Sociology Test 2 46/50 Correct

What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards? ethnocentrism cultural lag cultural relativism culture shock

cultural relativism

Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds? cultural imperialism multiculturalism high culture cultural relativism

cultural relativism

When a child can internalize the expectations of other specific people, they have learned how to overcome the looking-glass self. take the role of the generalized other. take the role of the particular or significant other. follow the rules of games.

take the role of the particular or significant other.

Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted. This belief is an example of popular culture. folkways. cultural diffusion. ideal culture.

ideal culture.

Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences? Charles Cooley George Herbert Mead Erving Goffman W. I. Thomas

W. I. Thomas

Which of the following is a step in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self? We imagine how we look in popular fashions. We experience ourselves in private. We interpret others' reactions to us. We imagine our lives as a movie.

We interpret others' reactions to us.

Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation? Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional. Expressions given are almost never intentional. Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways. We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.

We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a cultural spin-off. subculture. subdominant culture. counterculture.

counterculture.

________ are informal rules and guidelines for behavior that are considered acceptable within a group. Laws Mores Folkways Taboos

Folkways

Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn't seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed? Sanctions exist in China, but not in the United States where Jill is from. The meaning of gestures is not universal. The action of pointing does not have symbolic meaning. Jill was attempting to be rude to his family.

The meaning of gestures is not universal.

Both sides are partially right in the nature vs. nurture debate. True False

True

Signs are symbols that stand for or convey an idea. True False

True

Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us. True False

True

If a bride is upset on her wedding day because her family members don't seem excited enough for her, what might sociologists argue family members are violating? the social contract a feeling rule the primary task of impression management their role as socializers

a feeling rule

Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are usually negotiable and not all that difficult to change. a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn. something that is inborn and more of an instinct than something learned. the direct result of hormonal differences in the limbic system.

a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn.

Role conflict occurs when an individual has a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle. multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.

a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves.

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of expressions given. a setting or region. the superego. an individual's personal front.

an individual's personal front.

Obinze thinks that religion is used by powerful people and institutions to control the public. What perspective best describes Obinze's views? radicalization symbolic interactionism structural functionalism conflict theory

conflict theory

Monetary fines, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of negative sanctions. cultural universals. situational norms. positive feedback.

negative sanctions.

According to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective, the parts of the mind are the id, ego, and superego. the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other. the significant other and the generalized other. the looking-glass self and the dual nature of the self.

the id, ego, and superego.

Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume interaction involves copresence? Copresence requires cooperation, which is increasingly rare in today's polarized political and cultural climate. The family has taken on more importance in status development. New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place. Interactions are increasingly characterized by globalism.

New technology makes it much more common to interact with someone without being physically in the same place.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a group with values and norms that oppose the dominant culture? mainstream culture counterculture symbolic culture subculture

counterculture

Children raised with minimal or no human interaction are referred to as feral children. environmentally challenged children. cognitively disadvantaged children. institutionalized children.

feral children.

A person who leaves their job of twenty years to retire is undergoing role-taking emotions. role strain. role conflict. role exit.

role exit.

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of role conflict. role strain. emotion work. feeling rules.

role strain.

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. norm; folkway folkway; more set of mores; law law; taboo

set of mores; law

The term "master status" is defined as a perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view. status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses. set of expectations that are attached to a specific role. set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position.

status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.

________ is the sociological term for signs people make with their bodies. Language Sanctions Values Gestures

Gestures

In what way is a game of football like society, according to George Herbert Mead? Individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of others in both football and society. Both football and society involve a hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status. There are winners and losers in both football and society. Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

Individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of others in both football and society.

Why is the article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" useful to sociologists? It challenges people's inability to observe their own cultures. It demonstrates proper fieldwork techniques for studying a different culture. It demonstrates how different other cultures are from American culture. It presents a striking example of an exotic culture.

It challenges people's inability to observe their own cultures.

Which of the following is accurate about the process of socialization? It stays consistent in most social settings. Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society. It stays consistent over time. It eventually stops, generally around adulthood.

Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society.

What is the difference in how sociologists and anthropologists study culture? Anthropologists only study societies from the past. Sociologists never "other" the group they are studying. Sociologists usually study a society to which they belong. Anthropologists often study societies inside the United States.

Sociologists usually study a society to which they belong.

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance? self-centered society the dual self psychoanalysis dramaturgy

dramaturgy

What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties? socialization feeling rules role-taking emotion work

emotion work

Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization? remarriage retirement entry into a total institution the birth of a first child

entry into a total institution

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process? definition of the situation impression management expressions of behavior cooling the mark out

impression management

Informal norms are different from formal norms, in that informal norms involve dress and etiquette. informal norms are legislated by the government. informal norms are always followed. informal norms are implied and unwritten.

informal norms are implied and unwritten.

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in basic biological drives. genetics. interactions with other people. the first stage of sexual development.

interactions with other people.

The definition of "culture" is the principle of evaluating another group or individual as abnormal or inferior. involves reactions to the ways in which people follow or disobey norms in society. is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world. is limited to rules or guidelines about what kind of behavior is acceptable and appropriate within a particular situation.

is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

Socialization is the interaction among the cultures of different societies. lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture. fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned. process by which individuals come to know one another.

lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

Examples of ________ are designer labels on purses and logos on shirts. material culture counterculture values cultural essentials

material culture

A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. agent of socialization status role stereotype

role

In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? a dual self role conflict role strain the unconscious

role conflict

One morning, James must decide between being on time for work and helping his child with a homework assignment. What is James experiencing? role strain resocialization role conflict role-taking emotions

role conflict

Yoko believes that religion is the basis for moral ethics and that promoting religion in society promotes social order. What perspective best describes Yoko's views? symbolic interactionism conflict theory structural functionalism promote a fashion brand

structural functionalism

In the movie Mean Girls, students identify each other using categories like "jocks," "cheerleaders," "skaters," and "nerds." These classifications of different groups represent what aspect of culture? cultural imperialism the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis cultural relativism subculture

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand? the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning why biology has nothing to do with human potential how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization

the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning

Sociologists define the self as the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others. only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others.

the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.

Ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal because they are practicing cultural relativism. they have values and beliefs that are universally recognized. they are part of a counterculture. they use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

they use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter a(n) open institution. total institution. partial institution. orientation course.

total institution.