SPC 3602 Exam 1

Kairos

- taking advantage of or even creating a perfect moment to deliver a particular message or - refers to the "timeliness" of an argument - greek term for "best moment"

What is important to consider about your audience?

- their knowledge - their interest - their attitude about the subject - their perception about you

What are the three types of presentational aids?

-audio -visual -audiovisual

Consider the matter of time

Adhere to any time limits that have been imposed or suggested for your talk, leave sufficient time for questions and answers

Continuous Learning

Quite often, we fall into repetitive, monotonous work routines and we stop learning new things. By giving constructive and frequent feedback, particularly if it includes areas to improve, you teach employees new ways to do things.

Logos

Reasoning logically - has to do with rational or logical arguments.

Classical rhetoricians would advise speakers to strike while the iron is hot.

They realized that successful communication must be carefully timed to advantageous, but often fleeting opportunities.

Each main point should have sub points and supporting material and you should incorporate effective transitions.

True

Speakers should be fair, respectful, and responsible.

True

There can be cognitive, physical, and emotional symptoms of public speaking.

True

How can you manage speech anxiety?

Visualize success, engage in relaxation exercises, and re-orient your communication orientation motivation

Increased Confidence

When you give your employees positive feedback, and let them know whenever they've done something well, you increase their confidence in their work. This makes them feel happier to come to work.

According to Gideon Burton, "decorum" is

a central and overarching principle of rhetoric "requiring one's words and subject matter be aptly fit to each other, to the circumstances and occasion, the audience and the speaker..."

an occasion is

a period of time offering a convenient opportunity for doing or not doing something

Early articulation of your idea functions as

a thesis statement allowing your listeners to begin processing your proposal more quickly and thoroughly

The goal of a persuasive speech is to _____________.

advocate and call to action

Some would argue that

all communication is narrative

Throughout the history of European culture, the eulogy has been

an important part of public civic discourse, serving as "a powerful ideological instrument in the construction of social identity."

It is not unusual in leadership situations for a public speaker to be introduced to the audience by

another speaker

Eulogies are also frequently delivered at memorial services, rather than

at funerals

Your understanding of ________________, _________________, or ________________ may allow you to foresee potential objections and address them directly.

audience attitudes, leadership dynamics, or decision-making criteria

the motivated sequence

based on the work of pioneering communication scholar Alan Monroe

Organize the Oral Proposal Carefully

because you are imparting a substantial amount of information in a relatively short period of time, you will want to make sure that your presentation is well organized.

One important purpose of the speech of introduction focuses on the main speaker by

building up his or her ethos or credibility.

Fictional Stories

come from fables, novels, TV shows, movies, and all other sources of print and broadcast fiction, present and past

Historical Anecdotes

come from the past, before the speaker's birth

Regardless of what type they are, all stories seem to be based on a _______________.

common narrative structure

Eulogists must face the fact that most funerals are conducted in religious venues. Even if the funeral is not held in a house of worship, it may still be

conducted as a religious service and be presided over by a member of the clergy. The religious dimension of the proceedings is not your primary concern as a eulogist

The starting point for preparing a speech of introduction is to

consider how the introducer situates him or herself in the overall rhetorical transaction. - in other words, where does the introducer stand in relationship to the participants in the event?

When giving a eulogy,

don't be hesitant to recount some specific details about the person's life, their date and place of birth, graduations, jobs held, professional accomplishments, and organizational memberships

When introducing a speaker to an audience, your job is to

draw attention to the speaker, the topic, or the audience in such a way that the speaking event is satisfying to the greatest possible extent to all those involved. (the speech of introduction is a service to others)

De Inventione

drawing a distinction between "time" and "occasion"

The recitation of facts, data, and statistics has little power to move an audience emotionally but a well- told story has considerable potential to provoke ________.

emotion

the effect of stories is often _________.

emotional

The goal of an informative speech is to ____________.

explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that stimulates interest, facilitates understanding, and increases the likelihood of remembering.

The process of "praise and blame" became an important part of

forensic rhetoric.

The eulogy is an ancient and recurring type of speech used to

help human beings deal with death

What you will find is that the discipline of writing and rehearsing a eulogy will usually

help you to cope with your own grief.

Narrative is as old as

human communication itself

Being audience centered will

increase your chances of gaining a positive hearing for your proposal because you will be speaking directly and realistically to the needs of your auditors or the organization.

A way to enhance a speaker's credibility is to

tell an anecdote that puts the speaker in favorable light.

Cicero wrote:

"... in every case while the ability to do what is appropriate is a matter of trained skill and natural talent, the knowledge of what is appropriate to a particular occasion is a matter of practical sagacity"

According to Campbell and Jamieson,

"... the eulogy affirms that the community will survive the death." The eulogist employs "rhetorical devices which appeal to the audience to carry on the works, to embody the virtues, or to live as the deceased would have wished."

Aristotle said:

"The duty of rhetoric is to deal with such matters as we deliberate upon without arts or systems to guide us ... the subjects of our deliberation are such as seem to present us with alternative possibilities"

Columnist David Brooks has pointed out that there are

"two sets of virtues, the resume virtues and the eulogy virtues. The resume virtues are the skills you bring to the marketplace. The eulogy virtues are the ones that are talked about at your funeral—whether you were kind, brave, honest or faithful."

Benefits of Feedback in the Workplace:

- Increased Motivation - Greater Performances - Continuous Learning - Improved Relationships - Personal Growth - Increased Confidence

Understand your audience

- Prepare your proposal with the characteristics of your audience in mind - Learn whatever you can about your auditors before you begin to compose your presentation, including an estimation of their existing beliefs, values, and attitudes regarding your topic - Learn the knowledge specializations of your listeners, understand how members of this decision- making group function as a team, and determine who usually performs leadership functions within the unit

What is included in the rhetorical situation?

- audience - occasion - exigence

Common narrative structures include:

- intro of some plot or conflict - the conflict develops by creating suspense about the outcome - the suspense builds to a climax or resolution to the conflict - the story "winds down" to a conclusion

4 primary goals of an introduction

1. Get attention 2. Establish relevance 3. Establish credibility 4. State the thesis.

Aristotle lists 9 forms of virtue for which a person can be praised and they are

1. Justice 2. Courage 3. Temperance 4. Magnificence 5. Magnanimity 6. Liberality 7. Gentleness 8. Prudence 9. Wisdom

Anecdotes appearing in speeches can be sorted out into 4 basic types:

1. Personal 2. Contemporary stories 3. Historical 4. Fictional stories

6 steps of developing an effective speech plan

1. Select an appropriate speech goal 2. Understand your audience and adapt to it 3. Gather and evaluate information for use in your speech based on knowledge and experiences, interviews, online searches, etc. 4. Organize your ideas into a well-structured outline 5. Choose, prepare, and use appropriate presentational aids 6. Practice oral delivery

Your proposal should have an introduction, body, and conclusion as well as specific patters of organization:

1. the deductive approach 2. the inductive approach 3. the motivated sequence

What is the appropriate number of main points in a speech?

2-4

Personal Growth

Both positive and negative feedback shows employees their strengths as well as areas to work on. This makes them more self-aware and provides them with invaluable opportunities for personal improvement.

Classical rhetoricians were concerned with communication that was considered appropriate to its subject and circumstances referred to as

Decorum

Focus on Solving Problems

Don't keep your audience guessing about what you are proposing: using suspense in these situations is not to your advantage.

Improved Relationships

Employees are much more likely to come to you with problems if they know you take note of their activities. Furthermore, if you let them know when you're happy with their work, they will likely continue to work hard to 'not let you down'.

Greater Performance

Employees' work will reach a higher standard when they know their efforts are valued and when they receive feedback that highlights areas for improvement

Public speaking is speaker-centered.

False

There are five steps to developing an effective speech plan.

False

Your delivery should not be conversational and instead should be robotic and lack engagement.

False

Plan for a Polished Delivery

If at all possible, determine how to conduct yourself during your proposal presentation by learning about your audience's past practices and preferences.

Increased Motivation

If employees receive positive feedback about their work, they'll feel appreciated and more motivated.

What is NOT included in the rhetorical situation?

Kairos

Answer Potential Objections

Skilled persuaders often anticipate audience objections and answer them in the course of their speeches before listeners have a chance to ask questions.

Because of how personal of a speech a eulogy is,

it undoubtedly raises the anxiety of the eulogist

The best way to think about rhetorical logic is

more in terms of the probability of human behavior than in empirical certainty.

More often, __________ or ____________ appear within speeches to support an argument in persuasion, to illustrate an idea in informative speaking or to magnify a virtue in ceremonial speeches.

narratives or anecdotes

deductive approach

often called "state the case and prove it pattern" that focuses on solutions

the inductive approach

often called the "problem- solving pattern" that grows from John Dewey's Reflective Thinking Agenda

Sometimes in public speaking a whole speech might be constructed as

one narrative

Proposal presentation should be constructed to

organize and articulate a large amount of information in a relatively short length of time, often a period of no more than 10 or 15 minutes.

The eulogy is perhaps the most

personal form of public speaking.

In addition to factual details about a person's life that might appear in a news-paper obituary, eulogies include an emphasis on

personal virtues and the recounting of telling anecdotes

The eulogist says something good about the deceased in order to give something good to the mourning community like,

perspective, comfort, and hope

The ultimate goal of a proposal speech is to

persuade your listeners to adopt your proposal, in other words, you are functioning as a persuasive speaker who "pitches" your idea in a comprehensive, yet compact package to a small group of decision-makers.

Eulogists also often incorporate

poetry, song lyrics, and religious texts into the speech. The more personal the connection between these resources and the deceased, the better.

Other eulogy virtues would include traits such as

positive influence, hard work, loyalty, compassion, or generosity, to name but a few, best portrayed through anecdotes.

A second purpose of the speech of introduction focuses on the audience by

preparing or conditioning it for what the speaker has to say.

Aristotle divided persuasive appeals into three types called _________.

proofs

Aristotle reminds us that is it important to

recognize what our audience believe to be virtuous

When you present an oral proposal you are formally

recommending and defending a specific and carefully developed plan or course of action

Contemporary Stories

reflect events from recent times, the kinds of things we hear about in the news of the day

If you maintain your focus on solving a problem or need, it will be easy for you to incorporate decision-making rules into your presentation:

simply tell your auditors how your plan measures up to any criteria they must follow.

"Decorum invokes a range of

social, linguistic, aesthetic, and ethical proprieties for both the creators and critics of speech or writing. Each of these must be balanced against each other strategically in order to be successful in understanding or creating discourse"

By etymology, "eulogy" means

something like "good word"

Although it is sometimes seen to be fixed in a "hierarchical model of culture",

standards of decorum vary according to time and place and may be contested.

Cicero was particularly interested in the connection of

style and decorum and believed that both common sense and training help a speaker determine what is appropriate

Adjust your use of presentational aids and your general demeanor to

the culture of the group or the organization.

Public speaking anxiety is _________________.

the fear someone experiences when anticipating or actually speaking in front of an audience

One important purpose of the speech of introduction focuses on:

the main speaker by building up his or her ethos or credibility.

If a person's good character could be established,

then it is unlikely he committed the crime and vice versa.

Personal Anecdotes

things that have happened to the speaker themselves

it is "opportunity" that distinguishes

time from occasion

Apparently the Christians believed that their message was so urgent and important that it

transcended the need for moderation implied in the classical idea of kairos.

Constructive feedback in the workplace is extremely important because ____________.

workplaces need effective communication to succeed and thrive

Address Decision- Making Criteria

you should determine if there are any criteria by which your proposal will be judged and make sure to address these factors directly in your presentation

Regardless of which organizational pattern you adopt for you proposal, you should make sure that:

your speech is unified by a central theme, demonstrates logical coherence between points, emphasizes your most important arguments, and is as comprehensive as time allows.