Sociology midterm ch 1-5
Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? a) Alienation from one's religion b) Alienation from others c) Alienation from one's self d) Alienation from the product of one's labor
Alienation from one's religion
Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: a) An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated b) An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy c) The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality d) Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion
An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy
A total institution can be defined as: a) A clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy. b) A business which offers career advice for federal employees. c) An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs. d) A group in which the masses have a large influence in decision making.
An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.
In the 2010 film, The Social Network, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was portrayed as a leader who was goal-oriented, issuing orders and assigning tasks. Which of the following leadership styles did Zuckerberg likely use? a) Authoritarian b) Oligarchy c) Laissez-faire d) Democratic
Authoritarian
Which of the following is NOT an example of new media? a) Facebook b) Barnes and Noble c) The Kindle d) Twitter
Barnes and Noble
Which of the following is an example of role strain? a) Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham. b) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. c) Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. d) Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.
Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.
Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? a) Taking Jimmy to the aquarium. b) Letting Kim wear pants to school. c) Allowing Joey to sleep with his "blankey." d) Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with.
Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with
How has advertising revenue significantly changed in the past few years? a) Newspaper advertising revenue has greatly increased, while online advertising revenue has fallen. b) Magazine revenue has risen steadily, while online and newspaper revenue have fallen dramatically. c) Online advertising revenue has fallen slightly, while newspaper advertising revenue has increased greatly. d) Cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged, while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue have fallen greatly.
Cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged, while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue have fallen greatly.
The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: a) Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities. b) Tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance. c) Animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival. d) Societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful; groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles.
Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.
A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a: a) Coercive organization b) Utilitarian organization c) Voluntary organization d) Paparazzi organization
Coercive organization
Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. a) Collective conscience b) Anomie c) Bourgeoisie d) The iron cage
Collective conscience
Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under?
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. a) Institutionalism b) Functionalism c) Conflict Theory d) Symbolic Interactionism
Conflict Theory
Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of: a) Consumer-oriented discretion b) Out-group dynamics c) Laissez-faire leadership d) Conformity
Conformity
What approach is often used to understand what's defined as deviant within a society?
Constructivism
Society and culture _____.
Could not exist without each other
Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____.
Culture shock
Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______.
Ethnocentrism
Weber's proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds.
Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms
Which of the following is an example of nonreactive research? a) Interviewing heroin addicts and providing them with clean needles b) Gathering data from government studies c) Educating classrooms on the necessities of safe sex d) Volunteering at a local food bank and interacting with homeless persons
Gathering data from government studies
The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: a) Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. b) Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself. c) Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. d) People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way.
Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.
Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination.
How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.
Erik Erikson's theory explains: a) How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life. b) How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. c) When human moral development begins in an individual. d) Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food.
How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.
Please place the following societies in chronological order: a) Pastoral; Agricultural, Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural b) Pastoral; Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural; Agricultural c) Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Agricultural; Horticultural d) Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural
Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural
Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? a) Holding hands with your best friend Correct Response b) Incest taboos c) Marrying the partner whom your parents have chosen for you d) Putting your cell phone on silent during a Broadway production
Incest taboos
John wants to study whether a larger number of laptops available to students at his school lead to higher grades. Choose the independent and dependent variable.
Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades
Grace works in at an advertising agency. Grace's coworkers help her complete presentations, contact clients, and assist her with research. Her coworkers are serving a(n): a) Expressive function b) Instrumental function c) Elementary function d) Intrinsic function
Instrumental function
What is the importance of interpretive framework?
It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.
____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____.
Karl Marx; Communism
Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____.
Macro-level; micro-level
Today, the majority of mass-media outlets are owned by six corporations. This is a product of _________. a) Corporate isolation b) Technological imbalance c) Media consolidation d) Cyberfeminism
Media consolidation
Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: a) The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. b) Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces. c) Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. d) People base their images on how they think other people see them.
People base their images on how they think other people see them.
Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition?
Resocialization
On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______. Institutionalization Role performance Role strain Ascribed status
Role performance
Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of ____.
Social control
_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society.
Structural Functionalists
Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as a tool individuals use to express how much wealth they have? a) Symbolic Interactionist b) Functionalist c) Cyberfeminist d) Conflict
Symbolic Interactionist
Susan has the newest iPhone, iPad, iPod, and Mac. When a new Apple product is released, Susan stands in line for hours to be the first to buy it. Susan is a(n): a) Republican b) PC person c) Neo-Luddite d) Technophile
Technophile
The term cyberfeminism is defined by the text as: a) The application to and promotion of feminism online. b) The removal of feminist social activism from the physical world to the online world. c) The growing number of young girls who are becoming addicted to World of Warcraft. d) The threat of sexism overtaking internet message boards.
The application to and promotion of feminism online.
Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? a) Lilly being sent to prison because she failed to pay her taxes. b) The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club. c) Brett illegally downloading the new Black Keys album because he couldn't afford to buy it. d) Sarah buying Lady Gaga tickets from a scalper because the show sold out.
The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club.
A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________.
The hawthorne effect
Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: a) The influences of a total institution b) The influences of one's peer groups c) The hidden curriculum of schools d) The generalized other
The hidden curriculum of schools
Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological hypothesis? a) The more positive reinforcement a parent gives a child, the better they do in school. b) The longer an inmate spends in prison, the more difficult it is for him to adapt to the outside world. c) The more study halls students are given during the school day, the worse they perform on their tests. d) The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account
The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account
Xenocentrism is:
The opposite of ethnocentrism
Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between: a) The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois. b) The bourgeois struggling for the allocation of resources amongst themselves. c) The enslaved bourgeois reclaiming power from the controlling proletariat. d) The proletariat fighting each other for a position within the bourgeois.
The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois.
The debate about net neutrality consists of two main sides. Which of the following is one of those sides? a) People should pay Internet providers a premium for faster service, since you pay for what you get. b) Companies should invest in making improvements to their Internet service or expanding those services to underserved areas. c) Those who provide Internet service should be treated as common carriers, legally prohibited from discriminating based on the customer or nature of the goods. d) Designating those who provide Internet service as common carriers would constitute a reasonable regulatory burden.
Those who provide Internet service should be treated as common carriers, legally prohibited from discriminating based on the customer or nature of the goods.
Which of the following is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics? To foster professionally responsible scholarship in sociology b) To guarantee the safety of their participants c) To ensure the financial gain of the researchers d) To maintain value neutrality
To ensure the financial gain of the researchers
Verstehen is defined by the text as:
To understand in a deep way.
The transition from college life to work life can be quite difficult for many young adults in the United States. Which is a possible cause for this struggle? a) The status quo has been maintained for a substantial period of time, and now the economy and government are undergoing significant changes. b) Many young people are in the same situation, so drawing expertise or knowledge from their experiences from peers is difficult. c) Finding a job, renting an apartment, and being independent is a daunting task that seems insurmountable. d) All of the above
all of the above
Tyson visits China over spring break, and after getting online to write home to her parents, she realizes some of her favorite social media sites are blocked by the Chinese government. She becomes concerned with how technology reinforces inequalities among communities, both within and among countries. What sociological perspective best fits Tyson's concerns? a) Conflict b) Cyberfeminist c) Symbolic Interactionist d) Functionalist
conflict
Tyson is researching whether actors on prime-time television and hit movies negatively impact teenagers' body images. He is going undercover at a local high school to observe and participate with the students to better understand the world they live in. Tyson is conducting which research method?
field research
Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function.
manifest; latent
Joseph and Paula are excited to welcome their child into the world. They cannot wait to pass on all their knowledge, insight, and rich culture. Just as their parents gave them guidance and showed them how to live, Joseph and Paula will continue the chain by handing down their societal values and thus, sustain the society they love so much. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? a) Structural Functionalism b) Conflict c) Feminist Theory d) Symbolic Interactionism
structural functionalism
Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Correct Response a) Symbolic Interactionism b) Structural Functionalism c) Exchange Theory d) conflict
symbolic interactionism
Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit?
Émile Durkheim
The United States Government is a form of: a) A total institution b) A coercive organization c) A bureaucracy d) A normative organization
A bureaucracy
In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____.
An innovation
Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality?
Carol Gilligan
Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: a) Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. b) Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. c) The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair. d) Chorus members of the campus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor.
Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta.
What is a difference between a more and a folkway?
Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.
Miguel is doing a research paper on New York City's Stonewall riots of 1969. He visits the scene of the riots, interviews people who were there, reads the police reports of the event, and watches video footage. Miguel is conducting a(n) ______.
case study
Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? a) Feminist Theory b) Symbolic Interactionism c) Structural Functionalism d) Conflict
conflict
Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he's more prepared than Ted for coursework which includes computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of: a) Technological pause b) New media c) Digital divide d) Computer lag
digital dive
Kevin conducted a study on whether the length of the line at a local Starbucks affected how well the customers enjoyed their coffee after receiving it. Malcolm conducted the study at his local Starbucks, and found the same results. Kevin's study had a high level of _____.
reliability
The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: a) A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills. b) A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. c) The authoritarian devalue of an employee . d) The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation.
A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.
The term values can be defined as:
A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.
The term panoptic surveillance is defined in the text as:
A form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observed is never communicated with directly
Reliability is defined by the text as:
A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.
What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? a) A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. b) A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships. c) A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function. d) A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships.
A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.
