SOP3004 FINAL
Myers and Twenge suggest that students affected by hindsight bias believe that social psychology is:
an outdated topic common sense** a boring topic too difficult to learn
If the audience is familiar with the opposing arguments, the most effective strategy is to present:
either a one- or two-sided message because both will work equally effectively a weak version of the opposing side with a strong set of counterarguments a one-sided message a two-sided message ****
According to the article,"Why We Hate," a fear caused by foreigners or other strange seeming people brought out by stress is referred to as:
epistemophobia geniophobia homilophobia xenophobia**
According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following is false about mating preferences?
Women are more selective than men Men are more selective than women. ** Men prefer healthy, young mates Physically dominant men are more successful in finding mates.
In the article titled, "Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness," what did the researchers take into account when comparing endorsers?
Fame ** Gender Age Race
An advertiser uses graphic imagery in order to convince viewers to quit smoking. Which of the heuristics is most likely being used?
Fear appeal ** Expertise Appeal to motive for mastery Speed of delivery
Consider the article, "Some Evidence for a Gender Gap in Personality and Social Psychology." Which of the following was one of their results?
Female first authors of journal articles were cited more than male first authors of journal articles Male first authors of journal articles were cited more than female first authors of journal articles ** Female first authors of journal articles were cited about the same amount as male first authors of journal articles There was no evidence for a gender gap in award recipients
According to research on gender differences in newlyweds, which of the following is false?
For both genders, passionate and compassionate love decrease as the relationship progresses For both genders, passionate love increases over time as the relationship progresses ** Women show more compassionate love than men during the early stages of a relationship No overall gender differences have been found for passionate love during the early stages of a relationship
Which of the following is not an explanation for prosocial behavior?
Genetic Determinism All of these are explanations for prosocial behavior** Empathy-Altruism Empathetic Joy
Which of the following basic motivations for prosocial acts proposes that people engage in prosocial acts primarily because they are motivated by the positive feelings of accomplishment that a helper anticipates experiencing as a result?
Genetic Determinism Empathy-Altruism Negative-State Relief Empathic Joy **
According to the article, "Collaborative Problem Solving in Five-Year-Old Children," which is an explanation that researchers gave for the superior performance of girls when compared to boys?
Girls are more assertive Girls are smarter Girls enjoy puzzles more Girls are more compliant **
Gilovich (1985) analyzed data from basketball teams in order to to study which phenomena?
Luck Confirmation bias Hot hand effect ** Home field advantage
During the variation of Milgram's (1965) obedience experiment in which women served as "teachers" instead of men, what percentage of the participants obeyed?
95% 0% 15% 65% **
According to research involving men rating the appearance of women, what is the preferred Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)?
.6 .7 ** .9 .8
How long did Zimbardo's (1971) Stanford Prison Experiment actually last?
1 day 6 days ** 2 weeks 5 weeks
During Asch's (1955) classic conformity experiment in which participants were asked to make judgments about line length, approximately how many participants conformed at least once?
25% 100% 75% ** 0%
Before Milgram (1965) conducted his experiment, psychiatrists predicted that 1 in 1,000 participants would go all the way to 450 volts of electricity. What percentage of participants actually went that far?
35% 65%** 10% 90%
Shortly after 9/11, Americans flew less. Gigerenzer found that during the last three months of 2001, there was about __________ traffic fatalities
350 more ** 350 fewer 800 more 800 less
Several variations of Milgram's (1965) experiment were performed. Which of the following produced the lowest level of obedience?
A confederate and real participant serve as teachers. The confederate pulls the shocks levers and the real participant performs subsidiary tasks. The experiment is conducted in a run-down office building in Bridgeport, CT. The experimenter does not stay in the room with the participant. He gives all of his instructions over the phone. A real participant and two confederates serve as teachers. One teacher reads the word pairs, another informs the learner whether he is correct or incorrect, and the third (real participant) delivers the shock. At the 150-volt level, one confederate-teacher refuses to continue. At the 210-volt level, the second confederate-teacher rebels, too. The experimenter tells the real participant to go on. **
Which of the following is one of the characteristics of a correlational study?
A correlational study allows a researcher to evaluate a hypothesis that cannot be tested experimentally because of ethical reasons. ** A correlational study does not allow researchers to use archival data to examine hypotheses. A correlational study allows a researcher to prove causality in a straightforward fashion. A correlational study does not allow a researcher to test hypotheses that would otherwise be impractical to test experimentally.
Which of the following is not a characteristics of passionate love?
A foundation based on shared life experiences** Complete preoccupation with the loved one An intense emotional state associated with tender and sexual feelings The desire to give everything to the relationship
Which of the following is not an example of hindsight bias?
A man wishes he went in another direction after getting lost After taking a test and failing, a girl says "I should have studied more" A doctor wonders how his patient could have been misdiagnosed after learning the cause of death After practicing driving for weeks, a boy got his driver's license ***
Which of the following is not a characteristic associated with Adorno et al.'s (1950) authoritarian personality?
A tendency to accept people who violate unconventional values ** An uncritical attitude toward idealized moral authorities The belief in mystical determinants of a person's fate The disposition to think in rigid categories
Which of the following does not illustrate differential modeling?
A woman cooks with her daughter but not her son An assertive woman is not promoted because she is deemed cold and unemotional but an assertive man is ** A boy is given trucks while his sister is given dolls A man shows his son but not his daughter how to change a flat tire
Which of the following situations would illustrate the two-factor theory of emotion best?
After sitting next to each other in class all year, Joy is attracted to Nick While taking a walk through the mall, Dan spots Marianne and is instantly attracted to her After riding an intense thrill ride at an amusement park, Sue now feels more attracted to Bobby ** Katie sees AJ disrespect his basketball coach and becomes unattracted to him
Which issue did Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman (1981) use in their experiment to test the effectiveness of the ELM?
Adopting a new school mascot Making marijuana legal Having mandatory senior comprehensive exams** Raising the minimum drinking ag
Which of the following explanations for why people like physically attractive others is most similar to why we like beautiful artwork?
Aesthetic appeal ** Social profit What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype Social skills
Which advertisement is likely to be most effective for those people who are high in need for cognition?
An advertisement containing several strong arguments for buying the product ** An advertisement that uses a very attractive spokesperson to promote the product An advertisement in which a well-liked celebrity hawks the product An advertisement that suggests that, "You get what you pay for."
Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?
An illusion of vulnerability Mindguards Self-censorship ** Belief in moral correctness
A television commercial informing local residents about a new law has a member of the U.S. Congress speak. Which heuristic is most likely being used?
Applause Fear appeal Appeal to motive for connectedness Expertise **
The term "correlated" is synonymous with which of the following terms?
Associated with ** Leads to Promotes Produces
According to Gaertner and Dovidio's Aversive Racism Theory, what is false about aversive racists?
Aversive racists are not afraid of African-Americans ** Aversive racists are unaware of their negative feelings towards African-Americans Aversive racists are consistently trying to maintain a non-prejudiced self-image Aversive racists often see themselves as liberals
Which of the following is associated with having an authoritarian personality?
Believing that the homeless are homeless because they are lazy ** Supporting lenient treatment for drug offenders Accepting people with AIDS Favoring environmental protection measures
According to the article, "Racial and Behavioral Cues in Black and White Children's Perceptions of Ambiguously Aggressive Acts," which of the following statements is true about the perception of ambiguity?
Black and white subjects did not perceive threats from ambiguous behavior Black and white subjects read the same amount of threat from ambiguous behavior Black subjects read more threat from ambiguous behavior White subjects read more threat from ambiguous behaviors **
A television commercial begins by asking, "Do you want to make new friends and influence others?" Which of the heuristics is most likely being used?
Buzz words Appeal to motive for mastery Appeal to motive for connectedness ** Fear appeal
Consider the article,"The Role of Evaluation in Eliminating Social Loafing." How did researchers manipulate comparability?
By telling participants that each group would have a different object from all of the other groups By telling the participants that the number of uses that they generated was similar only to the number generated by others working on the same object ** By telling participants that the number of uses generated by each of the participants individually would be measured By telling participants that the number of uses generated as a group would be measured
The case of Kitty Genovese best illustrates problems related to:
Bystander intervention ** Being in a hurry Committing prosocial acts Gender effects
Triplett (1898) had children race flags by winding fishing reels to test which hypothesis?
Children would perform worse than usual in the presence of another child doing the same thing Children would perform the same as usual in the presence of other children doing the same thing Children would give up if they were losing the race Children would perform better than usual in the presence of another child doing the same thing **
In Sherif's (1935) experiment in which participants made judgments about a flashing dot of light, what type of conformity was observed?
Compliance Internalization** Normative social influence Obedience
Which statement is true?
Correlation allows researchers to determine cause and effect relationships Correlation allows researchers to determine if two factors are naturally associated ** A correlational study is the same thing as an experimental study A synonym for the term "correlated" is "caused"
In the TED talk video about the psychology of evil, Zimbardo lists the social processes that grease the slippery slope of evil. Which of the following is not on the list?
Dehumanization of others Uncritical conformity to group norms Blind obedience to authority Evil nature of the individual **
Which of the following is not an example of the illusion of control?
Dice players who believe you should throw softly to get low numbers and harder to get high numbers Individuals playing the lottery who are more confident about numbers that they choose than numbers chosen for them Stock traders who believe that they have an influence on the market when they buy stocks Students who believe that they will get a much lower score on the second exam after getting an extremely high exam score on the first exam **
According to article about folk wisdom ("Folk Wisdom: Was you Grandmother Right?"), which of the following statements is false regarding sleeping patterns?
Early risers tend to be more successful People are naturally "morning people" or naturally "night people." Anyone can easily adjust to almost any regular sleep schedule within a few days ** People can be divided into "larks" and "owls"
Consider the article titled, "Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness." Which of the following was a gift offered to participants?
Edge razor ** Pantene shampoo Riopan antacid Listerine mouthwash
Which of the following illustrates the availability heuristic?
Extensively researching a university before applying to it Assuming that a coin will be more likely to land on heads again after landing on heads five times in a row Being nervous about walking around in the city after hearing about tourists being mugged ** Believing in purposefully vague personality assessment
Which of the following supports the normative influence explanation for group polarization?
Group polarization occurs when people are simply told what the "average person" believes ** Group polarization occurs even when all group members know all of the possible persuasive arguments before the group discussion Group polarization occurs when there is no group discussion, but individuals are merely told to think about arguments that might have been advanced had there been a group discussion Group polarization occurs when group members learn each others' arguments without hearing positions
What were the results of Stoner's (1961) original experiment on the "risky shift"?
Groups tend to make more cautious decisions than individuals Groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals ** Groups eventually refused to take any risks at all Individuals tended to be very cautious initially
Pretend that a researcher finds that people who are subjected to random flashes of bright lights while they are solving simple multiplication problems show increased arousal and enhanced performance of the task. This finding is consistent with which of the following hypotheses?
Groupthink Mere presence Evaluation apprehension Distraction-conflict **
When students are placed in groups so they can work on group projects, they often have trouble pooling their efforts while working as a team. This is called:
Groupthink motivational loss coordination loss ** group polarization
How has the author of the article on hating beauty ("Why I Hate Beauty") been changed by the contrast effect?
He no longer wants to pay attention to media because he feels threatened by supermodels He is less interested in the "normal" beauty of everyday life after being constantly exposed to supermodels in magazines and television ** He is only interested in older women now He plans on becoming a supermodel himself
How did Ringlemann (1913) test his hypothesis about social loafing in one of the earliest social psychology experiments?
He tested the intelligence of cows and dogs He had people cheer and clap as loud as they could alone and in a group He had people pull a rope as if they were attempting to move a cart alone and in a group ** He had people lift as much weight as they could alone and in a group
During Milgram's (1965) classic experiment on obedience, what did the experimenter do if participants refused to continue administering shocks?
He used prompts to encourage the experimenter to continue ** He pretended to call security He made them receive the shocks instead of the confederate He threatened not to pay them for their time
Which of the following would not be an example of using the generic masculine?
He who dares to speak without first being called on will be sent to detention The policemen responded as quickly as possible Mailmen are supposed to deliver the mail even if it's snowing outside The firefighters responded as quickly as possible**
In Snyder and Uranowitz's (1978) experiment, participants are given a woman's biography to read. A week later, they are given a surprise test on the biographical information. What information about the woman are participants told depending on the condition?
Her race Her intelligence Her attitude Her sexual-orientation**
According to the article about the availability heuristic and perceived risk, which of the following factors do not lead consumers to perceive risk?
High price Technological complexity Newness Expert knowledge of the product **
According to research on self-monitoring, friendship and romance, which of the following is false?
High self-monitors tend to date one person for a long period of time ** High self-monitors tend to be more sexually promiscuous than low self-monitors Low self-monitors tend to have fewer but closer friends than high self-monitors Low self-monitors tend to care about their date's personality more than their appearance
According to the article, "The Effect of Smiling on Helping Behavior," which of the following situations are caused by smiling?
Higher ratings of optimism** Moderate ratings of kindness Negative ratings of leadership Lower attractiveness ratings
During Walster et al.'s (1966) "Computer Dance" study, what was the only characteristic that correlated with whether or not participants liked the partners that they were matched up with?
How physically attractive they were ** What state they were from How intelligent they were How rich they were
According to Realistic Conflict Theory, under which condition do stereotypes develop?
Humans naturally develop stereotypes A person must have a personality type that is prone to prejudice At least two groups must be in conflict over scarce resources ** An individual must have had a harsh childhood upbringing
What makes a humorous advertisement more effective?
Humor makes the source seem more likable ** Humor makes the source seem less attractive The humor distracts the audience from attending to the message Humor makes the source seem less credible
During Milgram's (1965) experiment, it was important to get the participant to use a 15-volt shock first. After that, using a 30-volt shock doesn't seem to be much worse. After that, using a 45-volt shock only seems to be a little worse than that and so on. This demonstrates:
Informational influence Internalization The slippery slope principle ** Hindsight bias
In Asch's classic experiment in which participants made judgments about line length, which type of conformity was observed?
Informational social influence Obedience Internalization Compliance **
On the basis of which characteristic were the children in Jane Elliot's divided?
Intelligence Eye color ** Attitude Height
In the "Westgate Study," Festinger et al. (1950) had residents of an apartment building report who they see most often socially. What effect on liking were they trying to measure?
Intelligence Mere exposure Prejudice Proximity **
The statement: "Participants completed a 20-item measure of self-esteem" would be found in which part of a journal article?
Introduction Method ** Discussion Results
How can the purpose of a method section of a journal article best be described?
It explains what results were found It explains the implications of the results that were obtained It explains how the research was done ** It explains why the research was done
Which of the following is an advantage of field research?
It is usually more challenging to get informed consent from the participants in the field Controlling extraneous variables is usually very difficult Participants are usually more difficult to obtain The results are usually more capable of being generalized to "real-life"**
Which of the following statements about Jane Elliott's "exercise" is false?
It taught kids of all backgrounds the importance of empathy ** It was developed in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968 Children in the class were divided based on their eye color It demonstrated how prejudice and discrimination can be created
Which of the following male physical features is most attractive to women?
Lower cheekbones Smaller smile Smaller eyes Larger chin **
Consider the article, "On-again/off-again dating relationships: How are they different from other dating relationships?" What method did both studies employ to collect data?
Journal analysis Having partners perform a team-based task Online surveys ** Field observations
Cunningham (1986) had male participants view photographs of Miss Universe contestants and then rate their attractiveness. Which of the following was found to be positively correlated with attractiveness ratings?
Larger nose Smaller eyes Larger eyes ** Narrower-set eyes
In Aronson et al.'s (1966) "Pratfall Experiment," which version of the interviewed College Bowl contestant was liked the least?
Mediocre plus pratfall ** Highly competent plus pratfall Highly competent Mediocre
Which of the following groups of people did Milgram not want participating in his experiment?
Men College students ** People between 20- and 50-years-old White collar workers
Which of the following gender differences is not supported by research?
Men are more socially dominant than women Boys strive for independence while girls strive for connectedness Men are more empathetic than women** Women tend to be better readers of emotion
When presented with a picture of a Black face (as opposed to a White face) during an experiment by Payne, participants were more likely to:
Mistake a toy for a gun Mistake a gun for a toy Mistake a gun for a tool Mistake a tool for a gun**
According to Zajonc's social facilitation theory, which musician should give the best performance at a sold-out concert?
Musicians who have learned to play very well** Musicians who have just started learning how to play an instrument Musicians who have not practiced recently Male musicians
Which of these scales contains this item: "I possess a powerful attraction for ____"?
Need for Cognition Scale Self-Monitoring Scale Companionate Love Scale Passionate Love Scale **
Which of the following was one of the methods used to reduce prejudice in Sherif's (1954) Robbers Cave Experiment?
Noncompetitive contact ** Selective encoding Intergroup competition A bean-pickup game
Weitz (1972) had white, male participants fill out a questionnaire measuring sympathy toward blacks. They then recorded instructions for a black male. What did Weitz conclude about most participants through analysis of the questionnaire and the conversation with the confederate?
None of these The participants were sympathetic but not hostile towards blacks The participants were sympathetic and hostile towards blacks ** The participants were neither sympathetic nor hostile towards blacks.
Which of the following was a result of the experiment with pool players by Michaels et al. (1982)?
Novice players' performance improved Results were inconsistent with social facilitation theory Expert players' performance improved ** Novice players' performance was unaffected
Vallone et al. (1990) had college students predict in September whether they would drop a course, declare a major, elect to live off-campus next year, etc. The students felt, on average, 84% sure of those predictions but they were often wrong twice as often as expected. This best explains:
Overconfidence of information Reconstructing our memories Overestimation of the accuracy of our judgments ** The power of intuition
Darley and Batson (1973) examined how being in a hurry affects helping. Participants were asked to give a talk on getting a job after graduation or the Good Samaritan parable. On their way to the talk, participants encountered a man in distress. What was found?
Participants always helped regardless of time constraints Participants never helped Participants who were in less of a hurry helped more ** Participants who were in less of a hurry helped less
Which of the following demonstrates the sleeper effect?
Participants are presented with a message from a low credibility source that has little effect at first but after some time passes, it has a moderate effect ** Participants are presented with a message from a low credibility source but they are never persuaded Participants are persuaded by a message from a high credibility source and are persuaded right away Participants are presented with a message from a high credibility source but are never persuaded
Why was Zimbardo's (1971) Stanford Prison Experiment stopped?
Participants began to take their assigned roles too seriously** The prison guards began to sympathize with the prisoners The prisoners rebelled and broke out of the experiment The prisoners refused to perform punishments that the prison guards wanted them to do
What did Sheridan and King (1971) intend to show when they modified the experiment originally done by Milgram (1965)?
Participants did not believe that a puppy could learn like a human Participants truly believed that someone was being hurt during the experiment ** Participants were more perceptive in 1971 than they were in 1935 Milgram's experiment did not follow the scientific method
Kellerman et al. (1989) had unacquainted male-female pairs gaze intently for two minutes at either each other's hands or each other's eyes and assessed feelings of romantic attraction. According to your textbook, who began to feel attraction and affection?
Participants did not feel attraction Both hand gazers and eye gazers felt a slight attraction Eye gazers ** Hand gazers
In Langer's (1977) study, participants are sold lottery tickets that they either choose themselves or are just given. When asked how much they are willing to sell their tickets for, which participants name a higher price?
Participants in both conditions wanted much more money for their tickets Participants in both conditions were unwilling to sell their tickets Participants who chose their own card ** Participants who were just given their tickets
Dutton and Aron (1974) had a female researcher interview male participants while they were in the middle of crossing a bridge. What were their findings?
Participants in the experimental condition used more sexual imagery to go along with the ambiguous picture ** Participants in the experimental condition used less sexual imagery to go along with the ambiguous picture None of these describes their findings Participants in both conditions used the same amount of sexual imagery to go along with the ambiguous picture
Consider the article on gender differences in confirmation bias. Which of the following was true in the main experiment?
Participants in the independent condition were asked to imagine they had won a vacation for two people Participants in the interdependent condition were asked to imagine they had won a vacation for one person Participants in the interdependent condition were asked to imagine they had won a vacation for three people Participants in the interdependent condition were asked to imagine they had won a vacation for two people **
Consider Sherif's (1935) conformity experiment in which participants judged how far a dot of light appeared to move. What was done to verify that the participants had internalized the group norm?
Participants were invited back a year later to be retested in a group Participants were asked their opinions on whether or not they believe that internalization had occurred Participants were invited back a year later to be retested alone ** Participants were retested in a group on the day after the original experiment was over
Sternberg (1988) views love as a triangle with three components. All of the following are components of consummate love except:
Passion Affection ** Intimacy Commitment
Which of the following is false?
People in collectivistic cultures tend to engage in social loafing less than people in individualistic cultures Women tend to engage in social loafing less than men (not this one) idk answer* Men tend to engage in social loafing less than women When Latané tested actual cheerleading squads in the laboratory, he found that they did engage in social loafing
What is the difference in effectiveness between presenting a vivid message (for example, imagine a hole the size of a football in your living room wall) compared to one only supported by hard evidence?
People will ignore the vivid message There is no difference in persuasiveness The vivid message will be less persuasive The vivid message will be more persuasive **
What influenced the friendship choices of apartments #3 and #8 and apartments #1 and #5 in Festinger et al.'s (1950) Westgate Study?
Physical attractiveness Actual proximity Similarity of interests Functional distance **
Which of the following is not a precursor to groupthink?
Poor decision-making procedures Low stress ** High cohesion Group isolation
Which of the following is not an explanation for the idea that similarity breeds attraction?
Positive reinforcement Competence ** Facilitated interaction Inferred evaluation
Which of the following is referred to as a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members?
Prejudice ** Discrimination Stereotype Mere exposure
Consider the article, "Implicit Discrimination." What pattern of reaction time is typically found using the race IAT (Implicit Association Test)?
Race doesn't cause reaction time to change When black faces are paired with good words, people respond quicker None of these When black faces are paired with bad, people react quicker **
After constantly being reminded that women tend to do worse in math classes than men, Linda ends up failing a math course. Which concept explains why this happened?
Racism Stereotype threat ** Discrimination Prejudice
Which of the following is also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon?
Random assignment Face-ism Gender roles Hindsight bias **
Consider the article, "Group Decision Fiascos Continue." Which of the following is not one of the symptoms of groupthink that is mentioned?
Rationalization Stereotyped view of others Invulnerability Illusion of disparity **
Early research on social facilitation showed that the presence of others improved performance in all of the following situations except:
Rats eating People solving simple multiplication problems People writing essay answers to difficult philosophy questions. ** People attempting to cross out every vowel in a page of text
You are thinking about a song while listening to the radio. A minute later, the song you were thinking of actually beings playing and you think this is more than a coincidence. This is considered to be an example of:
Regression toward the average The Gambler's Fallacy The Spectacular Explanation Fallacy ** The Barnum Effect
After getting an "A" on her first exam (higher than normal), a student believes that she will have no problem getting similar grades on the remaining exams in that class. However, she gets a "C" on her second exam. This occurrence most accurately illustrates:
Regression toward the average ** Base-Rate Fallacy Behavioral confirmation The Gambler's Fallacy
Which of the following can lead people to never change their pre-existing beliefs?
Rosy retrospection Confirmation bias ** False memory The overconfidence phenomenon
If I flip a fair coin eight times, which of the following sequences is the least likely to occur? Sequence 1: H T H H T T H T Sequence 2: H H H H H H H H Sequence 3: H H H H T T T T
Sequence 2 Each sequence has an equal chance of occurring ** Sequence 1 Sequence 3
Which of these is a neotenous facial feature?
Small nose Wide-set eyes All of these are neotenous facial features ** Small chin
What is the concept discussed when "G" is being advised on a chess game?
Social loafing Social facilitation Persuasion Risky shift **
During Sherif's (1954) Robbers Cave Experiment, when was there competition over scarce resources?
Stage 2 ** Both Stage 1 and Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1
While at the dentist for the first time, Jan has a very unpleasant experience: She finds the doctor and his staff to be rude and incompetent. Jan then develops a negative stereotype of dentist offices in general. This illustrates:
Stereotype maintenance Shared distinctiveness** Selective recall Selective encoding
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1969) examined the role of teachers' expectations in the classroom. Which students did teachers tend to pay more attention to?
Students that came from poor backgrounds Students that needed the most academic help Students that were more attractive Students that they thought were going to "academically bloom." **
During a follow up experiment, Asch had one of the six confederates diverge from the group by giving their own answer about which line matched the comparison line. What effect did this have on the real participant?
The real participant conformed with the group The real participant tended not to conform ** The real participant gave the confederate-participant an electric shock The real participant joined the group and ostracized the confederate-participant
Consider the article, "Implicit Discrimination." The primary measure of implicit mental processes is the IAT (Implicit Association Test). What does this test rely on for measurement?
Test-takers' speed of responses** Physiological reactions to sets of paired images Total number of correct responses All of these
A person has rolled a pair of dice five times and each time the sum of the numbers has been seven. If a person believes that they are more likely to get the sum of seven again than any other number they are most likely subscribing to which phenomena?
The Barnum Effect The Gambler's Fallacy ** The Spectacular Explanation Fallacy A self-fulfilling prophecy
A student who scores extremely high on the SAT is surprised to see her score go down after retaking the test. What best explains this phenomenon?
The Spectacular Explanation Fallacy Availability heuristic The Barnum Effect Regression toward the average ****
What did Zajonc's (1968) find during the experiment about exposure to foreign words?
The amount of exposure and "goodness" were positively correlated ** The amount of exposure and "badness" were positively correlated None of these was found The amount of exposure and "goodness" were negatively correlated
Saegart et al. (1973) had participants move from room to room "to taste beverages" and they sometimes encountered other participants. What influenced how much they liked the other participants?
The amount of exposure** Hair color Height Perceived intelligence
Which of the following describes the answers to the judgments made about line length in Asch's (1955) classic conformity experiment?
The answers were clear ** The answers were unclear The answers measured internalization but not compliance The questions were unethical making the answering impossible
Which of the following is one of the four required conditions for an effective fear appeal?
The audience must be convinced that the feared outcome will be very likely to occur if the message is not followed ** The fear appeal must arouse a moderate amount of fear (neither too high nor too low) The audience must believe that even if the recommendations are followed, the feared outcome will not be eliminated The audience must believe that they are not capable of carrying out the recommendations in the message
The Gambler's Fallacy best illustrates:
The availability heuristic A self-fulfilling prophecy The Barnum Effect Misunderstanding of randomness **
If examples are readily available in our memories, they will make a greater impact on our thoughts. This is based on:
The availability heuristic ** Regression toward the average The base-rate fallacy The illusion of control
What were the results of Tajfel et al.'s (1971) Minimal Groups Experiment?
The average number of points assigned to ingroup members was higher than the number of points assigned to outgroup members ** The average number of points assigned to the outgroup was higher than the number assigned to the ingroup The ingroup failed to assign any points to the outgroup The average number of points assigned to the ingroup and outgroup were exactly the same
Consider the use of persuasion during therapy (mentioned in your textbook). Which route to persuasion is most likely to focus on cues that trigger acceptance without much thought?
The central route The peripheral route ** The retrace-your-steps route The superficial route
Which route to persuasion is least likely to involve elaboration?
The central route The systematic route The peripheral route ** The inverse route
Two major explanations for why older people hold different attitudes than younger people are considered in your textbook. Which explanation claims that people's attitudes do not change as they grow older (e.g., they hold onto the attitudes they adopted when they were young)?
The counterargument explanation The life-cycle explanation The generational explanation ** The sleeper effect
When Asch (1955) tested his participants by themselves (not in a group) and asked them to make the judgments about line length, what tended to happen?
They gave incorrect answers Internalization occurred They refused to shock the confederate in the other room They gave correct answers **
During Sherif's (1954) Robbers Cave Experiment, prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping were measured while the participants were in competition. Which of the following is true?
The ingroup perceived higher performance for their own members than for their outgroup members during the bean pick-up game ** The outgroup was rated as brave, tough, and friendly The ingroup was rated as sneaky, stinkers, and smart-alecks Outgroup friendships were preferred
Consider the article, "Groupthink Decision Fiascos Continue." Which of the following is not one of the antecedent conditions of groupthink?
The leader expresses a preference for a certain decision The group is shielded from outside expert opinions The group is highly cohesive The group lacks cohesiveness **
Janis and Feshbach (1953) presented high school students with a high, moderate, or low fear appeal about the necessity of improving dental hygiene. Which fear appeal was least persuasive?
The moderate fear appeal The low fear appeal All of the fear appeals produced the same amount of persuasion The high fear appeal **
In the TED Talk by Zimbardo, he reviews three perspectives from which psychologists try to understand how a person becomes evil. Which of the following matches the idea that there were "bad barrel-makers"?
The person is evil because of a systemic cause ** The person is evil because of a situational cause The person is evil because of a genetic cause The person is evil because of a dispositional cause
Which of the following is not a step in Latané and Darley's bystander intervention model?
The person must assume personal responsibility The person must ignore that something is happening ** The person must actually engage in the helping behavior The person must interpret the situation as an emergency
When an individual is deciding whether or not to donate blood, he weighs the costs and benefits. Which of the following best explains this?
The social responsibility norm Social-exchange theory ** Social comparison theory The empathy-altruism hypothesis
Borgida and Nisbett (1977) gave participants two conflicting types of information about a "Learning and Memory" course they had never taken: A summary rating from 112 students that was between "very good" to "excellent," and a few overheard negative comments about the course. Which had a greater impact?
The summary rating and negative comments had equal impact The negative comments ** Neither had any impact The summary rating
What happened during Stage 1 in Sherif's (1954) Robbers Cave Experiment?
The two groups were forced to cooperate with each other The two groups engaged in a competition Discrimination occurred between the two groups Group norms emerged**
Participants either watch a movie or they listen to a musical artist. Afterwards, they rate their happiness. What is the dependent variable?
The type of movie they watched The musical artist they listened to The length of time it took them to do the experiment The rated level of happiness **
Which of the following does not reduce social loafing?
There is a clear standard with which to measure the group's performance The task to be completed is relatively simple** The task to be completed is relatively complex The task to be completed is relatively difficult
What did participants do in Asch's (1955) classic conformity experiment?
They estimated how far a dot of light seemed to move They played the role of a prisoner or guard in a mock prison They punished a learner with an electric shock every time he made a mistake They chose the line segment that matched a stimulus line in length **
How did Worringham and Messick (1983) test the evaluation apprehension hypothesis?
They had people meet in a group and reach a unanimous decision about risky behavior They had a woman sit facing away or facing toward joggers as they jogged on a path around a lagoon ** They had cheerleaders cheer alone and in a group They had people pull on ropes alone and in a group
In Tajfel et al.'s (1971) Minimal Groups Experiment, what were the British school boys participating told about their estimations during the "dots" task?
They tended to underestimate They tended to overestimate Half were told they tended to overestimate and the other half were told that they tended to underestimate ** They were exactly correct
In an experiment by Forer (1949) on the "Barnum Effect," how did participants tend to react to the bogus results of their personality tests?
They thought the results described them very well ** They were able to figure out that the results were faked They asked for a retest They were outraged by the results
As explained in your textbook (and mentioned in class), why did Janis (1965) allow Yale students to enjoy Pepsi and peanuts while they were in an experiment?
They wanted to make participants to feel like they were at a party They wanted to test the effectiveness of Pepsi's ad campaign They were interested in studying the diets of college students They wanted to put participants in a pleasant mood so that they would be easier to persuade**
Fogelman and Weiner (1985) interviewed non-Jews who rescued Jews during the Holocaust. What did they find about their motivations for helping?
They were financially motivated They were morally motivated They were both emotionally and morally motivated ** They were emotionally motivated
In Snyder et al.'s (1977) experiment, male participants were given photographs of the women they were talking to via telephone. How did women behave when the men they were talking to thought they were highly unattractive?
They were suspicious of the men's intentions They behaved cold and reserved ** They behaved confused and disoriented They behaved warm and friendly
Why did Zajonc et al. (1969) place cockroaches in "audience" boxes during a maze task?
To test for group polarization To test for social facilitation ** To test for social loafing To test for groupthink
After studying Maryland State Police Academy trainees, what did Segal (1974) find?
Trainees had friends with last names that began with a letter that was about 4 or 5 letters away in the alphabet ** Trainees liked the nonsense words presented to them most often more Trainees interacted socially with others who lived furthest from them Trainees were more familiar with the female students who attended class most often
Which of the following is a true experiment?
Unobtrusively observe the exercise behaviors of people who study a lot Randomly assign participants to one of three study conditions and see how it affects their test scores ** Find people who study daily and assess their mood Find people who use various methods to study and observe how stress affects them on a day-to-day basis.
Which of the following is not an independent variable that was manipulated in the experiment by Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman (1981) that tested the ELM?
Use of buzz words ** Source expertise Quality of arguments Personal involvement
According to research on the mere exposure effect, which view of yourself in a photograph should your significant other like the best?
View from directly behind Actual image** View from directly above Mirror image
When would participants typically be informed of deception during a social psychology experiment?
While the experiment is in progress Typically, the participants would never be told about the use of deception During the debriefing process ** In the informed consent
When Ayers and his colleagues visited Chicago-area car dealers and used a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on a new car, dealers charged ________ the lowest average price.
White males** White females Black males Black females
Which of the following has been widely used to study formal reasoning?
Wason Four-Card Task ** None of these has been used The Hot Hand Effect Spectacular Explanation Theory
Rosenthal (1985) found that participants in an experimenter often try to live up to what they believe the experimenter wants. If the experimenter believes that participants will be successful, the participants end up receiving higher scores (experimenter bias). This is most consistent with which of the following phenomena?
Wason's selection task a self-fulfilling prophecy. ** the Barnum Effect the base-rate fallacy
"Inferred evaluation" is the idea that:
We find it easier to interact with someone who is similar because they seem smarter When we find out that someone holds similar views to our own, it makes us happy We perceive similar others to be more physically attractive We like similar others because we think they will like us **
Consider the article, "The Effect of Smiling on Helping Behavior." Which of the following environmental factors can affect an individual's behaviors?
Weather Music Aromas All of the above **
Consider the article, "Racial and Behavioral Cues in Black and White Children's Perceptions of Ambiguously Aggressive Acts." Which of the following was a question raised by Duncan's (1976) experiment?
Were the stimulus tapes completely comparable so that the subjects' differential responses can be attributed solely to racial cues rather than to subtle differences in the behavior of the black and white actors? Is the phenomenon Duncan demonstrated unique to whites, or might black subjects have responded in a similar fashion? All of these were questions raised ** Is the violent black stereotype applied selectively to blacks who engage in potentially confirmatory behavior, or does it bias perceptions even of those blacks whose behavior is clearly nonconfirmatory?
According to Zajonc's social facilitation theory, in which of the following situations should improve performance the most?
When a person performs a difficult task alone ** When a person performs a difficult task for the first time in front of others When a person performs an easy task alone When a person performs a well-practiced task in front of others
Based on the findings from studies done on group polarization, group polarization is likely to occur in all of the following situations except:
When individuals are told to imagine meeting in a group to discuss their decisions regarding risk When individuals are told what level of risk the "average" person would choose to take When participants learn other group member's positions without learning the arguments that go along with them When individuals are not told what level of risk the "average" person would choose to take **
Munro and Adams (1978) compared dating couples, young married couples, and couples married a long time in terms of their passionate love. According to their findings, when is passionate love highest?
When there is low role structure ** When there is high role structure When there is shared role structure When there is no role structure
Why might a group show a "cautious shift" instead of a "risky shift"?
When those most affected are experts If they are more sure about the outcome of the event If they are initially inclined to be cautious as individuals ** When they are risky individuals to begin with
In one of Latané and Darley's experiments, fake smoke is pumped into a room in which participants are filling out questionnaires either alone or in a group of three. When were the participants more likely to get help?
When warned that something might go wrong When alone ** When in a group When given specific instructions to get help if needed
Gaertner and Dovidio's (1977) conducted an experiment in which female participants were playing the role of "receiver" in an experiment that was supposedly on ESP when an "accident" occurred and the "sender" cried out for help. This experiment was intended to illustrate:
a self-fulfilling prophecy aversive racism** the mere exposure effect the matching phenomena
Consider the article, "Why We Hate." In the Kemmelmeier study, letters without stickers were mailed about 75% of the time, but adding stickers of American flags to letters caused:
almost all of the Christian letters to be mailed *** almost all of the Muslim letters to be mailed virtually none of the Muslim letters to be mailed virtually none of the Christian letters to be mailed
The idea that people prefer classmates that they see most often illustrates the:
belongingness effect stereotype effect matching effect mere exposure effect **
If a source has perceived expertise and trustworthiness, it is also
credible ** attractive a poor communicator always memorable
A researcher finds that students who study more tend to earn more passing grades. This result:
demonstrates hindsight bias is a negative correlation provides causal evidence that studying is beneficial is a positive correlation**
During an experiment by Katz and Braly (1933) about stereotypes, Princeton students:
did not have stereotypes did not form any stereotypes about African-Americans had stereotypes but did not agree on the particular stereotypes had stereotypes and they generally agreed on the particular stereotypes **
Emphasis on men's faces versus women's bodies is a phenomenon known as:
gender roles hindsight bias face-ism ** random assignment
Social psychologists consider "attitude change" to be synonymous with the term:
group polarization persuasion ** obedience conformity
Darla wants to persuade her parents to help pay for a study trip abroad. She will have a more difficult time succeeding if:
her parents have a moderate level of self-esteem her parents are not particularly analytical her parents are forewarned of her intent to convince them ** she has the trip coordinator call to reassure them
A researcher surveys parents and finds that parents who read to their children more tend to have better relationships with them. This is an example of:
hindsight bias a correlational study ** an experiment random assignment
In the article called, "Collaborative Problem Solving in Five-Year-Old Children," the best performance was seen:
in paired children who completed an easy puzzle when they knew their individual performance could be evaluated ** when all of the participants were boys performing with a partner in paired children who completed an easy puzzle when they knew their individual performance could not be evaluated All children performed the same regardless of the conditions
In general, as a relationship grows, self-disclosure:
increases ** decreases stays the same never exists in a relationship
Members of a sorority claim that everyone else from other sororities at their university are "all the same" while they themselves are more diverse. This phenomenon is called the:
ingroup homogeneity effect outgroup heterogeneity effect outgroup homogeneity effect ** stereotype threat
Which of the following is not a feature of random assignment?
it gives equal chance for a participant to be in any group It is used more in correlational studies than in experiments ** it helps us infer cause and effect it helps control for individual differences between participants on a wide variety of characteristics
The central route to persuasion is associated with:
low likelihood of elaboration the systematic processing of information** the use of heuristics fast processing of information
According to your textbook, couples tend to stay married if they:
married after age 20 live in a small town dated for a long time before marriage All of these are true **
After missing her train to work, Katie says, "I knew I should have left my apartment earlier." Most likely, she is being affected by:
mundane realism debriefing hindsight bias ** informed consent
In Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman's (1981) experiment that tested the ELM, attitude change was:
not affected not important the independent variable the dependent variable **
During the variation of Milgrim (1965) obedience experiment in which the learner (confederate) was moved to be physically close to the teacher (participant):
obedience increased compared to the original experiment obedience was unaffected compared to the original experiment obedience was unaffected but internalization increased compared to the original experiment obedience decreased compared to the original experiment **
Without ______, a scientist cannot make a claim.
opinions a factorial design evidence** longitudinal research
Consider the article, "What is Beautiful is Good." People of greater physical attractiveness were not rated as being:
people with more prestigious occupations more socially desirable in happier marriages worse parents**
In order to study the life of a soldier, a researcher recreates the same conditions that they would experience while deployed down to the last minute detail. This exemplifies:
random assignment experimental realism hindsight bias mundane realism **
The observation that horses run faster when they are around other horses is most similar to:
risky shift group polarization social facilitation ** groupthink
In the late 1800s, Triplett studied bicycle racers as as example of:
social facilitation ** groupthink group polarization persuasion
Sarah received a birthday present from Ellen which made Sarah feel obligated to give Ellen a gift the next year. Sarah' sense of obligation most likely resulted from the:
social-responsibility norm reciprocity norm** door-in-the-face phenomenon equal status norm
Research on stereotype threat has shown that Whites tend to do worse on a golf task when it is framed as a test of:
sports intelligence coordination skill natural athletic ability **
Consider the article, "Implicit Discrimination." According to Bertrand et al., unconscious mental associations between a target and a given attribute refers to:
statistical attitudes stereotypical attitudes taste-based attitudes implicit attitudes **
The CEO of a company chooses to promote only male employees, leaving females without a chance of advancement. This is an example of:
stereotyping aversive racism discrimination ** prejudice
In an experiment by Latané and Darley, a "confederate" appears to have an epileptic seizure during the experiment. As the number of bystanders increased,
the amount of time it took to help increased ** the amount of time it took to help varied and was unpredictable the amount of time it took to help stayed the same the amount of time it took to help decreased
People often choose to drive rather than fly in an airplane because of the perceived high risk of flying. In reality, flying is significantly safer than driving but plane crashes are just more publicized. This misperception is an example of:
the availability heuristic ** a self-fulfilling prophecy the Gambler's Fallacy regression toward the average
In the article about the Stanford Prison Experiment ("Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment"), Zimbardo explains that a prisoner rebellion on the second day resulted in:
the guards and the prisoners switching roles Zimbardo punishing the guards the guards beginning their abuse of the prisone** the study ending
During a lab experiment, one of the research assistants assigns all of her friends to participate in one condition of the experiment and everyone else to participate in the other condition. When analyzing the data from the two conditions, it appears that the average score on the dependent variable is much higher in one condition versus the other. A likely problem with this study is:
the presence of a demand characteristic experimental realism the lack of a dependent variable lack of random assignment to conditions **
The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is known as:
the scapegoat theory the just-world phenomenon ** the self-fulfilling prophecy social identity theory
In the article, "Why We Hate," Tajfel and Turner's social identity theory is mentioned. According to the theory, prejudices develop because:
there is an evolutionary basis for prejudice; we prefer to associate with those similar to us as a way to help perpetuate our genes people dislike members of those groups they are in conflict with people have a natural fear of the unknown people tend to think of the in-group as superior to the out-group **
Few psychologists did research on gender differences during the 1970s because:
they did not want to emphasize differences so that women could get equal rights ** the psychology field was overpopulated with men psychologists did not believe they existed sex had already been researched extensively
Latané et al. (1979) had participants come into the lab and clap or cheer as loudly as they could while they were blindfolded and wearing headphones that blasted noise in their ears. Participates cheered less when:
they knew the experimenter they thought the number of other participants increased ** they thought that there were no other participants they thought the number of other participants stayed constant
Research by McKenna and Bargh (and their colleagues) found that friendships and romantic relationships which are more likely to last for at least two years are formed:
through chance encounters through blind dates through newspaper personal ads on the internet **
Consider the NPR podcast on behavioral economics. According to Thaler, traditional economic theories assumed that humans were:
very risky in their decision making extremely irrational very prone to make mistakes in their thinking extremely rational
During Sherif's (1935) classic experiment on conformity in which participants made judgments about the distance that a dot of light had moved, the dot of light:
was never actually bright enough to be visible tended to move about one yard in any direction shined in participants eyes which temporarily affected their vision never actually moved **
In order for equity to exist:
you must get less out of a relationship than your partner you and your partner must get out of a relationship proportional to what you put into it ** you must get more out of a relationship than your partner you and your partner must gain nothing from the relationship