Sociology test 4
In the context of the conflict perspective on education, __________ is defined as a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.
credentialism
____________ is an economic system that combines elements of a market economy (capitalism) with elements of a command economy (socialism).
mixed economy
____________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.
monarchy
The symbolic interactionist perspective on education focuses on labeling that may, for some students, amount to a __________, which refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction that results in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Identify a medical procedure by which medical professionals help infertile couples achieve pregnancy.
in vitro fertilization
According to the text, horticultural societies were among the first to practice __________, which is a belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world.
monotheism
A __________ is a formal statement created by political parties and
platform
__________ are high-status, knowledge-based occupations.
professions
___________ are those aspects of life that are extraordinary or supernatural.
sacred
An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality.
social control
_________ is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals.
state
___________ is a state in which there is extensive government action to provide support and services to the citizens.
welfare state
__________ is the practice or state of being married to one person at a time.
monogamy
According to Domhoff, the corporate rich influence the political system by __________. a. dominating the federal government b. employing people to reduce social unrest c. working with grassroots community groups to end voter apathy d. widening participation in advisory committees
a
In the context of the trends in religion in the United States, over the five-year period from 2007 to 2012, the number of people who considered themselves religiously unaffiliated __________.
a rose to about 20 percent of all U.S. adults
In __________, a powerful figure claims a hereditary right to rule based on membership in a noble family or a divine or God-given right to rule and exercise power.
absolute monarchies
In the context of the categories of religion, __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.
animism
___________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces having an effect on events in society.
animism
A contract worker, or someone working temporarily, is a(n) __________.
contigent worker
____________ is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives.
democracy
Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies, which are sometimes referred to as __________.
democratic socialism
___________ is a large, organized religion characterized by accommodation to society but frequently lacking in the ability or intention to dominate society.
denomination
Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and how the masses are relatively powerless.
elite
__________ is an analysis of political systems that views power in political systems as being concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites, and the masses are relatively powerless.
elite model
_____________ is the practice of marrying within one's own group.
endogamy
________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders.
government
Some social analysts refer to the government as the __________, which is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory.
state
A category of religion, __________, refers to a belief in a god or gods.
theism
According to conflict theorists, the hidden curriculum is related to gender bias. In this context, which of the following statements is true? a. Women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men. b. There is ample evidence to show that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys. c. There is a growing concern about gender bias in schools disadvantaging female students and hurting their self-esteem. d. Boys and girls now score equally in all subjects across all grade levels.
a
Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies and with __________ authority.
agrarian; traditional
Although the most basic form of power is physical violence or force, most political leaders prefer to legitimize their power by turning it into what sociologists call __________.
authority
According to contemporary functionalists, which of the following is not one of the four main functions of government? a. planning and directing society b. ensuring positive interactions between political cliques c. maintaining law and order d. handling international relations, including warfare
b
In __________, rulers depend on powerful members of the nobility to retain their thrones and are not considered to be above the law.
limits monarchies
Religions confer supernatural legitimacy on the norms and laws of society. In this way, religions fulfill the function of __________.
maintaining social control and support for the government
Weber applied the term __________ to power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers.
charismatic authority
___________ is the power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers.
charismatic authority
___________ is a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.
credentialism
Some analysts argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective, this is a(n) __________ of education.
dysfunction
Kira and her husband Hiroto had a baby with the help of assisted reproductive technologies. This family, which consists of herself, Hiroto, and their baby, is Kira's __________.
family of procreation
In the context of political systems, which of the following is a difference between city-states and nation-states? a. Unlike nation-states, city-states emerge as countries acquire greater ability to defend their borders. b. Unlike in nation-states, power extends to adjacent areas in city-states. c. Unlike in nation-states, monarchy and authoritarianism are practiced in city-states. d. Unlike nation-states, city-states have citizens who possess specific legal rights and obligations.
b
____________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups.
politics
__________ is a power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.
traditional authority
___________ is a large, bureaucratically organized religious organization that tends to seek accommodation with the larger society in order to maintain some degree of control over it.
church
According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with differing amounts of __________, which refers to a person's social assets, including values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.
cultural capital
________ is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).
patriarchal family
__________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.
polandry
__________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates based on their stances on specific issues.
political action committees
__________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.
polyandry
____________ is Arlie Hochschild's term for the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job.
second shift
___________ is the sector of the economy that processes raw materials (from the primary sector) into finished goods.
secondary sector production
___________ is the sector of the economy that is involved in the provision of services rather than goods.
tertiary sector production
Max Weber used the term __________ to refer to power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.
traditional authority
____________ are large corporations that are headquartered in one country but sell and produce goods and services in many countries.
transnational corporations
__________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.
polygyny
___________ is a religious organization that is so integrated into the dominant culture that it claims as its membership all members of a society.
ecclesia
___________ is when two or more people interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity
group
_________ is the power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive.
authority
Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.
serial monogamy
Children in single-parent households are at a greater risk of lower standards of living primarily because of __________.
having fewer economic resources than two-parent households
In addition to teaching subject content and skills, the implied demands found in school routines and regulations teach students to respect cultural values; routines and regulations also shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Conflict theorists state that these messages are part of the __________.
hidden curriculum
Political institutions first emerged in __________ as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position.
agrarian societies
__________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention.
capitalism
Functionalist Emile Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________, which are group-held meanings that express or represent something important about the group itself.
collective representations
In the context of the functionalist perspective on religion, which of the following statements is true of civil religion in the United States? a. The U.S. social stratification system is an example of the nation's civil religion. b. Civil religion is tied to the most popular religious group in a society. c. Civil religion is the formal relationship between religion and state. d. The U.S. flag is the primary sacred object of the nation's civil religion.
d
In the context of the functionalist perspective on the family as a social institution, sexual regulation is one of the key functions that families serve in advanced industrial societies. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________.
macrolevel
In analyzing the values and functions of education, sociologists using a functionalist framework state that some functions of education are __________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.
manifest functions
Schools help to identify the most-qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This statement reflects how education serves the manifest function of __________.
social placement
Which of the following statements reflects the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion? a. Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity. b. A religious belief system plays a major role in reinforcing the existing social stratification system. c. A religious belief system is compatible with and helps to strengthen capitalism. d. Religion is an "opiate" that soothes distress and prevents social uprising.
a
_____________ is a situation in which two people live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.
cohabitation
The pluralist model is rooted in a functionalist perspective which assumes that the government serves important functions no other institution can fulfill. Although __________ acknowledge that the government serves a number of important purposes in society, they assert that government exists for the benefit of wealthy or politically powerful elites who use the government to impose their will on the masses.
conflict theorists
According to the __________ on religion, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change.
conflict theory perspective
Companies such as Time Warner have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________.
conglomerates
The Olfang tribespeople of the country of Bethania ensure that their men travel at least 60 miles to find a bride. This is to guarantee that the tribespeople marry outside their tribe because they are forbidden to marry within their own community. The Olfang tribespeople practice __________.
exogamy
__________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders.
government
____________ is the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.
matrilocal residence
The United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands, where members of royal families primarily perform ceremonial functions, are present-day examples of __________.
monarchies
__________ is the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents.
neolocal residence
Which of the following terms refers to the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents?
neological residence
____________ are categories of jobs that involve similar activities at different work sites.
occupations
___________ is the sector of the economy that extracts raw materials and natural resources from the environment.
primary sector production
Conflict theorists argue that access to quality education is closely related to social class. In this context, schools with many lower-class students differ from schools with middle-class students in that the former have curricula that emphasize __________.
procedures and rote memorization
As student populations transform over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. For example, sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to teach students about pressing social issues. This information most closely supports the statement that __________.
schools are a source of change and innovation
The term __________ refers to a situation that occurs when four or fewer companies supply 50 percent or more of a particular market.
shared monopoly
Sam was a farmer in the 1740s. He never acknowledged any specific gods. However, he used to believe that impersonal forces existed in people and natural objects, and these forces affected people's lives either positively or negatively. Sam was most likely an adherent of __________.
simple supernaturalism
____________ is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people: the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
social interaction
Samir pursued a law course at college and graduated at the top of his class with exceptional credentials. As a result, he got placed in a prestigious law firm. In this scenario, education served the manifest function of __________.
social placement
___________ is the subdiscipline of sociology that attempts to describe and explain patterns of family life and variations in family structure.
sociology of family
__________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a common goal and wish to attain it with the help of the political system.
special interest groups
The __________ on education focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations.
symbolic interactionist perspective
__________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as examples of labeling.
symbolic interactionists
A postindustrial economy is based on __________, which is the provision of services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders.
tertiary sector production
__________ includes a wide range of activities, such as fast-food service, transportation, communication, education, real estate, advertising, sports, and entertainment.
tertiary sector production
__________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
the economy
__________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.
the family of orientation
In a(n) __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.
totalitarian
Conflict theorists criticize __________, which refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.
tracking
Which of the following is a difference between churches and denominations? a. Churches seek to maintain some degree of control over the larger society, whereas denominations frequently lack the ability or intention to dominate society. b. Denominations use formalized prayers, whereas churches use informal prayers that are composed at the time they are given. c. Churches primarily appeal to the middle and upper-middle classes, whereas denominations focus on the upper classes. d. Denominations are bureaucratic organizations with a hierarchical structure, whereas churches have a flat organizational structure.
a
Which of the following is an accurate statement about matrilineal descent? a. In this pattern, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle to his nephew. b. This pattern is used in the United States to determine kinship and inheritance rights. c. In this pattern, girls tend to be considered more expendable than boys. d. Using this pattern, mothers usually pass on their property to daughters.
a
Which of the following would not be considered a microlevel reason for high rates of teenage pregnancy? a. Some teenage males believe, because of double standards, that females should be responsible for contraception. b. Many teenagers do not receive accurate information about how to use contraception. c. Lack of education and employment opportunities in urban and rural areas discourage aspirations in teenagers. d. Many sexually active teenagers do not use contraceptives.
c
___________ is a part-time work, temporary work, or subcontracted work that offers advantages to employers but that can be detrimental to the welfare of workers.
contingent work
The __________ make(s) up the top level of C. Wright Mills's pyramidal model of the power elite.
corporate rich
__________ are organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners.
corporations
Which of the following is a true statement about matriarchy? a. Across cultures, women are the primary decision makers regarding domestic and social concerns facing the family. b. It is the most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families. c. This family structure increases the educational and employment opportunities available to a family's children. d. Scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true matriarchies ever existed.
d
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of homogamy? a. Jane marries Mark who is five years older than her. b. Selene marries her sister's best friend Adrian. c. Marla marries her childhood sweetheart Xavier. d. Kim marries Han who is from the same social class as Kim.
d
___________ is a household partnerships in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted some of the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.
domestic partnerships
____________ is the practice of marrying outside one's own group.
exogamy
The central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is the __________.
federal budget
Valerie is a close friend of Rhea's mother. Rhea's family loves spending time with Valerie, and Rhea is fond of Valerie's company. From the information given in the scenario, Valerie is most likely to be Rhea's __________.
fictive kin
___________ is a traditional religious doctrine that is conservative, is typically opposed to modernity, and rejects "worldly pleasures" in favor of otherworldly spirituality.
fundamentalism
Most people in the United States practice __________.
homogamy
The __________ is also referred to as the military-industrial complex, which is the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.
iron triangle
__________ is a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
kinship
The symbolic interactionist perspective on education focuses on __________, which is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).
labeling
___________ are the jobs that differ from the employment norms of the society in which they are located.
marginal jobs
___________ is the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.
military-industrial complex
In the context of the unequal funding of U.S. public schools as a source of unequal education, the text notes that __________.
most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes
A(n) __________ refers to a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.
nuclear family
Today, most sociologists in the United States would consider two gay men and their adopted children sharing the same household to be a(n) __________.
nuclear family
_________ is a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family.
patrilineal descent
__________ is the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's parents.
patrilocal residence
__________ refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's parents.
patrilocal residence
____________ is an analysis of political systems that views power as being widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups.
pluralist model
__________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.
political socialization
______________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.
political socialization
__________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide.
polyandry
_________ is the concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.
polygamy
_________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.
polygyny
According to Max Weber, the term __________ refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations.
rational-legal authority
Max Weber believed that __________ was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law.
rational-legal authority
__________ is held by elected or appointed government officials and by officers in a formal organization, but authority is invested in the office rather than in the person who holds the office.
rational-legal authority
___________ is a form of democracy whereby citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government.
representative democracy
Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that required children to attend school until they reached a specified age or until they completed a minimum level of formal education. Which of the following is a latent function of education that originated as a result of these laws
restricting certain activities such as unemployment
Citizens' groups such as the American Conservative Union and the Population Connection are examples of __________.
special interest group
British kings and queens have historically traced their authority from God. Max Weber called this type of authority __________.
traditional authority
Values of the United States are celebrated on "high holy days" such as the Fourth of July and Memorial Day. The pledge of allegiance includes the phrase "one nation under God." All these would be considered examples of __________.
American civil religion
__________ is a system of tracing one's descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.
bilateral descent
____________ is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.
bilateral descent
A __________ has specific geographic territories and borders within which communication and transportation make it possible for people in a larger geographic area to share a common language and culture.
nation-state
A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.
nation-state
Sociologist G. William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, relatively fixed, and privileged group of people with the power to constrain political processes and serve underlying capitalist interests.
ruling class
Anne, a mother of two, is an accountant who stays with her husband and ailing mother. After returning from work, Anne ensures that her children complete their homework. She also cooks dinner for the family and takes care of her mother. Anne engages in a __________.
second shift
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild used the term __________ to refer to the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job.
second shift
__________ is the sector of the labor market that consists of low-paying jobs with few benefits and very little job security or possibility for future advancement.
secondary labor market
Steel workers who process metal ore and auto workers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________.
secondary sector production
__________ is a relatively small religious group that has broken away from another religious organization to renew what it views as the original version of the faith.
sect
A growing trend in religion in the United States is __________, which is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture.
secularization
___________ is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in the rules, routines, and regulations of schools.
hidden curriculum
__________ is a social institution composed of a unified system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals—based on some sacred or supernatural realm—that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.
civil religion
Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for over the past __________ years.
100,000
The U.S. federal bureaucracy employs about __________ people in civilian positions.
2.1 million
Conflict theorists argue that access to quality education is closely related to social class. In this context, schools for middle-class students differ from schools for affluent students in that the former have curricula that emphasize __________.
decision making and choice
______________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates based on their stances on specific issues.
political action committees
___________ is the sector of the labor market that consists of high-paying jobs with good benefits that have some degree of security and the possibility of future advancement.
primary labor market
Gwen lives in a small village in the United States. Her family and most people in her village are involved in cultivation and subsist on agriculture. Given this information, it can be said that they are involved in __________.
primary sector production
___________ is an agreement in which a corporation contracts with other (usually smaller) firms to provide specialized components, products, or services to the larger corporation.
subcontracting
In a(n) __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion.
totalitarian
_________ is a political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.
totalitarianism
According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens.
Emile Durkheim
According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens.
Emile Durkheim
Identify a true statement about domestic partnerships. a. State and federal laws are in unison regarding domestic partnerships. b. Civil unions give legal rights to domestic partners similar to those accorded to spouses in marriage. c. Same-sex partners who opt for domestic partnerships also enter into a legally binding same-sex marriage. d. Civil unions are available in all states to all types of couples in the United States.
b
Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class.
conflict theorists
__________ emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.
functionalist theorists
___________ is the systematic study of human society and social interaction.
sociology
In the context of authoritarianism, military juntas: a. are political entities in which people indirectly rule themselves. b. result when power is gained and held by a single individual. c. result when armed officers seize power from the government. d. are pure dictatorships that exist without the support of the armed forces.
c
__________ make(s) up the middle level of C. Wright Mills's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. The unorganized masses of the citizenry, lobby groups, and business leaders b. The executive and legislative branches of government c. The corporate rich and the military d. The legislative branch of government, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders
d
___________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
economy
___________ is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother).
matriarchal family
__________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some groups and individuals.
politics
A dual-earner marriage is one in which __________.
both spouses of a family are in the labor force
Identify an accurate statement about cohabitation. a. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms cohabiting partner and domestic partner interchangeably when referring to individuals who cohabit. b. Compared with children who reside with married parents, cohabiting couples with children have more years of formal education. c. Individuals who are statistically most likely to cohabit are typically under age 45. d. Attitudes about cohabitation have remained unchanged over the past three decades.
c
Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce? a. Most divorces today are granted only if a marriage breaks down because of a specific partner. b. Most states require that the partner seeking the divorce prove misconduct on the part of the other spouse. c. The divorce laws passed today are less lenient than the ones before. d. Divorce allows former spouses to remarry if they so choose.
d
In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial-ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group.
endogamy
Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents. Rachael lives in a(n) __________.
extended family
In the context of the sociological perspectives on religion, __________ emphasizes the ways in which religious beliefs and rituals can bind people together in a society.
functionalism
Although their perspectives are very different, functionalist theorists and conflict theorists would most likely agree that __________. a. the family, especially the parents, is a child's most important source of emotional support b. a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family c. most families are extremely dysfunctional d. families socialize children to be productive members of society
b
A(n) __________ is a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household.
extended family
According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are the hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These functions are called __________.
latent functions
Education keeps students off the streets and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, thus keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This exemplifies how education serves the latent function of __________.
restricting some activities
In the context of the categories of religion, __________ is a belief in sacred principles of thought and conduct rather than a god or gods.
transcendent idealism
Kevin, a middle-aged man, neither believes in any god nor in any supernatural forces. However, he believes in principles such as truth, justice, and tolerance for others and seeks to fulfill his true potential by attaining an elevated state of consciousness. In this scenario, Kevin is most likely an adherent of __________.
transcendent idealism
Conflict theorists argue that access to quality education is closely related to social class. In this context, schools for __________ are likely to emphasize creative activities in which students express their own ideas and apply them to the subject under consideration, as well as building students' analytical and critical-thinking skills.
affluent students
Capitalist economies are based on: a. public ownership of property. b. the right to buy people's labor. c. the principles of Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. d. a shift of ownership from huge corporations to individuals.
b
People are least likely to accept authority as legitimate when __________. a. it reflects their own beliefs and values b. they are politically dependent on those who hold power c. they are threatened with physical force d. they are economically dependent on those in power
c
The term __________ refers to a situation in which two people live together and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.
cohabitation
___________ are organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners.
corporations
__________ is a loosely organized religious group with practices and teachings outside the dominant cultural and religious traditions of a society.
cult
In the context of the types of religious institutions, the term new religious movement is used to refer to groups that were formerly termed __________.
cults
__________ is an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections.
democratic socialism
____________ is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure.
education
____________ is a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.
egalitarian family
__________ is the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
ethnicity
According to Talcott Parsons, the wife/mother of a family fulfills the __________ by running the household, caring for children, and meeting the emotional needs of family members.
expressive role
In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important; having a large number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival.
extended families
__________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources.
extended families
____________ is a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household.
extended family
__________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.
family of orientation
___________ is the family that a person forms by having, adopting, or otherwise creating children.
family of procreation
The pluralist model is rooted in a __________ which assumes that people share a consensus on central concerns and that the government serves important purposes no other institution can fulfill.
functionalist perspective
A major trend in religion in the United States has been the rise of __________, who are people who follow any of the world religions, are fearful of secularization, and believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity.
fundamentals
The term __________ refers to a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
heritage
__________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.
homogamy
______________ is the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.
homogamy
Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students are less capable of learning than other students. Therefore, she teaches the "low achievers" in a different manner from others. This may contribute to the less capable students performing poorly and dropping out of school. This scenario exemplifies how __________ may amount to a self-fulling prophecy.
labeling
A(n) __________ is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother).
matriarchal family
___________ is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family.
matrilineal descent
According to conflict theorists, the United States is not a complete __________, which is defined as a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.
meritocracy
Which of the following generations is made up of young adults who are more open to gay rights than are previous generations?
millennials
________ is a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.
nuclear family
__________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government.
political party
The boundaries between public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible because of urbanity. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This view is based on the __________ on the family as a social institution.
postmodernist perspective
__________ is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. Through the use of persuasion, authority, or force, some people are able to get others to submit to their demands.
power
__________ is the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life.
profane
____________ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.
race
Symbolic interactionists Berger and Kellner highlight the importance of __________ for a marital relationship.
shared reality that is constructed by families
___________ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.
social structure
__________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
socialism
____________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
socialization
Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight on the roles that people play as family members and how they modify or adapt these roles to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the __________ on the family as a social institution.
symbolic interactionist perspective
Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. If students embrace the newly acquired perspective that conflicts with parental beliefs and attitudes, it may lead to __________, which is a latent function of education.
the creation of a generation gap
____________ is the assignment of students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.
tracking
__________ is the percentage of unemployed persons in the labor force actively seeking jobs.
unemployment rate
Sociologist __________ used the term power elite to refer to the most powerful in society, including those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military.
C. wright Mills
Jennifer enrolled as a full-time student and studied philosophy at college. Over the duration of her course, she learned about atheism and its principles. Despite knowing that her parents are orthodox Christians, she accepted the philosophy of atheism and refrained from participating in Christian practices. She also met Finn, her husband, who studied literature in the same college. In this scenario, which of the following statements describes a function of college education for Jennifer? a. Jennifer was out of the full-time job market for the duration of her course. b. College taught Jennifer philosophy. c. Jennifer met her husband at college. d. College led to the creation of a generation gap between Jennifer and her parents.
b
Which of the following is a true statement about cohabitation? a. Cohabitation is more likely to serve as a transition into marriage for women with lower levels of education and income than for cohabiting women with higher levels. b. Compared with children who reside with married parents, cohabiting couples with children typically hold lower-income positions. c. Individuals who are statistically most likely to cohabit are people who have always been unmarried. d. No alternatives to cohabitation exist for LGBTQ couples.
b
Rational-legal authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality, is also known as __________.
bureaucratic authority
___________ are the members of the board of directors of one corporation who also sit on the board(s) of other corporations.
interlocking corporate directorates
During the nineteenth century, the government had a relatively limited role in people's daily lives. When did the scope of government in the United States expand considerably for the first time? a. during the Great Depression in the 1930s b. during the Vietnam War in the 1960s c. during World War II d. during the Civil War
a
The iron triangle of power is a three-way arrangement in which __________, and a bureaucratic agency make the final decision on a political issue that is to be decided by that agency. a. a private interest group, a congressional committee or subcommittee b. the President, a congressional committee or subcommittee c. the President, an opposition committee member d. an opposition committee member, Congress
a
What percentage of the U.S. voting-age population participates in government beyond simply voting?
about 10 percent
In the context of the categories of religion, __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society.
animism
In the context of the sociological perspectives on religion, rational choice theory is based on the assumption that: a. religion serves as a source of false consciousness in society. b. religion is essentially a rational response to human needs. c. religion is necessary for promoting social cohesion. d. religion serves as a catalyst for social conflict.
b
Which of the following statements is true of the contemporary functionalist perspective on education? a. Schools often use the hidden curriculum, which perpetuates class inequalities. b. Education is responsible for teaching U.S. values. c. Education results in labeling, which affects students' self-concept and aspirations. d. Schools often perpetuate racial/ethnic and gender inequalities.
b
___________ is a family consisting of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage.
blended family
In the context of the conflict perspective on religion, a similarity between Karl Marx and Max Weber is that: a. both were aware that religion retarded social change. b. both believed that capitalists use religious ideology to dominate and mislead workers about their true interests. c. both were acutely aware that religion could reinforce the stratification system. d. both believed that wealth was an unintended consequence of religious piety and hard work.
c
Which of the following is a problem faced by community colleges in the United States? a. the underrepresentation of Native American students in community colleges b. low enrollment rate of students in both credit and noncredit courses c. lack of funds because of budget cuts by state and local governments d. the high cost of tuition at community colleges
c
__________ is a combination of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.
conglomerate
Corporations with control both within and across industries are often formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions. These corporations are referred to as __________, which are combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.
conglomerates
According to conflict theorists, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability and to assign them to classes often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.
cultural capital
____________ is Pierre Bourdieu's term for people's social assets, including values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.
cultural capital
__________ is the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.
culture
Critics of ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in classes of mixed ability to improve their academic performance and test scores.
detracking
___________ is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
deviance
According to Talcott Parsons, the husband/father of a family fulfills the __________ by meeting the family's economic needs, making important decisions, and providing leadership.
instrumental role
Consider an individual who serves on the board of a bank and also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This individual is most likely part of a(n) __________.
interlocking corporate directorate
Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office.
rational-legal authority
___________ is power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations.
rational-legal authority
Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to a social institution composed of a unified system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.
religion
___________ is a social institution composed of a unified system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals—based on some sacred or supernatural realm—that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.
religion
A South Asian country is home to many different religious groups and their respective organizations. These groups coexist in the society and cater to different segments of the population. In this scenario, the South Asian country has achieved __________.
religious pluralism
In the context of the key components of religion, across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.
sacred
Sociologist __________ asserted that moral values are the foundation of a cohesive social order and that schools have the responsibility to teach a commitment to the common morality.
Emile durkheim
According to functionalists, religion_____________________. a. promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging b. is a competitive marketplace where religious organizations act as suppliers c. provides a sense of false consciousness d. acts as a reference group for people and helps them define themselves
a
Unlike absolute monarchs, limited monarchs: a. are not considered to be above the law. b. claim a divine or God-given right to rule. c. claim a hereditary right to rule. d. are not associated with traditional authority patterns.
a
Identify an accurate statement about patriarchy. a. It can create an atmosphere in which some men feel greater freedom to abuse women and children. b. It can create a family structure in which authority is held by the youngest male. c. The male authority figure of a family does not hold authority over other males of the family. d. The male authority figure of a family does not hold power over the women and children of the family.
a
Detracking is a major concern for parents of high-achieving students because: a. they believe that detracking, which involves simplifying the secondary school curricula, is unlikely to challenge their children's minds. b. they often believe their children are losing out because lower-achieving students are in their courses. c. they believe their children are more likely to maximize their potential if placed with less-talented students. d. they often believe their children's high academic performance is a result of the influence of the mixed group in which they study.
b
Which of the following is a true statement that is most likely to support the conflict perspective on education? a. The United States is a genuine meritocracy because the hidden curriculum allows the lower classes to hold the most valued credentials. b. Studies have shown that white children are more likely to graduate from high school and college than are their African American and Hispanic peers. c. Schools for affluent students focus on procedures and rote memorization, whereas schools for middle-class students focus on creative activities. d. Teachers often establish a more structured classroom and a more controlling environment for upper-class students than for middle- or lower-class students.
b
Anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined religion as: a. a belief in the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life that have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. b. a doctrine or written text that comes from sources such as the Bible or the Quran. c. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations to help people interpret the meaning of life and establish a direction for their behavior. d. the belief in a single, all-powerful, supernatural being that creates and guides human life
c
Conflict theorists criticize the practice of tracking because: a. it is based on the assumption that ethnic pluralism in classes leads to social stability. b. it negatively affects the potential of high-achieving students by pairing them with less-able or less-talented students. c. it is based on the assumption that intensifying secondary school curricula will increase the academic achievement of all students. d. it negatively affects the educational performance of students who are labeled "underachievers."
d
A __________ refers to a household arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted some of the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.
domestic partnership
In the context of the types of religious organizations, a religious organization that is so integrated into the dominant culture that it claims all members of a society as its members is termed a(n) __________.
ecclesia
In recent years, married and cohabiting couples with more __________ about women's and men's roles have tended to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and childcare responsibilities.
egalitarian ideas
The reasons that many victims of family violence do not report the violence to police include __________.
fear of retaliation
One of the factors that increase the risk of divorce is __________.
getting married young (under 25 years of age)
In the context of the functionalist perspective on the family as a social institution, which of the following is not considered a function that families serve in advanced industrial societies?
guaranteed reproduction
Identify a true statement about patrilineal descent. a. This pattern is used in the United States to determine kinship and inheritance rights. b. This pattern is used for tracing kinship in industrial societies. c. It is a system of tracing descent through one's father's side of the family. d. It is the most common pattern of bilateral descent.
c
Which of the following families is primarily responsible for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for family members? a. feudal families b. neolithic families c. preindustrial families d. contemporary families
d
Which of the following is one of the ideal types of authority identified by Max Weber? a. coercive authority b. relational authority c. familial authority d. charismatic authority
d
_________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government.
authoritarianism
Identify a characteristic that differentiates professions from other occupations. a. Professions are found exclusively in the primary sector. b. Professions have higher levels of self-regulation than other occupations. c. Professions have lower levels of autonomy than other occupations. d. Professions require concrete, rather than abstract, knowledge.
b
A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.
nation-state
In rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________.
office
A(n) __________ refers to an industry dominated by just a few companies.
oligopoly
___________ is an industry dominated by just a few companies.
oligopoly
__________ view families as permeable, capable of being diffused or invaded so that their original purpose is modified.
postmodernists
____________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in sectors of society and culture.
secularization
__________ is a situation that occurs when four or fewer companies supply 50 percent or more of a particular market.
shared monopoly
___________ is the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control of basic resources.
social stratification
One of the challenges facing U.S. public schools is competition from charter schools. In this context, which of the following is an advantage of charter schools over traditional public schools? a. Charter schools provide a large number of minority students with a higher-quality education than they would receive in the public schools in their area. b. Public charter schools are secular, whereas traditional public schools are always affiliated to a particular religion. c. Charter schools provide more autonomy for individual students and teachers because they are more bureaucratic than public schools. d. Public charter schools have zero turnover, whereas traditional public schools have high dropout rates.
a
To accurately reflect the contemporary changes in family life, the text provides an encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is __________. a. a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group b. a social network of people into which a person is born, which is composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household for a span of more than 20 years c. a group of people that consists of a husband and a wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from a new marriage d. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
a
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is __________.
unconstitutional
The difference between the terms child-free and childless is based on __________. a. whether the man and the woman communicate in the same regional dialect b. whether a child was desired in the first place c. whether the children are old enough to be called "adults" d. whether infertility was due to problems with the man or the woman
b
High dropout rates are a major problem facing contemporary schools. One of the ways in which dropout rates can be measured is by computing the status dropout rate, which is the __________. a. percentage of people in the general population who have only completed elementary school education b. percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school but does not aim to pursue a college degree c. percentage of people in an age group who are not currently enrolled in school and who do not have a high school degree or its equivalent d. percentage of people in the general population who have only earned a high school degree or its equivalent
c
One of the challenges facing U.S. public schools is competition from school voucher programs. However, voucher programs are considered controversial for various reasons. Which of the following is one of these reasons? a. Most critics believe that school voucher programs provide a negative environment to students because of the prevalence of racial segregation, which is nonexistent in public schools. b. Most critics believe that school voucher programs lead to an increase in secularization because private schools are seldom religious. c. Some critics believe that giving taxpayer money to parents so that they can spend it at private schools violates constitutional requirements for the separation of church and state. d. Some critics claim that voucher programs are less effective in educating children than public schools because studies show that public school students, unlike voucher students, reach state proficiency requirements.
c
What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________. a. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption b. a social network of people into which a person is born, which is composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household for a span of more than 20 years c. a group of people that consists of a husband and a wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from a new marriage d. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
d
Which of the following is true about adoption? a. All states have enforced "right-to-know" laws in the United States. b. An adopted child has fewer rights than a biological child. c. Matching adoptable children with prospective adoptive parents is a straightforward process. d. A new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions.
d
__________ are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death.
exocentric system
The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________.
exogamy
In the context of the key functions that families serve in advanced industrial societies, the __________ emphasizes the role of parents and other relatives in teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society.
functionalist perspective
Many analysts believe that lagging test scores are a sign that problems exist in the U.S. educational system. From a __________, increased training for teachers and more-stringent academic requirements for students are the best ways to address these problems.
functionalist perspective
__________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity.
marriage
Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern.
patrilocal residency
__________ is the term used to refer to the concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.
polygamy
The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________.
polygyny
The term __________ refers to a belief in more than one god.
polytheism
Lily and George have been married for seven years. Lily's parents keep asking her to have a child so that they can have a grandchild to nurture. When Lily tells her parents that she and George have chosen not to have children, Lily's parents retort by saying that there must be something wrong with them and that they have made a wrong decision. Given the information, Lily's parents are depicting a(n) __________.
pronatalist bias
In the context of the components of religion, the prayer that Muslims offer five times a day while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of __________.
rituals
