Sociology Test #2

Upper Middle Class

: Most highly educated professionals who sustain the top of the middle class

Heterosexuality

: Sexual attraction towards members of the other gender

First Wave of feminism

: from mid 19th century until women won the right to vote inn1920

The term "double-consciousness" was coined by which famous sociologist?

W.E.B. Du Bois

What does Max Weber consider the ultimate basis of class divisions?

Wealth Power and Prestige

Vertical Occupational Mobility

When a worker of a lower grade and status in an occupation moves to another occupation in a higher grade and status, it is vertical mobility.

Cisgender:

When gender identity or expression alligns with the birth

Minority Group:

A group that is smaller in population and is denied access to the same resources as the popular group

Conflict Theory

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Caste System:

Caste Related Segregation and Discrimination were prohibited in 1949 The caste system is a reflection of what Hindus call karma, the complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe.

Forms of Modern Slavery

child soldiers, serfdom, forced and bonded laborers, human trafficking, and sex slavery.

Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. Women and minorities are underrepresented, both as subjects and as authors (Robson 2001). In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. These examples highlight which concept?

Gender Role Socialization

Symbolic Interactionalism:

Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media.

Embodied Identity

Generated through others perceptions of our physical traits

The 1994 treatment of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda was an example of what?

Genocide

Working Class:

Social class consisting of most blue collar workers, service industry with no college degree

Ethnicity:

Socially defined category, based on religion, nationality or history

Intersectionality

concept that acknowledges that multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live

Third Wave Feminism

Third Wave Feminism:

Microaggressions

Use of subtle verbal and nonverbal communication to convey demeaning messages, also seen in body language

Prejudice

literally a "prejudgment," is an inflexible attitude (usually negative, although it can work in the reverse) about a particular group of people that is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes

Structural Functionalism

emphasizes social order and solidarity based on commonly shared values about what is good and worthwhile.

white nationalism

or the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture.

Status Inconsistancy

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

Conflict theory

Because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance.

Bisexuality

sexual attraction toward members of both genders

Homosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of ones own gender

Social Stratification:

term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

Princeton sociologist Matthew Desmond founded

the Eviction Lab (2021), which tracks evictions in five states and twenty-seven cities.

By what grade in school are gender norms firmly established?

5th

Individual discrimination

(sometimes referred to as individual or interpersonal racism) occurs when one person treats others unfairly because of their race or ethnicity

Institutional discrimination (

(sometimes referred to as systemic discrimination or systemic or institutional racism), in contrast, is more systematic and widespread and occurs when institutions (such as government agencies, schools, or banks) practice discriminatory policies that affect whole groups.

At what age do children develop a preference for same-sex playmates?

-3

Chronologial Order of Poverty Policies in the United States

1. Social Security 2. Medicaid 3. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconcilitation Act

In what year did the Supreme Court rule that laws against interracial marriage were unconstitutional?

1967 on Loving v. Virginia

Four Principles of Social Stratification:

1st Characteristics of Society 2nd Social Statifcation Persists over Generations 3rd Different Societies use different scales of ranking 4th Social Stratification is maintained through beliefs widely shared through members of society

In what year were Americans first given the opportunity to identify with more than one race in the U.S. Census?

2000

in what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages?

2004

Middle Class

30 Percent of the US population contains white collared workers

Gender Binary:

A classification system with only two distinct and opposite gender categories

Expressive Role

A family member who provides emotional support and nurturing

Aparthied

A legal separation of racial and ethnic groups from 1948 to 1991 in south africa which meant "apartness",

Hegemonic Masculinity

A masculine ideal that promtoes characteristics of independence aggression and toughness and rejects all other qualities in a man

Socioeconomic status

A measure of one's place or prestige within a social class system.

Mens liberation:

A movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss challenges of masculinity

Instrumental Role:

A position of a family member who provides material support

Culture of Poverty Theory:

A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college.

Race:

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between a group of people.

Pluralism

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

Feudal System:

A system of forced worked by lower class laborers

Pro-Feminist movement

AN offshoot of the mens liberation whose members support feminism and believes sexism harms women and men

Colorblind racism:

An Ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

Prejudice:

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change despite the evidence that is against it

Gender Expression:

An individuals behavioral expression and manifestation of gender

Misogyny:

An ingrained prejudice against women dislike contempt or hatred of women

Health Insurance and College Degree (Most likely to least likely by race)

Asian White Black Hispanic

Implicit Bias:

Attitudes or actions embedded in a subconscious level that might determine our actions

Who is Ta-Nehisi Coates:

Author of the African Exerience in Between the World and Me

Cisgenderism

Belief that cisgender is superior

Essentialists:

Believe that gender is immutable and cannot be changed

Which racial or ethnic group has the highest percentage of federal crack-cocaine offenders?

Black

Lower Middle Class:

Blue Collar workers, typically no college degree

Working Poor:

Full time workers that primarily consist of laborers

Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002)

Capital sustains individuals and families from one generation to the next

Andrew Sayer:

Climate Change

Dr. Washington just completed a research project in which she interviews African American men and women about their experiences with the criminal justice system with a particular focus on the use of violence and excessive force by police officers. The narratives of her respondents vary significantly by gender and social class, and Dr. Washington believes this is a very important part of her findings. Which theoretical perspective is represented by Dr. Washington's views?

Critical Race Theory

Genocide:

Delebrite extermination of a racial or ethnic group

Underclass:

Disadvantaged class, residing in Substandard Housing or Homeless.

Factors contributing to the decline and near disintegration of Native American cultures following the arrival of Europeans

Disease Population Transfer Forced Assimilation

Situational Ethnicity;

Ethnicity that is chosen to be displayed only at certain times

Intragenerational Mobilitiy

Examples: vertical and horizontal social mobility

Weber's theory of stratification

For Weber, wealth, power, and prestige are interrelated because they often come together, but it is also possible to convert one to the other. Paris Hilton, for example, a socialite from a wealthy, hotel-owning family, turned that aspect of her status into a certain type of contemporary prestige—celebrity.

Race Consciousness:

Ideology that aknowledeges race as a powerful social construct that contributes to our everyday lives

Social Class

In this system, groups of people are distinguished by access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige

Nonbinary:

Individuals who do not identify as exclusively men or women but identify as both, somewhere in between or outside of the categories all together,

Identify the immigrant groups that were once considered non-white but are now considered white

Irish Italians Jews

Heterosexism

Is the belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

LGBTQ

Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender and Queer

Homework Gap

More than a third of lower-income households with school-age children do not have high-speed internet at home. Digital Inequality

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

Queer Theory:

Much of the 20th century queer was a pejorative term Queer theory challenges prevailing binary notions of sex gender and sexuality Queer encompasses a wide range of gender and sexuality

Closed System

No or little room to move to one class or another

Symbolic Ethnicity:

Only relevant on certain occasions and not on everyday life

Major Agents of Socialization that enforce Gender Roles

Peers Schools Families Media

Gender:

Physical Behavioral and Personality traits that a group of people considered to be normal

Segregation:

Physical and or legal separation of different groups or races.

Secondary sex characteristics:

Physical differences between male and female, such as body hair, musculature and other features that are unrelated to reproduction.

Brazil's Racial Problem Consists of:

Polite Racism Racial Democracy

Passing:

Presenting yourself as a member of a different racial category

Symbolic Interactionalism

Race and ethnicity are part of our identity as displayed through our presentation of self

Symbolic Interactionism and Race:

Race and ethnicity are part of our identity as displayed through our presentation of self.

Racial Assimilation:

Racial Groups are absorbed into a dominant group through intermarriage

Structural Functionalism

Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social orde

Structural Functionalism

Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.

Conflict Theory

Racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict; minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests

Conflict Theory and Race

Racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict; minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests.

Place each groundbreaking television series about homosexual or transgender characters in order of air date, from earliest to latest.

Sitcom Ellen Will and Grace Orange is the New Black I am Cait

Blue collar workers

Skilled and semiskilled workers who typically work in service jobs

Some people suggest affirmative action falls under which other concept?

Reverse Racism

Miscegenaation:

Romantic or sexual marriages between people of different races

Structural Functionalism

Sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to; it is more appropriate for men to play instrumental roles and for women to play expressive roles.

Caste:

Status within the hierarchy is inherited and cannot be changed.

Social Class:

Stratification based on wealth, power, and prestige

Open System:

System with ample opportunities for movement from one class to another

Upper Class:

The 1 Percent of the United States population that contains 50 percent of the countries wealth

primary sex characteristics

The biological factors that distinguish between male and female include chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, all of which make up the

Sexuality

The character or quality of being sexual

Suffrage Movement:

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States from 1890 to 1920.

Homophobia:

The fear or discrimination of people that are gay

Transphobia

The fear or discrimination toward transgender and other gender conforming people

Identity

The inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

Gender Role Socialization

The lifelong proccessa of learning to be masculine or feminine primarily through agents of socialization

American Dream Ideology

There is equal opportunity in America and your position within the class structure is a fair reflection of what you deserve

Constructionists

Those who believe that the notion of gender are socially determined

social reproduction

Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

Race is not a genetic thing and that race can change over time, it is a social construct. Race lines are blurry, and are commonly not fixed.

True

Privelage

Unearned Advantages by a dominant social group

Male privilege:

Unearned advantage according to members of dominant social groups ( males, whites, and those who are physically able or heterosexual)

Social Inequality

Unequal Distribution of Wealth Power and Prestige Among Members of Society

Transgender:

When the gender identity is different from birth

antiracist allies.

White people also have a role to play, and they can work in solidarity toward the same goals by becoming

Feminization of Poverty:

Women are more likely than men to live inside of poverty, their is a higher difficulty to being a single mother than a single father.

double-consciousness

a concept conceived by W.E.B. DuBois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans

Structural Functionalism

a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium

assimilation,

a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group; this process is the central idea behind America's "melting pot."

social stractification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, Grouped among gender, class, race or other characteristics

Racial Democracy

a term used by some to describe race relations in Brazil. The term denotes some scholars' belief that Brazil has escaped racism and racial discrimination.

Polite Racism

a term used to describe an attempt to disguise a dislike of others through behaviour that is outwardly nonprejudicial

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

Toxic masculinity

adherence to traditional male gender roles that restrict the kinds of emotions allowable for boys and men to express, including social expectations that men seek to be dominant (the "alpha male") and limit their emotional range primarily to expressions of anger

Discrimination:

an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of individuals because of their membership in a certain social group.

Situational Ethnicity

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

symbolic ethnicity

an ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage

Racism:

an ideology or set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group over another, provides this support; it is used to justify unequal social arrangements between the dominant and nondominant groups

Absolute Deprivation

an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care

Settler Colonializism:

describes the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's own borders.

Intergenerational Mobility

fers to the movement that occurs from one generation to the next, when a child eventually moves into a different social class from that of their parents.

Cultural Assimilation:

in which members learn the cultural practices of the dominant group.

Coming out

is openly delcaring ones true identity to those who might not be aware of it coming out of the closet is a phrase usedc to describe how an LGBT persons sexual identity secret.

Reverse racism

is the claim that whites can also suffer discrimination based on their race and thus can experience the same kinds of disadvantages that minority groups have regularly encountered.

Feudal System

is the name of the system of social stratification based on a hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs?

Gender Identity:

n Individuals Self Definition or sense of gender

Prison System is a caste system but

not a major system of stratification covered in the textbook

Cultural appropriation

occurs when members of the dominant group adopt, co-opt, or otherwise take cultural elements from a marginalized group and use them for their own advantage.

Mens rights movement:

offshoot of the mens liberation movement that believes feminism promotes discrimination against men

In his 2017 book The Color of Law, Richard Rothstein shows

ow, in the 1930s, the Federal Housing Authority refused to insure mortgages for Black borrowers. This policy, known as "redlining" (referring to the way neighborhoods were designated on federal maps), continues to this day and so does the segregation it produced. This is what systemic, institutional racism and discrimination looks like.

Socialist

person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

White collar workers

professionals

Sex

refers to an individual's membership in one of two biological categories—male or female

Structural Mobility

refers to the movement that occurs from one generation to the next, when a child eventually moves into a different social class from that of their parents.

Jessi Streib'

research on cross-class marriages.

Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1973, 1984)

studied French schools to examine a phenomenon referred to as social reproduction,

Harrold Garfinkle

studied a trans women named Agnes

Karyn R. Lacy

studied intersectionality ethnographic search on Black Middle Class suburbanites in Washington DC

Heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

Sexism:

the belief that one sex usually male is suprior to the other.

Sexual Orientation

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

Intersectionality

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Asexuality

the lack of a sexual attraction of any kind no interest in or desire for sex

Patriarchy

the literal meaning of rule of the father a male dominated society

What is the mens liberation movement made up of

the men's rights movement and the pro-feminist men's movement.

Slavery

the most extreme system of social stratification, relegates people to the status of property, mainly for the purpose of providing labor for the slave owner.

Relative Deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Critical Race Theory

the study among relationships on race and power

Cultural Capital

the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Discrimination:

unequal treatment of individials based on their membership inside of a social group

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Intersex:

used to describe someone whose sex characteristics are neither male or female ( about 17/1000 cases)

Gender nonconforming

when a persons gender does not conform to societal expectations about gender roles

Status inconsistency

when an individual holds differing levels of wealth and power than the rest of socioeconomic status

Cases of Slavery in 2019

National Human Trafficking Hotline reported 11,500 cases of slavery in the United States in 2019 alone; more than 70 percent of those cases involved sexual slavery.

Caste:

Social Stratification based on hereditiry, where groups of peolpe are born into a certain social class. Members must marry within their group and rankings, it is passed along generationally. Commonly practivced in India

Queer Theory

Social Theory about gender and sexual identity emphasizes the importance of differences and rejects ideas of innate idenitities or restrictive categories

Second Wave Feminism

during the 1960s and 1970s often assosiated with the issues of womens equal access to unemployment and education

Weberian Theory

the application of economic logic to human activity that uses formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns

Social Learning

the proccess of learning behaviors and meaning through social interaction

Disenfranchisement

the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means