Sociology Test 1 (ch. 1, 2, 3)
Who took a scientific approach to sociology and coined the term sociology?
Auguste Comte
Studied suicide and discovered social factors that contribute. He also believed sociology was its own thing.
Emile Durkheim
Displayed sexism in sociology, she was a published author before anyone else, but had to hide it because she was a woman.
Harriet Martineau
Believed no one can intervene with evolution of society.
Herbert Spencer
the phrase survival of the fittest was coined by...
Herbert Spencer
What is symbolic interactionism?
How we interact with symbols in society. How people use symbols to establish meaning and develop views of the world and communicate.
Hull House Co founder. Applied sociology to social reform. One of the first social workers. The only sociologist to win the Nobel Prize for Peace.
Jane Addams
Believed class conflict is the engine of human history
Karl Marx
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
Language has embedded within it, ways of looking at the world. Thinking and perception are shaped by language. Our language determines our consciousness.
the term ___ was coined by Charles Cooley.
Looking glass self
Believed that religion was the key to social change.
Max Weber
What is symbolic culture?
Nonmaterial culture whose central components are symbols.
___ studied the natural process that children go through to develop their ability to reason.
Piaget
What is functional analysis?
Society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together. To function all parts must work together in harmony.
What is conflict theory?
Society is composed of groups engaged in fierce competition for scarce resources. Fairness and equality. Constant struggle between haves and have nots.
What are the 3 types of theories?
Symbolic interactionism Functional analysis Conflict theory
1st African American to earn a PhD at Harvard. Studied race relations. NAACP founder. Co founder of the Hull House
W.E.B. Dubois
What is language?
a system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways to communicate. Allows human experience to be cumulative.
individuals and groups and influence our orientations to life are...
agents of socialization
ego
balancing force
an advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is...
being able to communicate with simplicity
What is the attachment theory?
children need nurturing and support, human contact.
Karl Marx believed that the engine of human history is...
class conflict
Marxism is not...
communism
superego
conscience
To try and understand a culture on its own terms is called..
cultural relativism
the language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and norms passed from one generation to the next make up a group's...
culture
What is culture shock?
disorientation that people experience when they come into contact with a different culture.
as viewed by Freud, ___ is the balancing force of personality.
ego
origin of sociology
emerged in the 19th century after the upheaval of the industrial revolution, this meant more freedom.
according to reports of ___ children, they walked on all four, growled and showed no sensitivity to cold.
feral
In the eyes of ___ society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together.
functionalists
id
inborn desires
having a reasonable level of ___ depends on early, close relations with other people.
intelligence
the main way people communicate is by...
language
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that...
language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it.
What are the 2 types of function?
manifest (primary) and latent (secondary)
a term for rules of behavior is...
norms
sociological perspective
opens a window to unfamiliar worlds and offers a fresh look at familiar worlds. Events in life our given a new perspective.
According to Max Weber, the central force in social change is...
religion
___ refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors to match a new situation in life.
resocialization
What is cultural relativism?
respecting and understanding another culture as it is not what we want it to be. On their own terms.
sociology emerged with what subject in mind?
science
The first of Piaget's developmental stages is...
sensorimotor
Durkheim's concept of ____ refers to a degree to which people are tied to their social groups.
social integration
the corners in life that people occupy because of their place in a society are referred to as...
social location
the _______ perspective emphasizes the social contexts in which people live.
sociological
Auguste Comte is credited as being the founder of...
sociology
What are symbols?
something to which people assign meaning to and use to communicate.
In Freud's terms, culture within us is represented by the...
superego
In ___, symbols are the key to understanding how we look at the world and communicate with one another.
symbolic interactionism
even just the thought of the violation of a ___ fills us with revulsion.
taboo
What is ethnocentrism?
the tendency to use ones own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other societies.
one thing that can be said about material culture is that...
there is nothing natural about it
What are gestures?
using one's body to communicate
people's ___ are their ideas for life
values
non material culture refers to a group's...
ways of thinking and doing
Early sociologist and social reformer Jane Addams...
won the Nobel Prize for Peace