Darren has three children. To Darren, being a good dad is being a good provider, and he spends many overtime hours earning extra money. But when he works overtime, he feels he isn't spending enough time with his children. Darren is experiencing A. role strain. B. role overload. C. role competition. D. role conflict.

A. role strain.

Which concept describes the processes of seeing and understanding the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live? A. sociological perspective B. social viewpoint C. structural-functionalist theory D. sociology

A. sociological perspective

Those defined as deviant often suffer a ________ attached to their deviance. It is associated with shame, loss of status, discrimination, and social isolation. A. stigma B. loss of self C. secondary deviance D. master status

A. stigma

Persistent patterns in how people act in society are called A. structure. B. power. C. culture. D. functions.

A. structure.

Which term is used for data that represent different values? A. variables B. samples C. figures D. facts

A. variables

qualitative data

Any kind of evidence that is not numerical in nature including evidence gathered from interviews direct interviews, observation ,and written or visual documents.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of theories that were identified as important? A. All theories are proven. B. A theory is not a hunch or personal opinion. C. Theories evolve and are sometimes rejected. D. Multiple theories often give us a more complete picture than any single one

B. A theory is not a hunch or personal opinion.

In the United States, when stepping into an elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to get on or get off. This is an example of A. a belief. B. a norm. C. knowledge. D. a value.

B. a norm.

What is the most widely recognized form of electronic surveillance on the internet? A. beacons B. cookies C. scraping D. JavaScript

B. cookies

The two key components of social research are theory and A. patterns. B. data. C. knowledge. D. transparency

B. data

Some people hope that marijuana will soon be legal. They hope for the ________ of marijuana. A. monetization B. decriminalization C. marketization D. distribution

B. decriminalization

Deviance is learned through interaction with members of a deviant group. This defines which theoretical perspective? A. juvenile association theory B. differential association theory C. strain theory D. innovation theory

B. differential association theory

Eating disorders are the result of which type of behavior? A. obsessive B. overconformist C. deviant D. irrational

B. overconformist

People often experience a number of changes in their life. One of the most difficult can occur during a divorce. It often takes people one or two years to adjust to all the changes divorce brings. They must adjust to being a single person. They may have to raise their children alone. Sometimes they have lost friends or family members. They may have to move to a new residence or find a new job. Eventually, they may start dating again. What is the process that these individuals are undergoing? A. total institution B. resocialization C. saturation D. reintegration

B. resocialization

Mike's uncle is always making generalizations about certain racial/ethnic groups, describing them as being smart, good with money, lazy, unmotivated, or prone to crime. Mike knows that these assertions are unfounded but he does not know how to address his uncle. These generalizations are A. sexism.. B. stereotypes. C. social networks. D. status hierarchies

B. stereotypes.

Which theoretical perspective does Charles Horton Cooley represent? A. functionalist B. symbolic interactionism C. feminist D. conflict

B. symbolic interactionism

According to George Herbert Mead, what makes up the "self"? A. the "we" and the "them" B. the "I" and the "me" C. the "I" and the "you" D. the "me" and the "you"

B. the "I" and the "me"

What is a social role? A. a part that an actor plays, such as Hamlet B. the social expectations that go along with a social status C. the social positions that one holds in a social system D. when children play "pretend" and take on various personas

B. the social expectations that go along with a social status

Which of the following groups is more likely to experience a shorter period of adolescence? A. females of all races and ethnicities B. working-class youth C. middle-class youth D. white males

B. working-class youth

Which level of analysis focuses on areas between large-scale social structures and small-scale interactions? A. micro B. meso C. macro D. mini

B.meso

Academics Typically conduct ________ research and publish their findings in journals and books addressed to a scholarly audience.

Basic research

Which of the following best summarizes Emile Durkheim's view of the social world? A. Societies' shared values and goals allow for cultural growth. B. Religion is the basis of social bonds. C. Society works because there is a collective understanding of behaviors. D. Society is shaped by the competing interests of workers and capitalists.

C. Society works because there is a collective understanding of behaviors.

To establish causality, which of the following conditions does NOT need to be met? A. The variables must be correlated. B. The causal relationship must not be explainable by some third variable. C. The change in the dependent variable must occur before the change in the independent variable. D. The cause must precede effect.

C. The change in the dependent variable must occur before the change in the independent variable.

How is the life-course sequence different for men and women in the United States today? A. Women are more likely to have parenthood as part of their sequence. B. Women are more likely to marry, while men are more likely to cohabit. C. Women are more likely to have a period of unemployment to care for children. D. Men are more likely to complete college.

C. Women are more likely to have a period of unemployment to care for children.

What is a bureaucracy? A. a highly diffuse and informal organization B. a secondary group of people interested in business C. a hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures D. a governmental agency with many responsibilities

C. a hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures

A very remote tribe of people lives in the highlands of Papua, New Guinea. Boys are expected to undergo a blood initiation, which to outsiders would seem quite cruel and inhuman. For example, elders stick long canes into the young initiates' noses and a sharp arrow pierces their tongues a number of times. Members of the tribe believe that these rituals are necessary to expel the contaminated blood received from their mothers when they gave birth to them. Men may not marry or assume adult responsibilities unless they undergo these rituals. What do these rituals represent to these young men? A. a total institution B. agents of socialization C. a rite of passage D. a life-course perspective

C. a rite of passage

******Chapter 8/ quiz #6-Our behavior is regulated by the degree to which we are attached to major social institutions. This defines which theoretical perspective? A. rational choice theory B. strain theory C. control theory D. differential association theory

C. control theory

What is the three-step process that Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann believe individuals go through as they construct reality? A. defining, believing, constructing B. internalization, externalization, objectivation C. externalization, objectivation, internalization D. embodiment, objecting, internalizing

C. externalization, objectivation, internalization

At what point in Western history did the idea that children should not be used as laborers become popular? A. in the 1700s B. in the twentieth century C. in the early nineteenth century D. in the 1600s

C. in the early nineteenth century

What is the best way to describe the organization of contemporary society? A. triad membership B. clan groups C. networked individualism D. bureaucratic collectivism

C. networked individualism

In relation to identity formation in the offline world, identity formation in the digital world is A. less authentic. B. more static. C. not that different. D. usually inappropriate.

C. not that different.

**Chapter 2-Evidence that is non-numerical, such as information gathered from interviews or observation, is known as ________ data. A. quantitative B. survey C. qualitative D. content

C. qualitative

Which of the following is the best example of a status set? A. registered nurse in the United States B. caring for one's child and earning a living C. registered nurse, father, husband, amateur golfer D. registered nurse

C. registered nurse, father, husband, amateur golfer

Which of the following examples of social networks helps people find jobs, houses, spouses, and more? A. safety nets B. havens C. social capital D. bandages

C. social capital

The unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or people from other cultures is referred to as A. ethnocentrism. B. multiculturalism. C. xenophobia. D. cultural relativism.

C. xenophobia.

Public sociology

Combine both basic and applied research Writing magazines articles to describe and address social problems

Garner is conducting a study on how students who live on campus eat. He asked participants to record where they ate each of their meals. He found that during the week he collected data, there was a large increase in the number of students eating in the dining hall when compared to the weeks before and after he conducted his study. With what phenomena should Garner be concerned in his findings? A. Hamburg effect B. Higgins process C. Hutchens process D. Hawthorne effect

D. Hawthorne effect

Which sociologist believes that parents socialize their children into doing work that is similar to their own work? A. Erving Goffman B. Philippe Aries C. Karl Mannheim D. Melvin Kohn

D. Melvin Kohn

Athletes who train and participate in triathlons would be considered examples of A. a counterculture. B. ideal culture. C. dominant culture. D. a subculture.

D. a subculture

Suzanne wants to be a body builder. She works out four or five times a week at the gym. She has met many nice people there and she has a group with whom she can talk and train. Some members of this group have also become her friends and they are involved in social activities together. What would Suzanne and her group of friends be considered? A. a secondary group B. a triad C. a counterculture D. a subculture

D. a subculture

Stanley Milgram found in his experiment that people A. shy away from conflict in most social situations. B. stand up when they know something is unjust. C. will stand up to authority figures when they are wrong. D. are socialized into obeying authority figures.

D. are socialized into obeying authority figures.

What have anticorporate activists in the United States done to promote cultural activism? A. lobbied the federal government to limit the number of big businesses that are being created B. worked to have the media more closely regulated C. very little other than complain about corporate America D. established independent media outlets

D. established independent media outlets

What are stereotypes? A. positive generalizations of a particular group, such as a racial or ethnic group B. true generalizations about a group of people based on both negative and positive attributes C. statements regarding the negative attributes of a racial or ethnic group D. exaggerated, distorted, and untrue generalizations about groups that overlook individual variation

D. exaggerated, distorted, and untrue generalizations about groups that overlook individual variation

In a sociological study of the relationship between variables, what is associated with and/or causes change in the value of the other? A. qualitative variable B. dependent variable C. quantitative variable D. independent variable

D. independent variable

The historical period marked by a shift to urban industrial economies and increased faith in science and reason is known as A. industrialization. B. modernity. C. democracy. D. postmodernity.

D. postmodernity.

Bryan collected homicide and suicide statistics from different cities so he could examine the relationship between these two causes of death. What kind of data is he using? A. survey B. correlation C. qualitative D. quantitative

D. quantitative

Michel Foucault suggests that because we have internalized social norms and are ready to self-police, we are subject to social control in the form of A. a rigid order. B. structural domination. C. coercive structure. D. surveillance.

D. surveillance.

Which of the following measures do critics of multiculturalism support? A. increasing bilingual education B. increasing the number of immigrants into the country C. allowing immigrants to practice their own culture and traditions D. the adoption of "English only" laws

D. the adoption of "English only" laws

Which of the following would be part of an organizational environment? A. the sales figures for the organization's last quarter B. the traditions and history of the organization C. the gender of the organization's president D. the state of the economy and political arena

D. the state of the economy and political arena

applied research

Directly address some social problem or need. Targets outside academia, like NGOs ,social service agencies Ex. How can obesity be prevented? how can social anxiety be overcome? how to cure obsessive compulsive disorder?

Groupthink is when a decision is arrived at after all alternatives and potential criticisms are considered. True or False

False

Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution would be considered an element of material culture. True or False

False

Poorer countries, like Kenya, have now begun to produce their own media and rely little on Western culture. True or false

False

Where does applied research usually take place?

Outside of academics- social service agencies, businesses, nonprofits, and social change groups

Gathering empirical evidence( element of social science)

Patterns are identified based on evidence that can be observed or documented using human senses

Using transparent methods( element of social science)

Researchers need to disclose how they collect and analyze their evidence

Viewing knowledge as provisional

Social science is based on the idea that truth claims are tentative and open to revision if new evidence is discovered

Identifying and understanding patterns in social life (element of social science research)

Social scientists see to identity recurrent patterns in human though and action

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

****Chapter 6/quiz 4- Socialization is a key to social stability. True or False

True

*Chapter 1 quiz-Symbolic interactionist theories focus on how society emerges from people's use of shared symbols in the course of their everyday interactions. True or False

True

A system that is limited in its abilities or that contains disruptive elements is called dysfunctional. True or False

True

Researchers reason deductively from a general theory when they use it to inform the gathering of specific data. True or False

True

The term social solidarity refers to the collective bonds that connect individuals. True or false

True

Correlation

a relationship in which change in one variable is connected to change in another

dependent variable

changes in response to the independent variable

public sociology

efforts to reach beyond an academic audience to make the results of sociological research, both basic and applied, known to the broader public. Sociologists often use the mass media like magazines in this effort

empirical evidence

evidence that can be observed or documented using the human senses

Quantitative data

evidence that can be summarized numerically. They are presented in variables.

Variables

measures that can change (or vary) and thus have different values

**chapter 2-basic research

the primary goal of this type of research is to describe some aspect of society and advance our understanding of it Ex. Whether income affect people's level of happiness;how people interact in street corners

Sociological perspective (p.3)

to see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live.

Deviance can play a positive role in society. True or False

true

Modernity (p. 7)

was characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy.