SPC1017 Exam 1

(women/men) put more value on reflected appraisals from their parents, while (women/men) give more importance to reflected appraisals from their friends.

(men) put more value on reflected appraisals from their parents, while (women) give more importance to reflected appraisals from their friends.

(women/men) self-confidence comes primarily from connections and attachments, while (women/men) self-confidence comes primarily from achievement.

(women) self-confidence comes primarily from connections and attachments, while (men) self-confidence comes primarily from achievement.

6 steps of Strategic Flexibility (SF)

1) Anticipate (potential situations) 2) Assess (the situation) 3) Evaluate (different factors) 4) Select (the proper skills) 5) Apply (the proper skills) 6) Reassess and Reevaluate (the situation)

Explain the characteristics of Good Delivery

1) Conversion quality (talk to audience like talking to another person) 2) Attentiveness (focusing on the moment, responding to your listener's needs) 3) Immediacy (focused on the communication situation) 4) Directness (natural and straightforward)

Explain Strategies for Informative Speeches

1) Defining - Etymology (study of origin of words) - Example - Comparison/contrast - Function (how things perform) 2) Describing - Size or Quantity - Shape - Weight - Color - Composition (make up of thing) 3) Explaining - Using numbers - Connecting the known with the unknown - Repeating and Reinforcing Ideas

Doublespeak and euphemisms are identical except for 2 things

1) Doublespeak does not always have to do with unpleasant words 2) Doublespeak always relate to a political agenda

What are the 3 main ideas of Expectancy Violation Theory

1) Interactant variables (the traits of the people involved in the communication) 2) Environmental Variables (what we labeled "setting" in our model of communication) 3) Variables related to the nature of the interaction (social norms, purpose of the interaction, and formality of the situation make up the nature of the interaction)

How do we acquire our ability to use words?

1) Native architecture 2) Cognitive Development 3) Environmental Influences

What functions do nonverbal communication behaviors serve? (4 in total)

1) Nonverbal cues *complement a verbal message by adding to its meaning (giving a hug while saying i'm really sorry) 2) Nonverbal cues also *regulate verbal communication 3) Nonverbal messages can also *substitute for verbal messages 4) Nonverbal messages *accent what you are saying.

Three Principles of Transactional Communication

1) People engaged in communication are sending messages continuously and simultaneously 2) Communication events have a past, present, and future 3) Participants in communication play certain roles

Explain how to adjust to perceptual influences

1) Stay healthy, get rest, and exercise 2) Avoid hasty conclusion 3) Take more time 4) Be available (to seek other person's viewpoint) 5) Be committed (to seeking out more information) 6) Be prepared to change

Identify the 6 characteristics of nonverbal communication

1) Unique to culture 2) Verbal/non-verbal messages may conflict 3) Operates at subconscious level 4) Shows your feelings and attitudes 5) Varies by gender 6) Displays power relationship

Three reasons given for taking a communication course

1. Communication is a skill (learned + improved) 2. Communication is a transactional communication 3. Everyone is communication has a role to play

What are the 4 human needs fulfilled by human communication

1. Physical (Helps us physically) 2. Practical (how can we get things done w/o communicating) 3. Social (inherently social creatures) 4. Identity (communication defines who we are)

12 ways to improve our self-concept:

1. Silent your internal critic 2. Stop depending on others for your self-esteem 3. Accentuate your strengths and assets 4. Accept yourself- warts and all 5. Avoid your perfectionistic tendencies 6. Avoid your overreactions to criticism 7. Modify your negative traits 8. Feel good and adequate by being good and adequate 9. Become a high achiever 10. Learn new skills 11. Don't feel responsible for everything 12. Forgive and forget *Overall this leads to developing self-awareness, which means knowledge of and trust in your own motives, emotions, preferences, and abilities.

Aristotle's 5 ways to solve problems The 5 classical canon of rhetoric

1st step: Intervention 2nd step: Arrangement 3rd step: Style 4th step: Delivery 5th step: Memory

Explain the procedure for narrowing a topic

1st: For any topic you select, brainstorm some narrower aspect of it. Write down those ideas. 2nd: Choose one of the narrower topics that you find interesting 3rd: Ask the following four questions about the narrowed topic: - Will this narrowed topic be of interest to my audience? - Will this narrowed topic be understood to my listeners? - What are the specifics of the assignment, and will this topic fit into those specific? - How long do I have to cover the topic?

Define Full Sentence Outline

A complete map of what the speech will look like. All ideas are stated in FULL SENTENCES.

Define Semantic Triangle

A model proposed by Charles K. Ogden and Ivor Armstrong Richards to indicate the direct relationship between symbols (words) and thoughts. - "thought" refers to the words we use as we think about the symbol - " Referent" refers to the image we create in our minds as a result of the symbol

Define Specific Purpose

A single phrase that indicates precisely what you expect to achieve in your speech.

Define Doublespeak

A term that refers to euphemisms created by an institution, such as government, to cover up the truth. Refers to words deliberately constructed for political purposes - words specifically intended to impose a desirable mental attitude on those using them.

Define Euphemisms

An inoffensive word or phrase that is substitute for other words that might be perceived as unpleasant

Define Psychological Safety

Approval and support obtained from familiar people, ideas, and situations.

The two dimensions of any message

Content: What is the information Relational: How does that person feel about the information/speaker

Define Attribution

Devising explanations (theories) about other people's behavior so that they can understand whatever is taking place - which can include attributing causes and intentions. Ex. You observe a fellow student coming out of a local bar and attribute a cause or intention: the student is a "heavy drinker" or is an "alcoholic." Seen at a party, you might expect this student to get drunk. You observe a student coming late to class, and you devise an explanation that the student is lazy or irresponsible.

Define Ladder of Abstraction

Diagram of how we abstract through language, classification, types, categories, and so on

Define Generalization

Drawing principles or conclusion from particular evidence or facts

Nonverbal + Nonvocal

Eye contact, Body language, Touch

Define Keyword Outline

Give only the important words and phrases; their main functions to remind the speaker of his or her ideas when delivering the speech.

Impression Management

Managing the impressions other have of us. A process whereby someone tries to influence the observations and opinions of others about something.

Which one of the 5 step is the loss cannon of rhetoric?

Memory

Explain and be able to identify the types of Nonverbal communication

Paralanguage (the way we say something) Rate (speed) Pitch (high/lowness of the voice) Volume Quality Vocal fillers Body Movements (KINESICS) Facial Expressions Eye Messages Attractiveness Clothing Body Adornment Space and Distance (PROXEMICS) Touch Smell Time Manners Silence

Types of Space and Distance (PROXEMICS)

Proxemics: Examines the way people use the space around them as well as the distance they maintain from others. • Territory: Space that a person considers as belonging to him or her, temporarily, or permanently. • Intimate distance: Range less than 18 inches apart. • Personal distance: 18 inches to 4 feet • Social distance: 4 to 12 feet • Public distance: more than 12 feet

Types of Body Moments (KINESICS)

Refers to all forms of body movements, excluding physical contact with another's body. • Emblems: Body movement directly translated to words • Illustrators: Accent, emphasized, or reinforced words (ex. using hand gestures). • Regulators: Control the back-and-forth flow of speaking and listening • Display of feelings: Facial expressions and body movements • Adaptors: Nonverbal ways to adjusting to a communication situation (ex. drum on the table when you are nervous)

How should we evaluate information found on the internet?

Reliability (source) Authority (manage the site) Currency (up-to-date) Objectivity (purpose of organization) Validity (info confirmed by other info) Intuition (think clearly about the website)

Verbal + Vocal

Speech

Example of verbal communication:

Speech, newspaper, and sign language

Explain each element of and tips for a speech conclusion

Summarize your main idea, Include a quotation, Inspire your audience to take action. Additional Tips for Conclusion: 1) Work on your conclusion until you feel you can deliver it w/o notes 2) If you tell your audience you are going to conclude, do so. 3) Don't let words "thank you" or "are there any questions" take place of your conclusion. 4) Give your conclusion and leave the speaking area if appropriate.

Verbal + Nonvocal

Text, Print, Sign Language

What is meant by "people determine meaning"

That people determine meaning is precisely what Ogden and Richard's Semantic triangle emphasized. The link between any word and the image we create in our minds as a result of it is our thoughts (what we think about the word) - and every person's thoughts about any word are likely to be different from everyone else's.

Define Clarity

That property of style by means which a thought is so presented that it is IMMEDIATELY UNDERSTOOD, DEPENDING ON THE PRECISION AND SIMPLICITY OF THE LANGUAGE.

Define Verbal Vividness

That property of style by which a thought is so presented that is EVOKES LIFELIKE IMAGERY OR SUGGESTION.

Define Language Environment And what are the 4 elements to it

The environment in which language takes place 4 elements: 1) People 2) There purpose 3) Rules of communication by which they achieve their purpose 4) Actual talk used in the situation

Define Central Idea

The essential thought that runs through the speech or communication.

Define Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The language you use to some extent determines - at least influences - the way in which you view and think about the world around you.

What is meant by analyzing the occasion?

Time, Place, Channel

Nonverbal + Vocal

Tone of voice, Volume

When forming self-concept, (women/men) give the most importance to social comparisons, whereas (women/men) attach more importance to reflected appraisals.

When forming self-concept, (men) give the most importance to social comparisons, whereas (women) attach more importance to reflected appraisals.

Define Expectancy Violate Theory

When others violate your expectations about how they should behave, you can perceive the violate either positively or negatively depending, in part, on how much you like the other person. the theory proposes that it is people's expectancy that will influence the outcome of communication as positive or negative.

Dramaturgical Analysis

You can view social interactions kind of like a stage play. The idea that people's day to day lives can be understood as resembling performers in action on a theater stage.

Define Implicit Personality theory

You construct a picture (theory) of what people's personalities are, based on qualities or characteristics revealed by their behavior. Ex. 5th graders when asked what kind of characteristic they think of when they hear that a person is a writer and they say smart, intelligent, communicative, and educated.

Explain the Perceptual Process

You go through a three-step perceptual process: 1) You select the information 2) You organize it 3) You interpret it

How does the text recommend dealing with nervousness?

• Be prepared • Be positive • Visualize • Anticipate • Focus • Gain experience

Explain the patterns of organization

• Chronological order (time order) [used to show development over time] • Spatial Order (refer to physical layout to help audience understand presentation) • Cause-effect Order (divides speech into two major parts: cause and effect) • Problem-solution Order (divides speech into two section: problem/solution) • Topical Order (speech grouped logically into subtopics)

Explain different types of supporting material

• Comparison • Contrast • Definition • Examples • Statistics • Testimony • Polls

Types of Attractiveness

• Elective characteristics: Physical characteristics you can control, include clothing, makeup, tattoos, and body piercing. • Nonelective characteristics: things you cannot change, which are height, body proportion, coloring, bone structure, and physical disabilities.

Explain each element of and tips for a speech introduction

• Get attention • Use humor • Use an example • Refer to the occasion • Show the importance of the subject • Use Startling Information • Use Personal Examples • Use a Quotation

Explain types of Delivery

• Impromptu Speaking • Speaking from a Manuscript • Speaking from Memory • Extemporaneous Speaking

Name the different types of communication

• Intrapersonal communication • Interpersonal communication • Small-group communication • Public communication

Functions of Introduction

• Logical Orientation about Content • Psychological orientation (get brain ready for info) • Get attention, hit power button, has attention getter

Types of Informative Speech

• Objects • Processes • Events • Concepts • Overarching Principles

Explain the differences between: • Self-Concept • Perception • Self-Perception

• Self-Concpet: How you think and feel about yourself. • Perception: How you look at others and the world around you. • Self-Perception: The way in which one sees oneself.

Elements of Communication

• Sender-Receiver • Message • Channels • Noise • Feedback • Setting

Functions of Conclusion

• We want to reestablish how the speech relates to audience • End with a "clenched" (basically a quotation, sometime a thematic device that you use to end a speech)