Sociology Test 1

Industrialism

(farms to factories) and Urbanization (moving from the country to the city)

- Conflict Perspective

(negative) sees social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality.

-Structural Functional

(positive) focuses on social structures as well as the functions that such structures perform.

How is symbolic interactionist approach different than conflict theory and symbolic interactionism?

- Conflict theory emphasizes social inequality -Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the social meanings and understandings that individuals derive from their social interaction.

Major Theoretical Approaches

- Structural Functional - Conflict Perspective - Symbolic Interactionist Approach

What is the difference between Real Culture and Ideal Culture?

-Ideal culture includes the values and norms that a culture claims to have, -real culture includes the values and norms that are actually followed by a culture.

Major Theoretical Approaches

-Structural Functional - Conflict Perspective - Symbolic Interactionist Approach

What were the main categories of dramatic changes The Great Transformation it involved?

1.the rise of scientific or rational thinking about the world 2. the spread of democratic thinking and politics 3.the transformation of societies from agriculturally-based to industrial-based,

when did consumer culture take off?

1950s - 1960s

What, according to Durkheim, would be a major cause of anomic suicide?

A relative lack of social regulation

How is Durkheim's approach to suicide different from ones that focus upon individuals' psychological states?

According to Durkheim, suicide is not an individual act nor a personal action. ... Many doctors and psychologists develop the theory that majority of people who take their own life are in a pathological state, but Durkheim emphasises that the force, which determines the suicide, is not psychological but social.

What are some examples of conflict theory concerning racial issues?

BLM etc

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

why might people's cultural interests and lifestyles be different in cities rather than small towns or in rural areas?

Cities are more culturally diverse, allowing people to choose lifestyles or pursue interests unavailable in rural areas or small towns.

How does this conflict theory explain the presence of conflict in society?

Conflict theory views social and economic institutions as tools of the struggle between groups or classes, used to maintain inequality and the dominance of the ruling class.

Countercultures

CountercultureA group whose values and norms deviate from or are at odds with those of dominant culture

What does Durkheim's study "Le Suicide" have to do with the concept of social integration"?

Durkheim concluded that the more socially integrated and connected a person is, the less likely he or she is to commit suicide. As social integration decreases, people are more likely to commit suicide.

What problems is Durkheim referring to by anomie and normlessness? Why did they emerge as problems during his time?

Durkheim identified the problem of anomie- the idea of social alienation in modern societies.This has much to do with normlessness- norms are guidelines or rules that govern our daily lives.

What characterizes forced Assimilation?

Forced assimilation is an involuntary process of cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups during which they are forced to adopt language, identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often religion and ideology

what are the social changes that resulted in the housewife?

From housewife or "homemaker" to workers on the marketplace

What are the general findings of studies of the U.S. rates of suicide? Which groups have the higher or lower rates?

He found that the highest suicide rates were among Protestants, males, singles, and wealthy persons, and lower rates among Jews, Catholics, females, married people, and poor persons.

Manifest vs. Latent social functions

Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences.

How is Durkheim's approach to suicide different from ones that focus upon individuals' psychological states?

Many doctors and psychologists develop the theory that majority of people who take their own life are in a pathological state, but Durkheim emphasises that the force, which determines the suicide, is not psychological but social.

What does macro vs. micro mean? (both social phenomena)

Micro (small scale) individuals and their thoughts & actions. Macro (large scale) groups, organizations. cultures, society, and the world and the relationships among them

Why might periods of great change lead to people questioning the nature of society?

More generally, we can see how dramatic changes in society spur us to think more deeply about the nature of society, and how things might be organized differently. ex: great depression, 9/11, covid

is US policy on parental leave typical in the developed world?

Nearly all developed countries throughout the world have a national policy that provides new parents with paid time off to care for and bond with their children. The United States is not one of them.

What are the difference between Popular Culture, Traditional Culture and High Culture?

Pop culture would include just that; culture which is popular, easy to understand and entertaining to the majority of young people. ... High culture, on the other hand, may include renaissance art, classical music and opera.

What are some different areas in which conflict theory is used to explain social behavior?

Social Conflict theory is often criticized for ignoring or playing dow how shared values and interdependence can unify members of a society (feminism, race, queer theory)

How long has sociology existed as an academic discipline? Which century did it begin in?

Sociology became a recognized academic discipline in the United States in the 1890s. it began in the 19th century

Students of the __________ approach study specific cases of how individual people behave in particular face-to-face social settings.

Symbolic Interactionist

What is the point of the prison example?

The Manifest Function of prison is to "keep bad guys off the street" and perhaps help rehabilitate them. Latent or unintended functions of prison, on the other hand, might be that due to the way that prisons actually function they may actually be creating more crime.

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

Which groups have the higher or lower rates?

The highest rates are for older people, who are more likely to suffer from social isolation

how are social structure and social functions related to structural functionalism?

The structural-functional approach is a perspective in sociology that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. It asserts that our lives are guided by social structures, which are relatively stable patterns of social behavior.

What is a More?

The term "mores" refers to the norms set by society, largely for behavior and appearance. Individuals who do not follow social mores are often considered social deviants.

Latent function

The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

Why should generations be thought of as an important social influence? What are some of the differences between the generations that are listed?

We can see examples from the past that demonstrate how generation of cataclysmic events shaped people's economic thinking.

Which question summarizes the focus of the conflict approach?

What are patterns of social inequality?

What are some of the differences between the generations that are listed?

Women in the workforce are starting to have jobs and work instead of being housewives. Great recession is kids who aren't working and living with parents

The recent increase in adult children staying with their parents reflects, according to sociological thinking

a change in the nature of job market

consumer culture

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves

Democracy

a dramatic change from absolute, "God given" rights to leaders to more "equal" representation of the population (in the US it was mostly white male landowners initially, and the vote was later expanded to women, minorities)

Subculture

a smaller cultural group within a larger culture; people of a subculture are part of the larger culture, but also share a specific identity within a smaller group.

What is agency, and why can it be seen as the opposite of structure?

agency gives great importance to the individual-the-"agent"- as having power and a capacity for creativity. structure are those factors of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs, etc.)

Social Structure

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior - ex. government, religion, political system

norms

are specific guidelines. are rules and expectations that specify how people should and should not behave in various social situations.

Rise of Science

at expense of traditional, religious based rule

Structural Functional theory is often seen as seeing society in harmony. How does the idea of social dysfunction challenge this?

because it is any social pattern that might disrupt the operation of society

what is the basic idea Marx' view of economics seen as "conflict theory"?

believe that societal conflict is the force that ultimately drives change and development in society.

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages us to

challenge commonly held beliefs.

Metaphysical Stage

development of Democracy, which allows for challenges of dominant ways of thinking

Why is Marx' view of economics seen as "conflict theory"?

economic ideas concerned how societies are divided into "haves" and "have nots," most notably the workers and the capitalists who owned factories

What are examples of the culture industry?

events, festivals, Fine Art,Commercial Art,Entertainment,Sport. Crafts. etc

The belief that all social groups are systems whose parts are interdependent is characteristic of:

functionalism.

What is the main idea of structural functionalism in terms of how it views society operating?

functionalist perspective, conflict perspective, symbolic interactionist perspective

Values

general guidelines, while norms are specific guidelines. also general standards, which decide what is good and what is bad.

How much does sociology use personal motivation as an explanatory strategy?

in our everyday lives

The dramaturgical approach approaches social life as

individuals involved in impression management

What does Impression Management mean?

involves the processes by which people control how they are perceived by others.

Conflict Theory

is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST APPROACH

is a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

Symbolic Interactionist Approach

is concerned w/ the interaction of two or more people through the use of symbols (language, body language, cell phone, social media) - "face-to-face" interaction

What is "culture shock" and why might it be useful for understanding how society works?

is the feeling of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people experience when visiting, doing business in, or living in a society that is different from their own.

How did the great recession affect the nature of housing?

it affected housing because more kids were back at home living with their parents than living in a new house with partners

Why might being able take the perspective of an outsider—to be able to see the "strange in the familiar" - be important for developing a good sociological perspective?

it's the process of detaching oneself from familiar individualistic interpretations of human behavior and the acceptance of the initially ³strange´ notion that behavior is a product of social forces.

Theological Stage

knowledge was based largely on religious belief

What sorts of social activities does symbolic interactionist approach study?

language, body language, and we can also "read" things into people's behavior, their clothing, etc, both face-to-face and communication via the telephone or things like social media apps. (emojis)

According to Robert Merton, the unintended and often unrecognized functions of a social system are:

latent functions

What is a dominant ideology?

means the values, beliefs, and morals shared by the social majority, which frames how most of the populace think about their society,

Do all groups approach public spaces in the same way?

no

positive stage

rise of scientific thinking

The Sociological Imagination involves

seeing the connections between broad social changes and individual's lives

Video - Obesity and the Sociological Imagination - what are the main points about how the Sociological Imagination addresses the issue of obesity in a different way than placing the blame on individuals?

social events when people have food out and your pressured to eat it, how fast food is more expensive than healthy foods.

How can the Covid-19 pandemic be useful in understanding social structure and social relationships?

social structure is like keeping distance and not being able to hug or hold hands. Social relationships is not being able to see friends and some family and having to live with you intermediate family

What challenges did Lil Nas X face with how the country music industry addressed his music

sparked a controversy over race and the sanctity of country music when the song was removed from the genre's Billboard chart.

Structural Functional theory is often seen as seeing society in harmony. How does the idea of social dysfunction challenge this?

the Structural Functional approach sees dysfunction as an aberration, or in other words something "unnatural."

What is the sociological imagination?

the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

Social Functions

the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

"Diary of a Song" video - what were the different components of the song Old Town Road, and where did they come from?

the different components were he was a rapper singing country

What are the main ideas that sociological theories address?

the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Manifest function

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

What is modernization

the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.

The Great Transformation

transformation of the global economy that is embodied by the tremendous shift in economic weight and engines of growth toward emerging economies in general and BRIC(S) in particular

. Wright Mills "the capacity to shift from one perspective to another - the capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote transformations to the most intimate features of the human self - and to the see the relations between the two of them"

true

Comte thought that a increase in the relative influence of religious thought in society set the stage for sociology

true

basic idea of sociology is looking for general patterns that can explain individual social behaviors

true

Why is feminism viewed as a form of conflict theory?

utilizing a point of view that suggests that gender relations are not "natural" but are instead structured to the benefit of heterosexual men.

Durkheim

was the science of institutions, understanding the term in its broader meaning as the "beliefs and modes of behaviour instituted by the collectivity," with its aim being to discover structural social facts.

Old Town Road What social media applications were used in the creation of this song?

youtube, soundcloud, tiktok