Sociology Test 2 6-10
Total institution
There are a few characteristics that total institutions have in common with one another, whatever their intended purpose. For Goffman, the most significant characteristic of total institutions is that they all involve a kind of separation from the rest of society.
What has been the main factor that has aided the financial situations of many countries in Latin America? A greater emphasis on educating young people
Education and economic development
Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies?
Middle Class.
Positive/negative, and formal/informal sanctions
Sanctions can either be positive ( rewards ) or negative (punishment). Sanctions can arise from either formal or informal control. With informal sanctions, ridicule or ostracism can realign a straying individual towards norms. Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval.
Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies?
Social class and social relationship
Primary and secondary groups
Sociologists differentiate between several different types of social groups. Enduring primary groups are those that are close-knit and intimate and are typically small scale. ... Secondary groups are those that are more impersonal and temporary. Most of our secondary groups are from work and school.
Durkheim's theory on deviance
Two of the most prominent sociological theories of deviance are Emile Durkheim's deviance theory - that deviance is a natural and necessary part of society - and Robert Merton's strain theory - that the culture and structure of society itself pressures individuals to be criminally deviant.
Until recently global stratification was depicted by a model consisting of First, Second, and Third World countries. In that model, a Third World country was
a least industrialized nation
Bureaucracy and the characteristics of bureaucracy
Bureaucracies have four key characteristics: a clear hierarchy, specialization, a division of labor, and a set of formal rules, or standard operating procedures. America's bureaucracy performs three primary functions to help the government run smoothly. The German sociologist Max Weber argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which one can organize the human activity and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies are necessary to maintain order, maximize efficiency, and eliminate favoritism.
Which one of the following formulas does the World Bank use to determine the status and classification of each nation?
Gross National Income
Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory-
In his original model, Immanuel Wallerstein classified Northwestern Europe as the ____ of the World System. However, he classified Eastern Europe as the ____ of the World System. Question 5 options: core; periphery
Meritocracy
In sociology, Meritocracy is a social system in which people get opportunities and succeed based primarily on their talent (Merit) and effort. It has served the purpose of ideology through the argument that social inequality is due to inequality of talent rather than prejudice or discrimination.
In the United States, where outsourcing is almost always addressed negatively, companies still get away with outsourcing. How do they do this?
Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers.
McDonaldization
McDonaldization is a term developed by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1993). For Ritzer McDonaldization becomes manifested when a society adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant. McDonaldization is a reconceptualization of rationalization and scientific management.
Measuring a person's standard of living
The generally accepted measure of the standard of living is GDP per capita. This is a nation's gross domestic product divided by its population. The GDP is the total output of goods and services produced in a year by everyone within the country's borders
In-group and out-group dynamic
Some of the differences between in-group and out-group are as follows: (1) The groups with which individual identifies himself are his in group. one's family, one's college are example of his in group. But out groups refers to those groups with which individual do not identify himself.
"Multinational corporations (from wealthy countries) benefit poor countries when they locate there, particularly by giving jobs to workers there." A sociologist who would likely approach this conclusion may be using the ____________ theoretical perspective.
Structural functionalist
"Multinational corporations from core countries exploit workers in peripheral countries by giving them wages, which are so much lower than the wages received by workers in core countries." A sociologist who would likely approach this conclusion may be using the ____________ theoretical perspective.
Conflict theory
Conformity
Conformity is the tendency to align our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those around us. It's a powerful force that can take the form of overt social pressure or subtler, unconscious influence.
Areas that once had vast economic growth and large amounts of industry, but are now suffering from the effects of outsourcing are going through a period of:
Deindustrialization
Reference groups
Demographic Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior a reference group. Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characteristics and sociological attributes.
The ___________ states that deviance is learned just as conformity is learned.
Differential association theory
An example of slavery, according to Anti-Slavery International, is:
Factories employing adults at salary level
Outsourcing
In the United States, where outsourcing is almost always addressed negatively, companies still get away with outsourcing. How do they do this? Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers.
Intragenerational mobility
Intragenerational mobility refers to changes in someone's social mobility throughout the course of his or her lifetime. Learn the definition of intragenerational mobility, how it differs from intergenerational mobility, and more in this lesson
What is global stratification?
It refers to the unequal distribution of resources and wealth among nations.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in the process of the development of capitalism?
Mercantilism, colonialism, imperialism, neo-colonialism.
The labeling theory is considered to be a:
Symbolic interactionist theory
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)-
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was created under the influence of a country belonging to the: Core Nations
Power elites and their influence over the society
The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen is a relatively powerless subject of manipulation by those entities.
Which trend has the World Bank seen in its study of poverty in low-income nations? More women live in poverty than men.
The World Bank's study of poverty in low-income nations-
Conflict Theory
The conflict theory, suggested by Karl Marx, claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. ... A basic premise of conflict theory is that individuals and groups within a society work to maximize their own benefits.
Functionalist theory
The functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. It has its origins in the works of Emile Durkheim, who was especially interested in how social order is possible or how society remains relatively stable. As such, it is a theory that focuses on the macro-level of social structure, rather than the micro-level of everyday life.
Social disorganization theory
a state of society characterized by the breakdown of effective social control resulting in a lack of functional integration between groups, conflicting social attitudes, and personal maladjustment.
The classification method that shows how competitive a nation's economy-
calculating the GDP per capita of each country and using those numbers to create a global average that can be used as an economic yard stick.
In his original model, Immanuel Wallerstein classified Northwestern Europe as the ____ of the World System. However, he classified Eastern Europe as the ____ of the World System.
core; periphery
Upward and downward mobility
movement from one social level to a higher one (upward mobility) or a lower one (downward mobility) , as by changing jobs or marrying.
The Davis-Moore Thesis
that the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make.
10. GNI PPP, or gross national income divided by purchasing power parity helps measure
the standard of living
The corrections system
A correctional system, also known as a penal system, thus refers to a network of agencies that administer a jurisdiction's prisons and community-based programs like parole and probation boards;. This system is part of the larger criminal justice system, which additionally includes police, prosecution and courts.
Social groups, aggregate-
A social aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time, but who otherwise do not necessarily have anything in common, and who may not interact with each other.
Utilitarian, normative, and coercive organizations
A utilitarian organization is one that we join with a specific goal in mind. Last, the normative organization is one that individuals join in order to promote an important social cause. A coercive organization is one that uses force to create a strict environment of rules and regulations.
88 million people in the world live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in _____________.
Absolute poverty
Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world?
Africa
Deviant behavior can be positive may be defined differently in different cultures may depend on circumstances in being defined deviant all of the above
All of the above
Which continent has the largest number of people living in poverty in the world?
Asia
An example of slavery, according to Anti-Slavery International, is: Factories using child labor
Child labor as a kind of modern slavery
Jessica babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the
Underground economy
Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche? Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of it.
Neckerman and Torche's analysis of poverty
Expressive and instrumental functions
People in expressive roles tend to pay attention to how everyone is getting along, managing conflict, soothing hurt feelings, encouraging good humor, and take care of things that contribute to one's feelings within the social group. The instrumental role is a functionalist understanding of the male's function in the family. This role's main purpose is to discipline and provide economic support for the family. Males who fulfil this role are considered to be power brokers in the relationship as they make all the decisions for the family.
Authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles
There are three classical leadership styles or behaviors: Authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership. ... Democratic leaders give their followers partial control over their tasks and decision-making process. Laissez-faire leaders give their followers almost total control over their environments.
The wealth of the top one percent of American population
Richest 1% now owns half the world's wealth. The wealthiest 1 percent of the world's population now owns more than half of the world's wealth, according a Credit Suisse report. The total wealth in the world grew by 6 percent over the past 12 months to $280 trillion, Credit Suisse said.
The Solomon Asch study
Solomon Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. ...Asch (1951) devised what is now regarded as a classic experiment in social psychology, whereby there was an obvious answer to a line judgment task.
