Sociology Midterm 2 Study Guide
The 2016 election was the first presidential election in which presidential campaigns used websites and other Internet-based technologies to persuade voters. One effective strategy was "twitterstorms", which delivered quick, provocative, even outrageous messages. Internet-based "fake news" has influenced elections since 1996, but in 2016, the effect was more intense. "Fake news" stemmed from individuals, U.S. groups, and Russia, and had widespread influence on people's knowledge of events.
-"Fake news" stemmed from individuals, U.S. groups, and Russia, -One effective strategy was "twitterstorms"
According to your text's definition, identify these people as transgender or not.
-A biological male lives in society as a woman. -A biological female uses medical assistance to physically transition to living as a man.
According to the text, what regions have the lowest and highest levels of extreme poverty in 2013? Place the regions in order from lowest to highest.
- europe and central asia - latin america - south asia - sub saharan africa
Select the bolded phrases that accurately describe research findings about child-free women.
- increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s - less stigmatized now than in the past.
Poverty as cultural phenomena (fill in the blanks)
- poor themselves - Oscar Lewis - culture of poverty - Charles Murray - dependency culture
Select the bolded terms that represent overt racism.
- referring to Mexican migrants as racist - promoting white superiority
Identify which professions would be considered "glass escalator" professions for men.
- social worker - nurse
Childhood poverty: (Click on phrases)
- surged after 2008 recession - economic recovery benefits superrich and their children
Clock on phrases proving global inequality in the future.
- wealth nations decreased births - increased births poorer nations
What are the required elements of a workers' strike?
-All work is suspended for an indefinite period. -Those involved in a strike make their grievances known. -A group of employees engages in the same action.
Which of the following features are typical of flexible business structures?
-Businesses are networked together horizontally, compartmentalizing pieces of the manufacturing-to-sales pipeline. -Businesses rely on advanced technology to communicate with other businesses.
What were some of the consequences of colonial-style education for developing nations?
-Educated indigenous people led revolts against colonizers. -The system of higher education remains better developed than primary and secondary education.
Which of the following statements are true of the 1966 Coleman report's findings?
-Family background and peers seem to make a bigger difference to student outcomes than school quality. -Schools in the United States are highly racially segregated.
Identify the reasons why the achievement gap between poor and wealthy kids has grown over time.
-Income inequality has grown over time, too, and this increases the resources available to kids from better-off families. -Poorer children are more likely to live in single-parent homes, and one parent may not have as much time to spend on them. -Better-off families can afford to live in better neighborhoods with better schools. -Better-off families tend to engage in more activities designed to improve their children's cognitive abilities.
Which of the following criticisms do some observers make about the "zero-tolerance" policy in schools?
-It is enacted differently, dependent on a student's race. -It has unnecessarily increased the role of police in schools. -It sets students on a trajectory toward criminality and the criminal justice system.
Which of the following criticisms have been directed toward the No Child Left Behind Act?
-It narrows the diversity of subjects covered by schools. -It relies on a punitive model of school reform.
What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?
-Nation-states form alliances with one another. -Nation-states enforce laws. -Nation-states wage wars.
According to Charles Tilly's analysis of revolutionary social change, identify each scenario as an example of collective action, or not.
-On Jan. 21, 2017, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Washington D.C. for the Women's March. -In the nineteenth century, the peasantry overthrew the monarchy in France.
In traditional societies, women perform certain tasks and men perform other tasks. In modern societies, economies are much more complex. Each individual must do various activities in different hours of the day. A manager may ask three assistants to work together on a project. Work is divided into many different occupations in which people specialize. Physical health, for example, may require attention from a doctor, a surgeon, an optometrist, and a dentist.
-Physical health, for example, may require attention from a doctor, a surgeon, an optometrist, and a dentist. -Work is divided into many different occupations in which people specialize. -women perform certain tasks and men perform other tasks
According to sociologist Sean Reardon, which of the following are explanations for the achievement gap?
-Residential segregation related to income has increased in recent decades. -Middle-class parents invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development.
Which of the following reasons have been proposed for the reversal of the gender gap in completing a college degree?
-Teachers have recognized and addressed gender bias in the classroom. -Opportunities in traditionally female-dominated industries have expanded, while male-dominated industries like manufacturing now have fewer opportunities.
Which of the following statements about the Tea Party are accurate?
-The Tea Party advocates for a smaller role of government in the economy. -The Tea Party is not actually a political party; it is a well-organized social movement
Which of the following statements is true of a "knowledge economy"?
-The population is relatively highly educated. -Many workers are employed in research, technology, design, and marketing fields. -The physical production of goods no longer plays a large part of a country's economy.
What reasons do researchers give for why the United States' unemployment levels have been rising during the past 60 years?
-The rise of international competition has affected industries important to U.S. prosperity. -European countries provide a stronger social safety net, including unemployment benefits. -The U.S. government continues to rely on Keynesianism to attempt to reduce unemployment. -The increasing use of microelectronics in industry has reduced the need for labor power.
According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?
-There must be different political parties that represent different interests. -There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy.
According to the textbook, identify the reasons why more U.S. students should study abroad.
-to gain foreign language skills -to learn more about other cultures
Match the example with the characteristic of work as a part of social value and personal worth.
-variety: As a part-time working dad, Bruce enjoys doing tasks at work that are different than childcare tasks -personal identity: Emily feels proud that she earned the title "Registered Nurse." -structuring one's time: When she was unemployed, Diane dreaded each day as a long, open-ended period of time. -social contacts: Karl likes the people he works with and looks forward to going to clubs or games with them on the weekends.
Based on his theory, order the hypothetical events from first to last.
1. Lack of work ethic 2. Traditional values abandoned 3. reinvesting wealth 4. high mass consumption
Based on your knowledge of civil rights history, place the following events in chronological order.
1. NAACP 2. Brown v Board of Ed 3. Montgomery Bus Boycott 4. March on Washington 5. Civil Rights Act
Test your knowledge of educational attainment using the Globalization by the Numbers interactive graphic here. Then place in order the following countries from highest to lowest average years of schooling.
1. US 2.Norway 3. Japan 4. ghana 5. Afghanistan
Place the following educational reforms in chronological order.
1. elementary and secondary education act 2. gun free zone act 3. no child left behind 4. race to the top
Place the following majors that international students select in order from most to least popular.
1. engineering 2. business and management 3. math and computer science 4. social sciences
Place the five stages of capitalism in order from the earliest to most recent type.
1. family 2. managerial 3. welfare 4. institutional 5. global
The occupation of clerk or office worker is a good demonstration of what sociologists call "occupational segregation." Place the steps illustrating this particular evolution in order from first to last.
1. male clerks held responsible 2. as the typewriter and other forms of mechanization 3. female clerks increasingly performed routine tasks 4. pay and prestige of the female clerk
place the following caregivers in order from the highest to lowest source of elder abuse and verbal mistreatment.
1. non family 2. spouse 3. adult children
According to Neil Smelser's theory of structural strain, place the first four stages of a social movement in chronological order from first to last.
1. structural conduciveness 2. structural strain 3. generalized beliefs 4. precipitating factors
Match each type of family to the correct description.
1. two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children Correct label: nuclear family 2. the family in which one is brought up Correct label: families of orientation 3. the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children Correct label: families of procreation 4. a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage Correct label: extended family
Using the Globalization by the Numbers infographic, place the following countries in order from lowest to highest voter turnout.
1. us 2. Mexico 3. turkey 4. rwanda
The Centers for Disease Control estimate that about - percent of women have been the victims of rape or attempted rape. This rate applies to women -. The CDC estimates that about - percent of men have experienced sexual assault by age 18, often at the hands of a relative or acquaintance.
20, everywhere, 16
According to the World Health Organization, approximately what percentage of women around the world have suffered from abuse by an intimate partner?
33 percent
Fill in the blank to complete the passage about aging and Alzheimer's disease.
35%
According to the textbook, what was the approximate percentage of unmarried mothers with children under 18 in the paid workforce in 2013?
75%
Approximately what percentage of people are married, or have been married at one point, by their mid-fifties?
90
In general, women earn about 80 cents for every dollar earned by men. How much do female social workers earn, with respect to every dollar earned by a male social worker?
91 cents
Identify the following statements as a common reason for cohabitating, or not.
A Common Reason - "We were spending most nights together, anyway." - "I just love spending time with him!" Not common - "I need to see whether he'll do any housework before I decide to marry him." - "I need to test out my ability to be in a serious relationship."
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about how capitalism affects an aging population.
A [conflict] theorist considering aging and the elderly would argue that our capitalist society tends to favor those who are the most [economically powerful]. According to this view, many of the problems of aging are produced by the routine operation of [social institutions] and women, low-income persons and ethnic groups generally fare [worse] than others.
Identify the features that sociologists use to define family. These features are true of all families.
Feature(s) of Family: - a group of people connected by kinship ties - a group of people in which the adult members take responsibility for the children's upbringing - a group of people who form an economic unit Not features: - a group of kin in which the adults are joined by marriage - a group of people who love one another and live in the same household
Match profession to social class
Janitor- lower class restaurant cook- working class Registered nurse- lower middle class engineer- upper middle class university president- upper class
Identify the following as major immigrant groups in the United States since 1965, or not
Major - latin america - asia
Which of the following household types is most common in the United States today?
Married without children
What does "real income" refer to?
Numerically adjusted for inflation
Chapter 14: Families
Questions
Identify the reasons why it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on intimate partner violence.
Reason(s) 1. Victims of severe abuse may not have the time and freedom to answer survey questions. 2. There are different types of intimate partner violence, which may lead to confusion. 3. Perpetrators of domestic abuse may underreport.
Ferguson MO reasons for protest.
Reason: - because black teenager Michael Brown had been fatally shot by a white police officer - because of concern over institutional racism in the criminal justice system Not: - because of the cumulative burden of microaggressions, white privilege, and stereotyping - because of President Donald Trump's overtly racist statements
According to the textbook and the following chart, identify the two reasons for the stagnation in Hispanics' median household income in the 2000s.
Reason: - low level jobs - poor immigrants Not: - fear of undocumented immigrants - young immigrants
Which of the following factors are related to an increased risk of divorce?
Related: - premarital cohabitation marrying at an early age Not related: - high income - having children
The social causation explanation suggests that cohabitation is the kind of experience that erodes belief in marriage, thus increasing the likelihood of divorce.
True
Which of the following statements are true about the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments?
True: - It gave preference to immigrants who sought entry into the United States for family reunification reasons. - It was partially responsible for the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of immigrants in the United States. - It ended the practice of giving preference to immigrants from northern and western Europe. False: - It provided amnesty for illegal immigrants in the United States. - quota system
What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality?
Underemphasize the role of women
In 2011, what was the most common status of recent high school graduates who did not go on to college?
Unemployed and looking for work
Either the upper middle class or the lower middle class.
Upper middle: - small business - active in politics - comfortable sized home Lower middle: - not politically active - hourly wages
The Fordist period after - was characterized by a high degree of stability in labor relations and high rates of -. Workers and employers engaged in -, which contributed to a range of worker benefits.
WW2, unionization, collective bargaining
According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today?
Wealth and power resulted in continuing exploitation
Which of the following examples most clearly displays prejudice?
White person believes Hispanics are dangerous but does not act on that belief
Identify the elements that Max Weber includes among the bases of class divisions.
Yes: - control of intangible economic resources - control of means of production No: - lifestyle - source of income
Some sociologists speak of an "underclass." Identify each statement about this class as either correct or incorrect.
Yes: - disconnected form society - difficult to move out No: - shrinking - rural
Which are examples of cultural capital?
Yes: - parent helping with homework - elite schooling No: - safe transportation - adequate nutrition and rest
By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?
Yes: - relationship to authority - skills and expertise No: - nature of work - level of income
In which scenario is a social movement most likely to occur, according to James Davies's theory of how relative deprivation motivates social action?
a country in which citizens have limited civil rights, but recent gains have been made in the right to free speech
intergenerational mobility
a measure of social movement from one generation to the next
When we speak of someone being a "non-cis" individual, what we are referring to?
a mismatch between their gender and their sex assigned at birth
What is a welfare state?
a state in which the government provides certain material, or economic, benefits for its citizens
Identify the scenario that would be classified by a U.S. court as quid pro quo sexual harassment.
a supervisor demands sexual acts from a worker in exchange for a promotion
Which of the following is the best example of emotional intelligence?
a third grader is disappointed when he comes in second at the regional spelling bee, but he congratulates the winner with a smile.
Which of the following is an example of economic interdependence?
a woman buying meat from a butcher, clothing from a retailer, and working for a pet grooming service.
Identify the following economic practices as distinctive to flexible production systems, or true of capitalism in general.
flexible: -Companies "race to the bottom" searching around the world for the cheapest materials and labor. -The various components of a product are made in different factories around the world. capitalism: -Workers sense that their own abilities as human beings are taken over by others. -Successful entrepreneurship is rewarded with great wealth and profit.
Identify each feature of production systems as characteristic of Fordism or post-Fordism.
fordism -bureaucratic/vertical business structures -most work done in-house (locally) -job security post fordism -flexible/horizontal business structures -most work outsourced (globally) -job insecurity
Using the lettered list of descriptions, place each letter in the correct economic system: Fordism, Post-Fordism, or the Informal Economy.
fordism: A,B,C post- fordism: d, e, f inform economy: H, I, G
The human capital theory suggests that we invest in our own "human capital"—education, training, and how long we commit to a job—to increase productivity and earnings. Accordingly, men choose careers that dovetail with their human capital, as do women. What strand of sociological theory would this argument support?
functionalism
Which of the following describes Sarah Thebaud's research finding regarding barriers to women's entrepreneurship?
funders may view women's proposals as less competent than men's
Which trend is displayed by this figure?
gender differences in pay are trending toward equity
Match the sociological research question with the corresponding concept.
gender role- How do little girls learn that pink is a "girl color"? intersectionality- How are body size norms different for women in South America, Africa, and North America?
Identify the following as a characteristic of either gender or sex.
gender: aggression & macho attitude sex: menstruation & chromosomes
There are many forms of masculinity in society. Why do sociologists label one type of masculinity "hegemonic"?
hegemonic masculinity is dominant, and there are negative sanctions for those who do not live by these norms
Match each characteristic to the correct system.
high trust: -workers have autonomy over their work style and pace -characteristic of work at higher managerial levels low trust: -numerous conflicts with management, such as strikes -high levels of worker dissatisfaction
What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists better understand about gender?
how gender in various societies is socially constructed
Which of the following observations supports the sociological theory that education is a process of assimilation?
in public schools throughout the US, students follow highly similar curricula in all major subjects (e.g., history, English) from kindergartner through the 8th grade.
The rapid pace of technological changes contributes to what kind of deprivation?
information poverty
In contemporary society, the spread of - appears to be changing the nature of schooling. In particular, a parallel education industry linked to software development and large institutions are forming part of what is being called the - industry.
information technology, edutainment
- are organizations that - elected officials to support the aims of each organization.
interest groups, lobby
What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?
investors now bundle money into grouped accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations.
Why does Walmart define a full-time work week as comprising 32 hours?
it gives them greater flexibility and power
What has happened to the achievement gap between rich and poor children between the 1970s and today?
it has grown by about 30-40 percent
What did the 1995 Gun-Free School Zones Act change about school policy?
it mandated automatic suspension or expulsion of student possessing drugs or weapons in school
What must occur for a social movement to become a revolution?
it must overthrow the government in charge
On the graph, select the bars that represent the U.S. military budget and the Russian military budget.
left to right 1 & 3 bar
The lower average IQ among the burakumin of Japan supports what argument about race and IQ?
membership in a socially deprived social group lowers IQ
Men and women tend to be concentrated in different occupations according to gender. Place the gender on the occupation in which it is the majority.
men: machinist, truck driver, pilot women: secretary, nurses, dental hygienist
According to the textbook, corporations in the early twenty-first century are very different from those of the mid-twentieth century. Match each characteristic to the correct time period.
mid- twentieth century: -The core corporation is located within the United States, from which some overseas manufacturing plants are controlled. -The corporation is highly bureaucratic and employs a large number of production workers and middle management. early twenty- first: -The corporation can be characterized as an "enterprise web" that links smaller businesses together. -Worker turnover—the percentage of workers who leave and are replaced each year—is high.
Anita Hill's 1991 testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee during the confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas's 1991 nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court has had what lasting influence?
more recognition of sexual harassment and willingness to report
Economist John Maynard Keynes recommended that governments intervene - in the economy in order to spark economic growth. According to his theory, people can expect - and continuous economic growth. Keynsianism has been mostly - since the 1970s.
more, full employment, abandoned
Identify the following parents as more or less likely to homeschool their children, according to the survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education.
more: -a two-parent family earning $65,000 -a stay-at-home mother who is concerned about negative moral influences in public school
Feminists disagree with the notion that biology "wires" men and women for certain social roles. What is the basis of this feminist view?
much of human activity is the result of socialization
Identify each example as a conventional social movement, or a new social movement.
new -the Black Lives Matter movement. -the environmental movement
In the United States, many adults have - where they earn a - wage or salary. Collectively, this - forms the basis of the -
occupation, regular, work, economy
The global economy is increasingly dominated by -, which arise when corporations engage in -, allowing them to grow substantially in size. In doing so, the corporations aim to eliminate direct - and reduce productive -.
oligopolies, mergers and acquisition, competition, overcapacity
According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, which variable leaves a child at greatest risk of social and psychological difficulties later in life?
absence of a mother
According to Roslyn Mickelson, students have abstract and concrete attitudes toward schooling. Match each attitude to the appropriate description.
abstract: -school is important to me -it is important to go to college in order to go ahead concrete: -I can see myself succeeding in school -college will not be useful to me
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about theories of aging
activity continuity socioemotional
What scenario best exemplifies the concept of stereotype threat?
after overhearing her teacher say that "girls don't do as well in math" to a colleague, Samantha began to get anxious before taking math tests.
How does evidence about aggression and testosterone in males contradict the idea that biology alone defines the difference between male and female?
aggression behavior may increase testosterone levels
Intra generational
an individual moving up (or down) the social scale in his or her own lifetime
Which person exemplifies the experience of a "portfolio worker"?
anne began her career as a paralegal working in a law firm. she later went on to receive a master's degree in psychology and worked as a jury consultant for the state. she is now considering an offer to work at a consulting firm specializing in legal consulting.
How is party voting associated with income in the United States?
as income increases, voters are more likely to vote for republican
Governments exercise -, a form of - legitimized by a belief system that justifies its use. Those who are subject to a government's rule voluntarily - to it.
authority, power, consent
- refers to the general process by which production processes are enacted by machines, whereas - refer specifically to the machines performing functions that are ordinarily done by human workers.
automation, robot
Why do sociologists analyze and critique U.S. Census categories for race and ethnicity?
b/c they are official counts and categories used by federal government
Why do sociologists classify domestic labor, or housework, as work?
because it is human activity that ensures survival
Identify which of the following statements demonstrate a biological essentialist view.
biological essentialism -Testosterone makes men aggressive, and sometimes violent. -Because they carry babies in the womb, women should be primary caregivers of infants. social construction -When women speak their minds, others often mistake them as angry or pushy. -Ideal masculinity may be emotional or unemotional, depending on the culture.
What is the term for a small number of firms that dominate the market in a given industry?
oligopoly
Volunteer work is unpaid labor that serves an important social role. In 2015, about 63 million people—over - of American adults—contributed 8 billion hours of volunteer service, estimated as worth -.
one- fifth, 193 billon
bell hooks argues that in naming the family as a core part of patriarchy, sociologists are overlooking what crucial idea?
oppression of black women may be found in a different location
Identify the following as describing either a participatory democracy or a direct democracy.
participatory -The people regularly assemble to make decisions about proposed policies. -This system is ideal for a relatively small number of people. direct -Voters participate in decision making by voting for or against proposed policies, without meeting face-to-face with other voters. -This system is ideal for a relatively larger number of voters, or those scattered over a large region.
The English-language term two-spirit used by many Native American groups refers to what?
person of integrated genders
A democracy is a - in which the - -.
political system, people, rule
What is one employment area in which both men and women are disadvantaged in pay?
predominantly female occupations
According to - feminist thought, certain types of femininity are seen as the result of - controlled and produced by men.
radical, conceptions of beauty and sexuality
According to the textbook, identify the reasons why Americans are less likely to vote than citizens in many other countries.
reason: -Americans have the opportunity to vote more often and for more positions. -The registration process is more complex in the United States than in other countries. -The winner-take-all system discourages third parties that would give voters more viable choices.
Choose the line that represents employment in the service sector.
red line (30%)
School funding can vary greatly, even within the same state or county. Why does per-student funding vary so much for different schools?
school funding usually comes from property taxes, so wealthier areas generate more funding for schools.
How does this picture exemplify the kinds of problems that Jonathan Kozol saw in the schools he observed?
schools in poor communities were in a state of disrepair
The world's low-income countries have mostly [Agricultural] economies. In 2016, the low-income countries were home to [9] percent of the world's population, and [0.5] percent of the world's GDP. In general, the [poorer] the country, the [faster] the growth in population.
see brackets
According to dependency theory, poor countries are locked in a cycle of poverty because they are Exploited by Wealthy Nations, a process that began with Colonialism.
see caps
Kelley Voelker sued Deutsche Bank for sex discrimination in 2003. Which of these possible motivations for illegally demoting Voelker is supported by a functionalist perspective on gender?
she was starting a family
For SAT scores in 2015, the average scores on the math section for blacks and Hispanics were - the average score of whites.
significantly lower than
structural social mobility
social mobility resulting from changes in the number and types of jobs available in society
In places such as Chad, Somalia, and Sudan, the central government has lost authority over large parts of its national territory and resorts to force in an effort to retain at least some degree of power. Which term best describes what failed states such as these have lost?
sovereignty
Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?
state and national laws have been passes in response to efforts made by the group Mothers against drunk driving (MADD), with input form auto industry representatives and privacy advocates.
Match each term to the correct example.
strike:Five hundred workers at a manufacturing plant refuse to come into work, sending a letter of their grievances about unpaid overtime to both their employer and the local newspaper. pre- modern labor conflict: Factory workers, angered by the poor working conditions, riot against their employers. lockout: A large retail company responds to workers' demands by eliminating their hours and barring them from entry, effectively eliminating their wages until the employees capitulate to the new policies. work to rule: In response to their employer cutting hours and benefits, workers at a local café begin following every direction in the handbook to the letter, which slows down work markedly.
exchange mobility
talented people tend to move up the economic hierarchy, while less talented ones tend to move down
What is one way that Christine's story, at the beginning of the chapter, exemplifies the concept of a hidden curriculum?
teachers in Christine's low- performing school spent much of their time drilling students for state- mandated tests, rather than introducing new or diverse content.
What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?
technological innovations help companies produce more goods and services at a cheaper cost
A black student who skips class, refuses to hand in work, and talks back to the teacher repeatedly in class in order to impress his same-race peers is an example of what theoretical perspective?
the "acting white" thesis
Which industry has seen the fastest growth in employee unionization in recent years?
the service sector
Sex segregation refers to the separation and concentration of genders in which social institution?
the workplace
What did Paul Willis's ethnography show about the working-class young men he studied?
the young men were aware that school were not set up to benefit them, and therefore rejected school in favor of other markers of success.
Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence?
there are different forms of intelligence
Identify the statements that accurately describe feminist research findings regarding gender and housework for heterosexual couples.
Accurate Statement(s) - On a given day, the man is less likely to do housework. - When men do housework, they spend much less time on it. Not - Heterosexual couples are nearly "symmetrical" in terms of housework labor, a dramatic shift over the last 30 years. - Men more often do rational tasks, and women do affective tasks.
Identify the example that represents a portfolio worker.
Amy can write, edit, and design graphics. she uses these skills in four jobs, in her first decade after college.
Automation was not part of the American workforce until the mid-twentieth century. In 1950, Christopher Spencer invented the first fully automatic turret lathe. Automation has contributed to "de-skilling" the industrial workforce by breaking up the labor process into specialized tasks. Experts predict that robotics will likely replace 10 percent of U.S. jobs in the coming decades, with the rest of the economy relatively unaffected.
Automation has contributed to "de-skilling" the industrial workforce
Identify the statements that support either Borjas's or Simon's position.
Borjas - low skill - increase labor force Simon
According to world-systems theory, CORE countries include the most economically developed countries, and they profit from the PERIphery countries, which are typically very low-income and agricultural. The SEMIperiphery countries are located between these extremes; they are somewhat controlled by the CORE, but also exploit PERIphery countries for gain.
CAPS
Main causes of rising income gap in the U.S.
Cause: Globalization Declining role of governments Not: International conflict Inflation
Identify the following statements as being associated with either James Coleman's or Jonathan Kozol's research.
Coleman's -This research was required under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -Information was gathered on more than half a million students.
Which concept emerged from the work of sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva?
Color blindness
What is the role of interest groups, according to pluralist theories of modern democracy?
they limit the centralization of power
What do sociologists mean by the term "second shift"?
this term refers to women who work a paid job and also handle housework and childcare duties
What was the primary aim of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), signed into law by President Bush in 2002?
to close the achievement gap
What is the primary goal of scientific management (Taylorism)?
to maximize output
A failed state is a state in which the government no longer has sovereignty over its people.
true
A newly married wife can expect to do an additional seven hours of housework per week as a result of having a husband.
true
Herrnstein and Murray argued that IQ was primarily an inherited trait and therefore that some racial/ethnic groups had naturally higher IQs than others.
true
Most rapes are committed by close relatives, intimate partners, or acquaintances.
true
Research studying "between-school effects" look at the effect of attending different schools on students' outcomes.
true
The question of "Who fares worse, boys or girl, in education?" is a rich subject for sociological analysis. In general, most scholars agree that today's gender gap in education places girls ahead of boys.
true
Today, women account for about half of the workforce, a significant increase since 1950.
true
How is unionization associated with average wages?
unionized employees, on average, make more money than non- unionized employees within the same industry
The parent who scolds a young boy for playing with dolls (along with two girls) is giving a negative sanction for -, while the other parent who praises the boy for winning a computer game is providing a -.
violating gender roles, positive sanction
Identify parenting practices
Concentrated Cultivation: Children are enrolled in numerous extracurricular activities. Children are comfortable expressing themselves and questioning authority. Accomplishment of natural growth: Children are very close to extended kin. Children are independent in entertaining themselves and playing with friends. Parents speak briefly to children and use command statements.
According to the textbook, which factors have contributed to the movement away from traditional family forms and toward nuclear family arrangements in many societies?
Contributing: - migration from rural to urban areas - the development of centralized governments - employment in institutions, rather than on the land Not: - the spread of ideas about the utility of marriage - widespread interest in retaining religious traditions
Fill in the circles with the countries that best identify them as core, periphery, or semiperiphery, according to world-systems theory.
Core: US, Germany Periphery: Kenya, Honduras Semi- brazil China
How does information technology contribute to increased age discrimination?
Correct Answer(s) -Young people tend to have better computer skills. -Internet content promotes a culture of youth and beauty. Incorrect: - Social media itself promotes isolation and loneliness. -Access to medical resources via the Internet favors those under 65. -The elderly view computer technology as anachronistic.
Identify the following negative statements as expressions of racism, or not.
Correct: - believing that white people are superior to other groups - in apartheid South Africa, believing that black males were sexually dangerous to white women Incorrect: - opposing immigration from Spanish-speaking nations due to a desire to retain English as the dominant U.S. language - telling jokes about Polish Americans that present them as unintelligent
Homelessness
Correct: - fastest pop. consists of families - history of drugs, alcohol, and mental issues - rising cost of housing Incorrect: - veteran have increased
Working poor
Correct: - high school dropouts have higher likelihood Incorrect: - Blacks are likely to drop back into the working poor after 2008 - minimum wage adjusts for inflation - most get welfare
According to the textbook, which of the following factors contributed to the rise of racism?
Correct: - invention of race as hierarchal - exploitation - white and black as good and evil Wrong: - stories passed down
Middle class
Correct: - most households - has been shrinking Incorrect: - majority white - most think they are middle class
Why does Amy Chua argue that democracy and a free market would not solve the problem of ethnic conflicts?
Democracy may trigger backlash from ethnic majority
Match each term with the correct theoretical perspective.
black feminism- White, privileged, U.S. feminism does not account for the experiences of women of other races. postmodern- There is no single social group called "woman"; all categories must be interrogated and deconstructed liberal- Political reform is the best way to work toward gender equity. radical- The family is one of the primary social institutions that perpetuates patriarchy and oppression of women
Place each lobbying group on the bars in the graph that represent the type of lobbyist it is (business, labor, ideological, or other).
business: national association of realtors labor: international brotherhood ideological: national rifle other: university of Wisconsin
Identify each example as describing capitalism in particular, or economies in general.
capitalism -based on the private ownership of wealth -economic behavior is incentivized by profit economies -economic behavior is incentivized by survival -people exert themselves mentally and physically in order to produce goods and services
According to functionalist thinking, which of the listed traits are representative of the "expressive" female?
caregiving nurturing emotion
Which of the following types of rights are associated with being a citizen?
civil rights political rights social rights
Identify each of the following rights as either a civil, political, or social right.
civil rights: - the rights to own property - the rights to equal justice political right -the right to run for public office social right - the right to earn minimum wage
According to Karl Marx, social movements arise in response to -, which is brought about by a fundamental - in society.
class struggle, contradiction
Which of the following is an example of the shift in emphasis from education to learning in the ethos of American schooling?
classes that incorporate internships or service learning in their curriculum
What is the best example of the international division of labor?
clothing produced in Bangladeshi factories is sold in us retail stores by trained store staff
Why did most developing nations go through a different process of nation formation than countries in the developed world?
colonial powers imposed physical boundaries and state apparatuses on the countries they colonized
What do "critical," or Marxist, sociologists mean when they say that the hidden curriculum promotes social reproduction?
contrary to the notion that school are "great equalizers," schools actually perpetuate social inequalities across generations.
What effect did the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission have on elections in the United States?
corporation and unions now have a greater voice in election than in the past
Why have employers in the United States been relying more and more on part-time and temporary workers?
corporation save money by using part- time and temporary workers.
What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?
corporation' efforts to manufacture goods in countries with the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restriction, and the most lax government regulations
According to Marx, what are the essential characteristics of human nature?
creativity, control over one's activities, and cooperation with others
Which theory of education argues that a high school diploma or college degree becomes a signaling device that matters more for predicting later attainment than what the student learned in school?
credentialism theory
Pierre Bourdieu was interested in the process of -, or the process by which schools reward the - of middle- and upper-class children.
cultural reproduction, cultural capital
Based on the map, which color code is used for countries with the lowest literacy rate, and how low is that literacy rate?
dark orange, less than 50 percent literate
Match Statement to correct theory of global inequality
Dependence theory: emphasizes how wealthy nations have exploited poor ones World-systems theory: divides nations into core, periphery, and semiperiphery Market-oriented: sees government regulations as an impediment to a strong economy - blames the poverty of poor nations on traditional cultural values Global commodity chains: focuses on how nations are connected through labor networks - emphasizes the role of business decisions over the role of workers or governments
Identify the nation as experiencing dependent development, or not
Dependent: - India - Mexico Not: - Japan - Nepal
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the isolation of ethnic groups.
Ethnic cleansing Segregation
Which of the following are examples of how globalization has altered the way the elderly are treated?
Ex: - changes in how a society supports its elderly population - changes in agrarian societies lead to changes in traditional ways of thinking and behaving Not: - increased instances of parent-child co-residence - increased economic development affords more people the choice to retire
A minority group is smaller in number than a majority group (e.g., Asians are a minority group in the United States, at about 5 percent of the population, compared to whites, who comprise about 63 percent of the population).
False
Approximately 20 percent of the world's population lives in low-income or lower-middle-income countries
False
Diane Vaughan's research on "uncoupling" focuses on how previously married individuals and their children are affected by divorce in the long run (10 or more years after divorce).
False
Historically, America has had high social mobility
False
In the United States, cohabitation is often seen as an alternative to marriage. Many single people say they would prefer to cohabit than marry.
False
Market-oriented theories advocate for the greater involvement of government in setting labor market and business regulations
False
Two-thirds of the world's new HIV infections occur in India and China.
False
What is the principal form of wealth for most Americans?
Family income
U.S. politics is dominated by two major parties. Match the group of voters to the candidate favored by the group.
democratic: black and hispanic voter & younger voter republican: voters from small towns and rural areas & older voters
What is one political implication of the prediction that the United States will be a majority-minority country by 2044, at which point non-Hispanic whites will comprise less than half (47 percent) of the population?
democrats will have an electoral advantage over republicans
According to many sociological studies of educational inequality, what else must occur in order for educational reforms to be successful?
economic reforms
The discovery that more than 90 percent of - majors in college were men and over 90 percent of - majors were women reflects the cultural belief that men are - and women are -.
engineering, nursing, rational and logical, nurturing and caring
Identify the following parent behaviors as fitting with Talcott Parson's categories of expressive roles or instrumental roles.
expressive -keeping track of upcoming medical appointments for all members of the household -disciplining a child in the midst of a tantrum instrumental -working on a graduate degree in order to pursue a raise at work -being employed as an accountant
Although low-wage work does not offer workers the opportunity to save money or extensive benefits, these kinds of jobs often lead to higher paying, more stable employment.
false
Differences between males and females are always determined by biology.
false
Emma Sulkowicz, a student at Columbia University, carried a mattress around campus as an expression of support for the rights of domestic workers.
false
International students cost U.S. taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars through the scholarships and subsidies they receive as college students.
false
Intersectionality is a perspective that highlights how men and women intersect with one another in everyday life.
false
One benefit of the Internet is that it has minimized the importance of socioeconomic differences between people within the United States and abroad; everyone has access to the Internet, and therefore can take part in online activities.
false
Social scientists have determined that there are two genders.
false
The intensity of negative effects related to dropping out of high school peaks between ages 18 and 25 and lessens after that.
false
The true problem of unemployment is less than this chart indicates, because unemployment rates count retired persons, children, and others who do not want or need to work.
false
To the detriment of his rivals, Ford raised the wages at his production facility to obtain the best workers.
false
Union memberships, and the associated strategy of striking, has increased throughout the last twenty-five years.
false
What distinguishes the fields-of-action theory of social movements from the other theories of social movements in the textbook?
field of action theory draws more attention to the interaction between a social movement and other organizations, movement, and prior history
Which strategy do Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn advocate as a first essential step toward addressing general inequality as a whole, on a global level?
financial empowerment of women
indicate which statements accurately represent racial and ethnic differences in median household income over time.
w
The type of capitalism referred to as - capitalism provides services to its employees such as -, which are offered primarily as a way to prevent -.
welfare, paid vacation, unionization
Schools help to perpetuate gender differences in both outlook and behavior. Match the observed behavior of teachers in the classroom as it applies to either boys or girls.
what sociologist observed happening to boy -get more help working out the correct answers -interact a lot more with their teache what sociologist observed happening to girls -not engaged in discussions during a math class -given the correct answers more often
What might a sociologist who studies aging look for in trying to understand why the voter turnout rate of older Americans (60 and up) was significantly higher (71 percent) than that of young adults (18-24 years old) (43 percent) in 2012?
whether elderly see particular issues as interesting
Select the bolded terms that represent scapegoating
- Blaming black people for violence - Blaming immigrants on economy
U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following three related landmark moments in order from earliest to most recent.
- DOMA - Windsor v. US - SC ruling invalidates bans
Match each type of single-parent household to the correct description.
-They comprise more than 60 percent of single-parent households. Correct label: divorced mother (head of household) -This group is expanding most rapidly among single-parent households. Correct label: older, never-married, and financially stable mother (head of household -A high proportion of this group is poor. Correct label: young, never-married mother (head of household) -They comprise a small proportion of single-parent households but are relatively economically stable; more than half of this group are homeowners. Correct label: widowed mother (head of household)
What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?
-Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties. -The majority of adults in a liberal democracy have a right to vote.
Match each theoretical perspective to the appropriate research study.
-assimilation: A researcher surveys 7th grade students who have been in the United States for five to seven years and their immigrant parents to determine whether the children express greater affinity for and knowledge of American culture than their parents. -credentialism: A researcher selects two same-aged samples of equal intelligence and ability, one of which includes all high school graduates and one of which includes only young people who dropped out of school in the 11th grade and compares their labor market success over the past year. -hidden curriculum: A researcher randomly selects 30 schools, of which 15 are located in poor neighborhoods and 15 are located in wealthy neighborhoods, and compares both the curriculum of the schools and observes how teachers conduct their classrooms.
What are the main features of global capitalism?
-corporations conduct operations in more than one country -shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country
Which of the following are expressions of nationalism?
-fans singing "The Star Spangled Banner" at a sporting event -belief in the possibilities of the American Dream
Which factors contribute to the increasing ability of corporations to dominate the market through merging with and acquiring other firms?
-fewer regulations for businesses -efficient financing -advanced technology
What resources does the theory of structural strain suggest are important for organizing and sustaining a social movement?
-funding -leadership -regular communication
The following boxes represent Barnet and Cavanagh's four webs of interconnecting commercial activity in the new world economy. Place each scenario in the appropriate box.
-global cultural: The newest blockbuster movie produced in the United States sells more than $1 billion in revenue from across the world. -global shopping: Nike sells products with its well-known "swoosh" logo to consumers in multiple countries. -global workplace: An item sold in retail stores has a complex history of production, traveling through multiple countries on its way to local store shelves. -global financial: Exxon sells shares of its stock daily to investors around the world.
Which of the following were consequences of school busing practices?
-increased racial tensions -white families moving to the suburbs -less segregation in U.S. public schools
A researcher wants to try "doing gender" as a way to investigate the social construction of gender. Which of the following might allow a researcher who was assigned male at birth and identifies as a man to "do gender" as a woman in U.S. society?
-learn body language of women -use a higher vocal register -get a manicure with painted nails
Identify the following statements as fitting Susan Brownmiller's description of "rape culture," or not.
-male socialization to a sense of sexual entitlement -a state of widespread and continual fear in women
Identify whether the following groups have higher or lower voter turnout.
-more highly educated (compared to less highly educated individuals) -high-income (compared to low-income individuals)
Match each theory of modern democracy to the statement that best describes it.
-power elite: A small and unrepresentative group of leaders hold enormous sway over governmental policy -pluralist theories:Interest groups compete among themselves to have power over decision making, providing a balance of power within democracies. -democratic elitism:Democratic governments rely on the expertise of bureaucrats, which are balanced by strong political leaders elected by a free citizenry.
Classify each scenario as either part or not part of the informal economy.
-selling drugs to acquaintances -making candles for one's own home
Identify the statements as characteristic of populist authoritarianism, or not.
-strong nationalism that is anti-immigrant and anti-globalization -assertive leadership that values security over civil liberties
Though her diploma is not posted in the classroom, students assume that their teachers are qualified. The sign in the foreground of the photo is printed in English, which subtly implies that English is the official language of the United States. Whether or not these students master the official curriculum, they are learning to be docile and cooperative, traits that will serve them well as workers. Regardless of the subject being taught, the body positions of students and teachers is a lesson in authority and obedience.
-the body positions of students and teachers is a lesson in authority and obedience. -they are learning to be docile and cooperative, traits that will serve them well as workers.
Match each statement about the photograph to the theory that best fits it.
FUNCTIONALISM When men work from an instrumental role and women from an affective role, this rational household organization works well. FEMINIST The woman appears happy, but she may be trapped, captive to her unpaid household labor. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM The woman uses a hug, posture, and laundry to communicate a caring posture toward her son and household.
Why is the "graying" of the world's population a women's issue?
Greater life expectancy
What health epidemic has been tied to hunger in many countries because it has killed so many working-age adults?
HIV/Aids
According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed? Click
High death rates
Identify whether Native Americans have either higher or lower rates of the following compared to other racial/ethnic groups.
Higher Rates: - intermarriage by race - teen births - births outside of marriage - divorce
Identify the following examples as associated with historical social roles in the United States, or new social roles in today's world.
Historical Social Roles College students are age 18-22; workers are about age 22-65. Retirement means the end of employment around age 65. Today Instead of retiring entirely, many 65-70 year olds work part time. Students over age 22 represent a large percentage of college students.
In Max Weber's theory, where does status (social honor or prestige) come from?
How other members of society esteem the group
Identify each item as a sociological measure of income or wealth
Income: - weekly pay check - investments Wealth: - assets minus debt - net worth
David Popenoe and Judith Stacey disagree on the question of whether changes in family forms in the United States are "bad" for adults and children. Match each sociologist to the correct argument. Labels can be used more than once.
STACEY - Children need loving caretakers, regardless of their gender. - In the postmodern economy, it is increasingly difficult for one spouse to earn enough to support a family. POPENOE - The increase in divorce, cohabitation, non-marital births, and decrease in marriage are associated with social ills such as child poverty, substance abuse, and juvenile crime. - Mothers and fathers play different and essential roles in socializing their children.
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of worker alienation, according to Marx's view?
Sergio works in a warehouse pulling products people have ordered from an online merchant to be shipped to them the next day. his accuracy and speed are closely monitored by his immediate supervisor, which he resents.
Low-income countries that have experienced rapid economic growth, such as ---, are known as --- economies
South Korea Emerging
In -, new parents—both mothers and fathers—receive - days of paid parental leave. - is the only industrialized country without federally mandated paid parental leave.
Sweden, 480, USA
In a study of the admissions practices of an elite New England college with a stated commitment to diversity, which applicants tended to be targets for admission?
Target: - upper class african americans not: - working class white - inner city Latino - lower middle asian americans
