Spanish Civil War IB History

Jose Maria Gil Robles

(1898 -1980) Was a right-wing journalist who supported the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and opposed the Second Republic. He formed CEDA in 1933, which was basically antidemocratic and supported Franco. He was forced to dissolve his party in 1937, and he played little part in post-war Spain.

List the three elections between 1931 - 1936 and who won.

1931 > Republicans won (under Azana Left) 1933 > Nationalists won (CEDA Right). 1936 > Republicans won (Popular Front Left) 1936 > Military Coup by Franco (Right), start of Civil War

Falange

A fascist (right wing) movement in Spain founded in 1933 by Primo de Rivera. It was an idealistic mix of Christian nationalism and an alternative to communism for the working classes. It attracted a great deal of intellectual support, and its members were fervent opponents of the Republic. Some 60% died in the war.

general strike

A strike not just in one industry but throughout the economy, with the aim of demonstrating the power of workers in bringing the country to a standstill.

Condor Legion

A unit composed of volunteers from the German Air Force and from the German Army which served with the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War of July 1936 to March 1939.

Religious discontent

April 1931, Spain becomes a Republic. Reforms causes anger in the church which loses control of divorce and marriage, as well as education. Religious symbols were removed from buildings. Church lost financial support from the state. Spain's religious and political divisions began to entwine, many Catholics felt they were under threat and needed to take political action.

Rural and industrial unrest after 1931

April 1931, Spain becomes a republic, it started agrarian reform which caused unrest and resentment between landowners and peasants. Industrial unrest was caused due to the the army suppressing CNT strikes. There were massive left wing uprisings in Zaragoza in 1933 and Asturias in 1934.

1919 General Strike (Spain)

Barcelona, 100,000 workers participated, significant concessions were gained: Union recognition and eight hour work day. However, political violence continued and was the contributing factor to the establishment of the right-wing military dictatorship by Primo de Rivera in1932.

left-wing Republicans (Spanish Civil War)

Communists, Socialists, Liberals, Anarcho-Syndicalists, Basques, Catalans, Marxists, and republicans (duh)

Primo De Rivera

Creator of the Falange. Dictator of Spain between first and second republics of Spain. (1923 to 1930) He ruled Spain during the 1920's. His "republican" government enacted a series of social, political, and economic reforms and abolished the monarchy. Overthrown to establish the second republic.

Federación Nacional de Trabajadores de la Tierra

FNTT The socialist-led peasant workers' union of the National Federation of Land Workers.

Bourbon Restoration

For a period of time, between 1874 - 1931, the Spanish King of the House of Bourbon had been restored to the throne. The period before 1874 is called the first republic, the period after 1931 is called the second republic.

anti-clericalism

Hostility to organised religion, particularly to the Catholic Church, which was common in Europe in the 19th century and sometimes encouraged by governments. Otto von Bismarck led a campaign in Germany against the church in the 1870s, and laws were passed against the church in France in 1902-05. In Spain, the new Republic passed anti-clerical measures between 1931 and 1933.

1934, which government comes to power?

In the elections of this year, a right-wing government

1931, which government comes to power?

In the elections of this year, the left-wing Second Spanish Republic is established under Azana.

1923, which government comes to power?

In this year, King Alfonso installs a right-wing military dictatorship under Primo-de Rivera

CNT

National Confederation of Labour. A revolutionary, anarchist organization during the Spanish Civil War, they directly opposed Fascism and worked with the POUM militia until propaganda surfaced and led them away from unification. Left Side.

Civil Guard

Nationalist police

Manuel Azana

Radical left Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic, anti-religious, influenced greatly by communism and the soviet union. His government introduced measures that transferred right-wing military leaders such as Francisco Franco to posts outside Spain, he outlawed the Falange Española and granted Catalonia political and administrative autonomy.

right-wing Nationalists (Spanish Civil War)

Rich, army, high command, Church, landowners, monarchists(Pro King/Queen), fascist party (Falange), Carlists (Pro King/Queen), CEDA(Church)

Calvo Sotelo

Right Wing Leader of the Nationalist; executed by leftist death squad which for Spain's generals justifies military intervention, which then sparked the Civil War

First republic

Short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between February 1873 and 29 December 1874

What caused the Spanish Civil War?

Spain was a deeply divided country that was politically torn between right-wing Nationalist and left-wing Republican parties. Economically, the country had been deeply hit by the Great Depression after the Wall Street Crash. Partly due to this turmoil, in 1929 the military dictatorship that had ruled Spain since 1923 collapsed. In 1931 the King abdicated after the Republicans came to power. Followed a period where the two political rivals had periods in power as the elected government. The country was so divided and unstable that in 1936 the (right wing) army rebelled and forcibly removed the (left wing) Republicans from power. Civil war ensued. 1936 - 193

CEDA

Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right. A Catholic conservative force, thought it was a defence of the principles of Christian civilization and as an organisation, formed to protect religion, family, and property.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general (right wing, conservative, militaristic, monarchist, catholic) whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)

Carlists

Supported the claim of the descendants of Don Carlos (the uncle of Queen Isabella II) to the throne of Spain. They wanted a return to a "traditionalist" ultra-Catholic monarchy.

Bourbon

The Spanish royal family from the 18th century were a branch of the French Bourbon family after the last Habsburg ruler of Spain died childless. The present king is a member of the Bourbon family.

Second Republic

The republican regime that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939, preceded by the Bourbon Restoration and followed by Francoist Spain after the Spanish Civil War

The Asturian miners' strike of 1934

This event was a major strike action, against the entry of the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) into the Spanish government on October 6, which took place in Asturias in northern Spain, that developed into a revolutionary uprising. It was crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly Moorish troops from Spanish Morocco. Francisco Franco controlled the movement of the troops, aircraft, warships and armoured trains used in the crushing of the revolution.

anarchism

This is a belief associated in the 19th century with the Russian thinker Mikhail Bakunin (1814-76). It rejected the need for disciplined revolutionary organisation and looked to a working-class revolution which would bring an end to state rule and usher in government by the people. Anarchism was particularly influential on the Spanish revolutionary movement.

Marxism and socialism

This was the belief based on the writings of the German theorist Karl Marx (1818-83) that all human history was the history of class struggle. The workers were bound to take over and dominate the state, and their rule would bring true social justice and the destruction of capitalism and the ruling class who owed their wealth to exploitation. Socialist groups and parties had spread across Europe by the 1880s.

The Unión General de Trabajadores

UGT. This was a trade union initially founded by the Barcelona printing workers in 1888, which supported republicanism and socialism. It led a general strike in 1909, was responsible for the first trade union member being elected to parliament, and had 100,000 members by 1913.

UGT

Unión General de Trabajadores. Major Spanish trade union, historically affiliated with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. Left wing.

POUM

Workers' Party of Marxist Unification. Spanish communist political party.

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Fascism

a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

anarcho-syndicalism

a theory of anarchism which views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and, with that control, influence broader society.

Popular Front

an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political dudes. The USSR gave its support. There were many divisions within the Popular Front itself, this ultimately proved to be a weakness for them against the more united Nationalist forces.

Alfonso XIII of Spain

assumed power in 1902. He became increasingly autocratic and in 1909 was condemned for ordering the execution of the radical leader, Ferrer Guardia, in Barcelona. He also prevented liberal reforms being introduced before the First World War. Blamed for the Spanish defeat in the Moroccan War (1921). He was in constant conflict with Spanish politicians

Spanish separatism

refers to the desire for regions to have more control over their own affairs, and in this case, to have their language accepted as official. 'Spain' is a concept rather a reality because of the diverse nature of the different areas. The biggest distinction is the language divide between Catalonia and the Basque region. Both these areas had a long history and culture of their own. They hoped for greater self-government after the Republic was proclaimed in 1931