South Africa

Oliver Tambo

(1917-1993) Colleague of mandela President of ANC, 1967-1991) lived in exile 1960-1990 educated the world on the brutal realities of apartheid negotiated with white south african business leaders from his home base in london and zambia in the 1980s as response to 1985 state of emergency tambos policy became "render south africa ungovernable

Helen Suzman

(1917-2009) professor of economics husband encouraged her to run for parliament 1953 served for 36 years for many years only woman and only jew and only oppositioner to apartheid, greatly attacked by her fellow parliament in SA their was extreme press control however the press was allowed to report anything said in parliamt she asked 200 questions a session and thy had to be aswered 2 times nominated for nobel peace prize kept mandela alive first vistied in 1967 at robben island and 7 more times she was often dismissed as liberal she died at age 91 in 2009

Union of South Africa

1910 English economic dominance in the cities, Festering resentment among rural afrikaners further marginalizaion of non-eruopenas:Union Acts-Blacks not permitted to sit in parliament, all emigration from India stopped, Influx control prevents blacks form moving to cities, all nonwhites excluded form best jobs, Response: South African Native National Congress espablished 1912 name changed to African National Congress in 1923 Native land acts-reserved 90% of south africa to whites, thousands of blacks evicted even if they held legal titles, SANNC appealed to british but nothing happened

Steve Biko

1946-1977 founder of the black consciousness movement president of the black peopls Congress cocreator of south african students organization wrote on the nee for political and economic and psychological emancipation of black south africans National Party Governement was scared of him arrested 6sept 1977 had sustained head injuries chained him up in hi cell instead of giving him medical attention and took him somewhere else before h died stated that he went on hunger strike, Hellen zille punished for publishing article about him 15000 attend funeral

John Vorster Prime Minister

1966-1978 after veowoerd president 1978-1979 sucked up governemtn funds for himself and was forced to resign

SOWETO

1976 South West Township Township where workers lives 10 miles downtown johannesburg 16 june students had been told they will be taught in Afrikaan instead of english and they protest, police com, december 700 young blacks killed Hector pieterson age 12 killed first day whose photo circulates world June 16 national holiday Kissinger sec of state unconcered with hundreds of deaths

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

1995 Tutu is chair purpose is to help victims amnesty could be granted for crimes committed under apartheid Amnesty for perpetrators who had acted with political objective on condition that they made full disclosure of the truth Premise: Amnesty will lead to truth which will result in reconciliation and democratization 1995-1998 7000 petitioned for amnesty and 5504 were refused 1146 granted Steve Bikos killers were not given amnesty Dirk Coetzee was granted it because he was acting under orders and bcamse a whistle blower Criticism:too naive, failure to reach roconciliation, Botha disagreed with it and suffered from a stroke he died in 2006

Constitution reform

1996 most progressive in the world equal rights for SA guarenteed regardless of sexual orientation ANC has long supported this millions of new housing built Access to public utilities, education, economic opp

1st elections

27April 1994 everyone above 18 can vote cote for a party not a person ANC wins and Mandela becomes president in 1994 De Klerk becomes vice president with Thabo Mbeki some english left mandela served one term for 5 years then Mbeki becomes president for 2 terms new anthem Nkosi Sikekl'i Africa combines 5 languages

Worlds response to Shareville

6 weeks prior british prim minister Macmillan delivered his wind of change speech, whites only referendum held on oct 1968 telling SA parliament to ban apartheid a only wite vote granting SA its indepedence UN -security council censures south africa just after sharpeville, arms embargoes, Aparthed=crime against humanity,1973 south africas membership suspend 1974, and mandatory ban on arms sales 1977

Ethinic Diversity

79% Black African 9% white 9% coloured-mixed 3% Asian/indian

1948 elections

Afrikaer pop unifies National Party elected (Afrikaner nationals) establish apartheid Daniel malan (1874-1959) first prime minister

Zuma

B. 1942 current president first zulu president served 13 years in exile been party president since 2007 and president since 2012

Bram Fischer

Bram Fischer (1908-1975)- life imprisonment, Afrikaner patrician, Thodes scholar, oxford grad, queens counsel, secret communist, died due to abuse in prison

Arrival of Asians

Britain imports 150,000 laborers from India to work sugar can fields in Natal were supposed to go home after a certain amount of time 2 types indentured laborers- had contracts and had to leave Passenger Indians who paid therir own way Natal whits considered them all temporary MK Gandhi came in 1893 on a one year contract as a lawyer for the indian community, consciousness awakened commits first act of peacful resistence to uneaval law Originally did not empathize with balck majority 1894: founds Natal Indian Congress 1897 nearly lynched by white mob in Durban 1899: South Africa at war with British Empire in Boer War) Gandhi organized medical help to british

what was banned

CPSA ANC PAC, Nadine Gordimer novels, nelson mandela 34 years-opped first black law practice in south africa, more than 2000 persons banned, Albert Luthuli

four regions of South Africa

Cape Coloony-annexed by british 1806 Natal-British colony form 1843 Orange free state- Afrikaner republic 1854 Transvall (South African Republic)Afrikaner 1856 British want it all

cities

Capitals: Pretoria- executive Cape town- Legislative Bloemfonton-Judiciary Largest cities: Jhohannesberg Cape Town Durban

Anglo Boer tentions rise

Diamonds discovered 1869 the big hole dug by hand yielded 6000 pounds of diamonds 240 meers deep Britain claims its citizens are being abused by afrikaners-resuts in all out war 1899-1902 took .5 million troops to take out 75,000 afrikaners British invent concentration camps 26,000 die of horrible diseases becasue of zero sanitation policies mostly women and childern finally british win

Grass roots

Divesting Idea started in US colleges1984 53 divested 87:128 88:155 Embargo : UN ordered not to sell arms Boycott: Individual level-I am not going to have any thing to do with SA 1986 California law required stte to divest 11 billion dollars from the state pension funds-Maxene Waters who had been pushind state to act for 7 years

Europeans

Dutch Jan van Riebeeck lands in the cape region in 1652 establishes colony Dutch E indian company says you must not enslave there people resullted in 1000s of E asians to become slaves in the cape colony Africanized europeans call themselves Afrkaans: language Afrikkan-Dutch and other influences Rainbow nation for its many races During the Napoleonic wars British come in and occupy south africa to protect if from Napoleon except the british dont leave it back to dutch which they said take control of politics and Afrikaaners move farther inland to get away from british run into Xhosa and Zulus that have been there forever Series of Wars ensue

Desmond Tutu Calls for Sanctions

Economic or military coercive measures adopted usually by several nations in concert for forcing a nation violating international law to desist or yield to adjudication called out Reagan Admin sanctions by 1989 had been taken by 26 states 22 countries 96+ counties Sanctions were: u.S. congress passes comprehensive anti aparthed act 1986-banned new U.S. investment in SA sales to police and military and new bank loans specific measures against trade included the prohibition of the import of many resouces vetoed by reagan but then overrode but the enforcement was lax

Strategic Importance

Geographically:Suez canal and going through south Africa was the only way to get to the other side Economically: #1 in Gold, Platicnum, chronimu, uranium in top three historically Diamonds (1900s basically all of the worlds production

Nelson Mandela Rivonia Trial

Interview: states that Africans want franchise and political independnce. Umkhonoto we Sizwe (1961) spear of nation founded by mandela- blew up police stations in the middle of the night mandela and 12 others are charged with high treasons which would usually deserve the death penalty, 5 xhosa, 2 Indian 6 white, 2 escape 1 testifies against the others, 10 sentenced with high treason-Rivonia trial "an Idea for which I am prepared to di"-mandela they were not sentenced to death in the end because of the external pressures Lawyer who defended them Bram Fischer

Raegan in SA

Labells mandela as terrorist and ANC as communist

Hendrik Verwored

Main creator of apartheid (1901-1966) PhD in mass psychology admired hitler& openly supported nazis minister of native affairs 1950-53 prime minister 58-66 Says that bantu majority has no place in european society assasinated in parliament 1966

Sharpeville Massacre

PAC causes the world to be aware black africans had to carry passbook black south africans gathered in sharpeville 21st mar 1960 called for peaceful protests police freak out and call in the airforce and then start shooting and 69 die government response it to ban ANC brings about spear of the nation(carry out acts of sabotage against government installations and do not target people- mandela's idea

PW Botha "The Great Crocodile"

Prime Minister (1978-1984) Presdient (84-89) "Adapt of Die" Maintain White power while giving limited concessions to other races repealed petty apartheid: -interracial sex and marriage -desegregated many public facilities -opened up skilled jobs(important) -ended pass laws allowed for legal strikes however kept: no franchise for blacks (voting rights) no integrated schools kept group areas act declared state of emergency in 1985 because there was so much of an uprising agianst what was kept he waged war agianst all neighboring coungries 1970s starts secretly negotiating with mandela offering him freedom if he renounces violence and mandela refuses stating only free men can negotiate and stays in prison another 5 years

Early Histoy

Site of earliest human habitation Khoikhoi and San(Khoisan) from the Cape region which is first region europeans encounter arrival and spread of bantu peoples(Nguni): advances agricultural technology migrated from north to eastern part of country where there is no wate

Albert Luthuli

before ascending ANC leadership Zulu chief, educator and religious leader on a trip to the U.S. in 1948 he warned that christianity faced its greatest test in Africa due to racial discrimination adhered strictly to nonviolence 1952-1960 head of ANC and was banned repeadetly arrested 1956 and tried 1957 for high treason and communist conscpiracy found not guilty on all counts awarded nobel peace prize 1960 first non eruopean/american led mass meetings at first all nonwhite groups lat 1950s many whites

Desmond Tutu

born 1931 ordained to the priesthood 1961 named bishop in 1975 general secretary south african council of churches 1978 nobel peace prize 1984 archbishop of cape town 1986 head of Truth and Reconciliation commision 1995 calls for sanction which helen suzamn is agianst because she says it will cause suffering to black south africans and he says we have suffered worse and this will be nothing

Battle of Blood River 1838

dec 16 massive zulu losses still public holiday great Trek- british follow afrikaners British fought zulu for decades finally defeating them

Mbeki (1999-2008)

father imprisondd with mandela lived in exile for 30 years technocrat considered aloZof and his own party kicked him out

ANC response

freedom charter 1955 open to all roups Gordimer held ANC leaders in her home

Languages

isiZulu 23% isiXhosa 16% Sepedi 9% Sesotho 8% setswana 8% Xitsonga 5% Afrikaans 14%-closely related to english root of word apartheid english 10% governemtn language others 7%

FW de Klerk

last nation party president b.1936 (1989-1994) responsible for dismantling apartheid He was pragmatic unbanned ANC released political presions mandela walks free feb 11 1990 how to move towards democracy ? he and mandela disagreed in economics said that they are going to have a vote which was all white referendum on whether or not to continue negotiations that wold lead to new constitution March 1992 vote turnout 85 % 69% yes cape down and durban 90% yes

internal governemtn

nonwhites stripped of remaining representation millions of nonwhites forcibly removed from homes and relocated on unwanted land fictional homelands made independent(Bantustans) Helen suzman managed to get reforms to be built divide and conquer governemtns covert support of zulu inkatha freedom party seperate public facilities

Construcing Apartheid

nonwhites were systematically stripped of rights: prohibition of mixed marriages Act of 1949 population registration act 1950 group areas act 1950 suppression of communism act and banning 1950-justified suppressing dissent Bantu Education Act 1953- Blcks can only be taught how to serve whites promotion of Bantu self government act 1959-leading up to stripping of citizenship homeland citizenship act 1970- strips them of citizenship

Botha's state of emergency

police and military occupy black townships black squatter settlements levelled their residends detained abused or killed govt secretly favors zulu IFP to harm ANC rigid censorship laws ban media coveraeg as defense minister from 1966 to 1979 increased military budget by 20 times countering effects of international arms embargo agains SA Develops nuclear arms in late 70s then in 90s dismantles them

Malan

says afrikaners are a creation of god and not of man puts afrikaners way above blacks in his mind

previous elections

strong ANC majority 2014 elections Nationa party gone ANC shrinking to the Democratic Alliance Hlellen zille journalist and was party leader prior to Mmusi Maimane she was mayor of cape town DA struggled to attract black voters so Maimane was put in power opposition of ANC