Sole Ch 12
The nurse is caring for a patient following insertion of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) for cardiogenic shock unresponsive to pharmacotherapy. Which hemodynamic parameter best indicates an appropriate response to therapy? a) Cardiac index (CI) of 2.5 L/min/m2 b) Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of 26 mm Hg c) Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 22 mm Hg d) Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) of 1600 dynes/sec/cm−5
A Desired outcomes for a patient in cardiogenic shock with an IABP include decreased SVR, diminished symptoms of myocardial ischemia (chest pain, ST-segment elevation), increased stroke volume, and increased cardiac output and cardiac index. A cardiac index of 2.5 L/min is within normal limits.
The emergency department nurse admits a patient following a motor vehicle collision. Vital signs include blood pressure 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 140 bpm, respiratory rate 36 breaths/min, temperature 101° F and oxygen saturation (SpO2) 95% on 3 L of oxygen per nasal cannula. Laboratory results include hemoglobin 6.0 g/ dL, hematocrit 20%, and potassium 4.0 mEq/L. Based on this assessment, what is most important for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care? a) Insertion of an 18-gauge peripheral intravenous line b) Application of cushioned heel protectors c) Implementation of fall precautions d) Implementation of universal precautions
A Given the patient's diagnosis, laboratory results, and supporting vital signs, restoring circulating blood volume is a priority and can be accomplished following insertion of an appropriate gauge IV (18) to facilitate blood and fluid administration.
A patient is admitted to the cardiac care unit with an acute anterior myocardial infarction. The nurse assesses the patient to be diaphoretic and tachypneic, with bilateral crackles throughout both lung fields. Following insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter by the physician, which hemodynamic values is the nurse most likely to assess? a) High pulmonary artery diastolic pressure and low cardiac output b) Low pulmonary artery occlusive pressure and low cardiac output c) Low systemic vascular resistance and high cardiac output d) Normal cardiac output and low systemic vascular resistance
A In cardiogenic shock, cardiac output and cardiac index decrease. Right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressures, and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure increase and volume backs up into the pulmonary circulation and the right side of the heart.
The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient following insertion of a left subclavian central venous catheter (CVC). Which action by the nurse best protects against the development of a central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)? a) Documentation of insertion date b) Elevation of the HOB c) Assessment for weaning readiness d) Appropriate sedation management
A Interventions that have been associated with a reduction in CLABSI include timely removal of unnecessary central lines. Documentation of the line insertion date will assist in monitoring this measure.
While monitoring a patient for signs of shock, the nurse understands which system assessment to be of priority? a) CNS b) GI system c) Renal system d) Respiratory system
A The central nervous system experiences decreased perfusion first. The patient will have central nervous system changes early during the course of shock, such as changes in the level of consciousness.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with shock. The nurse understands which assessment findings best assess tissue perfusion in a patient in shock? (Select all that apply). a) BP b) HR c) LOC d) Pupil response e) Respirations f) Urine output
A, C, F The level of consciousness assesses cerebral perfusion, urine output assesses renal perfusion, and blood pressure is a general indicator of systemic perfusion.
The nurse has just completed administration of a 500 mL bolus of 0.9% normal saline in a patient with hypovolemic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to be slightly confused, with a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 50 mm Hg, a heart rate of 110 beats/min, urine output of 10 mL for the past hour, and a central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) of 3 mm Hg. What is the best interpretation of these results by the nurse? a) Patient response to therapy is appropriate b) Additional interventions are indicated c) More time is needed to assess response d) Values are normal for the patient condition
B Assessed vital signs and hemodynamic values indicate decreased circulating volume. The patient has not responded appropriately to therapy aimed at increasing circulating volume. Additional intervention is needed because response to therapy is not appropriate, values are abnormal, and timely intervention is critical for a patient with low circulating blood volume.
The nurse has just completed an infusion of a 1000 mL bolus of 0.9% normal saline in a patient with severe sepsis. One hour later, which laboratory result requires immediate nursing action? a) Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL b) Lactate 6 mmol/L c) Potassium 3.8 mEq/L d) Sodium 140 mEq/L
B Lactate level has been used as an indicator of decreased oxygen delivery to the cells, adequacy of resuscitation in shock, and as an outcome predictor.
Which patient being cared for in the emergency department is most at risk for developing hypovolemic shock? a) A patient admitted with abdominal pain and an elevated white blood cell count b) A patient with a temperature of 102° F and a general dermal rash c) A patient with a 2-day history of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea d) A patient with slight rectal bleeding from inflamed hemorrhoids
C Excessive external loss of fluid may occur through the gastrointestinal tract via vomiting and diarrhea, which may lead to hypovolemia.
During the initial stages of shock, what are the physiological effects of decreased cardiac output? a) Arterial vasodilation b) High urine output c) Increased parasympathetic stimulation d) Increased sympathetic stimulation
D A reduction in blood pressure leads to an increase in catecholamine release, resulting in an increase in heart rate and contractility to improve cardiac output.
Fifteen minutes after beginning a transfusion of O negative blood to a patient in shock, the nurse assesses a drop in the patient's blood pressure to 60/40 mm Hg, heart rate 135 beats/min, respirations 40 breaths/min, and a temperature of 102° F. The nurse notes the new onset of hematuria in the patient's Foley catheter. What are the priority nursing actions? (Select all that apply.) a) Administer acetaminophen b) Document the patient's response c) Increase the rate of transfusion d) Notify the blood bank e) Notify the provider f) Stop the transfusion
D, E, F In the event of a reaction, the transfusion is stopped, the patient is assessed, and both the physician and laboratory are notified. All transfusion equipment (bag, tubing, and remaining solutions) and any blood or urine specimens obtained are sent to the laboratory according to hospital policy.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with cardiogenic shock. Hemodynamic readings obtained with a pulmonary artery catheter include a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of 18 mm Hg and a cardiac index (CI) of 1.0 L/min/m2. What is the priority pharmacological intervention? a) Dobutamine b) Furosemide c) Phenylephrine d) Sodium nitroprusside
A A high PAOP and a low cardiac index are findings consistent with cardiogenic shock. Positive inotropic agents (e.g., dobutamine) are given to increase the contractile force of the heart.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted w/ hypovolemic shock. The nurse palpates thready brachial pulses but is unable to auscultate a blood pressure. What is the best nursing action? a) Assess the blood pressure by Doppler b) Estimate the systolic pressure as 60 mmHg c) Obtain an electronic blood pressure monitor d) Record the blood pressure as "not assessable"
A Auscultated blood pressures in shock may be significantly inaccurate due to vasoconstriction. If blood pressure is not audible, the approximate value can be assessed by palpation or ultrasound.
After receiving a handoff report from the night shift, the nurse completes the morning assessment of a patient with severe sepsis. Vital signs are: blood pressure 95/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respirations 32 breaths/min, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 96% on 45% oxygen via Venturi mask, temperature 101.5° F, central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) 2 mm Hg, and urine output of 10 mL for the past hour. The nurse initiates which provider prescription first? a) Administer infusion of 500 mL 0.9% normal saline every 4 hours as needed if the CVP is less than 5 mm Hg. b) Increase supplemental oxygen therapy to maintain SpO2 greater than 94%. c) Administer 40 mg furosemide (Lasix) intravenous as needed if the urine output is less than 30 mL/hr. d) Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) 650- mg suppository per rectum as needed to treat temperature greater than 101° F.
A Fluid volume resuscitation is the priority in patients with severe sepsis to maintain circulating blood volume and end-organ perfusion and oxygenation. A 500-mL IV bolus of 0.9% normal saline is appropriate given the patient's CVP of 2 mm Hg and hourly urine output of 10 mL/hr.
The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock being treated with an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP). The family inquires about the primary reason for the device. What is the best statement by the nurse to explain the IABP? a) "The action of the machine will improve blood supply to the damaged heart." b) "The machine will beat for the damaged heart with every beat until it heals." c) "The machine will help cleanse the blood of impurities that might damage the heart." d) "The machine will remain in place until the patient is ready for a heart transplant."
A The IABP improves coronary artery perfusion, reduces afterload, and improves perfusion to vital organs. An IABP acts through counterpulsation, augmenting the pumping action of the heart, displacing blood to improve both forward and backward blood flow.
The nurse is caring for an athlete with a possible cervical spine (C5) injury following a diving accident. The nurse assesses a blood pressure of 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate 45 beats/min, and respirations 26 breaths/min. The patient's skin is warm and flushed. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse? a) The patient is developing neurogenic shock. b) The patient is experiencing an allergic reaction. c) The patient most likely has an elevated temperature. d) The vital signs are normal for this patient.
A The most profound feature of neurogenic shock is bradycardia with hypotension from the decreased sympathetic activity.
The nurse is caring for a patient in septic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to have a blood pressure of 105/60 mm Hg, heart rate 110 beats/min, respiratory rate 32 breaths/min, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 95% on 45% supplemental oxygen via Venturi mask, and a temperature of 102° F. The physician orders stat administration of an antibiotic. Which additional physician order should the nurse complete first? a) Blood cultures b) Chest x-ray c) Foley insertion d) Serum electrolytes
A Timely identification of the causative organism through blood cultures and the initiation of appropriate antibiotics following obtaining blood cultures improve the survival of patients with sepsis or septic shock.
The nurse is caring for a 70-kg patient in hypovolemic shock. Upon initial assessment, the nurse notes a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 125 beats/min, respirations 32 breaths/min, central venous pressure (CVP/RAP) of 3 mm Hg, and urine output of 5 mL during the past hour. Following physician rounds, the nurse reviews the orders and questions which order? a) Administer acetaminophen 650-mg suppository prn every 6 hours for pain. b) Titrate dopamine intravenously for blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg systolic. c) Complete neurological assessment every 4 hours for the next 24 hours. d) Administer furosemide 20 mg IV every 4 hours for a CVP greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg.
B Vasoconstrictive agents should not be administered for hypotension in the presence of circulation fluid volume deficit, which this patient displays. The nurse should question the use of the dopamine infusion.
The nurse is caring for a patient with severe sepsis who was resuscitated with 3000 mL of lactated Ringer's solution over the past 4 hours. Morning laboratory results show a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL and hematocrit of 28%. What is the best interpretation of these findings by the nurse? a) Blood transfusion with packed red blood cells is required. b) Hgb and Hct results indicate hemodilution c) Fluid resuscitation has resulted in fluid volume overload d) Fluid resuscitation has resulted in third-spacing of fluid
B Fluid resuscitation with large volumes of crystalloid results in hemodilution of red blood cells and plasma proteins. Hemoglobin and hematocrit results indicate hemodilution.
The nurse is administering intravenous norepinephrine at 5 mcg/kg/min via a 20-gauge peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter. Which assessment finding requires immediate action by the nurse? a) BP 100/60 mmHg b) Swelling at the IV site c) HR 110 bpm d) CVP 8 mmHg
B Swelling at the IV site is indicative of infiltration. Infusion of norepinephrine through an infiltrated IV site can lead to tissue necrosis and requires immediate intervention by the nurse.
The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock experiencing chest pain. Hemodynamic values assessed by the nurse include a cardiac index (CI) of 2.5 L/min/m2, heart rate of 70 beats/min, and a systemic vascular resistance (SVR) of 2200 dynes/sec/cm−5. Upon review of physician orders, which order is most appropriate for the nurse to initiate? a) Furosemide 20 mg intravenous (IV) every 4 hours as needed for CVP greater than or equal to ≥20 mm Hg b) Nitroglycerin infusion titrated at a rate of 5 to 10 mcg/min as needed for chest pain c) Dobutamine infusion at a rate of 2 to 20 mcg/kg/min as needed for CI less than 2 L/min/m2 d) Dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 to 10 mcg/kg/min to maintain a systolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg
B The patient is complaining of chest pain and has an elevated systemic vascular resistance (SVR). To reduce afterload, ease the workload of the heart, and dilate the coronary arteries, improving oxygenation to the heart muscle, initiation of a nitroglycerin infusion is most appropriate.
Ten minutes following administration of an antibiotic, the nurse assesses a patient to have edematous lips, hoarseness, and expiratory stridor. Vital signs assessed by the nurse include blood pressure 70/40 mm Hg, heart rate 130 beats/min, and respirations 36 breaths/min. What is the priority intervention? a) Diphenhydramine 50 mg intravenously b) Epinephrine 3 to 5 mL of a 1:10,000 solution intravenously c) Methylprednisolone 125 mg intravenously d) Ranitidine 50 mg intravenously
B The patient is exhibiting signs of anaphylaxis. For anaphylaxis with hypotension, epinephrine 0.3 to 0.5 mg (3 to 5 mL of 1:10,000 solution) is administered intravenously. Diphenhydramine will help block histamine release, but epinephrine is the drug of choice for anaphylaxis with hypotension.
The nurse is caring for a patient in cardiogenic shock who is being treated with an infusion of dobutamine. The physician's order calls for the nurse to titrate the infusion to achieve a cardiac index of greater than or equal to 2.5 L/min/m2. The nurse measures a cardiac output, and the calculated cardiac index for the patient is 4.6 L/min/m2. What is the best action by the nurse? a) Obtain a stat serum potassium level b) Order a stat 12-lead electrocardiogram c) Reduce the rate of dobutamine d) Assess the patient's hourly urine output
C Dobutamine is used to stimulate contractility and heart rate while causing vasodilation in low cardiac output states, improving overall cardiac performance. The patient's cardiac index is well above normal limits, so the rate of infusion of the medication should be reduced so as not to overstimulate the heart.
The nurse is starting to administer a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) to a patient admitted in hypovolemic shock secondary to hemorrhage. Vital signs include blood pressure 60/40 mm Hg, heart rate 150 beats/min, respirations 42 breaths/min, and temperature 100.6° F. What is the best action by the nurse? a) Administer blood transfusion over at least 4 hours. b) Notify the physician of the elevated temperature. c) Titrate rate of blood administration to patient response. d) Notify the physician of the patient's heart rate.
C Given the acute nature of the patient's blood loss, the nurse should titrate the rate of the blood transfusion to an improvement in the patient's blood pressure.
The nurse is caring for a patient in spinal shock. Vital signs include blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, heart rate 70 beats/min, respirations 24 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 95% on room air, and an oral temperature of 94.8° F. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care? a) Administration of atropine sulfate (Atropine) b) Application of 100% oxygen via face mask c) Application of slow rewarming measures d) Infusion of IV phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
C Hypothermia can develop in neurogenic shock from uncontrolled heat loss; therefore, a patient should be rewarmed slowly to avoid further vasodilation.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted following a motor vehicle crash. Over the past 2 hours, the patient has received 6 units of packed red blood cells and 4 units of fresh frozen plasma by rapid infusion. To prevent complications, what is the priority nursing intervention? a) Administer pain medication b) Turn patient every 2 hours c) Assess core body temperature d) Apply bilateral heel protectors
C Hypothermia is anticipated during the rapid infusion of fluids or blood products. Assessment of core body temperature is a priority.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the critical care unit 48 hours ago with a diagnosis of severe sepsis. As part of this patient's care plan, what intervention is most important for the nurse to discuss with the multidisciplinary care team? a) Frequent turning b) Monitoring I&O c) Enteral feedings d) Pain management
C Initiation of enteral feedings within 24 to 48 hours of admission is critical in reducing the risk of infection by assisting in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa.
A patient is admitted after collapsing at the end of a summer marathon. The patient is lethargic, with a heart rate of 110 beats/min, respiratory rate of 30 breaths/ min, and a blood pressure of 78/46 mm Hg. The nurse anticipates administering which therapeutic intervention? a) Human albumin infusion b) Hypotonic saline solution c) Lactated Ringer's bolus d) Packed RBCs
C The patient is experiencing symptoms of hypovolemic shock. Isotonic crystalloids, such as normal saline and lactated Ringer's solutions, are the priority intervention.
The nurse is administering both crystalloid and colloid IV fluids as part of fluid resuscitation in a patient admitted in severe sepsis. What findings assessed by the nurse indicate an appropriate response to therapy? a) Normal body temperature b) Balanced I&O c) Adequate pain management d) Urine output of 0.5 mL/kg/hr
D Adequate urine output of at least 0.5 mL/kg/hr indicates adequate perfusion to the kidneys following administration of fluid to enhance circulating blood volume.
The nurse is caring for a patient in the early stages of septic shock. The patient is slightly confused and flushed, with bounding peripheral pulses. Which hemodynamic values is the nurse most likely to assess? a) High pulmonary artery occlusive pressure and high CO b) High systemic vascular resistance and low CO c) Low pulmonary artery occlusive pressure and low CO d) Low systemic vascular resistance and high CO
D As a consequence of the massive vasodilation associated with septic shock, in the early stages, cardiac output is high with low systemic vascular resistance.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with the early stages of septic shock. The nurse assesses the patient to be tachypneic, with a respiratory rate of 32 breaths/min. Arterial blood gas values assessed on admission are pH 7.50, CO2 28 mmHg, HCO3 26. Which diagnostic study result reviewed by the nurse indicates progression of the shock state? a) pH 7.40, CO2 40, HCO3 24 b) pH 7.45, CO2 45, HCO3 26 c) pH 7.35, CO2 40, HCO3 22 d) pH 7.30, CO2 45, HCO3 18
D As shock progresses along the continuum, acidosis ensues, caused by metabolic acidosis, hypoxia, and anaerobic metabolism. A pH 7.30, CO2 45 mm Hg, HCO3 18 indicates metabolic acidosis and progression to a late stage of shock.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with severe sepsis. Vital signs assessed by the nurse include blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg, heart rate 120 beats/min, respirations 28 breaths/min, oral temperature of 102° F, and a right atrial pressure (RAP) of 1 mm Hg. Which intervention should the nurse carry out first? a) Acetaminophen suppository b) Blood cultures from two sites c) IV antibiotic administration d) Isotonic fluid challenge
D Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis includes administration of IV fluids to keep RAP/CVP at 8 mm Hg or greater (but not greater than 15 mm Hg) and heart rate less than 110 beats/min. Fluid resuscitation to restore perfusion is the immediate priority.
The nurse has been administering 0.9% normal saline intravenous fluids in a patient with severe sepsis. To evaluate the effectiveness of fluid therapy, which physiological parameters would be most important for the nurse to assess? a) Breath sounds and capillary refill b) BP and oral temperature c) Oral temperature and capillary refill d) RAP and urine output
D Early goal-directed therapy includes administration of IV fluids to keep central venous pressure at 8 mm Hg or greater. Combined with urine output, fluid therapy effectiveness can be adequately assessed.
A patient is admitted to the critical care unit following coronary artery bypass surgery. Two hours postoperatively, the nurse assesses the following information: pulse is 120 beats/min; blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg; pulmonary artery diastolic pressure is 2 mm Hg; cardiac output is 4 L/min; urine output is 250 mL/hr; chest drainage is 200 mL/hr. What is the best interpretation by the nurse? a) The assessed values are within normal limits b) The patient is at risk for developing cardiogenic shock c) The patient is at risk for developing fluid volume overload d) The patient is at risk for developing hypovolemic shock
D Vital signs and hemodynamic values assessed collectively include classic signs and symptoms of hypovolemia. Both urine output and chest drainage values are high, contributing to the hypovolemia.