SOWK 201 Module 3

why did the sixties scoop occur? (2)

- in 1951 the indian act was amended and provincial laws of application (and child welfare legislation) applied to reserves - with this legislative change, the government's approach to indigenous assimilation changed from residential schools toward the apprehension and placement of indigenous children in non-indigenous foster homes

what is informed consent?

a process that occurs over the course of involvement with a social worker not simply at the beginning stages of involvement, it implements our self-determination value and provides client with an explanation of the risks and benefits of receiving services

what is "carding"?

an overt police practice of stopping people - disproportionately black people - on the street and collecting information about them

what is anti-racist social work practice?

anti-racism approach has involved a shift from seeing the cause of racism only within personal prejudice and individual behaviour to seeing racism as interlinked with larger structures and social systems in canadian society

what is institutional abuse?

any act or omission directed at a resident that causes the person harm, or that wrongfully deprives that person of this or her independence

what is elder abuse?

any action by someone in a position of trust or power that results in harm or distress to an older person - it can be physical, emotional, sexual, medical or most often financial

what is the women's centre of calgary?

a place where women from all walks of life can feel sage and to get and give help, without time restrictions, cost, or judgement

what is indoor relief?

institutional care - asylums, workhouses, poorhouses, special schools, chronic care facilities, hospitals

what is the day care crisis?

besides a lack of government funding for child care, costs are prohibitive and spaces are limited (except for quebec who has a public system in place)

what is the underground railway?

between 1820 and 1860, black people used this to escape slavery in the US

what happened in 2005 for homosexuality?

bill c-38 - the law giving same-sex couples the legal right to marry

what are the primary goals of the social worker in responding to cases of sexual assault?

express belief in the survivor's story, listen attentively, and validate the woman's feelings and concerns

what is colonialism?

forced political domination of one nation over another, including administrative, economic, and cultural control

what is the suffragette movement?

fought for and ultimately won women's right to vote

who comprises the idle no more movement? when was it founded?

founded in 2012 and comprises the first nations, metis, and inuit peoples and their non-indigenous supporters in canada

what was the relationship like between the indigenous peoples and europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries?

friendly and the indigenous peoples served as partners in exploration and trade

what is the feminization of poverty?

mounting numbers of women - especially lone-parent mothers are receiving social services across canada

from 2010-2013 which population had the highest % of female hate crimes? why?

muslims - related to the fact that the practice of wearing head coverings may make religious identity more visible for muslim women

prior to 1967, what was the main criterion for immigrant admission to canada?

nationality - immigration was encouraged from white europe and discouraged from the rest of the world

can someone under the influence of medication, drugs, or alcohol give consent to sex?

no

what did the government introduce in 2016 regarding medical aid in dying ?

requires a person seeking a doctor-assisted death to be a consenting adults (18+) and in "advanced stage of irreversible decline "from a serious and incurable disease, illness, or disability and for whom a natural death is reasonably foreseeable" - it did NOT extend the right to assisted dying to those suffering from mental illnesses or to mature minors not did it allow advance directive ("living wills")

what is heterosexual privilege?

the comfort and power accorded to people who are in, or are expected to be in, a relationship with a person of a different sex and who thus conform to dominate gender norms

what did the 10 land treaties do? years?

treaty 1 was in 1871 and treaty 10 in 1906 - these 10 treaties allowed the vast territories of the west to be settled and the canadian pacific railway to be constructed

what is metis?

unique blend of indian and european cultures

what happened in 1992 regarding sexuality?

the federal courts lifts the ban on homosexuals in the military, allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the armed forces

what is bill c-41?

the federal government demonstrated strong leadership in combatting hate crimes by amending the criminal code to strengthen sentencing for any offence that is motivated by hate

what is sex?

the female or male attribution that doctors give babies based largely on the shape and size and of their genitalia - sex is determined by genetics, chromosomes, and hormones which can combine to create an indeterminate number of sexes

what are the principles to physician assisted death?

the importance of patient consent and capacity, and respect for patient autonomy, as well as respect for a physician's personal ethical values

what is "coming out"?

the process of revealing one's LGBTQ+ identity to family and friends

according to ellen, what is the problem with diagnostic based treatment plans?

they are labels that do not explain causative factors

what are change processes?

what people do to alter their feelings, thinking, behaviour or relationships related to problems or patterns of living

what is outdoor relief?

when the deserving poor were entitled to charitable support such as permission to beg or to receive charity from religious institutions

what 4 things are involved in contracting? what is contracting a part of ?

when you agree to 1. the purpose of your service 2. meeting details (e.g. number of meetings) 3. who, when, where 4. how will you know when things are better (provides focus to your session and clear expectations) Contracting is part of informed consent

what does social work assessment ask?

why this person/family/group/organization/community with these difficulties at this time?

what term is preferred over the term "visible minority" and why?

"radicalized minorities" or "radicalized groups" because these terms make clear that race is not a biological concept but a socially constructed one

what is the average monthly cost of full-day care for an infant?

$1736

what did the RCAP of 1996 conclude?

- concluded that the relationship between aboriginals and non-aboriginal peoples has been built on false premises such as government policies - RCAP states that a renewed relationship involves recognizing aboriginal nations as political entities

what is the problem with canada's pension system? (4)

- old age security and the canadian pension plan only provide a modest income for people when they retire - not everyone has a workplace pension - only about 1/3 of canadians take advantage of tax-assisted private savings through RRSPs - almost $500 billion in unused RRSP contribution room is being carried forward

what do we need to do to help the indigenous people receive an education?

- the cap on government resources for indigenous students must be lifted - curricula, programs, and the full range of university services must better promote and respect indigenous knowledge, experiences and world views so all students may learn and benefit from exchange and understanding

what is the RCAP? what did they do?

- the real commission on aboriginal peoples - brought together 6 years of research and public consultation on aboriginal issues

what is a head tax?

a flat fee each chinese immigrant had to pay in order to enter canada from 1885-1923

what are informal caregivers? what do they do?

family and friends who provide unpaid assistance with tasks such as transportation and personal care - help seniors remain in their homes, thereby reducing demands on the health-care system

what happened in 1996 regarding sexuality?

federal government passes bill c-33 which adds "sexual orientation" to the canadian human rights act

what are the 2 competing narratives regarding trans children?

gender fluidity vs. right brain in wrong body

what is the child abusing drugs act?

gives the parent of guardian of a person under 18 years of age the ability to apply to the court for an apprehension and confinement order that will result in the child's placement in a protective safe house for a limited period of time

what is IRCC? what did it do?

immigration, refugees and citizenship canada - introduced an express entry program for economic immigrants

what does "zero is where the real fun starts" mean?

means when we focus on the flame, or the present, or the zero, we are in the present and using a spiritual approach

what is gender equality?

means women and men live in a society that affords them equal opportunity to realize full human rights, to contribute as equal citizen to nation, political, economic, social and cultural development; and to benefit from the results

what was done before the 1980's regard domestic disputes?

nothing - the view was that men should have complete authority in the home

what is the stonewall rebellion?

on june 27/28 of 1969 a series of riots erupted in response to a police raid on the stonewall inn, a new york city gay bar

how does the canadian government classify the "elderly"? what does this mean for them?

people aged 65+ - this is the age where citizens are eligible for federal benefits such as canada pension plan benefits and old age security payments

what are status indians?

persons of aboriginal ancestry who are registered as indians according to the indian act

what is a hate crime?

prejudice motivated crimes, often violent, which occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership (or perceived membership) in a certain social group - such groups can include ethnicity, disability, language, nationality, physical appearance, religion, gender identity, or sexual orientation

what can physical inactivity lead to?

preventable health problems such as heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, depression, lack of energy, chronic diseases weight problems, disability, and premature death

what is meals on wheels?

program that delivers low-cost, nutritious meals directly to the homes of clients who are unable to prepare such meals themselves

what is the millennium scoop?

refers to the high rates of indigenous children in foster care today

what is PALS?

statistics canada participation and activity limitation survey - "flagship" survey that established a kind of "gold standard" for gathering and reporting statistical data on disability (it was cancelled in 2011)

what is SIU?

strength in unity - a community based project that is attempting to build capacity among youth (males) and men from asian communities in canada to mobilize participants to become community mental health ambassadors

what did the grassroots movements do?

strive to uphold indigenous rights

what kind of feelings do women victims of sexual violence feel?

struggle with trusting others, struggle with trusting their own ability to stay safe and make good decisions, they feel as though they are to blame and should have done something more to prevent the situation, and they may be worried that people will not believe them

what is reframing?

takes the same situation and the same circumstances and then gives those "facts" a different meaning - this different meaning allows us to take a different approach and gives us new possibilities for the action that we might take and the responses we might make (taking an experience that seems to be negative, not useful, and distressing and showing how the same behaviour or experience can be useful in another context)

what is the new directions program in ottawa?

teaches men to take responsibility for their abusive behaviour and helps them see their behaviour within the wider social context of a male-dominated society

what is the dying legislation?

the law sets out guidelines with respect to medical assistance in dying - canadian adults in grievous, unending pain have a right to end their life with a doctor's help

what is the sixties scoop?

the massive removal of indigenous children from their families and communities and their placement in non-indigenous foster homes and adoptive homes which took place primarily in the 1960's

what is transmisogyny?

the negative attitudes, expressed through cultural hate, individual and state violence, and discrimination, directed toward trans women and trans men and gender nonconforming people on the feminine end of the gender spectrum

what are acquaintance sexual assaults?

the perpetrators were current or former partners, friends, or acquaintances

what is bill c-46?

the rape shield law - is intended to protect women from character attacks by defence lawyers and restricts the questioning of victims regarding their sexual histories

what is transgender?

those who identify as bigender, gender benders, gender outlaws, cross-dressers, drag queens, drag kinds, transvestites, and transsexuals - some intersexuals also identify as transgender - some transgendered persons understand their experience in dimorphic absolutes (male trapped in female body) while others inhabit a zone "between" the sexes

what is bill c-45?

threatened protection of water and forests and proposed the leasing of first nations territory - which protesters perceived to be in the interests of the norther gateway pipeline project

what is the function of Karpman's triangle?

to aid in assessment when you have a triad of people - rescuer vs. victim vs. persecutor roles

what is the purpose of evaluation?

to determine whether we are really making a difference

what was the purpose of land treaties?

to force indigenous peoples to surrender land to the canadian government

what is UAPS?

urban aboriginal peoples study - the largest survey of urban indigenous peoples

what is the word queer used for?

used to represent an inclusive celebration of all persons who sexual and gender expressions differ from heterosexual norms

what are the 5 steps to the coaching method?

1. listen 2. evoke 3. clarify 4. discuss 5. support

what happened in the residential schools? (3) when and who established them?

-established in mid 1800s by the indian affairs in conjunction with several christian churches - restricted indigenous culture and language to fulfill the assimilationist policies of the federal government -children were denied their language, spiritual rituals, and access to their families - indigenous children were regularly subjected to emotional and physical abuse, and many were also victims of sexual abuse

what are 5 ethical things to make sure of when doing evaluations?

1. client participates 2. confidential 3. sensitive and thoughtful 4. genuine commitment to the perspectives of strengths-based assessment 5. commitment to collaboration with stakeholders

what are 6 influencing skills? explain

1. logical consequences - trying to help the client understand the probabilities of certain outcomes of behaviour 2. self-disclosure 3. feedback - using role playing or other rehearsal strategies to facilitate feedback 4. suggestions 5. directives - asking the client to do something (e.g. homework assignment)

what are 5 core principles of cultural competence that can be applied to social work practice with families whose children have disabilities?

1. valuing diversity 2. conducting a cultural self-assessment 3. recognizing and understanding the dynamics of difference 4. acquiring knowledge 5. adapting to diversity

what 5 things are important when making client referrals?

1. you have the clients permission 2. you have your client self refer with you present 3. you obtain a written confidentiality release from your client 4. you educate your client on how to navigate or communicate effectively within the system 5. make sure that your client understands the nature of the referral

what are 4 transference possibilities?

1. you see the other in the same way as you believed your parent to have been (simple transference) 2. you see the other as being like what you wish your parent could have been like 3. you see the other as you were as a child and you act like your parent did 4. you see the other as you were as a child and you act like you wished your parent could have acted

what year is important for the recognition of the civil rights of gays, lesbians, and bisexual persons in canada? why?

1969 - passing of bill c-150 and Pierre Trudeau's statement that "there is no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation - gross indecency and buggery (the legal terms used to describe gay sex) were decriminalized as long as these acts were committed in private between two consenting adults over the age of 21

when was homosexuality removed from the DSM?

1973

% of single mothers in canada that are raising their children in poverty, % of first nations women (off reserve) living in poverty, % of visible minority women that are living in poverty, % of women with disabilities that are living in poverty, % of single senior women who are living in poverty - what are all of these statistics referred to as?

21% 37% 28% 33% 16%

what is the median age in canada?

40

what are the 12 steps to a treatment plan?

DO A CLIENT MAP Diagnosis Objectives of treatment Assessments Clinical characteristics Location of treatment Interventions to be used Emphasis of treatment Numbers (# of people in treatment) Timing (frequency, pacing and duration) Medications needed Adjunct services Prognosis

what is men's poverty related to? women?

MEN : related to low-wage employment WOMEN: additional factors such as divorce, responsibilities as mothers, homemakers, and caregivers

what is a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team?

a group of professionals from a variety of disciplines who work with an individual to maximize his or her physical, psychological, and/or social participation in work, education, and civic life (physicians, nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, social workers, psychologists, vocational counsellors)

who is Rosemary Brown?

a highly regarded canadian social worker and feminist, the first black female member of a canadian parliamentary body, she championed gender equality throughout her career

who is Winnie NG?

a labour activist and scholar

what is the american vocational rehabilitation act of 1973?

a law prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities

why aren't subsidy programs helping?

a family's eligibility for subsidy does not guarantee they will receive it - there are roughly 17,000 children waiting for child-care subsidies in toronto

what is two-spirited?

a first nations terms that recognizes gender as a continuum and includes sexual or gender identity, sexual orientation and social values

what is the touchstone of hope?

a movement based on a set of powerful principles to guide a reconciliation process for those involved in indigenous child welfare activities

what is the "day of pink" movement?

a movement that evolved when a teen was bullied with homophobic slurs for wearing a pink t-shirt

what is the disc list system?

a government-sponsored identification program from the inuit that assigned a numbered disc to each inuk, which ultimately affected all aspects of inuit life

what is PFLAG Canada?

a national charitable organization founded by parents who wished to help themselves and their family members understand and accept their non-heterosexual children

what is the single largest contributor to the outcome with the social worker?

WHO provides the intervention and not what intervention approach is employed

what is VCARS?

a victim crisis assistance and referral service in ontario made up on non-profit, community based programs to provide on-scene, short term support to help victims stabilize in the aftermath of an assault and to refer them to appropriate community services for long-term assistance

what are other terms for indigenous?

aboriginal is synonymous with indigenous and it includes the first nations, inuit, and metis peoples

how can social workers assist in preventing abuse of seniors?

advocacy strategies, resident councils, family councils, ongoing staff training, and policy reviews

what is intersectionality?

an approach used in critical social work that takes into account the complex interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality, and other factors that impact life experiences

what is sexual orientation?

an emotional, romantic, sexual, pr affectional attraction to another person - it is not dependent upon a person's gender identity or gender role

what is a chronic illness?

an illness that lasts for a long time or that recurs frequently

what is the family systems theory to social work?

argues that the family is an interrelated network and that an impact on one component of that network has significant consequences for all other components in the system

what is CBFY?

calgary bridge foundation for youth - a non-profit organization that provides settlement services and support to immigrant youth and families in the calgary region

what is the problem with the increasing senior population?

canada's growing senior population will place increasing pressure on government services, particulatlry health care and the pension system

what happened in 1978 regarding homosexuals?

canada's new immigration act comes into effect, removing homosexuals from the list of inadmissible classes

what is caregiver burnout?

caring for an older family member is often a long-term job that can become more difficult and complex over time - exhaustion can put a great strain on family members who have the responsibility of caring for aging relatives, and can trigger frustration and resentment

what is the margaret chishold resettlement centre?

centre in calgary that provides temporary accommodation to newcomers as they begin the resettlement process and assists them in overcoming initial obstacles in adjusting to a new country

what does "driving while black" mean?

describes the pattern of racial profiling of black people (black persons are stopped and questioned by police while engaging in normal activities such as driving)

what does storytelling do?

enhances understanding of past experiences of oppression within a present-day context to help gain helpful insights into current challenges

ethnically speaking who is most often targeted in hate crimes? religious?

ethnic - black populations religion - jewish

what is the "its not right!" campaign developed under canada's federal elder abuse?

has 3 parts 1. seeing it - means noticing if something seems amiss, but not jumping to conclusions 2. naming it - means letting the older adult know what you are observing 3. checking it - means asking the older adult if they are alright and offering to assist

what is a component in defining sexual assault?

lack of consent

what are two of the most important aspects of applying feminist principles to social work practice?

listening and validating

what are the 3 most prevalent disability types for peoples aged 45-64?

pain, mobility and flexibility

what is the multiculturalism act? what year?

passed in 1988, it restated and reinforced the 1971 policy and mandated that federal departments ensure equal opportunities in employment for all ethnic and racial groups

what did women's missionary and charitable activities do?

provided an opportunity for women to become involved in public life

what 3 things are involved in being competent?

reviewing relevant 1. ethical standards 2. laws, policies and regulations 3. literature

what are gerontologists?

scientists who study aging

what is palliative care?

specialized kind of holistic health care for individual and families who are dealing with a life-threatening illness at an advanced stage

what is cissexual/cisgender?

terms used to define persons who are not transsexuals and who have only experienced their gender identity and physical sex as being aligned - "cisgender" is used to de-privilege those who consider themselves as having a "normal" gender expression and to validate an understanding of transgender identities as simply variants of gender expression - cissexism refers to the belief that transsexuals' identified genders are inferior to, or less authentic than, those of cissexuals

what did second generation sexologists suggest?

that our social world plays a significant role in shaping our sexual desires and behaviours and it also challenged heterosexism - this change in our understanding of sexuality was, in itself, a result of social and political changes

why is it difficult for people with disability to immigrate to canada?

the "excessive demand" clause of the immigration and refugee protection act - we don't accept people with demands on health or social services for which the anticipated costs would likely exceed average canadian per capita health and social services costs, or a demand on health or social services that would add to existing wait lists and increase the rate of mortality and morbidity in canada

what is the baby boom?

the large number of individuals born between 1946-1966 who are now reaching their senior years

what is cisnormativity?

the mistaken assumption that all, or almost all individuals are cisgender transmisogyny

what is homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia?

an individual's and/or society's fear and hatred of gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered persons

what is sexual assault?

any form of unwanted sexual activity, including fondling, touching, and penetration that is forced upon another person without that person's consent

what is sexual harassment?

any unwanted behaviour, comment, gesture, or contact of sexual nature that treats the person receiving it as a sexual object

what is the first wave of the feminist movement? and years

- 1840's - 1920's - included 3 things: temperance movement, women's missionary and charitable activities, the suffragette movement

what is the power theory?

- Argues that violence against women is a societal problem which occurs mainly because of the power imbalance between men and women, and more specifically because of the dominance of men and traditional male roles - The violence has continued because there has been historical acceptance of men's right to control women, even by force - Emphasizes that society must change its attitudes, values, and responses with respect to women if violence against women is to be eliminated - Consistent with a structural or feminist approach to social work

what is the anger-control theory? (5)

- Emphasizes that men must be held accountable for their violent behaviour: they must learn to deal with and control their anger or suffer the consequences - Does not attempt to explain the root cause of violence against women, and in this respect, is different from the 2 theories above - Focuses on anger control: if men can learn to control their anger, violence will stop - This is a behavioural change model - Those who hold this theory tend to favour a criminalization or punishment-based social work approach

what is restorative justice?

- an approach to working with men who use violence against women - a women who has experienced abuse is invited to define what justice means to her - the rehabilitation process is largely guided by the needs and perspectives of the person (or persons) affected by the partner's abusive behaviour - the process also involves the partner and the wider community in addressing these actions to restore the woman's sense of safety, respect, and integrity

what is the AFN? when was it founded?

- assembly of first nations - national organization representing first nations in canada, advocating treaty rights, conomic development, education, languages and literacy, health, housing, social development, justice, taxation, land claims and the environment - founded in 1982

what is a cohort? what is a age cohort?

- a cohort is a group of people who share a statistical or demographic trait - people in the same age cohort were born during the same time frame

what is the reason for systemic abuse in institutional settings?

-often results from policies, procedures, and processes that appear to be designed to maximize care and/or safety -e.g. a facility may have a policy that permits staff members to search resident's rooms at any time for alcohol or medication and the intent of this policy may be to protect cognitively impaired residents from harm, but the outcome is an invasion of privacy

what does home care include? (7)

1. Assessment of a client's medical and social needs and determination of the best care setting based on the client's health, social situation, and support network 2. Development of an in-home care plan, which includes family involvement, teaching, interventions, and community support 3. Provision of nursing services, therapy services, and home support services 4. Coordination of medical supplies, equipment, pharmaceuticals, and assistive devices 5. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the client's, family's and caregiver's status and needs 6. Respite care to assist informal caregivers and support families in their role as caregivers 7. Discharge planning and coordination of placement services to long-term care facilities (if required)

what are 5 common myths about aging and older adults and the reality?

1. M: to be old is to be sick R: most seniors are relatively healthy 2. M:seniors and technology don't mix R: seniors are the fastest growing group online and they are capable of using digital technologies for more than just email 3. M: most seniors live in nursing homes R: 5% of men and 9% of women over age 65 live in health care institutions 4. M: seniors don't pull their own weight R: up to 1/3 of seniors provide help to friends and family including caregiving for spouses and grandchildren, and giving financial assistance to children 5. M: seniors increase the cost of medical care R: the increased cost to health care system due to aging is projected to be no more than 1% per year

people's experiences of sexual or gender diversity are different depending upon 3 things what are they?

1. ethnicity 2. age 3. disability

what are 7 ways in which general client assessment data can be collected?

1. Standardized tests 2. Questionnaires 3. Diagnostic interviews 4. Personality measures 5. Mental status examinations 6. Behavioural observation 7. Reports by others (e.g. parents, friends, spouses, medical, education, legal, social)

when was the national human rights legislation in canada passed? by what year did all the provinces have human rights codes?

1960, 1975

what are the two components of gender? explain each

1. gender identity - the sense we have of ourselves as male, female, or transgendered 2. gender role - our adherence to cultural norms of femininity and masculinity

what are 3 potential circumstances for crossing boundaries?

1. gifts 2. touching 3. post-termination "friendships"

what 5 things does coaching work on?

1. problem-optimizing situations 2. goals-visions 3. environments 4. truths 5. possibilites

what are the 2 major thrusts of client evaluations?

1. process 2. outcome

what are the 4 elements of whole health according to aboriginal culture?

1. spiritual health - gaining traditional knowledge and exploring the spiritual heritage of human beings in ways that may involve participating in prayer, rituals, and ceremonies 2. mental health - engaging in formal and informal education processes, gaining knowledge of aboriginal hisotry and cultural contributions, being able to enact cultural roles, and having meaningful opportunities to demonstrate activities that promote self-determination 3. physical health - taking steps to keep communities and loved ones safe, understanding the connection between what is ingested and the ability to undertake important functions, and participating in sports-related, recreational, and cultural activities 4. emotional health - mastering self-discipline, establishing and maintaining good relations, and demonstrating and earning personal respect, especially as it relates to one's own cultural knowledge

what were treaties numbered 1-7 about? dates?

1871-1877 were key in advancing european settlement across the prairies and the canadian pacific railway

what were treaties 9-11 about? dates?

1899-1921 resource extraction was the government's main motive

what is mother's allowance? when was it introduced?

1916 manitoba introduced it - canada's first legislated welfare program (benefit for families of men who died in peacetime)

what is the point system?

a new immigration system that started in 1967 whereby prospective immigrants had to qualify based on such criteria such as education, work experience, language fluency, and age and country of origin was no longer an explicit criterion in the section process

what is indigenous self-government?

a principle that is the most important in the process of reaffirmation of indigenous rights to land, rights that are inextricably linked to the principle of indigenous self-government

what is medicalization?

a process through which normal behavioural, emotional, and even physiological conditions (Such as aging and menopause) become viewed as medical problems, to be treated by medical professionals

what is home care?

a range of services for older persons, including health promotion,, curative medicine, end-of-life care, rehabilitation, support and maintenance, social adaptation and integration, and support for family caregivers

what is the scrip system?

a system intended to extinguish the aboriginal title of the metis by awarding a certificate redeemable for land or money, depending on their age and status

why did the relationship between the europeans and the indigenous people crumble?

because the english and french became locked in a struggle to control north america and so the relationship with the indigenous peoples evolved into military alliances and then as european peoples and their governments exerted dominance over territories that had been inhabited by indigenous peoples, they were no longer seen as military allies, but viewed as irrelevant and an obstacle to imperial domination

what happened in 2000 regarding sexuality?

bill c-23 - gives same sex couples who have lived together for more than a year the same benefits and obligations as common-law couples

who were the black loyalists?

black people that arrived in nova scotia in 1784 following the american war of independence - they were promised education, employment, and citizenship but were instead forced back into slavery through poverty

when was the canadian charter of rights and freedoms formed? what does it do? (5)

in 1982 1. The charter guarantees the fundamental freedoms of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion and expression (including freedom of the press and other media) and peaceful assembly and association 2. It guarantees democratic rights, geographical mobility rights, legal rights (including the right to life, liberty, and security of person), and equality rights that protect against "discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability" 3. The charter also reinforces official bilingualism in canada by affirming the equality of the english and french languages and by affirming the rights of children to be educated in either language 4. Also affirms the multicultural character of canada and recognizes the rights of canada's indigenous peoples 5. It emphasizes that all the rights and freedoms are guaranteed equally to male and female persons

when was slavery introduced? when was it abolished?

introduced by the french in 1628 and was abolished throughout the british empire in 1883-1834

what is a hate crime victim?

when people are the targets of violence because of who they are, or who they are thought to be

what is reflexive practice?

when social workers reflect over and question methods used and what consequences they might have

describe the equal pay problem

women in the past were generally paid less than men for work of equal value - this is often still the case today (women only early about 70 cents for every dollar earned by men)

what makes social work reflexive?

you are influencing your clients and they are influencing you continuously

what is racism?

the belief that there are human groups with particular (usually physical) characteristics that make them superior or inferior to others

what is the first step when a worker takes a call on a crisis line?

the caller's immediate safety

what are gender-fluid children?

children that speak of being more male on some days and more female on other days - these are normal variations in human gender and do not mean something is wrong with a child

how was treatment designed for disabilities in the 1950s - 1970s?

focus of treatment tended to take only the "physical body" into account and ignored the intellectual, psychological, emotional and spiritual dimensions of a person with a disability

what is the temperance movement?

focused on the prohibition of alcohol because of its devastating effects on male breadwinners, and therefore on women and children

what is the suffragette movement? when did it start? who started it?

the campaign for women's right to vote, begun in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst and others in Britain

2 characteristics of our relationships with clients

1. developed under structural conditions - we have to adapt to different laws, rules and norms that govern social work 2. affected by positional factors - such as class, gender or ethnicity

what are 2 basic questions that workers simultaneously ask regarding evaluation?

1. did we reach the desired outcomes? 2. what methods contributed to the desired change?

what are the 2 programs that can provide additional financial support for canadians with disabilities? explain

1. disability tax credit - individuals and/or family members can claim expenses related to disability (cost of equipment, medical supplies, home renovation) as part of their annual income tax claim 2. disability registered retirement savings programs (DRRSP) - people with disabilities and/or family members can contribute a sum of money to a DRRSP on a yearly basis and can use the funds to supplement income in retirement or take out the funds when needed

what 3 things to consider when charting?

1. document decision making steps 2. reporting is consistent with institutional policies, concise, factual and objective 3. document all disclosures and outcomes

what are our 3 duties as social workers?

1. duty to warn - persons whose safety may be threatened 2. duty to report - child abuse 3. duty to protect - clients from suicide

3 immigration classes and explain

1. economic class - includes skilled workers, business owners, and entrepreneurs 2. family class - requires a sponsor to provide economic and personal support for 3-10 years 3. refugee class includes individuals who need protection from persecution in their home country

what services does an effective shelter provide? (9)

1. emergency access to a safe place 2. counselling and emotional support 3. information and referrals 4. access to affordable and safe housing, and to legal and medical services 5. employment and income support 6. mental health and addiction services 7. child care, child support, and counselling for children to overcome trauma 8. safety planning 9. assistance with the family law system (spousal maintenance, custody and access, child support, and accommodation)

what are some things that social workers should consider as they support individuals who are adjusting to the onset of disability (6)

1. emotional coping and functioning skills 2. the family's post-trauma functioning 3. the person's status within the family 4. the person's stage in the life cycle 5. the nature and extent of the disability 6. access to resources

3 legislative changes and policy initiatives in post WWII that aimed at fostering greater equality for women at work and explain

1. equal pay policies - during the 50s and 60s every canadian province enacted legislation requiring equal pay for similar or substantially similar work and in the 70s the federal government introduced pay equity legislation that required equal pay for work of equal value (allowing comparisons between occupations) 2. equal employment and employment equity - all canadian provinces now have equal employment legislation in place which prohibits discrimination of hiring on the basis of race, age, religion, nationality, or sex 3. equity-driven legislative and policy changes - changes in divorce laws, policies against sexual harassment at work, extended maternity leave, policies to protect part-time and temporary workers, policies to ensure that women have equal access to higher education

what are the 4 stages in the coming out process?

1. first stage occurs before a person comes out - they may feel discomfort but do not consciously recognize being attracted to people of the same sex or not fitting within their assigned gender 2. second stage takes place when people begin to become aware of same-sex attraction or gender discomfort 3. the third stage "exploration," people develop gay, lesbian, or transgender friendships and participate in the LGBTQ+ community 4. the final stage is marked by integration - people accept their identities and incorporate their identities into their lives

what are the 10 disability types for adults?

1. hearing 2. seeing 3. speech 4. mobility 5. agility 6. pain 7. learning 8. memory 9. developmental 10. psychological

what are the types of disabilities for children?

1. hearing 2. seeing 3. speech 4. mobility 5. dexterity 6. learning 7. developmental delay 8. developmental disability or disorder 9. psychological 10. chronic condition

what are the 4 intervention goals in therapy based on emotion?

1. identify and understand the functions of emotions 2. learn how to experience all emotions 3. learn how to express emotions effectively 4. reduce trauma based and painful emotions

what are the 8 major diagnostic cues and their corresponding interventions?

1. increasing specific behaviours - behavioural 2. cognitive appraisal problem - cognitive 3. low self-esteem - rogerian/relationship 4. focal anxiety - desensitization 5. vocational role discrepancy - vocational 6. system is cause of problem - systemic 7. changed desire, stuck - group work 8. social worker believes someone else can help - referral

the charter for the yvon-brunet residence for older adults in montreal includes 5 basic rights, what are they?

1. information and freedom of expression 2. privacy 3. dignity and respect 4. continuity 5. responsibility and participation

what are the steps for qualifying for disability benefits?

1. investigation of assets 2. needs test which incorporates 3 things ( i) identify basic requirement for living like food, clothing, shelter, utilities, personal allowances ii) identify applicant's available financial resources like pension, public or private funds, savings, money received through paid employment iii) the difference between total resources and total basic needs is then calculated

what are the 2 broad approaches to disability and social work involvement with persons with disabilities? explain

1. medical model - has its roots in rehabilitation medicine where the focus of the intervention is on the individual, it views disability as an "impairment" and a "personal tragedy" and emphasizes the need of the individual to adapt or otherwise fit within mainstream society as much as possible 2. political rights model (also called independent living model) - concerned with the broader social and political context and with the need for society as a whole to adapt to the needs of persons who have disabilities

what are the 4 curative elements of theory?

1. model and techniques factors 2. expectancy, hope, and placebo factors 3. therapy relationship factors (empathy, warmth, genuineness, respect) 4. extra therapeutic factors (family, friends, neighbours)

what are 8 ways that we integrate research and evaluation into practice?

1. needs assessments 2. client satisfaction surveys 3. consumer of journals/conferences 4. collecting data 5. use of single-system case monitoring designs 6. cost benefit analysis 7. participatory research 8. qualitative research

what types of relationships do we need to avoid?

- dual/multiple relationships: intimate relationships - TYPES: intimate relationships, personal benefit, emotional and dependency needs, altruism, unavoidable and unanticipated circumstances

what is the Kinsey report ? what did it reveal?

- surveyed a wide variety of people and their sexual habits - revealed that 37% of the men in the survey reported having had a homosexual experience to the point of orgasm

what are the coaching method's 4 principles?

1. being fully heard and understood 2. collaborative approach 3. situations can be turned around or optimized 4. clients can increase their potential

what are the numbered treaties?

11 treaties signed between 1871 and 1921

why and when was the sixties scoop condemned?

in the mid 1980's after ongoing criticism that included a judicial inquiry, headed by manitoba judge Edwin Kimelman

what is the learning theory? (4)

- Main idea is that violence is a behaviour learned in childhood - boys learn that it is okay to be violent, and girls learn that it is okay to be on the receiving end of violence and that this is what relationships are about - Theory holds that all children in our society are socialized to accept violence and that this, coupled with other roles into which boys and girls are socialized, supports and perpetuates abuse - Children who witness violence in the home are much more likely to become abusers or be abused - Emphasis is on changing behaviour through education and counselling

what did the IRSSA include? (5)

- a common experience payment for all eligible former students of a recognized indian residential school, based on the number of years of residency ($10,000 for the first school year and $3000 for each subsequent year) - an independent assessment process for claims of sexual and serious physical abuse -the truth and reconciliation commission - commemoration activities - measure to support healing, such as the indian residential schools resolution health support program and an endowment to the aboriginal healing foundation

who was Karl Heinrich Ulrichs? what did he do?

- a german lawyer who was vocal in the fight to decriminalize sodomy (anal sex) - he created categories of the urning (a female caught in a male body) and a urningin (a male caught in a female body) to make sense of same-sex attraction - he viewed homosexuality as inborn and natural - he was one of the pioneers of the gay and lesbian rights movement

what is an indian agent?

- a government agent who administered the indian act, interfering in virtually every aspect of native life - indian agents had extraordinary administrative and discretionary powers, and were meant to displace traditional aboriginal leaders so as to institute a new way of living consistent with the assimilationist intentions of the canadian federal government

Who is Helen Levine? (3) what is in her writings? (1)

- a radical feminist and former social worker - she pushed the parameters of structural social work to include a feminist analysis introducing women's issues and feminist perspectives into the curriculum for the first time at Carleton University school of social work - she received the governor general's award for advancing the equality of women in canada - in her writings she challenged traditional views of mothering, critiqued psychiatry for defining women through a patriarchal lens, and offered an alternative way of working with women through feminist counselling

what 2 things happened during the fourth wave of the feminist movement?

- according to Philips and Cree we are now entering a 4th wave defined by the proliferation of new technologies that have major implications for social work practice - information communication technologies (ICTs) - texting, social media, blogs, online platforms have all transformed how people discuss critical issues, with young women aged 18-29 being the highest users of social networking sites

what happened to the interim federal health program in 2012?

- all refugees lost access to medication coverage, vision care, and dental care - those from "designated countries" lost all coverage, except in circumstances involving public health or security - cutbacks were initially directed at all refugees but later government assisted refugees (GARs) were spared from the cuts

what are 8 methods for measuring client outcomes? what is another name for this?

- also called data gathering methods 1. direct observation 2. self-anchored rating scales 3. questionnaires 4. standardized measures 5. impressions 6. opinions 7. stories 8. recording DQSSIROS - dairy queen supervisor sold icecream right on spoon

how was homosexuality classified in the 1900's?

- by physical markers - gay men were determined by the way he walked, the size of his hips, the shape of his penis or his "womanly" behaviour - lesbians were determined by their "abnormal" or enlarged clitorises, hermaphroditism, political activism, or avoidance of motherhood

what did the truth and reconciliation commission call for in 2015? (2)

- called for the federal government to build more healing lodges and expand indigenous-specific programs inside and outside our correctional institutions - called for the creation of indigenous justice systems to deal with criminal conduct in ways that address the underlying causes of such behaviours

what is CSD? what are its limitations? (2)

- canadian survey on disability - limitations: 1. only examined individuals who were of working age (15+) living in private dwellings (no info was taken from children or people residing in chronic-care facilities or nursing homes) 2. minimal data pertaining to first nations, as the research id not apply to first nations persons living on reserves

how do indigenous child welfare agencies place children in need of foster care?

- first with extended family, second with members of the community with the same cultural and linguistic identification, and third with alternative indigenous caregivers - as a last resort, placement is considered with non-indigenous caregivers

what is holistic healing?

- healing of the mind, body, emotions, and spirit - traditionally this is done through sweat lodges, fasts, vision quests, herbal medicines, ceremonial healing with an eagle fan and rattles, traditional teachings at the sacred fire, sharing circles, and individualized counselling

how do support groups support women seeking to leave abusive relationships? (5)

- help reduce isolation - allow women to meet others who share their experiences - hep women develop an understanding of issues of power and control and what actions they can take to change difficult situations - be a forum for women to exchange information, practical help and emotional support - they allow women to explore their self-image and appreciate their strengths and accomplishments

what was the inuit relocation experiment? (3)

- in 1953 and 1955 the canadian government forcibly relocated 11 inuit families from northern quebec's ungava peninsula to ellesmere and cornwallis islands in the high arctic - the relocated families suffered great hardship in the new region - hunting and shelter were scarce, winters were darker, and because only a few youth were brought into the new community, partnership options were limited

why do racial or cultural minorities with disabilities have more difficulty accessing supports and services?

- in some religions the birth of a child with disabilities is considered a punishment from god, which makes parents feel ashamed and reluctant to seek supports and services - some cultures believe that families are supposed to take care of their own, and seeking assistance from agencies is highly stigmatized which inhibits many parents from seeking outside help - because of religious and cultural beliefs parents may feel intimidated and misunderstood when applying for services and may fear deportation

what is the indian act of 1876? (2)

- legislation that provides the government of canada with a legal framework of authority over indians and lands reserved for indians - the main purpose of the act was to control and regulate indian lives

describe the water advisory issue

- many people on first nations reserves across canada cannot trust the water they get from their taps - in a report issued on June 2016, human rights watch says that by not ensuring first nations people have access to safe water, the canadian government has violated a range of international human rights obligations

what is patriarchy? (3)

- means "rule by the father" - it has come to mean the domination of society by men and male interests - men continue to be represented in higher numbers in positions of authority, and male interests continue to take precedence over those of females

what happened to the inuit with the indian act? (3)

- no land was formally set aside for their use - no treaties were signed with the inuit people - because of the extensive mineral and oil exploration on their lands, many inuit communities have been relocated, forcing a substantial change in their lifestyles

who did not sign land treaties?

- no treaties were signed between the first nations of quebec, the maritimes, and most of BC - almost half of the population of registered indians did not sign land treaties

what is the PIE system?

- person in environment system - use this system to have a better understanding of the problems, the interventions needed, the order to effectively address the problems

what do social workers do for immigrant youth in schools?

- provide inservice sessions to teachers and school administrators focused on what anti-racism is and on strategies designed to decrease both overt and subtle racism in schools - help parents understand the canadian education system, including grading, school regulations, and school norms

what is sexuality counselling?

- providing guidance, support, and information about sex to persons with disabilities - discuss socially appropriate private and public behaviours, safe sex, STDs, wanted and unwanted advances, intercourse, contraception, pregnancy, parenting skills, masturbation, same-sex relationships, mechanics of sex, coping with difficulties in relationships, menstruation, protecting oneself against sexual abuse and exploitation

what is sexism?

- refers to the prejudice of discrimination based on a person's sex - it is a system of discriminatory physical and social controls, derogatory beliefs, and institutional and societal-level policies - can be blatant or subtle - can take the form of derogatory language or lead to the denial of career opportunities based on a person's sex

how can social workers show themselves to be allies to the indigenous peoples?

- reposting indigenous sovereignty - learning about treaties - questioning and resisting racist stereotypes - learning about the people who are native to wherever you are - learning about and supporting indigenous programs and organizations

what are the 3 limitations of the social constructionism theory?

- research has found that people cannot change their sexual orientation - babies who have been re-assigned a gender at birth, either as a result of a botched circumcision or the development of ambiguous genitalia, have no easily reinvented themselves as the gendered subjects that doctors have chosen for them - it seems clear that our sex, gender expression, and sexual orientation rely upon at least some biological factors

what are the 3 limitations of the biological determinism theory?

- the argument that sexual diversity and gender identity are rooted in biology has not ended homophobia, heterosexism, and cissexualism and instead has been used to entrench inequality - scientific "truths" related to gender and sexuality have consistently been shown to reflect current sociopolitical norms and values - the search for clear, identifiable differences regarding gender and sexuality raises ethical concerns (e.g. if parents want to test their fetus for the "gay gene" and chose abortion based on the result)

describe how being a mother contributes to poverty (5)

- the children of single mothers are 4x more likely to be poor than those in two parent families - 1 in 5 mothers is impoverished - the lack of affordable child care forces mothers to limit their career and education opportunities - to balance their work and home responsibilities many women have to choose employment that is precarious (part-time, seasonal) - the gender wage gap contributes to increased rates of poverty

what is medical colonization? (2)

- the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th was a time when medical authority began to replace pre-existing religious and judicial authorities - prior to this transition, sexual and gender non-conventionality were most often understood and sinful or illegal

what is HIV?

- the human immunodeficiency virus - a sexually transmitted blood-borne retrovirus that undermines a person's immune system

what is the IRSSA?

- the indian residential schools settlement agreement - the settlement package between the government of canada, various churches, and canada's aboriginal peoples - largest class action settlement in canadian history

what is alzheimer's disease?

- the most common form of dementia - slowly destroys nerve cells in the brain -affects primarily those over 65 - considered to be an illness and not a normal part of aging - there are no drugs that cure Alzheimer's but there are medications that can help relieve the symptoms

what is the NCTR?

- the national centre for truth and reconciliation - preserves a vast collection of documents, oral history, and other records that detail the systematic and intentional attempts to assimilate the indigenous peoples of canada

what is the TRC? what did they do? what is their mandate?

- truth and reconciliation commission - spent 6 years travelling across canada hearing from indigenous persons who had been taken from their families as children and placed in residential schools - mandate was to create an accurate historic record about residential schools and their impact on former students, and then share this record with the public

what is the term indian used for today? (3)

- used to define a group of indigenous people registered as such according to the indian act - the term indian "serves the canadian government as a convenient political, legal, and administrative categorization of the culturally diverse first peoples of canada - used in the same way as "native" as a means of "outside naming" those who are descendants of the first inhabitants of what is now canada

what happened during the second wave of the feminist movement? what years? (5)

-1960's - 1980's - inequality in the wider society became a focus of concern - the phrase "the person is political" emerged identifying the impact of sexism and patriarchy on women's lives - a core focus involved the breaking down of gender stereotypes - had profound impact on social work through the rise of consciousness-raising groups that questions gender roles and traditional power relations in society

what 2 things happened during the third wave of the feminist movement? what years?

-1980's - 2000's -drew more attention to the multiple forms of feminism - the idea of intersectionality arose during this period, calling for a recognition that gender, ability, age, race, sexuality, class, and nationality intersect in shaping women's experiences

what is drachmae's stage of migration framework?

-provides key questions that can be used to guide the assessment process with immigrants and their families - the outcomes of this inquiry process provide social workers with clear guidelines in determining the type of intervention that may be required to address prevailing concerns

what are 6 arguments in favour of a disabilities act?

1. At the present time, Canada does not have a nationwide Canadians with Disabilities Act, and it is now time for a comprehensive piece of legislation in this area 2. A comprehensive Canadians with Disabilities Act would offer greater opportunities for public awareness regarding the needs and concerns of people with disabilities throughout Canada 3. Existing human rights legislation does not adequately address ongoing discrimination, whereas a comprehensive Canadians with Disabilities Act would address deep-rooted discrimination 4. Present-day human rights legislation is primarily based on complaints and reactive protocols, whereas a CDA would be proactive and would provide the opportunity for greater systemic change 5. A CDA endorsed by people with disabilities, government officials, and politicians offers the opportunity for government accountability whereby governments would have to report on milestones for implementing and carrying out the mandates of the legislation 6. Presently, the federal government funds a small but very active Office of Disability Issues, and the present federal Liberal government created a Ministry for Persons with Disabilities. Both the Office and the Ministry can change as government mandates change, but a CDA could potentially lead to a permanent federal department for people with disabilities

Tod Augusta-Scott identified 4 components in the therapeutic process whereby men take responsibility for the violence they have used against their female partners. What are they?

1. Exploring values and ethics: exploring the values and ethics that men deem important includes identifying what men perceive as important in relationships and in how they conduct their lives: respect, trust, safety, equality, taking responsibility, and accountability 2. Studying the abuse: men study their own escalation and warning signs, and learn how doing so might prevent violence from happening in the future 3. Studying the full effects of the abuse: the goal is to prevent abuse from happening again 4. Healing and repair: men come to understand how to heal and repair the effects of their abuse on their female partners, their children, and the wider community

list and explain the 6 stages of the social work process

1. Referral - how a client arrives is important because it has implications for the person's motivation to change. You could ask the client to forward previous assessment information from other medical or educational records 2. Symptom Identification - to diagnose, you categorize client symptoms, so you need to know the symptoms. You can use your interviews, maybe problem checklists, mental status examinations, behavioural observation, and psychological testing. Attend to multicultural aspects of symptom identification so you are not inappropriately diagnosing someone with a mental disorder for behaviours and attitudes that are characteristic of their culture 3. Diagnosis - then you compare the symptoms with the diagnostic criteria or categories of some type of classification. For you and your client to decide what work you will do together, you can use a highly formalized diagnostic system like the DSM or the Person-In-Environment classification system or a more informal system 4. Treatment planning - this is a description of the problem, both short- and long-term treatment objectives, interventions to be used, and the prognosis for the client. School counsellors might need to include treatment plans as part of IPPs or individual education plans. A good treatment plan has an accurate diagnosis and intervention techniques that correspond to problem or mental disorder 5. Treatment - the type, length, frequency, and specific techniques are determined by the treatment plan 6. Follow-up - take the time to follow-up with the client to determine whether the symptoms remain in remission and whether additional service is required

what is the strengths based model of practice for disability? (4)

1. Respect and acceptance of each family's cultural, ethnicity, structure, roles, values, belief systems, and ways of coping 2. Recognition and acceptance of the strengths of families: family members, including the extended family kinship network, are most consistently involved in the provision of care, and so are able to provide valuable information and knowledge 3. Close family-professional collaboration is essential so that both families and professionals can share information and learn skills to help in assessment and problem solving 4. Inclusion of family members as part of the decision making process with regard to all aspects of care, treatment, and follow-up

what are the 4 main themes that impact urban indigenous identities?

1. settler racism - blatant and more subtle forms of discrimination, where white privilege and ways of life were naturalized (e.g. indigenous healing practices were not even considered as options in mainstream healthcare) 2. municipal settler colonialism 3. the onus to search out opportunities to remain culturally connected 4. the cultural heterogeneity of cities

what are 5 arguments against a disabilities act?

1. The rights of Canadians with disabilities are guaranteed under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Canadian Human Rights Act, and provincial and territorial human rights codes, so no additional legislation is needed 2. Some of the factors that have contributed to the ineffectiveness of the current laws would not be resolved with the enactment of a CDA. All that would result would be yet another piece of legislation with a lot of potential but that still produces insufficient results 4. Specific legislation aimed at ensuring rights for people with disabilities may lead to other disenfranchised groups (such as LGBTQ+ persons, people of colour, First Nations persons, and others) demanding similar legislation. The concern is that there may be a backlash and that a proposed CDA might only get limited support from other groups 4. Federal legislators might view the disability-specific legislation as being precedent-setting, which could potentially lead to other groups, such as those noted above, to demand similar legislation that would be specific to the group's needs. Such considerations and possibilities might influence legislators and government officials not to support a Canadians with Disabilities Act 5. Over the years, various federal governments conducted investigations into the creation of legislation aimed at supporting the rights of people with disabilities, but in the end, very little change occurred. Many of the people with disabilities who were involved in the process "were disillusioned as a result of the extensive amount of work involved with little or no results. There is a concern about expending energy to repeat a failure. The resources could be better spent by improving the effectiveness of the current laws and systems"

what 4 proponents did the aboriginal healing foundation propose as necessary to achieve resolution regarding the residential schools experience? explain each

1. acknowledgement - naming the harmful acs and admitting that the acts were were wrong 2. redress - taking action to compensate for the harms inflicted 3. healing - restoring physical, mental, social/emotional, and spiritual balance in individual, families, communities, and nations 4. reconciliation - accepting one another following injurious acts or periods of conflict and developing mutual trust

what are the 3 main points to the family systems theory?

1. all parts of the family unit are interrelated 2. each member affects and is affected by other members of the unit 3. no single part of the family system can be understood in isolation from other parts

what are the 3 means of assessing suicide risk?

1. availability - how available are the means (do they have a gun?) 2. lethality - how lethal are the means they are considering? (is it eating to death or shooting themselves with a loaded gun?) 3. specificity - how specific is their suicide plan? (have they should out the details, or have they not thought about how to do it?)

what should effective internveitonsa include? (12)

1. be easy to carry out 2. match the client 3. match the problem 4. be positive 5. encourage self-management 6. increase expectations of personal effectiveness 7. be supported by literature 8. be feasible and practical to implement 9. not create additional problems for the family of significant others 10. not burden the client or family with too many things to do 11. not require more the the FSW than the FSW is able to give, or responsible for giving 12. not repeat or build on previous unsuccessful solutions

what are 3 major events in canadian history that illustrate racial injustice?

1. between 1881 and 1884, chinese workers were brought to canada to work as labourer on the railway, after its completion a series of laws were put in place to exclude or limit the number of chinese immigrants to canada. Laws made it impossible for chinese men to bring their families to canada 2. during WWII canada refused entry to the st.louis a ship carrying jews desperate to be admitted to canada. During and after the war the government was reluctant to admit european jews as refugees to canada 3. during WWII and WWIII immigrants from the austro-hungarian empire with which the allies were at war, were relocated to prison camps. For the same reasons, Japanese canadians were uprooted from their homes and held in camps during WWII. The homes, businesses, and property of japanese canadians were confiscated and their lives were turned on end

what are the 3 theories that attempt to solve the puzzle of sexuality? explain

1. biological determinism - focuses on the organic causes of non-conventional gender and sexual identities and behaviours and researchers argue that the brain structures of gay men differ from those of heterosexual men and have tried searching for a "gay gene" 2. social constructionism - sexualities are constructed by our social and cultural context and also by our cultural history - this theory is the reason that gender reassignment surgery at birth was introduced to babies determined to be intersexuals and this theory also believes in "curing" sexual orientation or reversing gender identity 3. queer theory - responds to the realization that many people do not fit easily or neatly into the binary oppositions of man-women, heterosexual-homosexual, and so on - they suggest that identifying as gay or straight does not provide an unquestionable or complete description of who people are sexually attracted to, with whom they have sex, or with whom they share loving relationships - they argue for radical transformation of societal norms and expectations related to human sexuality

what are 4 types of program evaluation? explain

1. client/service needs assessment - establish the potential number of individuals needing various types of services (3 major components: identification of the seriousness/significance of the problems, specification of selected programs and the service needs, assessment of service gaps) 2. service adequacy assessment - reveals the extent to which the program succeeded in (providing appropriate services which are genuinely needed by the clients and providing services to those qualified individuals in need of the services) 3. service outcome assessment - focused on assessment of extent to which clients are achieving or progressing toward program goals and objectives 4. client opinion/satisfaction assessment - includes opinion regarding service satisfaction, empowerment, service providers cultural competence, and service gaps

4 viewpoints of freud on sexuality

1. critiqued biological explanations for homosexuality and argued that masculinity and femininity are socially constructed 2. suggested that homosexuality is an immature stage of development compared to heterosexuality 3. his theories marked an important shift away from biology to psychology, but his approach was not necessarily liberating for gay men and lesbians 4. theories were mobilized to further pathologize homosexuality as a mental illness that needed to be "cured"

What is the purpose of an assessment? (3)

1. to understand the individual/family/group/community/organizational system 2. to plan therapeutic interventions 3. to identify needed external resources

6 guidelines for social workers for creating a space for diverse sexual and gender identities in their practice

1. never assume people are heterosexual or cisgender - use words such as "partner" and ask people to tell you their preferred pronoun 2. affirm and validate - if someone tells you they are transgendered or gay it is important to affirm and validate that identity 3. feelings about gender and sexual diversity - if you cannot provide affirming counselling then make a referral 4. body language is important 5. support your colleagues 6. increase your own self-awareness

what are the 3 tiers of the canadian private pension system? explain

1. old age security and the guaranteed income supplement - these plans provide income security for seniors independent of their prior participation in the workforce 2. canadian pension plan - CPP provides benefits to individuals upon retirement or if they become disabled and the amount of the benefit depends on the level on contributions during the contributory period 3. private pension plans - these consist of workplace plans and registered retirement savings plans (RRSPs)

what are the 2 categories of palliative interventions? explain

1. opioid use - a group of drugs that act of receptors in the brain and reduce pain such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, and oxycodone 2. terminal sedation -combined with withholding or withdrawal of potentially life-sustaining artificial hydration and nutrition

2 ways in which racist behaviour can unfold and describe

1. overt - such as treating people according to their race or color 2. covert - society systematically treating groups according to some form of discriminatory judgement

what 3 rights is the independent living founded on?

1. people with disabilities to live with dignity in their chosen community 2. persons with disabilities can participate in all aspects of life 3. persons with disabilities control and make decisions about their own lives

what are the 2 key themes in social work?

1. person-cantered perspective 2. helping relationship

anti-racist social work practice today involves addressing racism on 3 levels what are they? explain each

1. personal level - social workers must ensure their own practices are free of racism and challenge what are considered to be individual racist practices by others 2. institutional level - social service agencies and other organizations must pursue policies and practices that are non-discriminatory 3. social level - legislation and government policies must be changed to remove barriers to racial groups

what are the 4 theories that try to explain why the phenomenon of violence against a woman by a man occurs in canadian society

1. power theory 2. learning theory 3. anger-control theory 4. cycle-of-violence theory

what are the 3 stages of stage-of-migration framework?

1. pre-migration 2. migration 3. resettlement

what are the phases of care for the elderly? what do social workers do at each stage?

1. preadmission phase - the first contact with the resident and family, help deal with clients and family feelings about placement and provides info about facility and services 2. admission phase - help resident and family become familiar with facility and its routines and they engage in counselling 3. residency phase - work on the social and emotional impacts of physical and mental illness and prevention of further physical and mental health problems, work with families in discussing palliative care and end-of-life issues, dealing with family members who are feeling guilt related to placement, involved in locating and arranging resources and in developing or implementing innovative programs and policy 4. discharge, transfer or death phase - discharge and transfer planning and grief counselling

what are 6 things the evaluating an agency or community program achieves?

1. provides data to assist in improving program 2. helps agency keep track of new developing programs 3. assists agencies to decide which programs are successful and should be continued 4. identifies programs with limited effectiveness to consider stopping 5. demonstrates to funders that their money is being spent the way they expected 6. proves to donors, legislators, and other organizational supports that their support is justified

what are the two types of income security programs for persons with disabilities? explain

1. publicly funded programs - funded through government taxation and do not require contributions from recipients (except for canada pension plan) , include canada pension plan, disability pension, the family benefits plan, and the general welfare assistance plan 2. privately funded programs - include programs that are provided through private insurance plans or long-term disability plans as part of job benefits, they are based on the amount of funding that the recipient has contributed directly to the plan, or funding that has been contributed to the plan on behalf of the recipient

what are the 3 different areas that individual feelings of homophobic and transphobia are rooted?

1. religion 2. insecurity in gender roles 3. negative past experiences with someone who identifies as LGBTQ+

when is there a duty to protect? (3 circumstances)

1. risk to a clearly identified person is determined 2. includes bodily injury, death or serious psychological harm 3. imminence, creating a sense of urgency

what are the 5 key principles that guide the process of reconciliation and are essential to set in play a basis for respectful and meaningful relationships between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples working in child welfare?

1. self-determination - indigenous peoples are in the best position to make decisions that affect indigenous children, youth, families and communities and should lead the development of child welfare laws, policies, research, and practice that affects their communities 2. holistic approach - child welfare approaches that reflect the reality of the whole child, preserve the continuity of relationships and recognize the child is shaped by her/his culture, environment, social relationships, and specific abilities and traits 3. culture and language - culture and language is ingrained in all child welfare theory, research, policy, and practice (there is not culturally neutral practice or practitioner) 4. structural interventions - child welfare providers should not remove children or youth from their homes due to poverty 5. non-discrimination - indigenous peoples are entitled to equal access to child welfare resources that are responsive to their needs, and the unique cultural context of their experience

what is bed-blocking?

term used to describe the long-term occupation of hospital beds, chiefly by elderly people, due to a shortage of suitable care elsewhere

what are two major historical developments over the past 50 years that have helped to shape our thinking about gender and sexuality? explain

1. sexology - a field of study that attempted to classify sexual desire and gender identity 2. community activism - a creative and focused movement that evolved in response to a history of oppression and marginalization shared by persons embracing sexual and gender diversity

3 issues that have risen to the surface in recent years that are likely to affect directly the kinds of work practitioners do with immigration clients and explain

1. skills recognition - canada's immigration policy policy has entered on attracting persons who are highly skilled and highly educated and who can contribute to the nation's economic growth; many immigrants come for the "canadian dream" a chance at a better life with more opportunities but the reality is for highly skilled individuals that their skills are often neither recognized nor valued and they must accept lower-skilled, lower-paying jobs 2. family reunification backlogs - parents and grandparents make up only a small portion of immigrants in the family class and long delays are stressful 3. canada's foreign worker program - a convenient way for high-skilled workers to come to canada and enjoy certain privileges and have avenues to permanent residence should they wish to stay, the program also brings in low-skilled workers who have very limited rights and usually no chance of obtaining permanent status

what are 2 issues social workers may have affecting second generation immigrants?

1. social workers cannot assume that all people from radicalized backgrounds are immigrants 2. an awareness of the unique issues affecting radicalized second generation canadians will allow social work practitioners to conduct more thorough assessments and this will put them in a better position to deliver interventions that address the unique needs of this group

6 types of presenting problems people come to social workers for and what type of therapy works for each?

1. symptoms 2. situation - these two follow traditional models of psychotherapy and behavioural therapists like to work with these problems 3. cognitions/feelings - these problems are best worked with a cognitive approach or narrative framework 4. intrapersonal - these problems benefit from an analytic approach like psychodynamic work or gestalt work 5. interpersonal 6. system conflicts - the two above should use family therapy approaches (family therapists)

what are the 4 barriers for clients accessing therapy?

1. symptoms - might not completely be aware of problem or symptom 2. resources - might not know your resource or practice exists 3. access - they may have trouble getting to your service (childcare problems, don't drive, don't know the phone #) 4. fear and stigma - may be afraid

what are 3 major events in 1981 that were central to the full development of the ILM in canada?

1. the UN's declaration of the international year of disabled persons 2. the canadian government's release of Obstacles, its report concerning disability 3. the personal commitment of one of its founding members, Henry Enns, to the independent living (IL) philosophy

what are 3 main factors to account for the aging of the canadian population? explain

1. the baby boom - nearly 1/3 of canadians were born in the generation following WWII and these baby boomers began to reach age 65 in 2011 2. a low birth rate - the proportion of old to young will continue to increase because the average number of children per woman has declined 3. increasing life expectancy - statistics canada that group older canadians by age show that we are living longer, primarily as a result of healthier lifestyles and universal health care

what 4 things are social workers accountable for?

1. the client 2. the profession 3. the agency 4. agency is responsible

what are the 3 criteria for duty to warn under Tarasoff?

1. the client seriously threatening to do bodily harm 2. the client's ability to carry out the threat 3. an identified victim

what are 4 reasons for ageism?

1. the decline in the economic status of older people 2. seniors in western culture are often presented as a homogeneous group that is a burden to society 3. in retirement, the income of seniors usually drops and in western countries we tend to regard people in materialistic terms (peoples worth or value to society is often based on how much they make, the size of their house, or the kind of car they drive 4. older persons have been blamed for the high cost of health care

what are the two extremes in social work counselling involving lesbians, bisexuals, transgendered or transsexual persons and gay men?

1. the first occurs when social workers exaggerate the difficulties of living in a heterosexist society and obscure the fact that LGBTQ+ persons are often happy and healthy and enjoy positive relationships with family members, straight colleagues, and friends 2. the second occurs when social workers assume that sexual orientation and gender identity make no difference to a person's experience, attitudes, or behaviour

2 factors that make it difficult to formulate a comprehensive indigenous approach to practice

1. the indigenous peoples of canada are exceedingly diverse, with many languages, cultures, and traditions, and indigenous peoples have a variety of healing and helping philosophies and techniques 2. a legacy of mistrust and animosity exists toward those in the helping professions, including social work

4 key principles for an indigenous approach to social work practice

1. the recognition of a distinct indigenous worldview 2. the development of consciousness regarding the destructive impact of colonialism on indigenous peoples 3. an emphasis on the importance of cultural knowledge and traditions 4. the application of the concept of indigenous empowerment

what are 5 possible reasons for elder abuse within families?

1. the stressfulness of the situation (especially if the family member has to balance a job, children, and other responsibilities in addition to caregiving) 2. the fact that violence may be a learned behaviour for the caregiver and is now his or her way of responding to a stressful situation 3. the fact that the lives of the senior and the family caregiver are so intricately intertwined 4. the possible effects of discriminatory attitudes toward the aging family member 5. abuse may result from addiction issues (drugs, alcohol, or gambling) or mental health problems

4 subgroups of older adults according to gerontologists

1. the young old (65-74) 2. the middle old (75-84) 3. the old-old (85+) 4. the frail-old (90+)

what does the touchstone of hope include? explain each (4)

1. truth telling - full and truthful accounting of child welfare respecting indigenous children, youth, and families; includes identifying past and current harms experienced by indigenous children, families, and communities and must be told from both non-indigenous and indigenous perspectives; gives voice to and recognizes past harm, obliges it to be heard and sets the scene for restoration 2. acknowledging - recognizes that child welfare practices imposed on indigenous peoples, and the values that guided them are not the right or best path to continue to follow 3. restoring - provides and opportunity for those who have done past harm to work in a respectful and trustworthy way with those who have experienced the harm to design and implement earnest steps to reduce past harms and set frameworks in place to prevent their recurrence 4. relating - recognizes that reconciliation is not a one-time event of pronouncement but rather an investment in a new way of being and a relationship to achieve a broader goal of a child welfare system that supports the safety and wellbeing of indigenous children and youth

9 persistent problems affecting women in canada

1. underrepresentation in management roles - since 1987, men have been 2-3X more likely to be senior managers, and 1.5X more likely to be middle managers 2. part-time work - women constitute a large proportion of part-time workforce and usually earn less and are vulnerable to economic downturns 3. minimum wage legislation - women hold 64% of minimum wage jobs 4. maternity and parental leave - women are primary caregivers for dependent children and relatives so including work-life acts as a major barrier for women 5. dependent care - lack of universal child care programs is a barrier to women's participation in the labour force 6. free trade and globalization - competition from cheap labour markets overseas affect women who find themselves in low-wage jobs 7. pension programs - women are often employed in jobs that do not give them access to private pension pans 8. recessions - women often hold part-time, casual, or temporary jobs which are the first to be cut during a recession 9. employment insurance programs - women who work part-time because they care for children may not have worked enough hours to qualify for EI

what are Helen Land's 13 components of feminist social work practice? and describe each

1. validating the social context - emphasize the effect of social context or structure on the client and the client and worker assess them jointly 2. re-valuding positions enacted by women - social workers see the activities and stances ascribed to women, such as nurturing, cooperating, and caregiving as important and valuable 3. recognizing differences in men's and women's experiences - maintain that mainstream social theories ignore women's experiences and understand how the oppressive structure in society affect women 4. readjusting perceptions of normality and deviance - refers to the fact that what is considered abnormal or dysfunctional is simply less common (e.g. feminine behaviour like expression emotion is seen as weak or abnormal when exhibited by men) 5. taking an inclusive stance - requires social workers to challenge narrow assumptions and to respect and affirm the experiences and values of clients from diverse communities 6. heeding power dynamics in the client-worker relationship - ensures that social workers develop professional, egalitarian relationships with clients and foster a client's comfort, trust, and sense of empowerment 7. recognizing how "the person is the political" - acknowledge that personal difficulties faced by clients may reflect historical and political context such as displacement and immigration and these wider systems and ideologies influence how we think, feel, and experience events 8. taking a reconstructive stand - examines how patriarchal social relations support and perpetuate a male-dominated world 9. taking a partnering stance - belief that disclosure of personal experiences by a social worker can be helpful to a client, especially if common experiences are apparent 10. fostering inclusive scholarship - emphasizes both qualitative research methods (interview or case studies) and quantitative methods (numerical frequencies and statistics) and stresses entering on women's real life experiences rather than on abstract theoretical models that claim to represent reality 11. challenging reductionist models - reducing behaviours to simple cause and effect models which amount to stereotypes and can severely limit one's ability to understand complex issues (e.g. feminist social workers challenge views that women are naturally more emotional than men) 12. adopting empowerment practice - means that the worker and the client develop goals together, with a focus on empowering the client to change his or her structures and environments, rather than on helping the client adapt to and cope with existing oppressive structure 13. countering the myth of neutral psychotherapy - reject the idea that a person can be neutral or value-free in their practice and believe that workers must be explicit about their biases and values and assist clients in discovering and taking ownership of beliefs and values

who labelled homosexuality as a mental disorder? what year? what was the treatment?

1950 - the psychiatric profession - administering drugs to people, performing lobotomies and subjecting gay men and women to electroshock treatment

what year did the federal government grant first nations the right to vote in federal elections?

1960

who are the inuit?

aboriginal peoples of canada that have traditionally used and occupied and currently use and occupy the lands and waters ranging from the Yukon and NW territories to norther quebec and labrador

what is consent?

according to canadian law, sexual consent should be both positive (e.g. saying "yes," initiation and/or enjoying sexual activity) and ongoing (i.e. continues during sexual activity)

what is the AGTA?

adult guardianship and trusteeship act - for adults over the age of 18 who are unable to make personal or financial decision for themselves and provides options and safeguards to protect vulnerable adults who may want assistance or are no longer able to make all of their own decisions

what is a healing circle?

an indigenous approach to healing - the circle captures the important notion that we are all one and that the entire universe is connected

what is ageism?

any attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or oppresses a person or group on the basis of age

what do social workers do for racism?

are involved in outreach and consultation, education, and awareness activities and in fostering the creation of advocacy and support groups

what is the historic trauma theory?

argues that such traumatic events (e.g. residential schools) and adaptive or maladaptive responses to it eventually become imbedded in the shared memories of indigenous communities and are passed on to successive generations through storytelling, community interaction and communication, and patterns of parenting

what do social workers do for sexual assault victims?

arrange counselling, legal and medical services that victims and survivors might need, educate the public about sexual violence, advocate for women and campaign for policy and system change

what does it meant to start where the client is at?

attending to the client's feelings - this is the best route when you aren't sure what to do next (according to Ellen)

what is heteronormativity?

the belief that people fall into distinct genders (male and female) with natural roles in life and that heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation cisnormativity

what is the family law act?

gives clear guidelines to family members, lawyers and judges about the rights and repsnsibilites of family members, and encourages settlement of family law disputes and focuses on the best interests of the children - the law also sets out the responsibilities and powers of parents, guardians and others and how to share responsibilities, powers and time with children when parents do not live together and how to decide on amounts of support and how to apply to the court when people cannot agree

what is James Kiernan known for?

in 1892, he was the first to use the term heterosexual - he used it to describe people who were seen as deviant because they had sex primarily for pleasure, not procreation, and were erotically attracted to people of both sexes - he also was the first north american to publish an article using the term "homosexual" which described persons whom we would now think of as transgendered

what is the ILM?

independent living movement - philosophy promotes self-direction, self-determination, and full participation in the life of one's community and has single-handedly begun a new era for persons with disabilities

what are non status indians?

indians who are not, or have lost the right to be, registered as indians as defined by the indian act, but identify with the indian community culturally and/or linguistically

what is INAC? what is its mission?

indigenous and norther affairs canada - mission to support aboriginal communities in their quest to become healthy, safe, and economically self-sufficient

who are the indigenous peoples?

indigenous peoples are the original inhabitants of the portion of the north american landmass known as canada

who are intersexuals?

individuals who external sex or genitalia are indeterminate

what is transsexuals?

individuals whose gender identity is at odds with their physical sex - some undergo gender reassignment surgery to make their anatomy coincide with their gender, others use hormones to reshape their body

crisis related services for victims of sexual assault include what 3 services?

intervention and response, emergency crisis counselling, crisis telephone line assistance

why is prostitution often called survival sex?

it is the only means by which some people can support themselves

how were disabled people thought of in the 19th and 20th century?

it was considered a source of shame, and may were hidden away in their homes and bylaws were developed to ban people with disabilities from public streets

what is LIP?

local immigration partnerships - community based partnerships that engage a broad range of local stakeholders to improve accessibility and coordination of services that facilitate immigrant settlement and integration, leading to economic, social, cultural, and civic inclusion of newcomers

what are the 3 most prevalent disability types for people aged 15-24?

mental/psychological, learning related, pain

what is equal pay day?

observed every april in several countries - the date on which equal pay occurs symbolizes how long a women must work into the next year to earn as much as a man earned in the previous year

when caregivers (for the elderly) are asked to identify the most useful thing to allow them to continue providing help, what is the most common answer?

occasional relief or sharing of responsibility

what services do social workers provide for people with HIV/AIDS?

prevention initiatives, primary care, hospital care, home care, support groups, family support, advocacy, information, public education, referrals to community resources, prepare discharge plans

what are two tier workers?

professionals (such as social workers, physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, occupation therapists, speech therapists, and dieticians) and unregulated workers (such as visiting homemakers, personal support workers, and personal care attendants)

who do human rights laws do?

prohibit dissemination of hate propaganda and discrimination in all aspects of employment, the leasing and sale of property, public accommodation, services and facilities, and membership in labour unions and professional associations

what do social workers do for immigrants?

provide direct support to immigrants and also help create the broader conditions for their successful integration into canadian society

which jurisdiction does home care fall under?

provincial

who was the first province to include sexual orientation in its human rights code? what year?

quebec in 1977

what is anti-black racism?

racism toward black people

what is assimilation?

refers to the absorbing of one cultural group into another

what is gender?

refers to the characteristics that identify the social relations between men and women, or the ways in which this relationship is socially constructed

what is anti-semitism?

refers to the prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews as an ethnic, religious, or racial group - a person who holds such a position is called an anti-semite

what is ableism?

refers to the stigmatization of disability and the existence of prejudicial attitudes held by people without disabilities toward people with disabilities - also is the belief in the superiority of people without disabilities over people with disabilities

how did the canadian government see the indian act?

saw it as a temporary measure to control indigenous peoples until they had been fully assimilated through enfranchisement

what is respite care?

temporary relief for an informal caregiver, either in the form of a substitute in-home caregiver or a short stay at a long-term facility for the person receiving care

what is "the greying of canada" mean?

term that describes how larger and larger numbers of our population are getting older and older

what is the cycle of violence theory?

uses a 3 step process to describe what happens in individual relationships: 1. Tension-building phase (Women sees that tension is building in the relationship and that there is going to be an explosion; the man is expressing more anger every day) 2. Acute battering incident (The tension reaches a point where the man becomes physically violent toward the woman; she may be verbally abused as well as hit, bruised, and battered; this is a shorter phase than the first, lasting between 2 and 24 hours) 3. Honeymoon period (The man says he is sorry and shouldn't have done what he did, he loves her, he begs her not to leave him, he promises it will never happen again; the man calls relatives to ask them to convince the woman to return to him; if the woman left in the second phase, this is when she will return to him; statistics show that a woman is usually abused and leaves many times before she leaves for the final time; women want to believe their partner has changed; they may also feel that it will be their fault if the marriage breaks down, as they perhaps didn't work hard enough at the relationship Some women stay for the sake of the children or believe that a bad marriage is better than no marriage at all)