SOM 354 Chapter 4

The religion where followers try to achieve nirvana or spiritual enlightenment is _____. - Catholicism - Buddhism - Judaism - Christianity

- Buddhism

What ethical system was the official ethical system of China until the communist revolution and emphasizes taking the right actions to attain salvation? - Protestantism - Confucianism - Socialism - Communism

- Confucianism

What are three examples of the "hidden curriculum" of schools? (Select all that apply.) - Obedience to authority - Unnecessary focus on personal achievement - Math and literacy fundamentals - Respect for others - Dealing with competition

- Obedience to authority - Respect for others - Dealing with competition

What are two examples of nonverbal communication? (Select all that apply) - Making small talk with a co-worker while waiting in line - Standing an appropriate distance from a colleague during a conversation - Returning a phone call within 30 minutes of receipt - Giving a thumbs up sign to indicate you agree with a statement

- Standing an appropriate distance from a colleague during a conversation - Giving a thumbs up sign to indicate you agree with a statement

What are the four dimensions originally identified by Hofstede? (Select all that apply) - Uncertainty avoidance - Individualism versus collectivism - Long-term versus short-term - Power distance - Religious versus secular - Masculinity versus femininity

- Uncertainty avoidance - Individualism versus collectivism - Power distance - Masculinity versus femininity

As countries get richer, we often see a shift ______ traditional values (such as staying married and obeying one's parents) and ______ secular rational values (including abortion and divorce). - toward; away from - toward; toward - away from; toward - away from; away from

- away from; toward

Understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced is known as ______ literacy. - cross-discipline - cross-cultural - cross-purpose - cross-sectional

- cross-cultural

Hindus believe in ______, the behaviors and responsibilities governing individual conduct. - reincarnation - after-life - karma - dharma

- dharma

Geoff believes that the way his U.S.-based company does business is superior to the way his French affiliate office conducts business. Geoff's attitude is an example of _____. - heterogeneity - stereotyping - ethnocentrism - slander

- ethnocentrism

Monica asked her manager if appropriate dress for the meeting was business casual or traditional business. Monica is inquiring about the ______ associated with the meeting. - attitude - mores - values - folkway

- folkway

Stephen usually eats lunch with three of his co-workers and on the weekends he gets together with his college friends. The people Stephen interacts with represent two types of _____. - folkways - collectivists - groups - societies

- groups

There _____ a strict one-to-one relationship between one culture and a nation-state. - sometimes is - is not - has always been - is

- is not (there is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state)

What are three principles of social stratification? (Check all that apply.) - It is generally universal. - It involves beliefs as well as inequality. - It stagnates within a single generation. - It carries over to the next generation. - It is a reflection of individual differences.

- it is generally universal - it involves beliefs as well as inequality - it carries over to the next generation

Alex considers himself a "true French Canadian" and agrees with political activists who think there should be a separation from English speaking citizens who are dominating certain provinces. What seems to be the cause of this division in Canada? - Language - Politics - Religion - Education

- language

Kate's grandmother was born in Belgium and she says she is Flemish. Anne's grandmother was also born in Belgium and she says she is French. In some areas of Belgium, all signs are in French and are not possible to read unless you know the French language. The same is true for other areas with all signs in Flemish. What is creating the divide between these two cultures? - Geography - Language - Business - Education

- language

Adherents of Islam are called: - Protestants. - Taoists. - Muslims. - Buddhists.

- muslim

______ join the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation. - Nation-states - Culture-states - Nation-cultures - Nation-societies

- nation-states

Most people talk quietly when going into a library because it is a social rule. This type of social rule is called a _____. - culture - value - norm - society

- norm

______ is/are a system of shared beliefs that are concerned with the realm of the sacred and involve rituals reflecting the belief. - Religion - Folkways - Ethics - Manners

- religion

All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called social _____. - mobility - strata - folkways - identification

- strata

The basic social organization of a society is called its social _____. - nation - structure - folkway - orientation

- structure

The two major Christian organizations are _____. - the Roman Catholic Church - the Orthodox Church - the Protestant Church - the Baptist Church

- the roman catholic church - the orthodox church

The ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable are called _____. - culture - norms - values - society

- values

Class Consciousness

A tendency for individuals to perceive themselves in terms of their class background.

Ethnocentrism

Behavior that is based on the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture; often shows disregard or contempt for the culture of other countries.

Long-term vs. short-term orientation

The theory of the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs. It captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors.

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Theory focusing on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows; in individualistic societies, the ties between individuals are loose and individual achievement is highly valued; in societies where collectivism is emphasized, ties between individuals are tight, people are born into collectives, such as extended families, and everyone is supposed to look after the interests of his or her collective.

Masculinity vs. Femininity

Theory of the relationship between gender and work roles. In masculine cultures, sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional "masculine values" such as achievement and the effective exercise of power determine cultural ideals; in feminine cultures, sex roles are less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation is made between men and women in the same job.

(T/F): Christianity and Judaism are both monotheistic religions.

True (Christianity grew out of Judaism. Like Judaism, it is a monotheistic religion)

(T/F): While religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion.

True (the chain of causation runs both ways. So religion can influence the value and norms of society and vice versa)

Ethical System

a set of moral principles, or values, that is used to guide and shape behavior

Religion

a system of shared beliefs and rituals concerned with the realm of the sacred

Caste System

a system of social stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime.

Class System

a system of social stratification in which social status is determined by the family into which a person is born and by subsequent socioeconomic achievements; mobility between classes is possible.

Culture

a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living

Values

abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable

Group

an association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior.

Uncertainty Avoidance

extent to which cultures socialize members to accept ambiguous situations and to tolerate uncertainty

Society

group of people who share a common set of values and norms

Social Strata

hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income

(high/low) power distance cultures are found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth.

high

(high/low) power distance cultures are found in societies that try to play down such inequalities as much as possible.

low

Mores

norms seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life

Folkways

routine conventions of everyday life

Norms

social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations

Social Structure

the basic social organization of a society

Social Mobility

the extent to which individuals can move out of the social strata into which they are born

Power Distance

theory of how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities.

Cross-cultural literacy

understanding how the culture of a country affects the way business is practiced